وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 10 5895 377243 30570 2026-05-12T18:53:01Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377243 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- سائي دستاويزي خاني جي شروعات --><div id="template-documentation" class="template-documentation iezoomfix"><!-- دستاويزي خاني جي مٿان سرخي شامل ڪريو: -->{{#ifeq: {{{heading|¬}}} | <!--مقرر ٿيل پر خالي--> | <!--"heading="، ڪجهه نه ڪريو--> | <div style="padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: 1ex;">{{ #if: {{{content|}}} | | <!--[ترميم][تطهیر] يا [تخلیق ڪريو] ڳنڍڻا شامل ڪريو--> <span class="editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{ #if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} ترميم]] [{{purge|تطهیر}}] | <!--/doc موجود ناهي--> [[{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}| action=edit&preload={{ #ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} | Template:Documentation/preload-filespace | Template:Documentation/preload }} }} تخلیق ڪريو]] }}</span> }} <span style="{{#if: {{{heading-style|}}} | {{{heading-style|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} | font-weight: bold; font-size: 125% | font-size: 150% }} }}">{{#switch: {{{heading|¬}}} | ¬ = <!--"heading" هن يا اڳئين سطح تي مقرر ٿيل ناهي--> {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:Template}} = [[File:Template-info.svg|50px|alt=]] دستاويزي سانچو | {{ns:File}} = خلاصو | #default = دستاويز }} | #default = <!--"heading" ۾ ڊيٽا آهي يا خالي پر مقرر ٿيل آهي--> {{{heading|}}} }}</span></div> }}<!-- /doc مواد لوڊ ڪريو: ياد رهي: هن تبصري ۽ if-case جي وچ ۾ ۽ if-case ۽ هيٺين div جي وچ ۾ سٽ ٽوڙ ضروري آهن، جيئن دستاويزن جي شروعات يا پڇاڙيءَ ۾ "=== سرخيون ===" صحيح نموني سمجهيون وڃن۔ --> {{#if: {{{content|}}} | {{{content|}}} | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | {{ {{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}} }} }} }} <div style="clear: both;"></div><!-- جيئن ساڄي يا کاٻي طرف ترندڙ شيون دستاويزي خاني کان ٻاهر نه نڪرن --> </div><!-- سائي دستاويزي خاني جي پڇاڙي --><!-- دستاويزي metadata لاءِ هيٺ ڳنڍڻن وارو خانو: -->{{#if: <!--جاچيو ته ڳنڍڻن وارو خانو ڏيکارڻو آهي يا نه--> {{#ifeq: {{{link box|}}} | off | | {{{doc exist|yes}}}{{ #switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Template}} = yes }} }} | {{fmbox | id = documentation-meta-data | image = none | style = background-color: #ecfcf4; <!-- | textstyle = font-style: italic; --> | text = {{#if: {{{link box|}}} | {{{link box}}} <!--ڪسٽم ڳنڍڻ خانو استعمال ڪريو--> | {{#if: {{{doc exist|yes}}} | <!--/doc موجود آهي، ان ڏانهن ڳنڍيو--> مٿي ڏنل [[منصوبو:دستاويزي سانچو|دستاويزي]] صفحو [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}]] سان [[:en:Wikipedia:Transclusion|شامل]] ڪيو ويو آهي۔ <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=edit}} ترميم] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|action=history}} تاريخچو])</small> <br> }}<!-- مناسب هجي ته /sandbox ۽ /testcases جا ڳنڍڻا شامل ڪريو: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:User}} | {{ns:Template}} = منتظم هن سانچي جي {{ #ifexist: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | [[{{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}}|ريتخانو]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit }} ترميم] {{!}} [{{fullurl:Wikipedia:pagediff | withJS={{urlencode:MediaWiki:Common.js/pagediff.js}}&oldpage={{urlencode:{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}}}&newpage={{urlencode:{{{sandbox|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox}}}}}}} فرق])</small> | ريتخانو <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{sandbox| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-sandbox }} تخلیق ڪريو])</small> }} ۽ {{ #ifexist: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | [[{{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}}|جاچ ڪيس]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit }} ترميم])</small> | جاچ ڪيس <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl: {{{testcases| {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases }}} | action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload-testcases }} تخلیق ڪريو])</small> }} ۾ تجربا ڪري سگهن ٿا۔ <br> }}<!-- زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي متن ڏيکاريو، پر "content" يا "docname fed" هجي ته نه، ڇو ته پوءِ اهو واضح ناهي هوندو ته زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي ڪٿي شامل ڪجن۔ -->{{#if: {{{content|}}} {{{docname fed|}}} | | مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻ [[{{{docpage|{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc}}}|/دستاويز]] جي لاڳاپيل صفحي تي شامل ڪريو۔ }}<!-- "ذيلي صفحا" ڳنڍڻو ڏيکاريو: -->{{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} | {{ns:File}} = <!--نه ڏيکاريو--> | {{ns:Template}} = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|هن سانچي جا لاڳاپيل صفحا]]۔ | #default = &#32;[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{{template page|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}/|هن صفحي جا لاڳاپيل صفحا]]۔ }} }}{{#ifexist:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Print |</br>هن سانچي جو هڪ [[Help:Books/for experts#Improving the book layout|ڇپائي وارو نسخو]] [[/Print]] تي موجود آهي۔ جيڪڏهن توهان هن سانچي ۾ تبديلي ڪريو ته مهرباني ڪري ڇپائي وارو نسخو پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو۔[[زمرو:ڇپائي نسخن وارا سانچا]] }} }} }}<!-- ڳنڍڻ خاني جي پڇاڙي --><!-- غير معمولي استعمال ڳوليو ۽ رپورٽ ڪريو: -->{{#if: <!--جاچيو ته {{documentation}} کي /doc يا /testcases صفحي تي شامل ڪيو ويو آهي--> {{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} | doc | testcases = strange }} <!--وڌيڪ جاچون هتي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون، صرف ڪجهه موٽايو ته چوڌاري if-case هلي--> | <includeonly>[[زمرو:وڪيپيڊيا صفحا جن ۾ ((documentation)) جو غير معمولي استعمال آهي|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- نيم جاءِ موجب ترتيب --></includeonly> }}<noinclude> {{pp-template}} <!-- زمرا ۽ بين الويڪي ڳنڍڻ /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ شامل ڪريو، هتي نه! --> </noinclude> bmc9827rbir6hf6d3n2hpw2684dlakp 828 6856 377235 372212 2026-05-12T17:39:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 377235 Scribunto text/plain -- هي ماڊيول {{lua}} سانچي کي لاڳو ڪري ٿو. local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local mList = require('Module:List') local mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') local mMessageBox = require('Module:Message box') local p = {} function p.main(frame) local origArgs = frame:getParent().args local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do v = v:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if v ~= '' then args[k] = v end end return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) local modules = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args) local box = p.renderBox(modules) local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args, modules) return box .. trackingCategories end function p.renderBox(modules) local boxArgs = {} if #modules < 1 then boxArgs.text = '<strong class="error">غلطي: ڪو بہ ماڊيول مقرر نه ڪيو ويو</strong>' else local moduleLinks = {} for i, module in ipairs(modules) do moduleLinks[i] = string.format('[[:%s]]', module) local maybeSandbox = mw.title.new(module .. '/sandbox') if maybeSandbox and maybeSandbox.exists then moduleLinks[i] = moduleLinks[i] .. string.format(' ([[:%s|ريتخانو]])', maybeSandbox.fullText) end end local moduleList = mList.makeList('bulleted', moduleLinks) local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if title.subpageText == "doc" then title = title.basePageTitle end if title.contentModel == "Scribunto" then boxArgs.text = 'هي ماڊيول هيٺين ٻين ماڊيولن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو:' .. moduleList else boxArgs.text = 'هي سانچو [[وڪيپيڊيا:Lua|Lua]] استعمال ڪري ٿو:\n' .. moduleList end end boxArgs.type = 'notice' boxArgs.small = true boxArgs.image = '[[File:Lua-Logo.svg|30px|alt=|link=]]' return mMessageBox.main('mbox', boxArgs) end function p.renderTrackingCategories(args, modules, titleObj) if yesno(args.nocat) then return '' end local cats = {} if #modules < 1 then cats[#cats + 1] = 'Lua سانچن ۾ غلطيون' end titleObj = titleObj or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local subpageBlacklist = { doc = true, sandbox = true, sandbox2 = true, testcases = true } if not subpageBlacklist[titleObj.subpageText] then local protCatName if titleObj.namespace == 10 then local category = args.category if not category then local categories = { ['Module:String'] = 'String Lua ماڊيول تي ٻڌل سانچا', ['Module:Math'] = 'Math Lua ماڊيول تي ٻڌل سانچا', ['Module:BaseConvert'] = 'BaseConvert Lua ماڊيول تي ٻڌل سانچا', ['Module:Citation/CS1'] = 'Citation/CS1 Lua ماڊيول تي ٻڌل سانچا' } category = modules[1] and categories[modules[1]] category = category or 'Lua تي ٻڌل سانچا' end cats[#cats + 1] = category protCatName = 'گهٽ تحفظ وارا Lua ماڊيول استعمال ڪندڙ سانچا' elseif titleObj.namespace == 828 then protCatName = 'گهٽ تحفظ وارن ماڊيولن تي دارومدار رکندڙ ماڊيول' end if not args.noprotcat and protCatName then local protLevels = { autoconfirmed = 1, extendedconfirmed = 2, templateeditor = 3, sysop = 4 } local currentProt if titleObj.id ~= 0 then local currentEditProt = titleObj.protectionLevels and titleObj.protectionLevels["edit"] currentProt = currentEditProt and currentEditProt[1] end if currentProt == nil then currentProt = 0 else currentProt = protLevels[currentProt] or 0 end for i, module in ipairs(modules) do if module ~= 'WP:libraryUtil' then local moduleTitle = mw.title.new(module) local moduleEditProt = moduleTitle and moduleTitle.protectionLevels and moduleTitle.protectionLevels["edit"] local moduleProt = moduleEditProt and moduleEditProt[1] if moduleProt == nil then moduleProt = 0 else moduleProt = protLevels[moduleProt] or 0 end if moduleProt < currentProt then cats[#cats + 1] = protCatName break end end end end end for i, cat in ipairs(cats) do cats[i] = string.format('[[زمرو:%s]]', cat) end return table.concat(cats) end return p nrhe9jdpwxs9dwb6bypooi1t4pnle45 0 10775 377210 338689 2026-05-12T15:19:54Z Memon2025 21315 377210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =[[فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل]] | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرينچ]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]].}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% [[فرانسيسي]] <br> ڌاريا(فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[مغربي]], [[آفريڪي]], [[ٻيا يورپي]], [[ايشيائي]], [[ترڪ]], [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[فرينچ]] يا [[فرانسيسي]] | government_type = [[يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[ايمونيل مارڪون]] | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ]] | leader_name3 = [[جيرارد لارچر]] | leader_title4 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | leader_name4 = [[فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي]] | legislature = [[فرينچ پارليامينٽ]] | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = [[فرانس جي تاريخ]] | established_event1 = [[فرانس جو انضمام]] | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = [[وردون وارو معاھدو n]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = [[بادشاھت جو خاتمو]] | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = [[يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي]] | يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = [[فرانس جو موجوده آئين]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو. {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو|موناکو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] b9jzkhrz4lviquxsqd5dn05jg1uelfp 377222 377210 2026-05-12T15:46:27Z Memon2025 21315 377222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =[[فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل]] | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرينچ]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]].}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% [[فرانسيسي]] <br> ڌاريا(فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[مغربي]], [[آفريڪي]], [[ٻيا يورپي]], [[ايشيائي]], [[ترڪ]], [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[فرينچ]] يا [[فرانسيسي]] | government_type = [[يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[ايمونيل مارڪون]] | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ]] | leader_name3 = [[جيرارد لارچر]] | leader_title4 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | leader_name4 = [[فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي]] | legislature = [[فرينچ پارليامينٽ]] | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = [[فرانس جي تاريخ]] | established_event1 = [[فرانس جو انضمام]] | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = [[وردون وارو معاھدو n]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = [[بادشاھت جو خاتمو]] | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = [[يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي]] | يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = [[فرانس جو موجوده آئين]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو. {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو|موناکو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس جي تاريخ]] * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانس جا شعبا]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] kx3xg5ry6f6o7lb69nxdfgpmq2e2v4k 377223 377222 2026-05-12T15:49:05Z Memon2025 21315 377223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =[[فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل]] | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرينچ]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]].}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% [[فرانسيسي]] <br> ڌاريا(فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[مغربي]], [[آفريڪي]], [[ٻيا يورپي]], [[ايشيائي]], [[ترڪ]], [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[فرينچ]] يا [[فرانسيسي]] | government_type = [[يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[ايمونيل مارڪون]] | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ]] | leader_name3 = [[جيرارد لارچر]] | leader_title4 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | leader_name4 = [[فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي]] | legislature = [[فرينچ پارليامينٽ]] | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = [[فرانس جي تاريخ]] | established_event1 = [[فرانس جو انضمام]] | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = [[وردون وارو معاھدو n]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = [[بادشاھت جو خاتمو]] | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = [[يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي]] | يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = [[فرانس جو موجوده آئين]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو. {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو|موناکو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] nb745nik0pp64lo5he1yewwvggm7vwz 377224 377223 2026-05-12T15:50:04Z Memon2025 21315 377224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = {{native name|fr|République française|nbsp=omit}} | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =[[فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل]] | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرينچ]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see [[فرانس جون ٻوليون]].}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% [[فرانسيسي]] <br> ڌاريا(فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[مغربي]], [[آفريڪي]], [[ٻيا يورپي]], [[ايشيائي]], [[ترڪ]], [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = [[فرينچ]] يا [[فرانسيسي]] | government_type = [[يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[ايمونيل مارڪون]] | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ]] | leader_name3 = [[جيرارد لارچر]] | leader_title4 = [[پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | leader_name4 = [[فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي]] | legislature = [[فرينچ پارليامينٽ]] | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[نيشنل اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = [[فرانس جي تاريخ]] | established_event1 = [[فرانس جو انضمام]] | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = [[وردون وارو معاھدو n]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = [[بادشاھت جو خاتمو]] | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = [[يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي]] | يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = [[فرانس جو موجوده آئين]]{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو. {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو|موناکو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] s3m19d4lae08bsh99c78iucbz4m5gro 377231 377224 2026-05-12T16:03:39Z Memon2025 21315 377231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française (فرينچ) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ | leader_title1 = صدر | leader_name1 = ايمونيل ماڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي | leader_name4 = فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = سينيٽ | lower_house = نيشنل اسيمبلي | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = <nowiki>وردن معاھدو n]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] dtbg3j5y8a20r1ngdfm6lhmsdtpt2zu 377232 377231 2026-05-12T16:22:37Z Memon2025 21315 377232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française (فرينچ) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ | leader_title1 = صدر | leader_name1 = ايمونيل ماڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي | leader_name4 = فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = سينيٽ | lower_house = نيشنل اسيمبلي | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = <nowiki>وردن معاھدو n]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== آزادي، برابري، برادري. * لا مارسيليس. ليبل ٿيل نقشو. گلوب ڏيکاريو. يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) * ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري * فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو. سڀ ڏيکاريو. گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر: [[پيرس]]. سرڪاري ٻولي ۽ قومي ٻولي: فرانسيسي علائقائي ٻوليون: فرانس جون ٻوليون ڏسو مذهب (2021) 50٪ عيسائيت 33٪ غير مذهب 4٪ اسلام 4٪ ٻيا مذهب نام: فرانسيسي: حڪومت: [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]]: • [[صدر]]: [[امانوئل ڪانت|ايمانوئل ميڪرون]]. • [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]: سيبسٽين ليڪورنو. • سينيٽ جو صدر: جيرارڊ لارچر. • قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر: يال برائون-پيوٽ. قانون ساز: پارليامينٽ: • مٿيون ايوان: سينيٽ • هيٺيون ايوان: قومي اسيمبلي ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) جي ڊي پي (پي پي پي) 2026 جو تخمينو: • ڪل: 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] (9 هين) • في ڪس: $68,567 (25 هين) جي ڊي پي (نامزد) 2026 جو تخمينو: • ڪل: 3.596 ٽريلين ڊالر (7 هين) • في ڪس: 52,083 (22 هين) * [[ڪرنسي]]: [[يورو]] (€) (EUR) سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف) [[ٽائيم زون]]: ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] ka3zrcqhg2dt8mnu778x46eyew3f3p1 377233 377232 2026-05-12T16:23:14Z Memon2025 21315 377233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française (فرينچ) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"The Marsellaise"</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = پئرس | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي <br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = يونيٽري سيمي پريزيڊينشل آئيني ريپبلڪ | leader_title1 = صدر | leader_name1 = ايمونيل ماڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = [[Sébastien Lecornu]] | leader_title3 = پريزيڊنٽ آف سينيٽ | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = پريزيڊنٽ آف نيشنل اسيمبلي | leader_name4 = فرئنڪوئس ڊي رگي | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = سينيٽ | lower_house = نيشنل اسيمبلي | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = <nowiki>وردن معاھدو n]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|Established the [[West Francia|Kingdom of the West Franks]] (the [[Kingdom of France]]) from the [[Carolingian Empire]] of Francia.}} | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 640,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 248,600<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_label2 =فرانس جي ميٽروپولٽين ايراضي ([[In géographique national|IGN]]) | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس ([[Cadastre]]) | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,201,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = $2.826 trillion<ref name="France GDP">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: France |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=34&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a= |work=World Economic Outlook |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=October 2017 |accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,550<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26th | GDP_nominal = $2.574 trillion<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $39,673<ref name="France GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 22nd | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] ([[ISO 4217|EUR]])<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |[[CFP franc]] (XPF)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] k5ixjw3y9r84s5nkmg90a0iwvds73zi 377234 377233 2026-05-12T16:59:54Z Memon2025 21315 377234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو. گلوب ڏيکاريو. يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري * فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو. سڀ ڏيکاريو|Location of the territory of the French Republic (red) |[[Adélie Land]] (Antarctic claim; hatched)}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2016 | religion = {{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% [[عيسائيت]] |39.6% [[لامذھب]] |5.6% [[مسلمان]] |0.8% [[يھودي]] | 2.5% ۽ ٻيا<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web |url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |title=A French Islam is possible |date=2016 |publisher=Institut Montaigne |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2017}}</ref>}} | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/001641607?idbank=001641607 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – France (including Mayotte since 2014) |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = {{pop density|67201000|643801|km2|sqmi|prec=0}} ([[List of countries and territories by population density|106th]]) | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو {{as of|lc=y|2017|December}} | population_data3 = {{increase}} 65,058,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers|WP:MOSNUM]]--> | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9 هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 2ydk2uoj0bu1zn38zozdu501pfeacmu 377241 377234 2026-05-12T18:35:52Z Memon2025 21315 377241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==تاريخ== ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] jvi53daop2szuygbyrlp8au9ft4sy8k 377273 377241 2026-05-13T04:45:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 377273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] s9ijabes6gqav075dltvimf5x858yuh 377274 377273 2026-05-13T04:46:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 377274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 60cz8sh4azrcyq4mr6kp751rvjrcndl 377275 377274 2026-05-13T04:53:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 377275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == أصل التسمية == اسم فَرنسا مشتق من كلمة «فرانك» {{فرن|franc}} أي [[فرنجة]] وهم شعب [[لغات جرمانية غربية|جرماني غربي]] جاء من [[شمال أوروبا|الشمال]] ليستقر في فَرنسا، استُعملت بعد سقوط روما لغاية العصور الوسطى للدلالة على البلاد التي فيها فَرنسا حاليا، بتتويج [[أوغو كابيه|هيو كابيت]] ملك الفرنجة أشير إليها بمملكة فَرانسيا، ثم رسميا فَرنسا في عهد [[فيليب الثاني أغسطس|فيليب أغسطس]]. لا تزال معروفة فَرنسا لليوم.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> تطبق أصلا إلى الفرنجة الإمبراطورية بأكملها، واسم «فَرنسا» يأتي من فَرنسا اللاتينية، أو «دولة الفرنجة».<ref name="discoverfrance.net"/> لا تزال فَرنسا الحديثة التي تسمى اليوم فَرانسيا باللغة [[إيطالية (توضيح)|الإيطالية]] و[[اللغة الإسبانية|الإسبانية]]، [[اللغة الفرنسية|الفرنسية]] باللغة [[ألمانية (توضيح)|الألمانية]] وباللغة [[اللغة الهولندية|الهولندية]]، وكلها لها نفس المعنى التاريخي. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref>Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 7fyhzji2xkh7h7i4a5iymeq40eqsptm 377276 377275 2026-05-13T05:03:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 377276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان هيو، ڪيپٽ جي تاجپوشي سان، ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت سڏيو ويو، ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو، ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينڪا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي، ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. * فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن. ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم پاران قائم ڪيل مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، نالو فرينڪس لفظ سان ڳنڍيل آهي. اسم فَرنسا مشتق من كلمة «فرانك» {{فرن|franc}} أي [[فرنجة]] وهم شعب [[لغات جرمانية غربية|جرماني غربي]] جاء من [[شمال أوروبا|الشمال]] ليستقر في فَرنسا، استُعملت بعد سقوط روما لغاية العصور الوسطى للدلالة على البلاد التي فيها فَرنسا حاليا، بتتويج [[أوغو كابيه|هيو كابيت]] ملك الفرنجة أشير إليها بمملكة فَرانسيا، ثم رسميا فَرنسا في عهد [[فيليب الثاني أغسطس|فيليب أغسطس]]. لا تزال معروفة فَرنسا لليوم.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> تطبق أصلا إلى الفرنجة الإمبراطورية بأكملها، واسم «فَرنسا» يأتي من فَرنسا اللاتينية، أو «دولة الفرنجة».<ref name="discoverfrance.net"/> لا تزال فَرنسا الحديثة التي تسمى اليوم فَرانسيا باللغة [[إيطالية (توضيح)|الإيطالية]] و[[اللغة الإسبانية|الإسبانية]]، [[اللغة الفرنسية|الفرنسية]] باللغة [[ألمانية (توضيح)|الألمانية]] وباللغة [[اللغة الهولندية|الهولندية]]، وكلها لها نفس المعنى التاريخي. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref>Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] jkmzjri3ywpbt7umi9taxeydxwt12dc 377277 377276 2026-05-13T06:00:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 377277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن. ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم پاران قائم ڪيل مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، نالو فرينڪس لفظ سان ڳنڍيل آهي.<ref name=":0" /> هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] l02p92v97iy4860hqinn9tb3lmd1shl 377278 377277 2026-05-13T06:05:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 377278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن. ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم پاران قائم ڪيل مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، نالو فرينڪس لفظ سان ڳنڍيل آهي.<ref name=":0" /> فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن. ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "آزاد" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمني لفظ "فرينڪون" مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرانسي" آهي، ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] mgix3vra4s2nt1ilqy8qkrx5lzu3oex 377279 377278 2026-05-13T06:08:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 377279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 66ts5n6kmadbhi8giinquxerkqmtl71 377280 377279 2026-05-13T06:22:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ثقافت */ 377280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 29j81geg4dpi6j3lkixm2ug950a5023 377281 377280 2026-05-13T06:41:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 377281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===Prehistory=== {{Main|Prehistory of France}} The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 736rirobavzm56i7nlkutk732nk1dzg 377282 377281 2026-05-13T06:41:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 377282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== ===ماقبل تاريخ=== هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. * {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===Prehistory=== {{Main|Prehistory of France}} The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] dfx5g8t54vi1wbjnew7k1us1dccu8dp 377283 377282 2026-05-13T06:43:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 377283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = August 843 | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 September 1792 | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |<nowiki> يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ شموليت]]</nowiki>{{efn-ur|[[European Union]] since 1993.}} | established_date4 = 1 January 1958 | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 October 1958 | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42nd | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 110 106th | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89th | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هين | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هين | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هين | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هين | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21st | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = [[Central European Time]] ايريا: • ڪل: 632,702 چورس ڪلوميٽر (244,288 چورس ميل) (ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ اوورسيز فرانس سميت ۽ ٽيري ايڊلي کانسواءِ) (42 هين) • پاڻي (%) 0.86 • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (DGCL) 543,941 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,017 چورس ميل)[4] (50 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (INSEE) 543,908 چورس ڪلوميٽر (210,004.2 چورس ميل) (50 هين) آبادي: • جنوري 2026 جو تخمينو: 69,081,996 (21 هين) • کثافت: 109/چورس ڪلوميٽر (283/چورس ميل) (106 هين) • ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس، جنوري تائين جو تخمينو 2026: 6,67,92,845[5] (21 هين) • کثافت: 123/چورس ڪلوميٽر (318.6/چورس ميل) (97 هين) | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time]]{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ فرينچ گيانا، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ ميڪيلون، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز، ۽ اوشيانا ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا (جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن) گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] l041mbtab51de0elvr1gwx5wg6h51ci 377284 377283 2026-05-13T06:58:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 377284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. هناك نظريات مختلفة لأصل اسم فرانك. وبعد سوابق [[إدوارد جيبون]] و[[ياكوب غريم|يعقوب غريم]]،<ref name=":0">Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.</ref> وقد تم ربط اسم الفرنجة مع كلمة صريحة (مجاني) في اللغة الإنجليزية.<ref>Examples: {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank | موسوعة=American Heritage Dictionary }} {{استشهاد بموسوعة | عنوان=frank |موسوعة=Webster's Third New International Dictionary }} And so on.</ref> فقد قيل أن معنى «الحرة» اعتمد لأنه بعد [[غزو بلاد الغال]]، وكانت فقط فرانكس خالية من الضرائب.<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium|محرر=Paul Veyne|ناشر=Belknap Press|الفصل=The Early Middle Ages in the West|مؤلف=Michel Rouche|سنة=1987|isbn=0-674-39974-9|oclc=59830199|صفحة=425}}</ref> هناك نظرية أخرى أنه مشتق من كلمة فرانكون بروتو الجرمانية، والتي تترجم إلى [[رمي الرمح]] أو انس بوصفها الفأس رمي الفرنجة كان يعرف باسم [[فرانسيسكا]].<ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |isbn=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200305091722/https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> ومع ذلك، فقد ثبت أن هذه الأسلحة كانت اسمه بسبب استخدامها من قبل الفرنجة، وليس العكس.<ref>[[إيزيدور الإشبيلي]], ''{{Ill-WD2|Etymologiarum sive originum|id=Q665934}}, libri XVIII''</ref> وفي [[النسبة (لغة)|النسبة]] إلى فرنسا يقال فَرنسيّ، وخطأ أن يقال فرنساوي، وفقاً ل[[أحمد مختار عمر]]، لأن الألف في فرنسا هي خامس حروف الكلمة، فيجب حذفها عند النسب، ثم تُضافُ [[ياء النسب|الياء]] فيقال فرنس-يّ.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | عنوان = ص576 - كتاب معجم الصواب اللغوي - فرنساوي - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة | موقع = al-maktaba.org | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095141/https://al-maktaba.org/book/32570/3842 | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|عنوان=كيف تعرب؟|مسار=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false|ناشر=ktab INC.|لغة=ar|مؤلف1=حسن ريان| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100236/https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=qzsWEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT320&lpg=RA2-PT320&dq=صيغة+النسبة+الى+فرنسا+فرنسي&source=bl&ots=D1C3J-0Aaw&sig=ACfU3U0_ASsfoaAuYPSyduFvG-4u5GtIQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5luj72arwAhVBtHEKHd6zD4kQ6AEwCXoECA0QAw#v=onepage&q=صيغة%20النسبة%20الى%20فرنسا%20فرنسي&f=false | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 مايو 2021}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm | عنوان = Al Moqatel - فرنسا France (الجمهورية الفرنسية French Republic) | موقع = www.muqatel.com | تاريخ الوصول = 2021-05-02 |مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095153/http://www.muqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Dwal-Modn1/France02/Sec03.doc_cvt.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-05-02}}</ref> ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] abys4gxj13fbubsckxhxsxhi1hvvmbm 377285 377284 2026-05-13T07:17:10Z Ibne maryam 17680 377285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. ==نالو== اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] b7pb1savblbobi8u9ats2ffi0r45fom 377286 377285 2026-05-13T07:17:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 377286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾، اصطلاح پوري فرينڪس سلطنت تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ "فرانس" جو نالو لاطيني "فرينسيا" مان آيو آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "فرينڪس جي رياست". جديد فرانس، جنهن کي اطالوي ۽ اسپيني ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ جرمن ۽ ڊچ ۾ فرينچ سڏيو ويندو آهي، ساڳئي تاريخي معنيٰ برقرار رکي ٿو. فرينڪ نالي جي اصليت بابت مختلف نظريا آهن، ايڊورڊ گبن ۽ جيڪب گريم جي مثالن جي پيروي ڪندي، فرينڪ نالو انگريزي لفظ "free" سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي. اهو تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته "آزاد" جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته، گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪ ٽيڪسن کان مستثنيٰ هئا. هڪ ٻيو نظريو اهو آهي ته اهو پروٽو-جرمن لفظ فرينڪن مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جو ترجمو "ناسي اڇلائڻ" يا "ڪهڙو اڇلائڻ" آهي. فرينڪ جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي "فرانسسڪا" جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. بهرحال، اهو قائم ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن هٿيارن جو نالو فرينڪ پاران انهن جي استعمال لاءِ رکيو ويو هو، نه ته ٻئي طريقي سان. "فرانس" لاءِ صفت جي صورت "فرنسي" آهي ۽ احمد مختار عمر جي مطابق "فرانسوي" چوڻ غلط آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته "فرانس" ۾ "الف" لفظ جو پنجون اکر آهي ۽ صفت ٺاهڻ وقت ان کي ڇڏڻ گهرجي، جنهن کان پوءِ "ي" جو اضافو ٿيندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ "فرنسي" ٿيندو. اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] hngct4r5n67iun3ysrrizkxt3dfuk26 377287 377286 2026-05-13T07:19:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 377287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref>اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] tv3941kojkmcknu41g41bia2l80nfru 377288 377287 2026-05-13T07:20:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 377288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن. نيندرٿل هن علائقي تي اپر پيليوليٿڪ دور ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي 35,000 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ هومو سيپيئنز طرفان تبديل ڪيا ويا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪوڪس شامل آهي، جيڪو تقريباً 18,000 ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (10,000 ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي. تقريبن 7,000 ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو، ۽ ان جا رهواسي بي گهر ٿي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي. فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهن. The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date from approximately 1.8&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> [[Neanderthal]]s occupied the region into the [[Upper Paleolithic]] era but were slowly replaced by ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' around 35,000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=C. |date=2011 |title=A Brief History of France |publisher=[[Little, Brown Book Group]] |chapter=Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom |page=6 |isbn=978-1849018128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204039/https://books.google.com/books?id=urOeBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> This period witnessed the emergence of [[cave painting]] in the [[Dordogne]] and [[Pyrenees]], including at [[Lascaux]], dated to {{Circa|18,000}} BC.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> At the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]] (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17"/> from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the [[Neolithic]] era, and its inhabitants became [[Sedentism|sedentary]]. After demographic and agricultural development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, [[Three-age system|metallurgy appeared]], initially working gold, [[Chalcolithic|copper]] and [[Bronze Age|bronze]], then later [[Iron Age|iron]].<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> France has numerous [[megalith]]ic sites from the Neolithic, including the [[Carnac stones]] site (approximately 3,300 BC). ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] mkvk49s93o0yaik94fxym6q9bp5pxpl 377289 377288 2026-05-13T07:32:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 377289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> نيندرٿل (<small>Neanderthal</small>) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (<small>Upper Paleolithic</small>) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي <small>35,000</small> ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل <small>(Homosapein)</small> ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> جيڪو تقريباً <small>18,000</small> ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (<small>10,000</small> ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> لڳ ڀڳ <small>7,000</small> ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي. ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوڪيا کان آيل يوناني يونانين ماساليا (هاڻوڪي مارسيليا) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪئي. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا. 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ. گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانو ٿيو. ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏني. ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو. ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا. جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا. پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا. In 600 BC, [[Ionia]]n [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul|Greeks]] from [[Phocaea]] founded the colony of [[Massalia]] (present-day [[Marseille]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> [[Celtic tribes]] penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain [[Brennus (leader of the Senones)|Brennus]] and his troops made their way to [[Roman Italy]], defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of the Allia]], and besieged and ransomed Rome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref> [[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] iwvvcnijetkms5xebsejkz05hhsgbd3 377290 377289 2026-05-13T07:40:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 377290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> نيندرٿل (<small>Neanderthal</small>) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (<small>Upper Paleolithic</small>) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي <small>35,000</small> ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل <small>(Homosapein)</small> ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> جيڪو تقريباً <small>18,000</small> ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (<small>10,000</small> ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> لڳ ڀڳ <small>7,000</small> ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي. ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref>[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|The [[Maison carrée]] was a temple of the [[Gallo-Roman culture|Gallo-Roman]] city of [[Nemausus]] (present-day [[Nîmes]]) and is one of the best-preserved [[Roman temple]]s anywhere.]] Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] esvoh39oooa2gxsek6dujlgsyimar89 377291 377290 2026-05-13T09:34:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 377291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> نيندرٿل (<small>Neanderthal</small>) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (<small>Upper Paleolithic</small>) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي <small>35,000</small> ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل <small>(Homosapein)</small> ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> جيڪو تقريباً <small>18,000</small> ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (<small>10,000</small> ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> لڳ ڀڳ <small>7,000</small> ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي. ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref>[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|"ميسون ڪيري" گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]] سال 125 ق.م جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي "پرووينشيا نوسٽرا" (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو. [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ 52 ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسينگيٽورڪس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو. گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو. ۽ گيلو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترائي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا. جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون) شامل آهن. گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ. 250-290 عيسوي ۾. رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط سرحدن تي بربرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو. صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي. بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور. 312 ۾. شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي (جيڪي ستايا ويا هئا) وڌيا. پر 5 صدي کان. وحشي حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا. ٽيوٽونڪ قبيلن علائقي تي حملو ڪيو. ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ. رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي. ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس. * شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي): قديم دور جي آخر ۾. گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو. ۽ باقي گيلو-رومن علائقو. ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي (برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي) اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيره نما جو نالو برٽني رکيو ويو. ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو. * سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن 481 ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. 486 ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏني. ڪلووس چيو. ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو. جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو. ۽ هن 508 ۾ بپتسما ڏني. ڪلووِس پهريون جرمن فاتح هو (مغربي رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ) جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان "چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ" جو لقب ڏنو ويو. ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي "فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه" سڏيو ويندو هو. 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region {{Lang|la|[[Gallia Narbonensis|Provincia Nostra]]}} ("Our Province"), which evolved into [[Provence]] in French.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[Julius Caesar]] conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain [[Vercingetorix]] in 52 BC.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> Gaul was divided by [[Augustus]] into provinces,<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> and many cities were founded during the [[Roman Gaul|Gallo-Roman period]], including [[Lugdunum]] (present-day [[Lyon]]), the capital of the Gauls.<ref name="c53" /> In 250–290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its [[Limes (Roman Empire)|fortified borders]] attacked by barbarians.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> In 312, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|converted to Christianity]]. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> But from the 5th century, the [[Migration Period|barbarian invasions]] resumed.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> [[Teutons|Teutonic]] tribes invaded the region, the [[Visigoths]] settling in the southwest, the [[Burgundians]] along the [[Rhine Valley]], and the Franks in the north.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] jhbk8z12gwozm5at7hk53f89so801t6 377292 377291 2026-05-13T10:01:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 377292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ | common_name = فرانس | native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]]) | image_flag = Flag of France.svg | image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}" | englishmotto = "آزادي، برابري، برادري" | national_anthem = "[[La Marseillaise]]"<br><small>"لا مارسيليس''</small><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}} | map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل | image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg | map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}} | capital = [[پيرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[پيرس]] | regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون | languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي<br/> قومي ٻولي | languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes |label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}} |data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي <br> ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9% پناھگير<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}</ref><br>([[يورپي]] • [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}} }} | religion_year = 2025 | religion = <nowiki>{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1% </nowiki>[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا | demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي | government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[صدر]] | leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون | leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]] | leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو | leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر | leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر | leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر | leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ | legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ | upper_house = [[سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]] | sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ | established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام | established_date1 = 486 عيسوي | established_event2 = وردن معاھدو | established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع | established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو | established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع | established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع | established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}} | established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع | area_km2 = 6,40,679 | area_footnote = <wbr/><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = 42هون | area_sq_mi = 2,48,600 | area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي | area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس | area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&nbsp;km² (0.386&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi or 247&nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}<wbr/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]]) | population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000 | population_estimate_year = 2021ع | population_estimate_rank = 21هون | population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح | population_data2 = 109 | population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو | population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]]) | population_density_km2 = 116 | population_density_sq_mi = 301 | pop_den_footnote = | population_density_rank = 89جون | GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع | GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون | GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع | GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون | GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567 [[آمريڪي ڊالر]] | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون | Gini = 30.1<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013ع | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.897<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 21هون | currency = {{ubl |[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) <wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}} |سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)<wbr/>{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}} }} | time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = +2 | time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}<wbr/> | DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}} | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = ساڄي پاسي | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}} | cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}} | footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km₂ (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi). }} [[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]] '''فرانس''' (<small>'''France'''</small>؛ فرانسيسي: <small>'''French'''</small> <small>'''Republic)'''</small>، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو <small>'''6,43,801'''</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>'''2,48,573'''</small> چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري <small>'''2024ع'''</small> تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي. فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن. فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. == نالو == فرانس جو نالو "فرانڪس"، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان "هيوڪيپٽ" جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.<ref name="discoverfrance.net">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}</ref> اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو "فرانس" لاطيني لفظ "فرانسيا" (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ "فرينڪ" (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي "فرينڪ" (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ "فرينڪس" (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه. ==تاريخ== {{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}} ===ماقبل تاريخ=== {{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}} هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17">Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.</ref> نيندرٿل (<small>Neanderthal</small>) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (<small>Upper Paleolithic</small>) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي <small>35,000</small> ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل <small>(Homosapein)</small> ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> جيڪو تقريباً <small>18,000</small> ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (<small>10,000</small> ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.<ref name="Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17" /> لڳ ڀڳ <small>7,000</small> ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا. چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.</ref> فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ "ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ" (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي. ===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}</ref> (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.</ref> 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19</ref> پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.<ref>Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325</ref>[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|"ميسون ڪيري" گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]] سال <small>125</small> ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي "پرووينشيا نوسٽرا" (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref> [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ <small>52</small> ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.</ref> گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو<ref name="c53">Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.</ref> ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.<ref name="c53" /> سال <small>250-290</small> عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="c77">Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77</ref> صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.</ref> سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.</ref> پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.</ref> ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.<ref>Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.</ref> === شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) === قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي (برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو. سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان "چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ" جو لقب ڏنو ويو ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي "فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه" سڏيو ويندو ويو. ===Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)=== In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived. The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}</ref> and French kings were called "the Most Christian Kings of France". [[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]] The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}</ref> His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]]. Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],<ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"</ref> Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}</ref> During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions. ===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)=== {{See also|France in the Middle Ages}} [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of France&nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}</ref> His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]]. The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.<ref name="google.fr">{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' ("Frankish language") of the [[Crusader states]].<ref name="google.fr"/> The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}</ref> From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an "empire" from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets. [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.<ref name="guerard">{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}</ref> The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.<ref name="guerard"/> Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}</ref> Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&nbsp;million population died.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}</ref> ===Early modern period (15th century–1789)=== {{Main|France in the early modern period}} The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}</ref> This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT302#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.<ref name=c>Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)</ref> Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force".<ref>Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.</ref> France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].<ref name = "BNF">{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}</ref> [[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the "Sun King", was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]] During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.<ref name="Joel Colton-1978">{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}</ref> By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.<ref name="Language and Diplomacy">{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}</ref> France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> [[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. ===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)=== [[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]] The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}</ref> while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}</ref> [[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}</ref> ===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)=== {{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}} [[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.<ref name="Blanning">{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}</ref> These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.<ref name=c/><ref name="Blanning"/> After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations. ===Colonial empire=== The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.<ref name="Kiernan2007">{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}</ref> France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.<ref name=c/> A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.<ref name=c/> [[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]] France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Lexington Books-2005">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}</ref> Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]]. ===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)=== {{Main|History of France (1900–present)}} [[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]] France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.</ref> In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.<ref name=c/> Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]). In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref> From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].<ref>Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)</ref> On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system. ===1946–present=== [[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]] A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.<ref name="Macqueen2014">{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}</ref> During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}</ref> The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.<ref name="google4">{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]]. During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.<ref>Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).</ref> In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999<ref name="superficy" /> and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}</ref> France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}</ref> [[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]] Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop">Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations", [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&pg=PA160 p. 160]</ref> During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)<ref name="Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop"/> to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.<ref>Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?" ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.</ref> The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants. Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&nbsp;million people,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== ==سياست== ==معيشت== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==گيلري== <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب. File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]]. File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى. File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب.. File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]]. File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا. File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]]. File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي. File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]]. File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]]. File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]]. File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]]. File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]]. File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]]. </gallery> ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}} * [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] * [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]] * [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهن== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] 6e2zrxlp69xth2mhtq21h8s36rz7amt 0 49752 377191 315794 2026-05-12T13:34:32Z Krd 2726 [[Special:Diff/315794|315794]] [[Special:Contributions/CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] ([[User talk:CommonsDelinker|بحث]]) جو ڪيل ورجاءُ ختم ڪيو 377191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = غور | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو | image_skyline = Jam Qasr Zarafshan.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = شاھراڪ ضلعي ۾ جام وارو منارو | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Ghor in Afghanistan.svg | map_alt = | map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ غور صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل | pushpin_map = Afghanistan | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|34|65|type:adm1st_region:AF|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = ملڪ | subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = گادي جو هنڌ | seat = [[فيروزڪوھ ]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = گورنر | leader_name = [[غلام ناصر خازي ]] | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 36478.8 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx|title=Afghanistan at GeoHive|website=GeoHive.com|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> | population_total = 700,296 | population_as_of = 2015 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = غوري | population_note = | blank_name_sec1 = مقامي ٻوليون | blank_info_sec1 = ھزارگي ۽ داري | timezone1 = UTC+4:30 | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = AF-GHO | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''غور صوبو''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Ghori Province'''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو افغانستان جي وچ جي اتر اولھ ۾ ھزراجات خطي ۾ واقع آهي. ھن صوبي جي آبادي 657200 آھي .<ref name=cso>{{cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Ghor(1).pdf |title=Settled Population of Ghor province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 |publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization |accessdate=2013-01-05}}</ref> ھن صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[فيروزڪوھ]] آهي جيڪو 2014 کان اڳ [[چغچران]] سڏيو ويندو هو. لفظ غور جي معني جبل آھي. ==انتظامي ورھاست== [[فائل:Ghor districts.png|thumb|کاٻو|غور صوبي جي ضلعا]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ غور صوبي جا ضلعا |- !ضلعا ! صدر مقام ! آبادي ! پکيڙ ! رھاڪو |- |[[فيروزڪوھ ضلعو ]] || || 131,800 || || ھزارا ۽ تاجڪ |- |[[چارسده، افغانستان|چارسده]] || ||26,600 || || |- |[[دولت يار ضلعو ]] || ||31,800 || || |- |[[ دو لينه ضلعو]] || || 35,100 || || |- |[[ لال و سر جنگل ]] || || 250,000|| || ھزارا |- |[[پسابند ضلعو]] || || 92,200 || || پختون، تاجڪ۽ ھزارا |- |[[ساغر ضلعو]] || || 33,700 || || |- |[[شھرڪ ضلعو]] || || 58,200 || || |- |[[تيوره ضلعو]] || || 88,900 || || |- |[[تولڪ ضلعو ]] || || 50,000 || || [[ ھزارا ماڻھو|ھزارا]] |} == حوالا == {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== {{افغانستان جا صوبا}} [[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]] 0ezwo4d44k3fvvx4ps1wzfnt6wmalou 828 50387 377217 347512 2026-05-12T15:31:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 377217 Scribunto text/plain -- This module de-links most wikitext. require("strict") local p = {} local getArgs local function delinkReversePipeTrick(s) if s:match("^%[%[|.*[|\n]") then -- Check for newlines or multiple pipes. return s end return s:match("%[%[|(.*)%]%]") end local function delinkPipeTrick(s) -- We need to deal with colons, brackets, and commas, per [[Help:Pipe trick]]. -- First, remove the text before the first colon, if any. if s:match(":") then s = s:match("%[%[.-:(.*)|%]%]") -- If there are no colons, grab all of the text apart from the square brackets and the pipe. else s = s:match("%[%[(.*)|%]%]") end -- Next up, brackets and commas. if s:match("%(.-%)$") then -- Brackets trump commas. s = s:match("(.-) ?%(.-%)$") elseif s:match(",") then -- If there are no brackets, display only the text before the first comma. s = s:match("(.-),.*$") end return s end -- Return wikilink target |wikilinks=target local function getDelinkedTarget(s) local result = s -- Deal with the reverse pipe trick. if result:match("%[%[|") then return delinkReversePipeTrick(result) end result = mw.uri.decode(result, "PATH") -- decode percent-encoded entities. Leave underscores and plus signs. result = mw.text.decode(result, true) -- decode HTML entities. -- Check for bad titles. To do this we need to find the -- title area of the link, i.e. the part before any pipes. local target_area if result:match("|") then -- Find if we're dealing with a piped link. target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)|.*%]%]") else target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)%]%]") end -- Check for bad characters. if mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") and mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") ~= "?" then return s end return target_area end local function getDelinkedLabel(s) local result = s -- Deal with the reverse pipe trick. if result:match("%[%[|") then return delinkReversePipeTrick(result) end result = mw.uri.decode(result, "PATH") -- decode percent-encoded entities. Leave underscores and plus signs. result = mw.text.decode(result, true) -- decode HTML entities. -- Check for bad titles. To do this we need to find the -- title area of the link, i.e. the part before any pipes. local target_area if result:match("|") then -- Find if we're dealing with a piped link. target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)|.*%]%]") else target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)%]%]") end -- Check for bad characters. if mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") and mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") ~= "?" then return s end -- Check for categories, interwikis, and files. local colon_prefix = result:match("%[%[(.-):.*%]%]") or "" -- Get the text before the first colon. local ns = mw.site.namespaces[colon_prefix] -- see if this is a known namespace if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(colon_prefix) or (ns and (ns.canonicalName == "File" or ns.canonicalName == "Category")) then return "" end -- Remove the colon if the link is using the [[Help:Colon trick]]. if result:match("%[%[:") then result = "[[" .. result:match("%[%[:(.*%]%])") end -- Deal with links using the [[Help:Pipe trick]]. if mw.ustring.match(result, "^%[%[[^|]*|%]%]") then return delinkPipeTrick(result) end -- Find the display area of the wikilink if result:match("|") then -- Find if we're dealing with a piped link. result = result:match("^%[%[.-|(.+)%]%]") -- Remove new lines from the display of multiline piped links, -- where the pipe is before the first new line. result = result:gsub("\n", "") else result = result:match("^%[%[(.-)%]%]") end return result end local function delinkURL(s) -- Assume we have already delinked internal wikilinks, and that -- we have been passed some text between two square brackets [foo]. -- If the text contains a line break it is not formatted as a URL, regardless of other content. if s:match("\n") then return s end -- Check if the text has a valid URL prefix and at least one valid URL character. local valid_url_prefixes = {"//", "http://", "https://", "ftp://", "gopher://", "mailto:", "news:", "irc://"} local url_prefix for _ ,v in ipairs(valid_url_prefixes) do if mw.ustring.match(s, '^%[' .. v ..'[^"%s].*%]' ) then url_prefix = v break end end -- Get display text if not url_prefix then return s end s = s:match("^%[" .. url_prefix .. "(.*)%]") -- Grab all of the text after the URL prefix and before the final square bracket. s = s:match('^.-(["<> ].*)') or "" -- Grab all of the text after the first URL separator character ("<> ). s = mw.ustring.match(s, "^%s*(%S.*)$") or "" -- If the separating character was a space, trim it off. local s_decoded = mw.text.decode(s, true) if mw.ustring.match(s_decoded, "%c") then return s end return s_decoded end local function delinkLinkClass(text, pattern, delinkFunction) if type(text) ~= "string" then error("Attempt to de-link non-string input.", 2) end if type(pattern) ~= "string" or mw.ustring.sub(pattern, 1, 1) ~= "^" then error('Invalid pattern detected. Patterns must begin with "^".', 2) end -- Iterate over the text string, and replace any matched text. using the -- delink function. We need to iterate character by character rather -- than just use gsub, otherwise nested links aren't detected properly. local result = "" while text ~= "" do -- Replace text using one iteration of gsub. text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, pattern, delinkFunction, 1) -- Append the left-most character to the result string. result = result .. mw.ustring.sub(text, 1, 1) text = mw.ustring.sub(text, 2, -1) end return result end function p._delink(args) local text = args[1] or "" if args.refs == "yes" then -- Remove any [[Help:Strip markers]] representing ref tags. In most situations -- this is not a good idea - only use it if you know what you are doing! text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "UNIQ%w*%-ref%-%d*%-QINU", "") end if args.comments ~= "no" then text = text:gsub("<!%-%-.-%-%->", "") -- Remove html comments. end if args.wikilinks ~= "no" and args.wikilinks ~= "target" then -- De-link wikilinks and return the label portion of the wikilink. text = delinkLinkClass(text, "^%[%[.-%]%]", getDelinkedLabel) elseif args.wikilinks == "target" then -- De-link wikilinks and return the target portions of the wikilink. text = delinkLinkClass(text, "^%[%[.-%]%]", getDelinkedTarget) end if args.urls ~= "no" then text = delinkLinkClass(text, "^%[.-%]", delinkURL) -- De-link URLs. end if args.whitespace ~= "no" then -- Replace single new lines with a single space, but leave double new lines -- and new lines only containing spaces or tabs before a second new line. text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "([^\n \t][ \t]*)\n([ \t]*[^\n \t])", "%1 %2") text = text:gsub("[ \t]+", " ") -- Remove extra tabs and spaces. end return text end function p.delink(frame) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end return p._delink(getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Delink'})) end return p ap0hgbdtouyp0g9x21nujuwhyky0459 4 58008 377187 375946 2026-05-12T13:07:43Z ListeriaBot 10240 Wikidata list updated [V2] 377187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WikiProject COVID-19 tabs}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P509 wd:Q84263196 } |section= |sort=P39/Q15124404/P570 |sort_order=desc |columns=label:مضمون,وضاحت,P27:ڏيھُ,P39/Q15124404/P569:تاريخ پيدائش,P39/Q15124404/P570:تاريخ وفات,P18:فوٽو |thumb=128 |min_section=2 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! مضمون ! وضاحت ! ڏيھُ ! تاريخ پيدائش ! تاريخ وفات ! فوٽو |- | ''[[:d:Q2124|Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1975).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q26776|Momčilo Krajišnik]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | [[فائل:Momcilo Krajisnik crop.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q44752|Angelo Sodano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>[[ويٽيڪن سٽي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | [[فائل:Angelo Cardinal Sodano in 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q45495|Elmar Fischer]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57343|Pierre Nkurunziza]]'' | | [[برونڊي]] | | | [[فائل:Pierre Nkurunziza - World Economic Forum on Africa 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57446|Pranab Mukherjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Secretary Tim Geithner and Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee 2010 crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q71823|George Bălan]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75019|Aleksandr (Ishein)]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Александр (Ищеин).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q81758|Jan Niemiec]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Niemiec.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88876|Klaus Emmerich]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | [[فائل:2014 Klaus Emmerich (14274003686).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92819|Edmund M. Clarke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edmund Clarke FLoC 2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94333|Michael Laughlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95926|Wilhelm Knabe]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>''[[:d:Q713750|West Germany]]'' | | | [[فائل:Wilhelm Knabe (15782113727).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97616|Dan van Husen]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:DanvanHusenMar2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100419|Stefan Lippe]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:Stefan Lippe - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107319|Ferdinand Kinsky]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110986|Maggie Mae]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117141|Marc-André Bédard]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Marc-André Bédard01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q117439|Ioannis Zizioulas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:John Zizioulas at IOCS Westcott House.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q117448|Luigi Snozzi]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Snozzi 01m.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q118199|Flavio Cotti]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Dodis-P25146-F4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q118915|Isao Suzuki]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Isao Suzuki.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q127219|Casimir Oyé-Mba]]'' | | [[گيبون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132193|Jožef Smej]]'' | | [[سلووينیا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[يوگوسلاويا جي بادشاهت]] | | | [[فائل:Smej.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q150851|Colin Powell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Colin Powell official Secretary of State photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q152929|Meat Loaf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Meatloaf 1971 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q173923|Ilija Petković]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ilija Petković in 2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q200015|Vladimir Zhirinovsky]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Zhirinovsky - Ldpr.ru (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q202807|Henrique Soares da Costa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Por Suas Chagas fomos Curados, D. Henrique Soares (Repare, SH Aju - Abril de 2014), cropped.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q212990|Kim Ki-duk]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | [[فائل:Kim Ki-duk at the 69th Venice International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q213793|Phil Spector]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Phil Spector 2000.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q215351|Fidel Ramos]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Fidel Valdez Ramos Official Photo as President of the Philippines (1995).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q226030|Irena Veisaitė]]'' | | [[لٿوينيا]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Irena Veisaite 2009 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q249251|Sándor Puhl]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Plaque of association football referee Sándor Puhl, Eger.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q259722|Yuichiro Hata]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Yūichirō Hata 20190516.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q268961|John Horton Conway]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:John H Conway 2005 (cropped) (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q269014|Milkha Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Milkha Singh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q283351|Selma Gürbüz]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Selma Gürbüz01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q296724|Mahmoud Jibril]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Mahmoud Jibril - World Economic Forum Special Meeting on Economic Growth and Job Creation in the Arab World cropped GNC.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q299161|Javier Marías]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Javier Marías (Feria del Libro de Madrid, 31 de mayo de 2008).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q303293|Aarón Padilla Gutiérrez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Aarón Padilla Gutiérrez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | [[عبدالقدیر خان|عبدالقدير خان]] | | ''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Abdul Qadeer Khan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q310886|Hissène Habré]]'' | | [[چاڊ]] | | | [[فائل:President Hissène Habré of Chad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q314338|Stanisław Šuškievič]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Šuškievič bchd.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q316413|Ricardo Bofill]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Ricardo bofill levi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q318424|Abel Gabuza]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q319350|Enzo Mari]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Enzo Mari 1974b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q323501|Adalberto Álvarez]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q324831|Dick Rutan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:DickRutan.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q326508|Matheus Shikongo]]'' | | [[نميبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q329644|Giuseppe Ros]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giuseppe Ros 1973.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q334126|Luis Sepúlveda]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Luis Sepúlveda 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q336711|Irinej]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Патриарх Сербский Ириней 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q342045|Đorđe Balašević]]'' | | [[سربيا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | [[فائل:2010-11-03 Balašević Arena Zagreb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q343378|Wallace Roney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Wallace Roney Pori Jazz 2012.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q348565|Mile Bogović]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bogovic mile biskup.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q349212|Adam Dyczkowski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Biskup Adam Dyczkowski (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q350075|Jan Nowicki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Nowicki2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q351732|Sonny Chiba]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sonny Chiba 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q352030|Jiří Menzel]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Jiří Menzel III (2017).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q353036|Henry Orenstein]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q360348|Toots Hibbert]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Toots Hibbert (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q367017|Kenneth Colley]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Kenneth Colley Gen SW 2010 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q370560|David Crosby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:CrosbyDavid1983 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q372086|Leopoldo Luque]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Leopoldo Luque 1978.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q373408|Raymond Cauchetier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Raymond Cauchetier.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q375290|Robert Hossein]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Hossein Cannes 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q380916|Pierre Buyoya]]'' | | [[برونڊي]] | | | [[فائل:Pierre Buyoya at Chatham House 2013 crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q384616|Petar Fajfrić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q386235|Dante Crippa]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Juventus FC (1962) - Salvadore, Crippa, Catella, Giordanetti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q386550|Fausta Morganti]]'' | | [[سان مارينو|سان مرينو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q387953|Sadiq al-Mahdi]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | [[فائل:Sadiq AlMahdi 12-06-2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q389831|Aga Mikolaj]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q401433|Ahmad Radhi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:احمد راضي (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q403471|Muhammad Mustafa Mero]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q428966|Muharrem Fejzo]]'' | | [[البانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dede Ahmeti (Baba Madhi).jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q430746|Norman Hunter]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Norman Hunter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q432274|Robert L. Carroll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q432916|Zoran Simjanović]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Zoran Simjanovic-mc.rs (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q434588|Gerardo Vera]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q436664|Ben Bova]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ben Bova at Minicon 8(1974).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q436869|Philip Tartaglia]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Philip Tartaglia1 (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q442768|Reanna Solomon]]'' | | [[نائورو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q443823|Antonio Sabàto]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Sabàto.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q445829|Manu Dibango]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:LesEscales2019ManuDibango 03 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q447509|Hal Willner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Hal Willner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q450643|Ernest Vinberg]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:VinbergEB-wiki-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q451302|Nur Hassan Hussein]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | [[فائل:Nur Hassan Hussein.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q452606|Irina Antonova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Irina Antonova 03-06-2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q453393|Lee Konitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lee Konitz Bad Mergentheim.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q454927|Kenzō Takada]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Kenzo Takada cropped 2 Kenzo Takada 20170310.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q455728|Charles Konan Banny]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | [[فائل:Visit by Charles Konan Banny, Ivorian Prime Minister, to the EC 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q458290|Barbara Shelley]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966) trailer - Barbara Shelley 3.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q459130|Ali Bozer]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Bozer (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q460071|Hayko]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:ESC 2007 Armenia - Hayko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q462276|Tahani al-Gebali]]'' | | [[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:تهاني الجبالي - مستشارة مصرية 2014.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q462990|Ion Mihai Pacepa]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ion Mihai Pacepa 1975cr.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q464186|Fatma Girik]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q469523|Samantha Fox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q470007|Dawn Wells]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dawn Wells Gilligan's Island 1964.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q969048|Yehoshua Kenaz]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q970706|Saeb Erekat]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Saeb Erekat December 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q973020|Víctor Víctor]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Victor Victor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q974836|Henryk Hoser]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Henryk Hoser 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q983418|Kamala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:KamalaWrestler2009Cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q987791|Egbert Mulder]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Scheidsrechter Mulder met gele kaart, Bestanddeelnr 932-4211 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q996436|Dénes Farkasfalvy]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q999960|Jean-Laurent Cochet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:IMG 20180508 154623 edit1 edit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1000366|Bucky Pizzarelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bucky Pizzarelli (14925973538) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1001162|Buddy Deppenschmidt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Buddy Deppenschmidt.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1008502|Josep Maria Benet i Jornet]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:BenetiJornet MAE 313002-2.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1029381|Dobby Dobson]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1033478|György Handel]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1040340|Paul Nihill]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Nihill, Abdon Pamich, Ingvar Pettersson 1964.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1043133|Carlos Pedro Zilli]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1062335|Leonid Potapov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Potapov in 2004.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1066772|Charley Pride]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Charley-Pride 1981.JPEG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1067412|Lorenzo Sanz]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:LorenzoSanz.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1086279|Christophe]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Festival des Vieilles Charrues 2014 - Christophe - 027.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1088901|Abdullahi Ibrahim]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:Abdullahi Ibrahim (died 24 January 2021).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1089108|Chuck Deardorf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1093350|Germano Celant]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1106138|Csaba Kelemen]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1124093|Mehrdad Minavand]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Mehrdad Minavand 139410121224417216831434.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1133900|Benito Boldi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1135233|Corrado Olmi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Corrado Olmi 74.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1139415|André Leon Talley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Andre Leon Talley at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1149821|Cástor Oswaldo Azuaje Pérez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1165610|Gábor Maros]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Maros Gábor egy Seress Rezső-emlékkoncerten, a slágerszerző szerepében.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1172509|Giovanni Sacco]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Juventus FC 1967-1968 Giovanni Sacco.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1174220|David Dias Pimentel]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1193243|John Houghton]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:John Houghton High Wycombe 20050226.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1196262|Fou Ts'ong]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[چين]]<br/>[[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]] | | | [[فائل:Fou Ts'ong 1965b.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1216185|Michel Host]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1218992|Reginald Foster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Reginald Foster in Arpinum (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1232708|Dmitry Kovtun]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1237349|Jiří Toman]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1240022|Donald Kennedy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Donald Kennedy photo.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1240701|Donato Bilancia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Donato Bilancia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1240726|Donato Sabia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Donato Sabia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1241220|Juan Francisco Sarasti Jaramillo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1248209|Harvey Goldstein]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1249194|Juan del Río Martín]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Mons. del Rio (30279527124).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1249774|Ivan Klajn]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ivan Klajn.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1250218|Ismael Ivo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:AW BU TAN 4690-9 1609.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1260657|Aldo Giordano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Aldo Giordano par Claude Truong-Ngoc juin 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1261293|Tarcísio Meira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Tarcísio Meira, sem data.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1267921|Igor Zhelezovski]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Igor Zjelezovski.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1285622|József Sas]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Sas Jozsef 2007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1287084|Tom Seaver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Tom Seaver 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1287976|Júlia Sigmond]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1291091|Eduardo Mirás]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:EVM.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1295235|Edén Pastora]]'' | | [[نڪاراگوا]] | | | [[فائل:Edén Pastora en 2020.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1320080|Ken Shimura]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1327911|Elena Pulcini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1337533|Emilio S. Allué]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1338254|Emmanuel Félémou]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]] | | | [[فائل:Emmanuel Félémou.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1340521|Henri Weber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Henri Weber.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1344922|Yvon Douis]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Yvon Douis (1966).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1349129|Robert Opron]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1355980|Alijan Ibragimov]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]]<br/>[[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1356172|Ernemann Sander]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:ErnemannSANDER.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1360086|Rafael Albrecht]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Rafael Albrecht.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1361912|Viačasław Kiebič]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Вячеслав Францевич Кебич.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1362757|Alber Elbaz]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1363756|Paul Goma]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q842794|Socialist Republic of Romania]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q203493|Kingdom of Romania]]'' | | | [[فائل:Placa memorială Paul Goma din s.Mana.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1370390|Alfredo Bosi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1372228|Marc Ferro]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Historian Marc Ferro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1373340|Eugenio Scarpellini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1379110|Tulio Manuel Chirivella Varela]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1379351|Eva Maria Pracht]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:EPseoul1988.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1380592|Krzysztof Krawczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Krawczyk 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1381158|Gustavo Peña]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Gustavo Peña.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1381809|Hamed Karoui]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | [[فائل:Hamed karoui (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1382152|Joël Robert]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:MX Spanish GP 250cc 19730408 Joel Robert (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1382825|Fausto Gresini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Fausto Gresini 1992 Japanese GP.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1383590|Patrick Devedjian]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:UMP regional elections IlM 2010-02-18 n04.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1392426|Philaret]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Mitrapalit Filaret 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1393978|Mohamed El Ouafa]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Mohamed Louafa (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1398571|Luis Eduardo Aute]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Aute recogida premio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1401982|Anikó Varsányi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1402238|Gábor Vass]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Vass Gábor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1406740|Fernando Mario Chávez Ruvalcaba]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Fernando Chávez Ruvalcaba (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1411944|Jaroslav Mostecký]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1423970|Juan Guillermo López Soto]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Monseñor Juan Guillermo López Soto en la Catedral de Cuauhtémoc, Chihuahua.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1426480|Manuel Felguérez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:EL MAESTRO FELGUEREZ Y SANTIAGO POLVOS..jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1427902|Frank Klötzli]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:ETH-BIB-Klötzli, Frank (1934-2020)-Portr 16637.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1433175|Giovanni D’Alise]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1441576|Francis Rapp]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Francis Rapp par Claude Truong-Ngoc février 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1441997|Francisco Haghenbeck]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Haghenbeckfoto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1442590|Franco Giraldi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1453045|Armando Manzanero]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Bustos de Armando Manzanero (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1475741|Juraj Filas]]'' | | [[سلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1509146|Georgi Ananiev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Georgi Ananiev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1528752|Giuseppi Logan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Giuseppi Logan 2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1531997|Marco Dino Brogi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1545256|Goyo Benito]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Goyo Benito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1558046|Atanasije Jevtić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bishop Atanasije (Jevtić) crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1559010|Gérard Mulumba Kalemba]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1562744|Milutin Knežević]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bishop Milutin (Knežević) photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1565285|Predrag Živković Tozovac]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Predrag Zivkovic Tozovac crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1565966|Gordon Forbes]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1566335|Terrence McNally]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Terrence McNally.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1576705|Vlastimil Zábranský]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1585971|Haroldo Rodas]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | [[فائل:Haroldo Rodas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1603952|Helmut Nanz]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1610862|Juventino Kestering]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1625817|James Cross]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1634290|Walter Hooper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1653757|Moses M. Costa]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1665644|Ryszard Ronczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Ryszard Ronczewski.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1667744|Oscar Rizzato]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Oscar Rizzato (cropped, 2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1680315|James E. Humphreys]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1680463|James Gordon, Baron Gordon of Strathblane]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Official portrait of Lord Gordon of Strathblane crop 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1682267|Jan Szarek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Szarek (ur. 1936).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1688700|Marcus Lamb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1691384|Joe Diffie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Diffie 10-14-17 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1699253|John Baptist Kaggwa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | [[فائل:John Baptist Kaggwa Bischof Uganda Masaka Besuch Pfarrei Hannberg Deutschland 2018 Foto Stefan Reinmann.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1700895|John Lutz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lutz, John (WGA).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1701415|John Pfahl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1703488|Vadim Abdrashitov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Вадим Абдрашитов (19-09-2020) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1709139|José Daniel Falla Robles]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1709264|José Isidro Guerrero Macías]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1709475|Suhaila Seddiqi]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | [[فائل:Sohaila sediq.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1709485|José María de la Torre Martín]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1709519|José Murilo de Carvalho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Josemurilo tvbrasil.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1710489|Juan Giménez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Giménez, dibuixant de còmic (2006).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1730056|Karl-Josef Neukirchen]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1733939|Rémy Julienne]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Rémy Julienne 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1738072|Keith Nichols]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1738970|Michel Murr]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1753869|Silas Silvius Njiru]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1770882|Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Akbar Mohtashamipur.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1771679|Vadim Kapranov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1787758|Onésimo Cepeda]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Onésimo Cepeda Silva.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1789955|Carlos Lessa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Lessa economist.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1791614|Duda Mendonça]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:DudaMendonca117188.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1805539|Marc Meneau]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1814289|Martin Ros]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Martin Ros.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1818693|Leo Panitch]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Leo Panitch.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1824877|Cléber Arado]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1850695|Ahmed Patel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Shri Ahmed Patel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1860698|Sergei Shmatko]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Sergei Shmatko.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1868688|Mark Blum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1869884|Khalil el-Moumni]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]''<br/>[[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1872988|Zaccaria Cometti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1874119|Pierluigi Consonni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1876296|Luis Adriano Piedrahita Sandoval]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1876339|Luis Armando Bambarén Gastelumendi]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1876397|Luis Feito]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1890518|Aldo Moser]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Aldo Moser 1964.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1893368|Marcelo Angiolo Melani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1898700|Mario Cecchini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1903976|Willy Kuijpers]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1933279|Mike Longo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1937666|Ricardo Brennand]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Ricardo Brennand, Armando Monteiro e Jarbas Vasconcelos (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1968297|Soumitra Chatterjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Soumitra Chatterjee - Kolkata 2011-05-09 2856.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1973622|Necdet Üruğ]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q1975824|Danilo Lim]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:D LIM.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q1985869|Joe Williams]]'' | | [[نيوزيلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Williams 7 April 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2016538|José Luis Cruz]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2034293|Osman Öcalan]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Osman Öcalan (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2035589|Sven Wollter]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Sven Wollter (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2045019|Alexander Vedernikov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Alexander Vedernikov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2049688|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2061560|Paul Oscher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2068950|Guy N. Smith]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2069522|Bart de Vries]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2092123|Harmoko]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Harmoko, The DPR-RI Stance on the Reform Process and the Resignation of President Soeharto, p39.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2093605|Pierre Lacroix]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2147327|Reşit Karabacak]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2154782|Marijke Harberts]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2157518|Robert Hellwarth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2212292|Ot Louw]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Ot louw-1676624202 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2221582|Sanford Clark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2243275|Dirk Mudge]]'' | | [[نميبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2252474|Frits Flinkevleugel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Frits Flinkevleugel (1965).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2268878|Bob Lazier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bob-Lazier-SVRA-IMS-2018-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2328723|Anto Kovačević]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2332562|Tatyana Lolova]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Tatyana-Lolova-20101208-cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2343159|Loris Dominissini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2348185|Renê Weber]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2360635|Anatoly Kvashnin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Kvashnin (2007-05-15).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2369235|Pyotr Mamonov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Pyotr Mamonov, April 2019-6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2371573|Milenko Savović]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q37024|Serbia and Montenegro]]''<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2376704|Olexander Omelchenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Олександр Омельченко.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2378031|Bram van der Vlugt]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Bram van der Vlugt (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2386112|Marcel Moreau]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Portrait Moreau brouillons wik.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2394296|Tarek El-Bishry]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2405235|Marc Wilmore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2421842|Marco Maciel]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Marco Maciel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2427354|Gennady Yukhtin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2434130|Tim Lester]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2439627|Tom Dempsey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Tom Dempsey 1975.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2441262|Tomás Osvaldo González Morales]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Monseñor Tomás González.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2444480|Vlasta Velisavljević]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Vlasta Velisavljević (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2450102|Dave Greenfield]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Dave-Greenfield (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2458606|Nadhum Shaker]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2462506|Ty]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2470863|Porfirio Betancourt]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | [[فائل:Armando betancourt iu 1981 750.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2484956|Vincent Logan]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2512048|Howard Finkel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Howard Finkel WrestleMania 28.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2521512|Alfons Verplaetse]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Fons verplaetse-1602852523.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2524068|Vigolvino Wanderley Mariz]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2524635|Elsa Joubert]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2530501|Nadeem-Shravan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Shravan Kumar at the special screening of 'Bol Bachchan' 20.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2567189|James Forbes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2570032|Viktor Zimin]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Zimin.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2579054|William H. Gerdts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2580286|William R. Fey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2586848|Wittko Francke]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:Wittko Francke.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2587259|Vladimir Fortov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Science talk (2016-04-27) 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2602273|Yves Ramousse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Mgr Yves Ramousse 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2609597|Charles Siebert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Charles Siebert, 2006 (b&w).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2626298|Vasily Lanovoy]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:LanovoiV2001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2629787|Yevgeny Shaposhnikov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Shaposhnikov170.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2640005|Yevgeny Nesterenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:EENesterenko.PNG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2640500|Aldo Andretti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Andretti pre-flight 070713-F-1234N-003 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2655701|Harry Aarts]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Tweede Kamer, CV ontwikkelingssamenwerking, voorzitter Aarts, Bestanddeelnr 933-2539 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2658232|Cristina Calderón]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cristina Calderón (8639878993) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2682651|Claes Borgström]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Claes Borgström 2012-06-05 001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2705740|Suleiman Mahmoud]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2717789|Dzyanis Kowba]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Denis Kovba 2007.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2727991|Luc Versteylen]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2746785|Claude Goasguen]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Claude Goasguen, gymnase Japy 2008 02 27 n7.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2750504|Linda de Suza]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Linda De Suza en 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2756943|Chetan Chauhan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:The Union Minister for Textiles, Smt. Smriti Irani lighting the lamp at the convocation ceremony of the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), in New Delhi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2777120|Hasu Yajnik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Hasu Yagnik.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2784407|Hans Prade]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Hans Prade (1981).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2784436|Hasan al-Lawzi]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2798280|Ing Yoe Tan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2821111|Abdelkhalek Louzani]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2821348|Abdoul Aziz Mbaye]]'' | | [[سينيگال]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2824007|Adam Schlesinger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Adam-Schlesinger-(in-Tinted-Windows).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2830175|Alain Pluchet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2830569|Alan Pastrana]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alan Pastrana.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2831441|Alberto Carpani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2848905|Andréa Guiot]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2850116|Anis al-Naqqash]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Anis Al-Naqash.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2862088|Armando Romero Manríquez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2863379|Arnold Sowinski]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2871915|Aurlus Mabélé]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2886724|Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Catholicos Patriarch H.H. Baselius MarThoma Paulose II.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2894948|Leib Groner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ahron Daum Schneerson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2896274|Meshulam Dovid Soloveitchik]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:רבי משולם דוד הלוי סולובייצ'יק.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2898193|Carlos Escudé]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]]<br/>[[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos escude.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2907092|Nawaf Massalha]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Nawaf Massalha, 1993 Dan Hadani Archive.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2909679|Yehuda Barkan]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Dan Hadani collection (990044478710205171).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2915906|Teruyuki Okazaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Teruyuki Okazaki 2006 07 17.gif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2915985|Denis MacEoin]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2918270|Alan Merrill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alan Merrill 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2919712|Víctor Crisólogo]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2920357|Otar Patsatsia]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[جارجيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2926450|Bruce Myers]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2929679|Béchir Ben Yahmed]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | [[فائل:PortraitBechirBenYahmedAvril1984.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2949959|Lev Shcheglov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2961945|Chedly Ayari]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | [[فائل:Chadly ayari.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q2964883|Chris Trousdale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q2977352|Claude Evrard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Identite-ClaudeEvrard-1974-Sacem.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3002872|Cristina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3013834|Daniel Cauchy]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Daniel Cauchy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3015089|Danilo Barozzi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3032232|Paul Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Johnson 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3032943|Djibril Tamsir Niane]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]]<br/>[[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3047247|Eddie Borysewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Eddie "Eddie B" Borysewicz.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3048569|Edward Jay Epstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edward Jay Epstein (32802723452) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3050992|Elijah Moshinsky]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3051483|Ellinah Wamukoya]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Ellinah Wamukoya.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3054705|Enrique Múgica]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Enrique Múgica en la rueda de prensa posterior al Consejo de Ministros.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3081861|Francisco Hernando Contreras]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Francisco Hernando en Alcalá de Henares.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3084441|Steve Dalkowski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3093517|Gabi Luncă]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3100743|Genival Lacerda]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Genival Lacerda (2017).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3104996|Ghyslain Tremblay]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Ghyslain Tremblay.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3111408|Gosaku Ota]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3121597|Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3121620|Guy Camberabero]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Guy Camberabero (1971).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3121642|Guy Chaty]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Guy-chaty.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3124154|Gérard Mannoni]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Gerard Mannoni.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3124366|Gérard Voulouzan]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Voulouzan.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3126373|Hamdi Benani]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3131533|Henri Madelin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Henri Madelin-FIG 2002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3131915|Henri Richelet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:RicheletAutoportrait.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3132075|Henri Tincq]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3144732|Hélène Châtelain]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3157537|Jacob Desvarieux]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacob DESVARIEUX 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3158941|Jacques Frémontier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3159292|Jacques Le Brun]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3159696|Jacques Oudin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacques Oudin-IMG 3689.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3159726|Jacques Pellen]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacques Pellen - Festival de Cornouaille 2018 - 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3159913|Jacques Rosny]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3165934|Jean-François Voguet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-François Voguet.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3166986|Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-louis Servan-Schreiber.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3167959|Jean-Michel Boris]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3169816|Jean-Pierre Vincent]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-Pierre Vincent - portrait de Fernand Michaud - btv1b10329544j.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3172048|Jean Fontaine]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3173461|Jean Matouk]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3173769|Jean Obeid]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Jean Obeid - 1988.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3173832|Jean Panisse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3179571|Joan Dougherty]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3180252|Joel M. Reed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joel M. Reed at his apartment December 2018.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3180277|Joeli Vidiri]]'' | | [[فجي]]<br/>[[نيوزيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3180917|Ebrahim Amini]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ebrahim Amini in Ministry of Interior 1394.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3187822|Juan de Dios Castro Lozano]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3189161|Julie Bennett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Julie Bennett.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3191682|Kabran Appiah]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3192352|Kambuzia Partovi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Kamboziya Partovi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3216625|Lambert Amon Tanoh]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3219186|Laurent Dona Fologo]]'' | | [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] | | | [[فائل:Fologo1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3229123|Lehlohonolo Ledwaba]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3265068|Waldir Lucas Pereira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3265525|Lucien Gourong]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Lucien Gourong.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3265723|Lucien Sève]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3282984|Koos van den Berg]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Koos van den Berg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3285700|Mangala Samaraweera]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mangala Samaraweera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3288102|Marc Hamilton]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3289453|Marcel Uderzo]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Marcel Uderzo - Salon du livre de Paris 2010 bis.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3289573|Marcelle Ranson-Hervé]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3290692|Marguerite Aucouturier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3297752|Massimo Cuttitta]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:MausCuttitta.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3300367|Maurice Barrier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3303356|Franciszek Kokot]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3306991|Messaoud Nedjahi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Messaoud Nedjahi et le groupe Iwal (espoire) 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3308616|Mikhail Studenetsky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3310166|Michel Lelong]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3310736|Michel Robin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Michel Robin - portrait de Fernand Michaud - btv1b10329519j.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3312928|Miguel Angel Castellini]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Castellini-Perez-Galindez-10DIC1976.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3313368|Mike Huckaby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3318485|Mohand Cherif Hannachi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3326196|Moussa Benhamadi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3339641|Hassan Firouzabadi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q107258515|Pahlavi Iran]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Hassan Firouzabadi 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3340026|Nicolas Alfonsi]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3348270|Obren Joksimović]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3349343|Tarun Gogoi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Tarun Gogoi - Kolkata 2013-02-10 4885.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3355833|Adam Alsing]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Adam Alsing 2015-09-17 001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3356966|Oscar Castro]]'' | | [[چلي]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Óscar Castro Ramírez (25966264435) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3362625|Paolo Giordano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3362634|Paolo Graziosi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Paolo Graziosi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3362788|Pape Diouf]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3379373|Philippe Bodson]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3380286|Philippe Malaurie]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3386032|Pierre Lumbi Okongo]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | [[فائل:MONUSCO Headquarters, Kinshasa, RD Congo- president of the G7, Pierre Lumbi. (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3386113|Pierre Marcotte]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Les Tannants Brossard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3390432|Benito Joanet]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3399496|Justo Jorge Padrón]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3421020|Raymond Lévesque]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Raymond Lévesque, Laurent Gascon, 2011. (50808482641).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3427126|Renée Claude]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Renée Claude.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3430000|Riad Ismat]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | [[فائل:Riad Ismat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3433512|Joe Long]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Long musician (1966) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3434303|Tommy DeVito]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Tommy DeVito (musician) (1966) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3434789|Robert Chaudenson]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3435833|Roviros Manthoulis]]'' | | [[يونان]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3436216|Robert Saint-Cricq]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3443079|Jens Erik Fenstad]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3453638|Ruth Roberta de Souza]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3471309|Samvel Gasparov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3473390|Sarah Maldoror]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Sarah Maldoror.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3479678|Sergio Onofre Jarpa]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Sergio Onofre Jarpa (1965) cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3491740|Soumaïla Cissé]]'' | | [[مالي]] | | | [[فائل:Soumaïla Cissé 2013 Portrait.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3498879|Steve Carver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3513750|Marina Tucaković]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3515979|Tasso Adamopoulos]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Tasso Adamopoulos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3532513|K. V. Anand]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:KV Anand at MovieBuff First Clap Awards Function (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3533955|Touriya Jabrane]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Touriya Jabrane.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3547896|Ezio Vendrame]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Ezio Vendrame.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3551677|Victor Wood]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3569608|Abraham J. Twerski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Twerski (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3570660|Xavier Dor]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Xavier Dor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3572419|Santiago Lanzuela]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:(Santiago Lanzuela) José María Aznar recibe al presidente de la Diputación General de Aragón. Pool Moncloa. 16 de mayo de 1996 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3575702|Zoltan Sabo]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3592141|Étienne Draber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3593648|Óscar Chávez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Óscar Chávez en el Zócalo 2016 - 6.JPG|center|128px]] |- | [[وحيدالدين خان|مولانا وحيدالدين]] | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Maulanawahiduddin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3608395|Alberto Malavasi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Alberto Malavasi Palermo.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3615732|Andrea Galasso]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Andrea Galasso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3615807|Andrea Lo Vecchio]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3618360|Ansley Truitt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3622555|Juan Carlos Copes]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Carlos Copes Día del Tango.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3634905|Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Raghuvansh Prasad Singh briefing the press about various achievements of Total Sanitation Campaign highlighting the revised unit cost norms under TSC, in New Delhi on August 22, 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3645774|Bruno Ghedina]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Bruno Ghedina 1970.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3645814|Bruno Longhi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3651544|Camillo Milli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Amore in 4 dimensioni - Giuffré Milli.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3656048|Leonid Bujor]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | [[فائل:Leonid Bujor (crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3659617|Carlo Meliciani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Carlo Meliciani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3659902|Carlo Tognoli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Carlo Tognoli.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3664107|Cecilia Fusco]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cecilia Fusco - collezione Tino Barindelli.tif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3680239|Claudio Sorrentino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3694250|Corrado Lamberti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:CorradoLamberti.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3700324|Piotr Machalica]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Piotr Machalica2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3703087|David Anthony Kraft]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3706229|Detto Mariano]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | [[فائل:Detto Mariano.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3731997|Ermes Polli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3732244|Ernesto Galli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3732324|Ernesto Ros]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3737689|Fabio Enzo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3743804|Ferruccio Pisoni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Ferruccio Pisoni daticamera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3745178|Umbu Landu Paranggi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3749916|Francesco Di Carlo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Francesco di carlo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3750130|Francesco La Rosa]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3751683|Raghunath Mohapatra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Raghunath Mohapatra.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4322836|Vyacheslav Novitsky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4334832|Chylgychy Ondar]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Chylgychy Ondar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4355718|Maria Piątkowska]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:MariaPiatkowska.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4356594|Scott Erskine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Scott T. Erskine 2001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4357649|Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:R. L. Bhatia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4365356|Boris Plotnikov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Борис Плотников 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4382246|Tatyana Protsenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4404372|Kenzhegaly A. Sagadiyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4416595|Seraphim (Glushakov)]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4420621|Sergey Sinyakin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4422543|Anatoly Skripkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4442473|Alexander Stefanovich]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4443470|Gennady Strakhov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4464627|Anatoly Trushkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Trushkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4468157|Billie Lee Turner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4477044|Andreï Ouritski]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Andrey Uritsky.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4517602|Marietta Chudakova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Mariehtta Chudakova 2017 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4525695|William Schmidt]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Шмидт В. В.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4527351|Viktor Shudegov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Shudegov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4528002|Valentin Shurchanov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Valentin Shurchanov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4540413|Abd as-Sattar Qasm]]'' | | [[اردن]]<br/>[[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4662382|Aaron Rubashkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4669126|Abraham Palatnik]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Abraham palatnik cni.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4669133|Avrohom Pinter]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Rabbi Avrohom Pinter Z’L.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4681741|Adelaide João]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4683852|Adnan Abdallat]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4684841|Adrian Barber]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4687771|Aeneas Chigwedere]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4695942|Ahmed Mumin Warfa]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Mumin Warfa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4699805|Ajit Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Ajit Singh at press conference.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4703486|Al Angrisani]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4710395|Albert Hale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1783171|Navajo Nation]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4713827|Aldir Blanc]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4720226|Alexander Thynn, 7th Marquess of Bath]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4722019|Alfonso Cortina]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4724658|Ali Ansarian]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Ansarian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4738568|Aly Zaker]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Aly-Zaker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4746478|Aminu Isa Kontagora]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4757445|Andrew Jack]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Andrew Jack, Dialect Coach.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4760733|Andy Gray]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Andy Gray, Perth born Actor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4764670|Anil Panachooran]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4765474|Anisuzzaman]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:আনিসুজ্জামান ২০১০.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4768323|Anne Feeney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4769295|Annie Glenn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Annie Glenn in 1965.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4770680|Anshuman Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4776555|Antonio Cuenco]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Rep. Antonio V. Cuenco (8th Congress).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4776662|Antonio Giménez-Rico]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4776961|Antonio Sanchez]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Sanchez Politician 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4792170|Arlene Saunders]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4794109|S. I. Padmavati]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Si-padmavati.webp|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4795016|Arnold Demain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4804549|Ashalata Wabgaonkar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4808284|Hasan Muratović]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | [[فائل:HasanMuratovic.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4822123|Haydar Baş]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Prof. Dr. Haydar Baş.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4831235|Ayhan Ulubelen]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Ayhan Ulubelen during her 60 years.pdf|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4832169|Azam Khan]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4838863|Bachi Singh Rawat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4841138|Badruddin Shaikh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4889708|J. Bennett Johnston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Bennett Johnston.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4893517|Bernard P. Randolph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bernard P Randolph.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4900648|Bhagirathi Majhi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4900699|Bhagwati Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4900762|Nirmal Singh Khalsa]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Nirmal Singh Khalsa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4907449|Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Kanwarpal Bikramjit.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4910396|Bill Olner]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4910565|Bill Pursell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4928876|Frank Mdlalose]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4932376|Bob Enyart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4934739|Bobby Ball]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Bobby Ball.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4941401|Ingamay Bylund]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4949186|Rosita Sokou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4960104|Annette Kullenberg]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4966749|Bridget Rowe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4977068|Rita Sargsyan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:Rita Sargsyan nimg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5000739|Burt Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Burt Wilson 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5015068|C M Chang]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5026605|Camilla Wicks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:25806 Camilla Wicks.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5043614|Carmen Vázquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Carmen Vasquez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5057941|Celestino Bonifacio Bacale]]'' | | [[ايڪوئٽوريل گني|استوائي جيني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5067804|Chaim Dov Keller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5069439|Chaman Lal Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5071333|Robert M. Laughlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5071476|Chandrawati]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5082746|Charles Stuart Bowyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5103384|Cho Se-hui]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5104483|Abla al-Kahlawi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5105543|Chowdhury Kamal Ibne Yusuf]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5112720|Christopher Lee]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5121945|Ciro Pessoa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Ciro Pessoa 2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5128707|Claude Beauchamp]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5128778|Claude Crabb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5162670|Conrado Miranda]]'' | | [[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5171422|Cornelius Mwalwanda]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5172694|Corra Dirksen]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5173979|Cosmas Magaya]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | [[فائل:Cosmas-Magaya-Zim2010.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5181398|Craig Ruddy]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | [[فائل:Craig Ruddy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5181443|Craig Shergold]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5212769|Damodar Barku Shingada]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5213280|Dan Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5213508|Dan Foster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q470463|Amfilohije Radović]]'' | | [[مونٽي نيگرو]] | | | [[فائل:Amfilohije Radovic-mc.rs (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q481801|Ambrosius of Dorostol]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Доростолски митрополит Амвросий.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q487043|Ellis Marsalis Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ellis Marsalis (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q487927|Anatoly Alyabyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q491019|Herman Cain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Herman Cain by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q498025|Segismundo Martínez Álvarez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q499944|João Alves Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:João Alves Filho governador Sergipe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q508497|Fernando Solanas]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Fernando Solanas, 1985.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q508658|Mauro Bellugi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Mauro Bellugi 1973.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q509775|Kadir Topbaş]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Kadir Topbas at 38th Istanbul Vodafone Marathon (2) cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q520296|John Prine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Prine by Ron Baker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q520761|Florentín Giménez]]'' | | [[پيراگوئي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q523020|Peter Sutcliffe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q525806|Eric Wagner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Eric Wagner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q527026|Vincent Malone]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q528421|Nelly Kaplan]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Nelly Kaplan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q530205|Oscar Cruz]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q532632|Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Jorge Liberato Urosa Savino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q536199|Angelo Moreschi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q540134|Trini Lopez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Aankomst Trini Lopez op Schiphol voor bijwonen Grand Gala du Disque Aankomst T, Bestanddeelnr 915-6212 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q542162|Johnny Crawford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Chuck Connors Johnny Crawford The Rifleman 1960.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q546817|José Freire Falcão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:José Freire Falcão.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q546904|Eusébio Scheid]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q553410|Romell Broom]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q556533|Mauro Aparecido dos Santos]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Mauro Aparecido cropped 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q558837|Lars Norén]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Lars Norén 2012-10-24 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q567965|Abdul Rehman Malik]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Foreign Secretary in Pakistan (4727720266) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q572992|Anthony Casso]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:AnthonyCassoNJmugshot.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q577242|Alfred Leslie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q579253|Jaime Murrell]]'' | | [[پاناما]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q582727|Uruguay Graffigna]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q587249|Lee McNeill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q592160|Antonio Ángel Algora Hernando]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Ángel Algora Hernando.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q596515|János Kóbor]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Kóbor János (Stekovics Gáspár).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q606354|Szilveszter Csollány]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q607219|Franco Marini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Franco Marini 4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q609559|Líviusz Gyulai]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Gyulai Líviusz 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q610544|Antón García Abril]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q642708|Giulio Giorello]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giorello4.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q658507|Jan Gałecki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Galecki 1987.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q659494|Boris Chochiev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[ڏکڻ اوسيتيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q665951|J. R. Richard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:JR Richard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q676051|Corey Yuen]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q679049|Vittorio Gregotti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Vittorio Gregotti - Festival Economia 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q679377|Joseph Benz]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q693875|Arnie Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Arnie Robinson 1972.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q699412|Otto Barić]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]]<br/>[[ڪروشيا]]<br/>[[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q706629|Marko Radosavljević]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Артемије Радосављевић.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q710123|Arthur Keaveney]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q712058|Christian Wiyghan Tumi]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | [[فائل:Wiyghan Tumi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q713358|Lewis Wolpert]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Lewis Wolpert.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q715328|Arturo Lona Reyes]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Mons. Arturo Lona Reyes en la Parroquia del Espinal Orizaba 2019 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q715633|Yevhen Marchuk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Yevhen Marchuk.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q716656|Alfredo Lim]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Alfredo Lim at Mendiola.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q719759|Henry Grimes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Henry grimes 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q720068|Allen Daviau]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Deyellspielbergdaviau (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q726105|Vladimir Menshov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Владимир Меньшов 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q726615|Alex Kurzem]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q728029|Harold Budd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Harold Budd (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q729048|Olavo de Carvalho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Olavo de Carvalho em 2019 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q732062|Ali Mahdi Muhammad]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | [[فائل:Али Махди Мохамед 08 (2020).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q732608|Michel Kilo]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[شام]] | | | [[فائل:Michel Kilo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q740411|Joachim Yhombi-Opango]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q750714|Sandor Zicherman]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Zicherman Sandor Robert.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q758097|Attila Horváth]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q768776|Phyllis Eisenstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Phyllis.eisenstein.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q778094|Fred Dean]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q782651|Michel Parisse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Michel Parisse.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q789843|Ferenc Balázs]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Balázs Fecó fortepan 125621.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q798810|Badal Roy]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q809046|Barry Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Barry Harris 1981.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q809978|Bashkim Fino]]'' | | [[البانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bashkim Fino 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q810460|Bassam Saba]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q826422|Chris Karrer]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q838648|Diána Igaly]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Igaly Diána 2017 RTG 3213.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q852791|György Bálint]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Bálint György.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q862274|Bill Mack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q888222|Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:King Goodwill Zwelithini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q889224|John Y. Brown Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Y. Brown Jr. (KY).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q890445|Bogdan Wojtuś]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Bogdan Wojtuś.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q893179|Bootsie Barnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q893817|Borisav Jović]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا]] | | | [[فائل:Borisav Jović.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q897432|Géza Szőcs]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Geza Szőcs (poet) - Transylvanian Hungarian politician.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q904365|Daniel S. Kemp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q909047|Dorce Gamalama]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dorce Gamalama on Interview Halo Selebriti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q914201|Tim Brooke-Taylor]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Tim Brooke-Taylor 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q923365|Khosrow Sinai]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Khosro Sinaei 1 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q927269|Yukhym Zvyahilskyi]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Yukhym Zvyahilsky 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q927918|Stephen Sulyk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q928356|Miroslav Tuđman]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Miroslav Tuđman.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q928446|Reynaert]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q932204|Allen Garfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q932779|Donald Machholz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Donald Machholz.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q943520|Karel Loprais]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Karel Loprais.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q944421|Dmitri Smirnov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Dmitri N Smirnov ©Kompozitor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q948295|Daviz Simango]]'' | | [[موزمبيق]] | | | [[فائل:Daviz Simango.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q957463|Peter M. Neumann]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Peter-Neumann.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q959434|Victoria Kovalchuk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Wirawika.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q964474|Philippe Nahon]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Philippe Nahon, Porto, 1999.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q965475|John Richardson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:John Richardson (actor).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5219264|Daniele Cioni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5228272|Dave Bacuzzi]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5231508|David Boe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5231741|David Bright]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5232007|David Driskell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:David C. Driskell.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5233307|David Egerton]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5234349|David Green]]'' | | [[نڪاراگوا]] | | | [[فائل:David Greenwiki 1983.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5237631|David Mixner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:15.DavidMixner.NEM.Rally.USC.WDC.11October2009 (53581387587) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5239194|David Romero Ellner]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5248630|Debu Chaudhuri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Pandit debu chaudhuri 2014-06-24 10-36.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5253272|Henk Overgoor]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Henk Overgoor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5273153|Dick Lucas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5274838|Diego Verdaguer]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Diego Verdaguer en junio de 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5276823|Dilipkumar Mansukhlal Gandhi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5294991|Donald Perry Polsky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5295091|Donald Rowe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dee Rowe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5300456|Doug Ericksen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Doug Ericksen in 2021.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5300613|Doug Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Doug Jones Indians.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5304908|Dragan Vučić]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5305018|Dragoljub Đuričić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dragoljub Đuričić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5336214|Eddie Large]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Eddie Large.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5336223|Eddie Lee Jackson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5350512|Eknath Gaikwad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5362050|Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5362067|Eliyantha White]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dr-eliyantha-white-treats-sachin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5367651|Elsimar Coutinho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Dr.Elsimar Coutinho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5379762|Enrique Molina]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | [[فائل:Enrique Molina4 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5386649|Eric Hall]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5435227|Fariborz Raisdana]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5441062|Federico Salas]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5444074|Fereshteh Taerpour]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Fereshteh Taerpour.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5470446|Forrest Compton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5476150|Luisa Molina]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5484875|Frank A. Howard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Frank Howard 1956.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5485058|Frank Arok]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5493306|Mohammad Shahabuddin]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Mohammad shahabuddin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5495767|Fred Levin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Fred Levin - Pensacola, Florida - 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5496221|Fred Sasakamoose]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5497310|Frederick B. Chary]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5498180|Frederick K. C. Price]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5512123|G. Anand]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5531217|Gene Fraise]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gene Fraise - Official Portrait - 84th GA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5531445|Gene Shay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5531517|Gene Ward Smith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5534035|Geoff Barnett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:GeoffBarnett1972.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5540004|George H. Carley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5542916|George Nock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5543953|George Robertson]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:GeoRobertson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5549047|Daniel Velázquez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Daniel Velázquez (1975).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5549344|Gerald Locklin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5561073|Gilbert Centina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Authorgilbertluisrcentinaiii.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5562310|Gillian Wise]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5569175|Glenn Wheatley]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5569181|Erik Belfrage]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5574061|Isael Villa Villa]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5576708|Ramón Martínez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:RAMON MARTINEZ.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5586441|Hassan Brijany]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5596280|Grant Jackson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Grant Jackson Orioles.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5618246|Heherson Alvarez]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Heherson Alvarez.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5628238|H. G. Carrillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5628624|H. Vasanthakumar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:H. Vasanthakumar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5644603|Hamid Jasemian]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Hamid Jasemian 139209021934598431597814.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5650308|Hans Knudsen]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q756617|Kingdom of Denmark]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5657289|Haribhau Jawale]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5662859|Alberto Canapino]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Alberto Canapino (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5663596|Alberto Szpunberg]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Alberto Szpunberg.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5665087|Alejandro Guzmán Brito]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5670811|Harry M. Rosenfeld]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5679000|Riay Tatary]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:(Riay Tatary) El Arzobispado de Valencia y la Comisión Islámica colaboran en la atención de refugiados (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5697713|Antonio Alcántara]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5702560|Helen Jones Woods]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5703827|Helène Aylon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Helene Aylon (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5710392|Kioumars Derambakhsh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Kioumars Derambakhsh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5710665|Khosrow Seif]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Khosrow Seif 2006-09-13 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5711988|Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5717242|Balfre Vargas Cortéz]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5728387|Henry Slaughter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5728685|Henry Stephen]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5736171|Herbin Hoyos]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Herbin Hoyos ceremony.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5744458|Hershel Shanks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5749726|Carlos Armando Biebrich]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5750208|Carlos Eduardo Enríquez Maya]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5757661|Csaba Szabó]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Szabó Csaba.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5760952|Hilary Dwyer]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Hilary Dwyer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5791581|Cristián Cuturrufo]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cristián Cuturrufo - 2247945022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5798779|Daniel Vélez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5799587|Darío Vivas]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Darío Vivas, Vicepresidente de la Asamblea Legislativa de Venezuela y miembro del Grupo Geopolítico de Latinoamérica y el Caribe (GRULAC), en compañía de José Gavidia, diputado de Venezuela e (8486684250) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5808715|Manuel Dammert]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Manuel Dammert Ego Aguirre.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5830829|Emilia Currás]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5833760|Enrique Rodríguez Galindo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5836757|Ernesto Contreras]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Ernesto Contreras - El Gráfico 1942.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5846421|Rinat Ibragimov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5848817|Estanislao de Grandes]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Estanislao de Grandes Pascual (13423607215).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5865148|Francisco Aritmendi]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5865636|Ezzatollah Mehravaran]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ezzat-mehravaran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5879998|Gino Renni]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Gino Renni (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5886305|Esmail Shangaleh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Esmaeil Shengeleh 3476646.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5888565|Guillermo Galeote Jiménez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5896244|Hernán Pinto]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Hernán Pinto (2009) 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5902375|Horacio González]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Horacio gonzález.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3753357|Carlos Seco Serrano]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3757094|Gaetano Rampin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Gaetano Rampin 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3758095|Gangchen Tulku Rinpoche]]'' | | [[چين]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lama Tulku Gangchen Rimpoche.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3761230|Geronimo Meynier]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Totò, Fabrizi e i giovani d'oggi 05.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3762524|Giampiero Grevi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3762585|Gian Battista Odone]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3762710|Gian Mario Bravo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3764085|Gigi Dall'Aglio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3766838|Giovanni Blandino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3772436|Gloria Piedimonte]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3788117|Héctor Luis Silva]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Hector silva pumas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3798974|Innocenzo Donina]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3804395|Italo De Zan]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Italo de Zan 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3810475|José Luis Capón]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3816656|Rodolfo González Rissotto]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3817497|Kurt Stettler]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Kurt-stettler.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3829209|Lea Vergine]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lea Vergine 1974.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3832043|Lidia Menapace]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lidia Menapace (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3836866|Lorenzo Acquarone]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Lorenzo Acquarone.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3837545|Lou A. Kouvaris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3838576|Luciano Federici]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3845680|Federico Roncoroni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | [[فائل:Federico Roncoroni 1989.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3845853|Marcio Veloz Maggiolo]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | [[فائل:MARCIO vELOZ mAGGIOLO.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3846460|Marco Santagata]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3848217|Marino Quaresimin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Marino Quaresimin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3848323|Mario Benedetti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3849205|Mario Valdemarin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Nata di marzo 5 (Mario Valdemarin).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3852649|Maurizio Mattei]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3852820|Mauro Favilla]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Mauro Favilla datisenato 1987.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3854273|Melo Mafali]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Melo Mafali.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3857269|Miguel Jones]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3858870|Mirko Pavinato]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Bologna FC - 1961 Mitropa Cup - Renato Dall'Ara, Mirko Pavinato.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3892458|Ron Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:1985 Nashville Ron Johnson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3894504|Paolo Taggi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3903362|Piero Schlesinger]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3905292|Pino Scaccia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3920003|Roman Viktiuk]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207272|Second Polish Republic]]''<br/>[[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Roman Viktuk 2-1 by Alexey Nikishin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3929115|Raffaele Masto]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3930163|Raoul Casadei]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Raoul Casadei.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3938207|Robert Beck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Lee Beck 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3938263|Robert Durst]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Alan Durst.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3938637|Roberto Brivio]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3938885|Roberto Lavorenti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3939577|Rocco Filippini]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Rocco Filippini ©Cosimo Filippini 2009.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3941597|Rossana Di Bello]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3956022|Sergio Bassi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:SergioBassi2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3956296|Sergio Staino]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Sergio Staino - Lucca Comics & Games 2016 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3960891|Silvio Lega]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Silvio Lega daticamera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3972445|Stefano D'Orazio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Stefano (primo priano).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q3981101|Tarcisio Stramare]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q3993232|Tony Fuochi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4006322|Urano Navarrini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4059734|Hakob Hakobyan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4067585|Nikolay Antoshkin]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:2019 Nikolay Antoshkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4069097|Gregory Areshian]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آرمينيا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:GEA istanbul.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4072594|Anatoly Afanasyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4073544|Baloğlan Əşrəfov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4074396|Valeriy Babych]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:НДУ 3 Бабич Валерій Георгійович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4084007|Maurice Berger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Maurice Berger PR (centré).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4095066|Patricia Bosworth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4095606|Douglas Bravo]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Douglas Bravo 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4100792|Bhakti Charu Swami]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Bhakti Charu Swami at Santiago de Compostela.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4104601|Dmitry Vasilyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4107168|Beniamin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4112721|Anatoly Vishnevsky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Anatoly Vishnevsky.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4114833|Anastasia Voznesenskaya]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4121380|Sol Tolchinsky]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4128446|Alexander Vustin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vustin2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4135231|Vladimir Gendlin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4148136|Boris Grachevsky]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Boris Grachevskiy 2018.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4152147|Sven Gundlakh]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4152247|Seyfaddin Gurbanov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4162412|Sixto Brillantes]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Sixto Brillantes (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4167363|Yury Dokhoian]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Yury Dokhoian 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4173011|Eulogius (Smirnov)]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Eulogius (Smirnov).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4173593|Gurgen Yeghiazaryan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:Gurgen Yeghiazaryan 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4183618|Yevgeniy Zagorulko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4195359|Aydin Ibrahimov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4197538|Mikhail Ignatyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Mikhail Ignatyev (2013-10-30).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4219061|Gulnazar Keldi]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[تاجڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Gulnazar Keldi 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4219653|Hennadiy Kernes]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Кернес Геннадий.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4221830|Vladimir Kirsanov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Kirsanov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4232862|Vladimir Korenev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Владимир Коренев 01 (13-04-2019) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4233774|Caesar Korolenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Короленко Цезарь Петрович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4234678|Irina Koryukina]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Корюкина Ирина Петровна.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4236363|Ryszard Kotys]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Ryszard Kotys 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4249854|Gennady Kutsev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4262971|Farida Pasha]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4264242|Viktor Likhonosov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Likhonosov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4264879|Martin Lovett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:AmadeusQuartet1.gif|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4267240|Vladimir Loskot]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4269192|Anatoly Lukyanov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Anatoly Evgenievich Lukyanov.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4272534|Lyudmila Lyadova]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Lyudmila Lyadova.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4273958|Arif Musa oğlu Məhərrəmov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q4276406|Nikolay Maksyuta]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Nikolay Maksyuta 007.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4281196|Vitaly Margelov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vitaliy Margelov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4284352|Ben Masters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ben masters.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4290811|Viktor Merezhko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Merezhko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4302604|Nicette Bruno]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Nicette Bruno.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q4319727|Viktor Nikitin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5904665|Hugo Stuven Cangas de Onís]]'' | | [[اسپين]]<br/>[[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Hugostuven2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5906851|Abbas Saffari]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:عباس صفاری.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5908946|Hossam Mohammed Amin]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5918706|Houshang Seddigh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Houshang Seddigh-Official photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5922098|Howie Pyro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5922865|Israel Beltrán Montes]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5930117|Jesús Fichamba]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | [[فائل:Jesús Fichamba.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5932104|Hugh Newell Jacobsen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Hugh Newell Jacobsen.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5937444|Gunnar Larsson]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5938530|Changiz Jalilvand]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Changiz Jalilvand 13920408.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5939731|José Folgado]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:José Folgado 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5939778|José Francisco Gallardo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5940793|José Joaquín Puig de la Bellacasa]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5941462|Siamak Atlasi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Siamak Atlasi (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5942704|José María Calleja]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Presentación del libro ‘Cómo informar sobre violencia machista’.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5943690|Parviz PoorHosseini]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q107258515|Pahlavi Iran]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:1828481-parviz pour hoseini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5945510|Badr al-Zaman Gharib]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Badrzaman Gharib 139610041445358512884434.jpg|center|128px]] |- | [[فاطما رهبر]] | | ''[[:d:Q107258515|Pahlavi Iran]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Fatemeh Rahbar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5950619|Kambiz Derambakhsh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:کامبیز درمبخش - Kambiz Derambakhsh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q5955737|Hassan Zare Dehnavi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5966302|Mats Lundegård]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5971996|Lazarus Takawira]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5973562|Stig Malm]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5976814|Sigvard Marjasin]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5979729|Roger Matthews]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5997337|Ildegarda Taffra]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q5999378|Marissa Garrido]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Marisa Garrido 2011 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6001514|Ilya Shtemler]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6009560|Allan Nilsson]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6019655|Olle Nygren]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Olle Nygren.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6026759|Ayla Karaca]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6027175|Indu Jain]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Indu-jain.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6042168|İrfan Gürpınar]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6044824|Norberto Oyarbide]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Norberto Oyarbide.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6051778|Yılmaz Atadeniz]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6055650|Ayten Erman]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6059131|Tuncay Mataracı]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6063093|Haydar Dümen]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6065858|Ülkü Azrak]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6068274|Pedro Bastidas]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Pedro Bastidas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6070306|Iris M. Zavala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Iris Zavala.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6073889|Luran Ahmeti]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6074227|Irvin Baxter Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6089269|Aytaç Yalman]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6096528|Iván Izquierdo]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]]<br/>[[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:IvanIzquierdo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6097742|Rafael Navarro González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6097749|Burhanettin Uysal]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6104592|J. Anbazhagan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6105727|René Juárez Cisneros]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Rene Juarez Cisneros 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6117269|Jackson Mthembu]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6120010|Sandro Cohen]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6120818|Jacques Puisais]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6120996|Santiago Manuin Valera]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Santiago Manuín Valera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6122347|Jagdish Singh Rana]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6140367|Yukio Okamoto]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Yukio Okamoto 2002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6148664|Tomás Vidiella]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Tomás Vidiella 2000.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6150166|Jan Waszkiewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6165767|Víctor Valencia de los Santos]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Victorvalenciadelossantos.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6166387|Jay Benedict]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6166776|Jay Johnstone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jay Johnstone Dodgers.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6169679|Jean-Michel Bokamba-Yangouma]]'' | | [[جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6182507|Jerold Ottley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6183301|Jerry Brandt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6195534|Jim Henderson]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6197321|Jim Pace]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6210297|Joe Hernandez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6214060|Thorleif Torstensson]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6220532|John Bangsund]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6240700|Kay Wiestål]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Kay Wiestål, IFK Holmsund 1960 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6243015|John Keston]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6244212|John Laws]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Lord Justice Laws 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6246730|Jhon Mario Ramírez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6248589|John Meyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6251147|John Ogilvie]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6267108|Johnny Leeze]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6268369|Johnson Mlambo]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6278435|Jorge Oñate]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jorge Oñate.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6285854|Joseph Nyagah]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6293085|José Maranhão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:José Maranhão.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6297452|Joyce Davidson]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6300926|Juan Roldán]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Domingo Roldán.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6324079|K. T. Oslin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:K.T. Oslin 1987 Promo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6324114|K. Thangavel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6344324|Kabori Sarwar]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Sarah Begum Kabori Receives Lifetime Achievement Award National Film Awards Dhaka 2013-04-04 (PID-0060031) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6356800|Kamen Tchanev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Kamen Chanev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6373666|Karuna Shukla]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6388519|Ken Snow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6389975|Kenneth Church]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6390090|Ken Farnum]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6396195|Kevin Duffy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Kevin Duffy (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6408465|Kim Chernin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Kimchernin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6414812|Kiran Maheshwari]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6416282|Kirunda Kivejinja]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6416528|Kishan Rungta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6419024|Kiyoko Ono]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]''<br/>[[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Kiyoko Ono 1964d.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6444091|Kumutha Rahman]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6445132|Kunwar Bechain]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Kunwar Bechain.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6455079|Kōbō Kenichi]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6474309|Lajim Ukin]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6480359|Lalit Behl]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6480683|Lam Quang Thi]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]] | | | [[فائل:General Lâm Quang Thi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6490204|Larry Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6491294|Larry Willoughby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6517024|Lefteris Hapsiadis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:LefterisHapsiadisNew.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6520721|Leland Christensen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6524568|Leon Claire Metz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6550228|Linah Mohohlo]]'' | | [[بوٽسوانا]] | | | [[فائل:Linah Mohohlo - Closing Plenary- Africa's Next Chapter - World Economic Forum on Africa 2011 crop.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6552990|Lindy McDaniel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lindy McDaniel Yankees.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6555796|Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani 2160728.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6557470|Rahnaward Zaryab]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | [[فائل:Rahnaward Zaryab (2016, cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6587520|Yitzchok Scheiner]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:הרב יצחק שיינר.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6711768|Lệ Thu]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]] | | | [[فائل:Lệ Thu.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6733203|Maharaj Krishan Kaushik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6733563|Mahaveer Bhagora]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6733859|Mahesh Kumar Kanodia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6752754|Manuel Morato]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6756606|Marcelo Peralta]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6757838|Marcos Cruz Molina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6762954|Hassan Abdullah al-Sharafi]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | [[فائل:الشاعر حسن عبدالله الشرفي- من اليمن.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6766164|Marjan Lazovski]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6769832|Mark Steiner]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6771327|Shamsur Rahman Faruqi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Shamsur Rahman Farooqi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6776522|Martin Sandoval]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6778086|Marv Luster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marv Luster - Southern Campus 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6781944|María Colombo de Acevedo]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:María Colombo de Acevedo - Diputados.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6791209|Matthew Seligman]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Matthew Seligman, Alexandra Arms, Cambridge, UK (April 2018).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6793091|Nazem Naim]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6814633|Abdul Hadi Majali]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6817775|Meor Aziddin Yusof]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6830619|Michael Gilkes]]'' | | [[گيانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6831484|David Refael ben Ami]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:דדי בן עמי 1.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6832740|Michael McKinnell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6834517|Michael Sorkin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Michael Sorkin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6835123|Elias Rahbani]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Elias Rahbani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6844641|Miguel Lifschitz]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Lifschitz en conferencia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6845046|Mihai Cotorobai]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6851247|Milena Jelinek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6853968|Muhammad Tariq Al-Khadra]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6885751|Mluleki George]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6893246|Mohammed Nasim]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Mohammed Nasim in New Delhi on April 13, 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6893292|Mohammed Sabila]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6909686|Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Mordechai Yissachar Ber Leifer.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6917707|Motilal Vora]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Motilal Vora.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6939760|Murtoza Bashir]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Mortaza Bashir.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6944629|Mwalimu Masudi Mwahima]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6947701|Itzhak Ilan]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:יצחק אילן.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6957551|Nader Dastneshan]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Nader Dastneshan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6963057|Nancy Walker Bush]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6963293|Nandi Yellaiah]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6965785|Narendra Kohli]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Narendra Kohli (Dec. 2008).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q6965830|Naresh Kanodia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6980389|Natty Hollmann]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q6986729|Neela Satyanarayanan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7000421|Omar Pirrera]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Omar-Maria.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7035671|Nikola Spasov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Nikola spasov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7044225|Itzhak Jacky Edry]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:גקי אדרי.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7045291|Noach Dear]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7046976|Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | [[فائل:Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7063903|Noureddine Saâdi]]'' | | [[الجزائر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7070307|Nurul Islam Babul]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Nurul Islam Babul, Jamuna Group.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7085856|Olle Holmquist]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7106297|Oscar W. McConkie, Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7121484|Paatje Phefferkorn]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Paatje Phefferkorn.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7143415|Pat Dye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Pat Dye on His Homestead Before Christmas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7151698|Paul Karslake]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7154144|Paul Varelans]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7155119|Paulinho Paiakan]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7167845|Perence Shiri]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7173124|Peter C. Clapman]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7173657|Peter DiFronzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:DiFronzo Pete.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7173914|Peter F. Secchia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Peter F. Secchia & Gerald Ford.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7174885|Peter J. N. Sinclair]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7174966|Peter Jenkins]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7177692|Peter Whiteside]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7181551|Phi Nhung]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ويٽنام]] | | | [[فائل:Phi Nhung (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7182506|Phil Valentine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Phil Valentine in 2019.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7184198|Philip Paul]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Philip Paul at The Cincinnatian Hotel in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7184510|Philip Voss]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7193787|Pilar Pellicer]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Pilar Pellicer publicity photo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7225858|Pollycarpus Priyanto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7228895|Poovachal Khader]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Poovachal-Khader.jpg.image.845.440.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7262061|Kakhi Kavsadze]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[جارجيا]] | | | [[فائل:Kakhi Kavsadze in R. Harwood's "Quartet" 2003.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7277337|Aleksandr Dubyansky]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Dubyansky1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7279488|Rachhpal Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7282307|Rafael Roncagliolo]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Rafael roncagliolo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7283319|Rahat Indori]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Rahat Saab At Ahmedabad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7287844|Ralph McGehee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7292463|Randy Tate]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Randy Tate Mets.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7294844|Rasheed Masood]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7295860|Ratnakar Matkari]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:A still of Shri Ratnakar Ramakrishna Matkari Rest.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7302790|Abdul Ghani Gilong]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7322819|Ricardo Silva Elizondo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Ricardo Silva en 2014.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7324359|Richard L. Brodsky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7325646|Richard Fenno]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7331216|Rick Baldwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Rick Baldwin 1978.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7333210|Rifat Chadirji]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:Rifaat-jaderji.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7347307|Robert Mandell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Mandell American Conductor.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7352565|Robin Jackman]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7364094|Ron Lurie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7369214|Ross Browner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7373072|Roy Lester]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Roy Lester 1969.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7373430|Roy Torrens]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7395978|Sabbam Hari]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7399497|Sahara Khatun]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Ms. Sahara Khatun in New Delhi on 24 February 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7403307|Sal Rocca]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sal Rocca.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7404974|Salleh Abas]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7406368|Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7407423|Sam Domoni]]'' | | [[فجي]] | | | [[فائل:PNC2010 (40).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7408775|Samar Banerjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Samar Badru Banerjee.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7423706|Sardar Muhammad Aslam]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7423826|Sardool Sikander]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7426286|Satish Kaul]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7426298|Satish Prasad Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7438419|Siti Sarah]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7442806|Sebouh Chouldjian]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:BishopSebouh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7446652|Seif Sharif Hamad]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Seif Sharif Hamad.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7461426|Shahadat Hossain Khan]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7462294|Shahrum Kashani]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Shahrum Kashani.webp|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7488743|Shankha Ghosh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sankha Ghosh - Kolkata 2011-05-09 2833.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7505951|Shyama Charan Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7508832|Sidik Mia]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | [[فائل:Sidik Mia 2010 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7518233|Simon Barrington-Ward]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Simon Barrington-Ward 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7557756|Soli Sorabjee]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Soli Sorabjee lecture (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7562042|Sonny Fox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sonny-fox.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7599168|Stanisław Kogut]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Stanisław Kogut Kancelaria Senatu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7609172|Stephen F. Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Stephen Fain Williams.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7612166|Steve Carter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7612907|Steve Ingle]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7613158|Steve Lightle]]'' | | | | | |- | [[اسٽيو ولھائيٽ]] | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7635072|Sugathakumari]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sugathakumari.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7635151|Sugrib Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7635912|Sukumar Hansda]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7645674|Surendra Prakash Goyal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7645718|Suresh Angadi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Ambigara chouwdayya jayanti procession mp suresh angadi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | [[سید منور حسن]] | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7660970|Sylvia Murphy]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7666107|Sérgio Sant'Anna]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Feira de Frankfurt 2013 (10276676994).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7679487|Talib Jauhari]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7804179|Tim Robinson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Tim Robinson photo by John Drever.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7814981|Tom Blackwell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7816000|Tom Green]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7816917|Tom Moody]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7822149|Tony Curcillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Football player Tony Curcillo, no. 99 Le joueur de football Tony Curcillo, no 99.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7822625|Tony Ingle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7824296|Tootie Robbins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7827796|Toshiro Kandagawa]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | [[فائل:Toshiro Kandagawa famous Japanese Cook 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7916745|Vasilis Botinos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7924918|Vic Stelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Vic Stelly (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7931761|Vincent Di Maio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7932723|Vinod Dua]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Vinod Dua.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7938377|Vladimir Ivanov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q7945731|W. J. M. Lokubandara]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | [[فائل:WJM Lokubandara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7966917|Wambali Mkandawire]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | [[فائل:Wambali Mkandawire in 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q7970391|Warren Mitchell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Warren Mitchell basketball.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8003575|Willem Konjore]]'' | | [[نميبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8009341|William Frankland]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Bill Frankland.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8018795|William Stern]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8040173|Wynn Handman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Wynn Handman Studio photo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8046301|Yaakov Perlow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:הרב מנובומינסק.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8053832|Yisa Sofoluwe]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8059945|Yu Lihua]]'' | | [[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]]<br/>[[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q8061948|Yusuf Grillo]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:Yusuf Grillo, 'Yoruba Bride'.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8066134|Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi (NFP President).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8201895|Antonio Álvarez Solís]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Alvarez Solis 2012an.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q8353446|Daisy Lúcidi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Daisy Lucidi cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9012220|Joaquín Carbonell]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Joaquín Carbonell cantando en el acto de recogida medalla de oro de los amantes CITT Teruel 2020 -primer plano (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9012935|Jorge Trías Sagnier]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9015433|Juan Cotino]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Juan Cotino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9025128|Luis Ibero]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9026939|Maguito Vilela]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:ELEIÇÕES- MAGUITO VILELA FALA SOBRE PLANO DE GOVERNO.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9055167|Papaléo Paes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Papaléo Paes em 2015.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9066796|Raymundo Capetilo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Raymundo Capetillo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9139800|Adam Kopczyński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9147802|Alfred Rzegocki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9152862|Andrzej Maryniarczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9179979|Bronisława Kowalska]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Bronisława Kowalska w swoim biurze poselskim 1997.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9200218|Célio Taveira Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9202000|Dariusz Gnatowski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Dariusz Gnatowski 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9250881|Edward Gnat]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9319012|Yaghoub Zoroofchi]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9324836|Ryszard Miazek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9341835|Stanisław Dulias]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9375799|Witold Paszt]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Witold paszt.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9376370|Wojciech Borowik]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9388447|Zbigniew Zysk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9621049|Antônio Bivar]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9630040|Arolde de Oliveira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Arolde de Oliveira em abril de 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q9631197|Artenir Werner]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9674168|Calane da Silva]]'' | | [[موزمبيق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9697014|Carlos Eduardo Cadoca]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q9697147|Carlos José Ramos dos Santos]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10263911|Daniel Azulay]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Lançamento da cartilha do artista Daniel Azulay “Juntos, dizemos não ao crack e outras drogas”.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10267669|Djalma Bastos de Morais]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Placa Correio (Altos).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10270686|Eduardo Galvão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Eduardo Galvão cropped.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10278098|Euclides Scalco]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Aécio Neves - Caminhada em Curitiba - 02 08 2014 (14625368348).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10278404|Evaldo Gouveia]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:00 evaldo gouvea bsb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10280059|Farid Abrahão David]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Neguinho da Beija-Flor and Farid Abrahão David.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10285766|Frederico Campos]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Frederico Campos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10286851|Fábio Campana]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10287856|Gabriel Donato de Andrade]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10289133|Gerardo Juraci Campelo Leite]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10293304|Gésio Amadeu]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10293637|Hamilton Carvalhido]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Hamilton carvalhido.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10293964|Haroldo Lima]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Haroldo Lima ANP.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10294485|Helenês Cândido]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Crédito Obrigatório-Carlos Costa da ALEGO.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10294895|Henrique do Rego Almeida]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10303554|Irani Barbosa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Iranibarbosa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10304355|Ivair Nogueira do Pinho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10306865|Jesús Martín-Barbero]]'' | | [[اسپين]]<br/>[[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jesús Martín Barbero & Manuel Ángel Vázquez Medel (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10306940|Jimy Raw]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10308683|José Adauto Bezerra]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Adauto Bezerra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10310137|José Mentor]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Mentor141122.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10310270|José Paulo de Andrade]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10312042|João Peixoto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Dom João Câncio Peixoto.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10320776|Luiz Humberto Carneiro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10321916|Irmão Lázaro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Cantor evangélico Lazáro.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10321989|Líber Gadelha]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10325015|Marcelino da Mata]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Marcelino da Mata.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10325178|Marcelo Veiga]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Marcelo Veiga (2019).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10326164|Maria de Sousa]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Maria de Sousa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10326942|Martinho Lutero Galati]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Luther kingw.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10336064|Nelson Bornier]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Nelson Bornier 2016.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10336108|Nelson Proença]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10336785|Nicolau dos Santos Neto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10340557|Olga Savary]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10341534|Orlando Duarte]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10346369|Paulinho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Paulinho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10346618|Paulo Gustavo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Paulo Gustavo em novembro de 2019 no Humor Multishow (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10346700|Paulo Medina]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:João Paulo Medina, presidente do conselho e fundador da Universidade do Futebol.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10346832|Paulo Stein]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10347522|Pedro Ivo Ferreira Caminhas]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10349697|Pietro Mário]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10358966|Reinaldo Rayol]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10359396|Renato de Jesus]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10361058|Ricardo Akinobu Yamauti]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10361074|Ricardo Archer]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10363213|Robert de Almendra Freitas]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10363935|Rodrigo Rodrigues]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10364607|Roseli Machado]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10365459|Ruy Scarpino]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10370805|Severiano Mário Porto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10371761|Simão Sessim]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Simão Sessim em novembro de 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10390246|Vicente Fialho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10393782|Wilson Braga]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10395021|Zenóbio Toscano]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10515493|Ian Palmer]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10554334|John Rowlands]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10857537|Zdeněk Hoření]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Horení foto z pohrbu (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10920570|Zhou Qingjun]]'' | | [[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]]<br/>[[چين]]<br/>[[تائيوان]] | | | [[فائل:周慶峻.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10951750|Sunnam Rajaiah]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q10964510|Myoma Myint Kywe]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | [[فائل:Myoma Myint Kywe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q10999909|Dalal Abdel Aziz]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11101097|Yang Xiaobo]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11154007|Ragaa Al Geddawy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:Ragaa El Geddawy 1960s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11299490|Gurbanmuhammet Kasymow]]'' | | [[ترڪمانستان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11417946|Shū Wada]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11423265|Takashi Tsuchiya]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11437791|Fujio Ōmaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11451301|Sanechika Andō]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11460203|Hideo Kojima]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11467981|Tsutomu Yamazaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Yamazaki Tsutomu (Parliamentary Secretary).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11473366|Kumiko Okae]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11605203|Yukio Beniyama]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11632964|Tomoichi Tanimura]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11685350|Alfred Kucharczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11685938|Andrzej Koprowski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Andrzej Koprowski SJ.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11686026|Andrzej Owczarek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Andrzej Owczarek 2015.08.24.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11699820|Gildardo García]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Gildardo Garcia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11720447|Janusz Sanocki]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Janusz Sanocki Sejm 2016.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11724981|Jerzy Limon]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jerzy Limon.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11765368|Maciej Grubski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Maciej Grubski VII kadencja Kancelaria Senatu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11779890|Mieczysław Morański]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11865551|Jaakko Syrjä]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jaakko Syrjä (1958) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11912441|Carles Trullols i Clemente]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11915238|Vlastimil Marek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:AutoportretWiki.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11928824|Josep Mussons i Mata]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:JosepMussons.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q11952113|Toni Coromina]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q11954665|Vicenç Capdevila]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12017014|František Filip]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12017274|František Lízna]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:Frantisek Lizna 2009.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12022755|Jan Křen]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jan-Křen-(2014).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12023229|Jan Vodňanský]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Vodnansky 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12023238|Jan Vrba]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12023387|Jana Andresíková]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12024163|Jaroslav Šaroun]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12026421|Josef Nekl]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12032649|Ladislav Štaidl]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:L.Štaidl.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12036766|Michal Mejstřík]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | [[فائل:Michal Mejstřík (1952-2021).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12036789|Michal Polák]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Brno, Šelepka, Synkopy 61 (02).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12040463|Naďa Urbánková]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Nada Urbankova 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12044941|Petr Kužel]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12073214|Vladislav Yegin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12098532|Vitaliy Hurnak]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12104430|Viktor Zhenchenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Viktor Zhenchenko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12111312|Oleksandr Kozarenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Oleksandr Kozarenko in Krushelnytska museum 02.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12118151|Timur Litovchenko]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Forum vydavtsiv 2017.235.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12120757|Vitalii Malakhov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Віталій Малахов.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12122416|Anatolii Melnyk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12124173|Anatolii Mokrousov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:НДУ 4 Мокроусов Анатолій Олексійович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12130376|Mykola Moshyk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12140136|Mykola Petrenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12146863|Vasyl Raichynets]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Райчинець В.Ф..jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12153381|Ihor Skochylias]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12165467|Vasyl Fedoryuk]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12178780|Ahmed bin Yahya Al-Bahkali]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12178851|Ahmed Khalil]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Khalil 1.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12199735|Bahjat Suleiman]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | [[فائل:السفير د- بهجت سليمان في مكتبه 2013-10-25 23-05.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12205315|جريس سماوي]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12205653|Galal El-Sharkawy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12205887|Jamal Salameh]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12208000|Hassan Alwan]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12211513|Dakhil Allah bin Shilwan]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12215887|Saad Al Tmami]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12216684|Souleymen Bakhelili]]'' | | [[الجزائر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12217290|Sawsan Rabie]]'' | | [[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12218187|Shākir ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12219578|Saleh al-Shehi]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12219707|Sabah Abdul-Jalil]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12220206|Salah Abdel-Fattah Al-Khalidi]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | [[فائل:صورة شخصية صلاح عبد الفتاح الخالدي.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12222428|ʻAbbas Tarabili]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12222559|عبد الحكيم الطاهر]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12223917|Abdul Wahab Al-Dailami]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12224294|Abeer Al Khader]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12224793|Eizzaldin al-Manasrah]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | [[فائل:عز الدين المناصرة.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12228063|Ali Hasan al-Halabi]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12240387|Muhammad Hasan al-Amin]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Mhmdhassanamine02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12240900|Mohammed Atassi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12241232|Mahmoud Khedri]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12242111|مرزوق سعيد]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12243038|Mashari Al-Ballam]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | [[فائل:Mashari Al-Ballam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12247638|Nadia Al-Iraqia]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12249124|Noureddine Saïl]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Noureddine Saïl, Al Jasra Cultural and Social Club - Apr 10, 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12249589|Hady El Gayar]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:هادي الجيار - مسلسل شطرنج.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12250383|Wael el-Ebrashy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:Wael El-Ebrashy.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12252122|Youssef Chaban]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12276288|Georgi Belev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12276521|Georgi Koritarov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Georgi koritarov.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12282041|Ioannis Tassias]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Metropolitan Bishop of Lagada Ioannis.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12293596|Seraphim Papakostas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Serafeim Papakostas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12297558|Fidel Beev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Fidel Beev (40NS).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12344974|Anatoly Goncharov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Анатолий Гончаров.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12355047|Sen Rodin]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12383193|Araceli Herrero Figueroa]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Araceli Herrero Figueroa (AELG)-3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12447464|Mridula Sinha]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Governor Mridula Sinha.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12470547|Abdul Gafur]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Abdul Gafur, The DPR-RI Stance on the Reform Process and the Resignation of President Soeharto, p39.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12472162|Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Mgr Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12472429|Aria Baron]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12480859|Dani Anwar]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dani Anwar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12487277|Jane Shalimar]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jane Shalimar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12496129|Mahyuddin N.S]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Vice Governor of South Sumatra Mahyuddin NS.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12499829|Naek Lumban Tobing]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12507600|Rachmawati Sukarnoputri]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Rachmawati Soekarnoputri, 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12508669|Rina Gunawan]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12511451|Saefullah]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Saefullah as the Administrative Mayor of Central Jakarta.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12512106|Santosa Doellah]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12515951|Soraya Abdullah]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12520062|Tasiman]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Pati 2001 - 2011 H. Tasiman SH.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12572362|Gaziza Abdinabiyeva]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12636953|Milka Babović]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q15102440|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]''<br/>[[يوگوسلاويا جي بادشاهت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Milka Babović 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12647422|Albinas Stankus]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Albinas Stankus.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12687567|Harussani Zakaria]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12720803|Anton Gămurari]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12722975|Bruce Williamson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12723353|Camil Marinescu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12725593|Constantin Simirad]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12736493|Nelu Ploieșteanu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12737850|Petrică Mîțu Stoian]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Petrică Mâțu Stoian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12746078|Miloš Šobajić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Miloš Šobajić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12748222|Sanja Ilic]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Aleksandar Sanja Ilić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12755511|Miodrag Lazić]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Mural dedicated to dr Lazić in Inđija.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12755659|Mićo Mićić]]'' | | [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Mićo Mićić (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12803861|Tadej Hrušovar]]'' | | [[سلووينیا]] | | | [[فائل:Tadej Hrušovar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12808962|Burhan Kuzu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Burhankuzu.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12835999|Arif Ali Guliyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12840776|Kamil İbrahimov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12842530|Məcnun Hacıbəyov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12844831|Rafael Cəbrayılov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12845273|Rasmi Dzhabrailov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12846537|Teymur Əhmədov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12848564|Çingiz Briya]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12850214|Amiraslan xan Avsar]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12861745|Anzor Erkomaishvili]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Anzor Erkomaishvili 2025 stamp of Georgia.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12875379|Giorgos Tragas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12877939|Theodoros Katsanevas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12880973|Metropolitan Aetolia και Acarnania Cosmas]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Μακαριστός Μητροπολίτης Αιτωλίας και Ακαρνανίας Κοσμάς.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12906548|Zafir Hadžimanov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12906617|Zoran Dzhorlev]]'' | | [[اتر مقدونيا]] | | | [[فائل:С.Спасовска и З.Џорлев во вториот блок на концертот.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q12960757|Đurđa Ivezić]]'' | | [[يوگوسلاويا جي بادشاهت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q153128|Independent State of Croatia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12963488|Douglas Cagas]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q12969927|Reynaldo Umali]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13024946|Sergio Víctor Palma]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Elgrafico 3314 palma duran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13028014|Ivan Pratasenya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13028248|Aleh Makušnikaŭ]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13050762|Aharon Adibekjan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13054711|Sergo Karapetyan]]'' | | [[آرمينيا]] | | | [[فائل:Sergo-Karapetyan-Armenia-Minister.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13055374|Ranjit Sinha]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13057474|Kamal Lohani]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Kamal Lohani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13058789|Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13059317|Mahbubey Alam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Mahbube alam 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13071314|Min Yu Wai]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13110295|Alleppey Ranganath]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Alleppey ranganath DSC 0671.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13112872|Narayan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Narayan DSW.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13159219|Chennaveera Kanavi]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Chennaveera Kanavi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13207856|Fäyrüzä Möslimevä]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13512620|Hamish Wilson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q13560249|Lucille Times]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lucille Times & Historical Marker.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13570123|Lalli Partinen]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Lalli-Partinen-1965.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q13742419|Kees Bakker]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q14492130|Leo Goodman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q14857056|Wout Holverda]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Wout Holverda (1984).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q14949590|Augustine Mahiga]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | [[فائل:Augustine Mahiga (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q14950917|Jim Fraser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jim Fraser - Germantown Academy 1954.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q14981932|Patrick Hanks]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15077049|Sergej Sokolkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15077313|Blas Camacho Zancada]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15131268|Michel Tibon-Cornillot]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15141208|Marco Ferrari]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:MarcoVirgilioFerrari.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15260378|Carlos Casamiquela]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Casamiquela.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15379160|Beatriz Yamamoto Cázarez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15429090|Joel Shatzky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15442290|Joel J. Kupperman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15443253|Swapan Kumar Chakravorty]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Swapan Kumar Chakravorty - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4503.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15445520|Judy Irola]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15455926|Manuel Juárez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Manolo Juárez at Biblioteca Nacional 2014 (15701603999).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15485954|Nicholas Rinaldi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15531146|Roza Sabiryankyzy Akkuchukova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15618745|Manglesh Dabral]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Manglesh Dabral. Dec 1993. New Delhi. By Amarjit Chandan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15636630|Marek Pivovar]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Marek Pivovar 2015.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15711854|Jan Veentjer]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:HockeyNL-HDM1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15723603|Ajit Das]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15723647|Amarendra Mohanty]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Amarendra Mohanty Odia Film Music Director.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15724226|Tapu Mishra]]'' | | [[اوڙيسا|اوڙيسيا]] | | | [[فائل:Tapu Mishra Bengaluru Odia Ganesa Puja1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15725319|Shantiraj Khosla]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15730390|Kamal Rani]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15731459|Turi Simeti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Turi Simeti.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15819842|Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | [[فائل:Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya KdfsultanIb.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15835700|Moses Hamungole]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15876044|Jarmila Rýznarová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15883033|Yauhien Anischanka]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15896972|Ho Chau-chu]]'' | | [[تائيوان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15921673|Franz Marx]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q15942109|Eugenio Minasso]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Eugenio Minasso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15943581|Bartolomeo Pepe]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Bartolomeo Pepe datisenato 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q15994807|Michael Wakelam]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16046136|Houshang Mansourkhaki]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16052047|Karim Akbari Mobarakeh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Karim akbari mobarake 02.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16052285|Mohammad Mirmohammadi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Seyyed Mohammad Mirmohammadi 2018-06-23.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16053060|Hossein Sheikholeslam]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]'' | | | [[فائل:Hossein Sheikholeslam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16090540|M. Narasimham]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16091761|Aurora Cornu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16093542|Anthony Bailey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:AnthonyBailey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16093633|Stanley Chera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16104508|Janos Mohoss]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16104930|Shyam Bihari Misra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16104964|Renzo Gattegna]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105298|Roger Chappot]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105431|Basil Pesambili Mramba]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105794|Stephen Susman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16105925|Robert H. Garff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16106394|John Palmer]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16106734|Aubrey Mokoape]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16116741|Željko Mavrović]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]'' | | | [[فائل:Zeljko Mavrovic Sarastro.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16117386|David Shepard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:David Shepard (13860572183) (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16118380|Abdelkader Jerbi]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16119295|Ahmed Halawa]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:أحمد حلاوة.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16121789|Mahmoud El Idrissi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16123725|Kamal Amer]]'' | | [[مصر]]<br/>''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16124469|Marwan Mahfouz]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:Marouan Mahfouz, Damascus Opera House - Aug 13, 2020.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16124968|Saleh Abdullah Ali Al-Sanabani]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16128982|Oleg Zalotnev]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16138667|Thanwa Raseetanu]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16138911|Somsak Jaikaew]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16143657|Agnaldo Timóteo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Agnaldo Timóteo (8488377495).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16144880|Abdul Hamid Sebba]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16145812|Ferenc Tóth]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16151657|Nand Kumar Singh Chauhan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16151874|Benny Napoleon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Benny Napoleon.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16162589|Mohamed Nejib Berriche]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16166855|Yaakov Schwei]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16184437|Jeanne PMR Winaktu]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16185240|Miša Aleksić]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q838261|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | [[فائل:Misa Aleksic 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16191015|Isidro Pedraza Chávez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16195218|Olan Montgomery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16197612|Gerry Cottle]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16200336|Eve Branson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Eve Branson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16202862|Lance Carson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16204248|José Alberto Ciurana]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16205288|David Cook]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16207131|Little Walter DeVenne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Little Walter Devenne.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16215977|Lee Nurse]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16263095|André Manaranche]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16269511|Howard Schoenfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16297882|Heikki Aarva]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16301834|Eugenio Rojas Apaza]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Eugenio Rojas Apaza en 2019.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16307459|Boonruen Choonhavan]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1081620|Siam]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16327525|Dimitris Talaganis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16328064|Sakēs Totlēs]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16336402|Almeida Henriques]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16336608|André Zacharow]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16336792|Arnaldo Faria de Sá]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Arnaldo Faria de Sá ABr.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16336946|Bonifácio José Tamm de Andrada]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Deputado Federal Bonifácio Andrada.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16337113|Cecília Guimarães]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16337360|Domingos de Freitas Diniz Neto]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16337378|Dulce Nunes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16337681|José de Oliveira Fernandes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Museu da Cidade de Manaus - 15.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16337792|Lúcia Braga]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Plenário do Congresso (39777958125).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16337889|Maria José Valério]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Maria José Valério, 1968 (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16366590|Elbrus Abbasov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16371865|Nizameddin Quliyev]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16376838|Zöhrab Alıyev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16377555|Ingilab Nasirov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16382689|Leon Adyan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16466511|Laxman Giluwa]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16485758|Antonio González Pacheco]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16490286|Carlos Holmes Trujillo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Holmes Trujillo.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16493623|Aritana Yawalapiti]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16494414|Artur Portela Filho]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16498472|Kerstin Behrendtz]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16518797|Sabina de la Cruz]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Sabina de la Cruz.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16526878|André Osi]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Andre Osi 20100207 Bagnols-sur-Ceze 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16530501|Aslanbek Fidarov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16534529|Aron Atabek]]'' | | [[قازقستان|قازڪستان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Aron Atabek imprisoned poet Kazakhstan Astana 2012.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16538862|Danil Khalimov]]'' | | [[قازقستان|قازڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16559534|Giorgio Gatti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16562408|Guido Stagnaro]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16595738|Marianne Lundquist]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | [[فائل:Marianne Lundquist SOK.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16624314|Ramón Romero Roa]]'' | | [[پيراگوئي]] | | | [[فائل:RamonRomeroRoa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16625708|Roberto Valcárcel]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Roberto Valcarcel.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16631776|Vladimir Voronov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Voronov i Aleksandr Michkov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16632989|Kjell Grane]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16647536|Arthur Whistler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16656949|Mishik Kazaryan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Kazaryan Mishik, cutted.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16670158|Pino van Lamsweerde]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Pino van Lamsweerde 3.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16672105|Vladimir Lopukhin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Lopukhin Vladimir.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16701731|Roy Horn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q713750|West Germany]]'' | | | [[فائل:Las Vegas, Nevada's headlining illusionists Siegfried & Roy (Roy Horn cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16727899|Ben Chafin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16728415|Bill C. Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16728630|R. Doraikkannu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16728723|Nasir Durrani]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16729376|Gordon Van Wylen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16729793|Marlene Herrera Díaz]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16729954|Hudeidi]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16730231|Omar Jazouli]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16730710|Brandis Kemp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16732661|José Babel Mireles Valverde]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:José Manuel Mireles Valverde.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16732956|Alia Muhammad Baker]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16744309|Butana Komphela]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16746913|Mykola Myatlitski]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[بيلاروس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16842006|Corky Lee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Corky Lee at the Chinese American Museum DC in 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16847056|Nick Cordero]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16865759|Enrico Comba]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16885966|Suresh Kumar Srivastava]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16910068|Florentino Domínguez Ordoñez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16910076|Gilberto Ensástiga]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16912496|Philippe Lécrivain]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16939853|Cláudio Petraglia]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16940061|Dinaldo Medeiros Wanderley]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16940336|Nelson Meurer]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:NELSON MEURER.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16940411|José Itamar de Freitas]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16940797|Sérgio Olímpio Gomes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Deputado Major Olimpio no Senado 2 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16977833|Syed Muhammad Fazal Agha]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q16979865|Azmeera Chandulal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Chandulal Ajmeera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16979978|Neil D. Jones]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q756617|Kingdom of Denmark]]''<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Neil D. Jones.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q16999679|Rafel Tur i Costa]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17032692|África Lorente Castillo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Africa Malaga.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17034981|Trần Ngọc Châu]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]]<br/>''[[:d:Q180573|South Vietnam]]'' | | | [[فائل:Dân-biểu đơn-vị Kiến-Hòa Trần Ngọc Châu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17123751|Ismail Bhamjee]]'' | | [[بوٽسوانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17126490|Tullio Abbate]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Tullio Abbate and Ayrton Senna.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17154848|Паращенко Владимир Михайлович]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Паращенко Владимир Михайлович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17198221|Dennis Johnson]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17279336|Robert Martin Gumbura]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17285375|Luigi Reitani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17305968|Henry Graff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Henry F. Graff.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17322473|Iris Love]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17370650|Jean-Pierre Jossua]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17388929|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]'' | | [[نيپال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17395359|Arianna W. Rosenbluth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Arianna W Rosenbluth.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17410598|Imam Suroso]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Anggota DPR RI Komisi IX, Imam Suroso.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17410704|Masud Yunus]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wali Kota Mojokerto Mas'ud Yunus.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17411404|Soegiharto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:KIB Sugiharto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17453217|Vinicio Bernardini]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Vinicio Bernardini.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17486036|Henri Kichka]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Henri Kichka au Ciné-Club Educatif et Culturel le 11 mars 2010 à Mons (Crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17489803|Nipper Read]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q17505073|Amaranth Ehrenhalt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Étienne Hajdu et Amaranth Ehrenhalt photo Olivier DUMAY.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17505980|Muhammad Amin]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wagub NTB Muhammad Amin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17622463|Miguel Ángel Furones]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel angel furones.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17632923|William Izarra]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:William Izarra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17661487|Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Unnikrishnan Namboothiri.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17746498|Kanybek Isakov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[ڪرغزستان|ڪِرگزِستانُ]] | | | [[فائل:Kanybek Abduvasitovich Isakov. 14.05.2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q17859863|Kalsoom Perveen]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18037895|Chrístos Sikánis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18043515|Evgeny Mikrin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18057030|Bennie G. Adkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Medal of Honor (15257829652).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18129450|Daniel Yuste]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18209595|Oyewusi Ibidapo Obe]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18217421|Rao Dharampal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18236146|Yulyen Balmusov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18246554|Enio Mainardi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18249366|Theodore Bugas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18249465|Othón Cuevas Córdova]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18275399|Gláucio Ary Dillon Soares]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18280349|Vladimir Shnitke]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18327523|György Snell]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:SnellGyorgyFotoThalerTamas.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18350877|Alberto Amador Leal]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18390781|Roberto Leitão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Roberto Leitão.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18391983|Sekhar Basu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Sekhar Basu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18405881|Nikiforos]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18421453|Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Subiakto Tjakrawerdaya.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18538499|Adrian Bărar]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Adi Barar (Cargo) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18539289|Cornelia Catangă]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18546585|Hilary S. Chapman]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18549704|Nicolae Sabău]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18618827|Igor Bogdanoff]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Igor Bogdanov.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18618829|Grichka Bogdanoff]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Grichka B, Présentation équipe DMBC, 10 septembre 2016 - 6.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18634038|Anfim (Tudos)]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18649004|Avelino Méndez Rangel]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Avelino Mendez Rangel 1 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18683826|Krishan Kumar Aggarwal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18685775|Jim Dornan]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18685824|Ayatullah Durrani]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18687827|Morris Hood III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18688035|Jitendra Nath Pande]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18738911|Mack Walker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18747673|Reynaldo Salazar]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18750351|Maulana Ameer Zaman]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18750460|Ram Lal Rahi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18752973|Tiit Lilleorg]]'' | | [[اسٽونيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18764064|Martin S. Fox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18810088|Elidio Espinoza]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Elidio Espinoza Quispe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q18811939|Terry Doran]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q18921500|Felicia F. Campbell]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19271880|Sami Hasan Al Nash]]'' | | [[يمن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19281555|Manzoor Ahtesham]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19301055|María Araujo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19361829|Giovanni Battista Rabino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giovanni Battista Rabino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19517945|Pir Noor Muhammad Shah Jillani]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19518853|Luis Enrique Mercado]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19547762|Munirathna Anandakrishnan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Anandakrishnan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19547902|கோ. இளவழகன்]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19561531|Nolan Mettetal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19564424|Dietmar Seyferth]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19605243|Ashok Kumar Walia]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19608131|Caio Narcio]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Caio Narcio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19609869|Chandro Tomar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19611679|Yusuf Kenan Sönmez]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19635577|Dimitris Kremastinos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:KremastinosDimitris.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19665021|Helen Damico]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19667174|Shingoose]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19667683|Kim H. Veltman]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Kim Veltman at EVA London 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19668626|Rajkumar Keswani]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19710290|José Carlos Schiavinato]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19725072|Dadang Wigiarto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Situbondo Dadang Wigiarto periode kedua.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19787577|Rubén Anguiano]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19871563|Frank Brew]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19872432|Ken Colvin]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19880661|Miguel Ángel Gutiérrez Machado]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19895787|Brijendra Singh Rathore]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19915711|Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Абдулманап Нурмагомедов.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q19942870|Dadang Hawari]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19953017|Abd ar-Rahman ibn Khalifa]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q19974584|Lukman Niode]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20004583|Josep Ferrer Peris]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20004758|Josep Sala i Mañé]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Primera actuacio castellers de barcelona.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20016600|Alberto Sonsol]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20045601|Antônio de Jesus Dias]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20048117|José Júlio Venâncio Antunes]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:José Júlio VFXira 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20049141|Mário Coelho]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | [[فائل:Monumento a Mário Coelho, Vila Franca de Xira 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20054063|John M. Squire]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20064152|Kuo Nan-hung]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20069206|Vasyl Pisnyi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20090063|Vakha Agaev]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vaha Agaev.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20403285|Tony Moussa]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20418100|Riyāḍ Najīb Al-Rayyis]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20426392|Bens Leo]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20426512|Hilmi Aminuddin]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20479636|Venelin Mitev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20480938|István Kozma]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Kozma István NB.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20501917|Avraham Yeshayahu Heber]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:הרב הבר.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20507884|Karen Babayan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20509962|Grigor Brutyan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20513641|Harutyun Topikyan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20525356|Benjamin Tolić]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Benjamin Tolić.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20528490|Tõivo Sarmet]]'' | | [[اسٽونيا]] | | | [[فائل:Toivo sarmet2.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20533125|Dositeo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20559646|A. Yunus Kunju]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:A younus kunju x mla.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20560624|Mehman Aghayev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20560807|Naini Narshimha Reddy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Nayini Narsimha Reddy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20565316|Alasgar Gurbanaliyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20605416|Bakari Mwapachu]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20610736|Tasoltan Mamsurov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20665651|Pydikondala Manikyala Rao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20670029|Dalenda Abdou]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20685591|Troy Sneed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20751292|Mostafa Khorramdel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:دوستان دکتر خرمدل، کمال مولودپوری و سایر دانشجویان مهاباد.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20856252|Giorgio Mondino]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Giorgio Mondino.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20871871|José Ramón Fernández Gordo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20873631|Kanstancin Sieviaryniec]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20888651|Mikhail Vinogradov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q20891855|Elena Hrenova]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | [[فائل:Elena Hrenova (2015-01-19).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q20985282|Aqel Biltaji]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | [[فائل:Hayder Murad Death anniversary 75 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21002307|Abba Kyari]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21035340|Rick May]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21039937|Anatoli Bondarenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21064276|Gertrude Rwakatare]]'' | | [[تنزانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21074108|Jaugen Bialassin]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Jaugen Bialassin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21104193|Achyut Madhav Gokhale]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21338525|Pakshirajan Lakshminarasimhan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:6472-Image-32531-1-17-20200727.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21339879|Zlatko Kvaček]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21341636|Nina I. Strelnikova]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21391159|Amnon Freidberg]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:אמנון פרידברג, סירה.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21400588|Hafez Abu Seada]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:HafezAbuSeada.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21405631|Hamid Kahram]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21440948|Jerzy Zacharko]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21463610|Walter Spitzer]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21464665|Philip Morsberger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21467243|David Leverett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21480753|Juanjo Rocafort]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21513748|Edayathumangalam Kandaswamy Ganesan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21515658|Edman Ayvazyan]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Edman Ayvazyan 1(Cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21572745|Firsat Sofi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:فرسەت سۆفی.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21597734|Georges Trussart]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21651710|Nomula Narsimhaiah]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21663093|Musa Yerniyazov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21663972|Alexander Vasserman]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21674648|Mohammad Kiavash]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q207991|Pahlavi dynasty]]''<br/>[[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:سید محمد علوی تبار.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21682616|కె.కె.రంగనాథాచార్యులు]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21685126|Narendra Kumar Swain]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:NKS2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21747070|Dan Tătaru]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21827250|Sarat Kumar Kar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Sarat Kumar Kar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q21833015|Gaetano Rebecchini]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21933841|Suresh Gore]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q21974445|Charan Ramdas]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22003024|Riyaz Ahmad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22004843|Nate Hawkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22006946|Mita Haque]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Mita haque cropped from the image of Sheikh Hasina presents Ekushey Padak 2020, Osmani Memorial Auditorium, Dhaka, 2020-02-20 (PID-0034166) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q22087194|Baddegama Samitha Thero]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22095691|Thandika Mkandawire]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22277578|Rajendra Devlekar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22690302|Michel Tabet]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22812069|Θανάσης Αγγέλου]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22921036|Sergio Rossi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q22926728|Cristopher Mansilla]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Cristopher Mansilla (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q22947427|Abdul Hameed Abu Al-Naeem]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23062821|Mahamane Jean Padonou]]'' | | [[نائيجر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23302699|Yosiwo George]]'' | | [[مائڪرونيشيا جون فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس]] | | | [[فائل:Federated States of Micronesia Opening Ceremony 150622-N-MK341-013 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23304286|P. R. Krishna Kumar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23561648|Bernd Grimmer]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:2015 Bernd Grimmer (Landesparteitag AfD Baden-Württemberg) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23674715|Edward Sienkiewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23753137|Salvador Vives]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23815604|Carol Sutton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23837608|Rubén Tierrablanca González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23887677|Dhanare Paskal Janya]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23893571|Angelo Perugini]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Perugini.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23908916|K. V. Vijayadas]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:K.V. Vijayadas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23914052|Nelu Bălășoiu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23920645|Ömer Döngeloğlu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:Ömer Döngeloğlu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23927424|Želimir Altarac Čičak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Želimir Altarac Čičak .jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q23927812|Claudio Zupo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q23930665|Daniel-Ștefan Drăgulin]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24009927|Yuri Ponomarev]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Пономарёв Юрий Иванович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24021020|Ion D. Aliman]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24083233|Ionel M. Michiu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24230776|Lyavon Hryshuk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24248306|Orlando McDaniel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24251127|Joel Otim]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24294484|Ducange Sylvain]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24351545|Abrek Ayupov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Abrek Ayupov 03.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24431331|Andrzej Jan Noras]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24525349|Vasile Gherasim]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24565738|Joe Hand Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Hand, Sr. at Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. 40th Anniversary Party.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24572394|Appaji M. J.]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24572544|Tanveer Akhtar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24809974|Vladimir Gerdt]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24852023|A. M. M. Safiullah]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q24877346|Jiří Ventruba]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:JiriVentruba.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24940009|Miguel Ángel Troitiño]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Angel Troitiño.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24941932|Michele Serio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Michele Serio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q24949382|Asit Bandopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25111059|Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25136946|Kamel Lemoui]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25189922|Colin Jones]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25423626|Ali Soleimani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Soleimani at the Eighth Ammar Film Festival (01).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25438009|Danilo Pertsov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Д. Перцов.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25463188|Neta S. Pane]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25463883|Edy Oglek]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25466692|Ade Firman Hakim]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25468009|Frederik Batti Sorring]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Frederik Batti Sorring, Bupati Toraja Utara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25468371|Nadjmi Adhani]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Nadjmi Adhani, Wali Kota Banjarbaru.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25468378|Sudjati]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Sudjati Bupati Bulungan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25469512|Kuryana Azis]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Drs. H. Kuryana Azis.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25471296|Muharram]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Muharram berau.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25471771|Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25473657|Irena Alijošiūtė]]'' | | [[لٿوينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25542625|Knyaz Hacıyev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25588647|P. Gopinathan Nair]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q25640123|Guus Smeets]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Guus Smeets.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q25998965|Marius Dinulescu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26251738|Shamsuzzaman Khan]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Shamsuzzaman Khan - Kolkata 2016-02-02 0543.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q26256181|Sálvio Dino]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26466079|Onkar Nath Srivastava]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26677234|David Stypka]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26856800|Muhammad Hamza]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26923140|Emil J. Freireich Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26924548|Rohit Sardana]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q26971502|Jan Žižka]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27022448|Adlin Mair-Clarke]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27044994|Hooshang Mirzaee]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27062983|Muhammad Mohaiminul Islam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27063489|MA Hashem]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27063631|B.J. Marsh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27195991|Valeria Gagealov]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | [[فائل:Valeria Gagealov 2014 Romania stamp.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27207944|Najma Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Najma Chowdhury speaking.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27514682|Samuel Wembé]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27525876|Gyula Horvath]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27589327|Pablo Cámbar]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | [[فائل:Pablo José Cámbar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27662830|Ann Katharine Mitchell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27664982|Carlos Falcó, 5th Marquess of Griñón]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Falcó.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27690287|Ruth Lewis]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27734548|Bill Bullard, Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27804545|Maqbul Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27835309|Félix Mendonça]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:BA10200 div Felix Mendonça 2006.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q27862807|Walmir Oliveira da Costa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27950616|Munir Al-Aboushi]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]]<br/>[[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q27975003|Alícia Guri i Canivell]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28001421|Jerry Relph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Minnesota State Senator Jerry Relph.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28007795|Hella Brock]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>''[[:d:Q16957|German Democratic Republic]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28039797|Nicolaie-Sebastian-Valentin Radu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28086077|Kebby Maphatsoe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28121682|Arpik Hasratyan]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Arpik Asratyan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28122480|Brian Arrowsmith]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28370205|Surendra Singh Jeena]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Jeena Bhaiya.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28370231|Gopal Singh Rawat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Gopal Singh Rawat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28403467|Jaybee Sebastian]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28420151|Buruji Kashamu]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:Buruji Kashamu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28485065|Aptripel Tumimomor]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Aptripel Tumimomor.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q28498255|David Brooks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28555913|José Carlos da Silva Júnior]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28664898|Mikhail Plotkin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28708192|Llorenç Cassi i Morató]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28716759|حمد الريح]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28843094|Luís Macedo]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28867793|Jacques Thobie]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28911753|Branislav Blažić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q28962630|Gladys Beckwith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29078601|Nedal Abu Tabaq]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Nedal Abu Tabaq portret 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29079958|Bogusław Cygler]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29358941|Vladimir Zuykov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29370558|Ujwal Thapa]]'' | | [[نيپال]] | | | [[فائل:Ujwal Thapa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29452463|Pradeep Maharathy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Pradeep Maharathy.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29462882|Alan Abel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alan Abel of The Philadelphia Orchestra (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29505408|Lew Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29525790|Marc Engels]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29527515|Abdul Mahdi Hadi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29568123|Tohami Khaled]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29639760|Luis Arias Graziani]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29640879|Surat Mathur]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29727768|Francesco Perrone]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Francesco perrone Olimpiadi Roma 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q29887876|Israel Zelitch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q29944026|Richard Mendani]]'' | | [[پاپوا نيو گني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30081749|Hadi Khosroshahi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:هادي خسروشاهي.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30231744|Piotr Wowry]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30320385|Walter Robb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30404445|José Évrard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Saint-Laurent-Blangy - Congrès fondateur des Patriotes le 18 février 2018 (061).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30687590|Vijay Kumar Kashyap]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Vijay Kashyap BJP Minister.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30687834|G. P. Venkidu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:GPV Gobi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q30728097|Yves Vander Cruysen]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30729040|Jean-Marc Manducher]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30789633|Huba Rozsnyai]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30930334|Gil Vianna]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30934103|Ibsen Henrique de Castro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q30935116|Herzem Gusmão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Herzem Gusmão em 23 de julho de 2019 (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q31199474|Baldo Podić]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31201089|Subhadra Sen Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31296778|Anvar Nahmadov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31451910|Mukar Cholponbayev]]'' | | [[ڪرغزستان|ڪِرگزِستانُ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31724199|Sadek Bachchu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31724856|Mirza Mazharul Islam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q31741007|Pearson Jordan]]'' | | [[بارباڊوس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32291770|Thomas H. Kunz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q32362040|Olga Domuladzhanova]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33236658|Jean-Philippe Ruggieri]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q33239234|Fábio Hissa Vieira Hazin]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q34113948|Giovanni Pretorius]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q34970774|Olga Levko]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2895|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q35342309|Tawfiq al-Yasiri]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q36489247|Muhammad Jadam Mangrio]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q36514477|Brian J. Axsmith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q36657949|R.Y. Anderson]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38002088|Cesare Leonardi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q38583129|N. Appaji Gowda]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q39058126|Anand Mohan Zutshi Gulzar Dehlvi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Gulzar dehlvi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q39070358|Habib ur Rahman]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q40038189|Naoteru Nabeshima]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q40232921|Hasna Begum]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Hasna Begum 2.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q40331041|Rajan Mishra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q41596279|Johan van Zyl]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Johan Van Zyl 1 (Toyota Motors Europe) at Toyota Press Conference IAA 2017 by Nicolas Völcker.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q41791790|Debashis Panigrahi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Dr. Debasis Panigrahi (Author).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q42303508|Marius van Heerden]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42331566|Hamid Rashid Ma`ala]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42389822|Waldemar Silva]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42428973|Jamshed Uddin Kakakhel]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42429343|Waldemar Post]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42571276|Gita Ramjee]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q42800040|Elizabeth Muyovwe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q43106474|Henri-Thomas Lokondo]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q43180489|Sibusiso Moyo]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | [[فائل:Sibusiso Moyo, Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Republic of Zimbabwe (28014487638) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q43210860|Farida Mansurova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[تاجڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q43274270|Rodela]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Rodela (Luiz Carlos Ribeiro).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q43377246|Joshua Kyeremeh]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45781300|James Kamwambi]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45781379|John Chikalimba]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45781626|Lingson Belekanyama]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45843259|Leïla Menchari]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q45996744|Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | [[فائل:Kwadwo Owusu Afriyie - 2019 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q46250843|Danial Jahić]]'' | | [[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q46644655|Konstantin L. Ivanov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q46995325|Hans Cohen]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47011474|Asdrubal Bentes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Asdrubal Bentes 2014.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q47011506|Roberto Torres]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47030659|Narinder Bragta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47357805|Ole Hansen-Løve]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47387297|Sardar Dur Muhammad Nasar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47389631|Ghulam Murtaza Baloch]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47389945|Jam Madad Ali Khan]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47392395|Muhammad Adil Siddiqui]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47402338|Lea Harpaz]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:לאה הרפז.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q47411298|Shaukat Manzoor Cheema]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47465350|Shani Mahadevappa]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47507023|Tamás Böröndi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47528906|Carl Tighe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47529646|Priscilla Tozama Mantashe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47529773|Martha Mmola]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47529782|Esteban Bocaranda]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47537495|Amdi Bajram]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Амди Бајрам.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q47544874|Sabbaruddin Chik]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47639046|Antonín Nedbal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q47668952|Duan Zhengcheng]]'' | | [[جمھوريا چين (1912ء–1949ء)]]<br/>[[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48167728|Indra Mohan Rajbongshi]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48315912|Bernard Stalter]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Bernard Stalter.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q48719857|Ramu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q48872746|Naomi Munakata]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Naomi Munakata (2011).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q48951979|Viktor Koval]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:2007-01-26 kovalskie 1010450 .jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q49250207|Muladi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Menteri Sekretaris Negara Muladi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q49254213|Adang Sudrajat]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Adang Sudrajat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q49561853|Anwarul Kabir Talukdar]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50049590|A. K. M. Mosharraf Hossain]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50396635|Sindisiwe van Zyl]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dr Doreen Sindisiwe van Zyl.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q50660601|AKM Jahangir Hossain]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q50828767|Moisés Mamani Colquehuanca]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Moisés Mamani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q51048751|Angela Salazar]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51120523|Christine McHorse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51336938|Fiona Denison]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51461749|El Príncipe Gitano]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51670534|Teimuraz Tsiklauri]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[جارجيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q51670771|Vladimir Kharchenko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Vladimir Kharchenko.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q51881137|Katalin Korinthus]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52274178|Dave Nalle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Davenalle.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q52315000|Md. Israfil Alam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q52369511|Lorina Kamburova]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Lorina Kamburova in Bulgaria promotional video.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q52723219|SK. Md. Nurul Haque]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q53086459|Ugo Tessitore]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q53544897|Antonio Beneyto]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Antonio Beneyto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q54861257|Nizar al-Haraki]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q54862182|Fayeq Azab]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q54875090|Kamal Ballan]]'' | | [[شام]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Kamal Ballan in Durova Theater.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q54932411|Sandra Nyaira]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55020621|François de Gaulle]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55178473|Tauba Katzenstein]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55459951|Alí Humar González]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55585267|Lefteris Mytilineos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55622382|Massoud Achkar]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55624059|Muhammad Afzal]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55628232|P. Vetrivel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55641249|Neville Fernando]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55688673|Manuel Domecq Zurita]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55694390|Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:Ziauddin Ahmed Bablu.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q55694406|Abdul Matin Khasru]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Abdul Matin Khasru.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q55694715|Mahmud Us Samad Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55943735|Mario Roberto Morales]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55971501|Adolf Lüchinger]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q55998474|Princess María Teresa of Parma]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:María Teresa of Bourbon Parma (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q55999120|Antonio García-Moreno]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:AGMoreno2003.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56000305|Jacqueline Rubellin-Devichi]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56065281|Munira Yamin Satti]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56065399|Shaheen Raza]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56173541|Margarita Lambrinou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56195647|Vitor Sapienza]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56223573|Milan Hurtala]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56248458|Cyril Lawrence]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56257287|Fabio Restrepo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:Fabio Restrepo.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56299115|Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56393467|Jalaludin Rakhmat]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jalaludin Rakhmat.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56399697|Yopie Latul]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56399754|Burhan Abdurahman]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wali Kota Ternate Burhan Abdurahman.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56410339|Camille Bonnet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:L'équipe du SU Agen finaliste du championnat de France de rugby, en mars 1943 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q56600042|Younus Soomro]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56630743|Vincent Mhlanga]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56641288|László Gróf]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56651269|Waqar Ahmed Seth]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56678261|Bernie Juskiewicz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56678450|Dick Hinch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56743555|Martha Sánchez Néstor]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56841045|Mongameli Bobani]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q56862871|Brian Crowe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57037216|Marcello Brunelli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:Brunelli Marcello.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57342370|Nikhil Nandy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill felicitated the Indian Football Heroes, who reached the semi - finals of Melbourne Olympics, 1956, in New Delhi on February 23, 2009 (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57617645|Fernand Turcotte]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57829968|Faith Alupo]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57903860|Elmer Pato]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q57973856|Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:10.08 總統接見「史瓦帝尼王國總理戴安伯伉儷」 (48863175906).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q57986405|Ndifor Afanwi Franklin]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58004322|Ulfat Mustafin]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q58175439|Ajay Kumar Tripathi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Justice Ajay Kumar Tripathi.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59226203|Cabo Almi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q59245275|Silvio Favero]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q59327278|Raj Mohan Vohra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | [[فائل:Raj Mohan Vohra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59387154|Dennis G. Peters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dennis G. Peters (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59594563|Shin So-gol]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | [[فائل:신소걸.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q59822632|David Corrêa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:David Corrêa na Tradição 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60048453|Carlos Burga]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60428775|Ron Wright]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ron Wright, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60578644|Khaled Al Amir]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60676275|Anthony Mwamba]]'' | | [[زيمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60676348|István Turu]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60682885|Nikolay Petrunin]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Петрунин Н.Ю.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60684463|Hussain Ahmed]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill felicitated the Indian Football Heroes, who reached the semi - finals of Melbourne Olympics, 1956, in New Delhi on February 23, 2009 (3).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q60734385|Jim Cross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60734833|Danny Campbell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60735860|Jack Page]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60829798|Rebeca Guber]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q60944987|Roger Maes]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61029386|Gérard Gire]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61080701|Abu Hena]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61080791|Sheikh Md Abdullah]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:State Minister for Religious Affairs Alhaj Advocate Sheikh Md Abdullah delivers speech at Hajj management meeting 2019-05-16 (PID-0038640) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61101983|מנחם מנדל]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61161331|Stephen Schwartz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61221263|Jean Luc Rosat]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61229497|SM Mohsin]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | [[فائل:S. M. Mohsin cropped Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina awards Ekushey Padak 2020 at Osmani Memorial Auditorium Dhaka 2020-02-20 (PID-0034165) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61283036|Azmi Mohamed Megahed]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | [[فائل:عزمي مجاهد.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61314646|Kartikeswar Patra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61355370|Godfrey Grima]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61375379|Skariah Thomas]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Scariah Thomas.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61481724|Luigi Roni]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61556012|Bikram Keshari Barma]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61625027|Mac Jack]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61670448|Leanid Dziejka]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Пасведчанне дэпутата Вярхоўнага Савета Рэспублікі Беларусь 12 склікання на імя Леаніда Дзейкі.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q61707992|Stephen C. de St. Jeor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61746483|Pierre Housieaux]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61781035|Hans Grotz]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61893591|Ravi Shankar Patnaik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q61945598|Marc Pilcher]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62072676|Adebayo Osinowo]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62081852|José Daniel Guccione]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:José Guccione.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q62126551|Roberto Rivas Reyes]]'' | | [[نڪاراگوا]] | | | [[فائل:Roberto Rivas 2013.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q62381879|Nick Mourouzis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62570988|John Obiero Nyagarama]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62691119|Mutko Tsvetkov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q62713325|Viktor Kelner]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63004552|Wilberforce Kisamba Mugerwa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63197527|Florence Ridley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63198327|Dora Werzberg]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63342260|Miguel Ángel Giubergia]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Giubergia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q63381257|Pascal Monkam]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63457716|Mohammed Oreibi Majid al Khalifa]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q63999140|Sangram Keshari Jena]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64019473|Ludwig Wiedenmann]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64095652|Фелікс Уладзіміравіч Шкірманкоў]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64097038|Jos De Man]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64141250|Balli Durga Prasad Rao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64149281|Bernard Grégoire]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64348965|Nitsa Tsitra]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399281|Zamuxolo Joseph Peter]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399294|Pumza Patricia Dyantyi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399328|Jacqueline Mofokeng]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399347|Dorah Dunana Dlamini]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64399408|Tandi Gloria Mpambo-Sibhukwana]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64681381|Rayyān, Aḥmad ʻAlī Ṭāhā]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64855254|Alexandros Isaris]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64859158|Gouri Sankar Dutta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64860750|Anish Deb]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Anish Deb - Kolkata 2015-10-10 5402.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q64918366|Zdeněk Preclík]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64929872|Joseph Ferris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q64949184|Aminul Islam Mintu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65030790|Richard Laird]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65038140|Svatopluk Kasalý]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Svatopluk Kasalý 28. 3. 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65166902|Joselito Falcão de Amorim]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Joselito Falcao de Amorim.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65174387|Flaviola]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65199622|Saeid Tashakkori]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:تشکری.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65275379|Zaur Kantemirov]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65428531|Chavalit Soemprungsuk]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65548621|Suresh Amonkar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65561109|Satya Deo Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65587383|Jacques Lajeanne]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65587693|François Lantz]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65590587|Alain Lescouet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Hazan Lescouet Quénard Pinon 743 (M Lescouet).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65592292|Gérard Marulier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65600672|Muslihan DS]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65602099|Claude Schoettel]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65602496|Patrick Simon]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Patrick Simon 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65602566|Fernande Singer]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65606835|Jean-Marie Zoellé]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jean-Marie Zoellé 18122010.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q65925031|Karim Salman]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q65945406|Miguel Ángel Tábet]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | [[فائل:Miguel Angel Tabet.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q66087270|Lakhdar Bouregaa]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:لخضر بورڤعة.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q66124526|Ubong King]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Ubong King in 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q66144602|István Bérczi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66765131|Ramesh Tikaram]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q66777086|Ma. Bernardita Ramos]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q67100745|Myron J. Echenberg]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q67930607|Giovanni Gastel]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | [[فائل:2017 02 03 Pizzarotti Ferraris mostra le 100 facce della musica italiana Giovanni Gastel-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q68213462|Quarto Pianesi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q68696106|Samsuddin Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q68797025|Ada Bello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ada C. Bello-LSU-1961.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q69802933|Ziaur Rahman Khan]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q69908032|Charles Bukeko]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q70250846|Felix Malyarenko]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | [[فائل:Felix Malyarenko (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q70278592|William B. Helmreich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q70554553|Amzad Hossain Sarker]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q70991299|Marcel Meys]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Marcel Meys1943.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q71965647|Vassilis Sevastis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | [[فائل:Sevastis long-jump.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q74477144|Meyer Rubin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q74751689|René Sylvestre]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75313948|Jocelyn Feilding]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75388941|Princess Diana of Bourbon-Parma]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75390661|Lord David Douglas-Hamilton]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75599416|Michael Conybeare Sender]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75620301|Clotilda Douglas-Yakimchuk]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75661811|Alexander Brunton Badenoch]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75866189|Sally Yolanda England]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75904125|Maria-Alice de Marsillac Plunkett]]'' | | [[برازيل]]<br/>[[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q75936458|Melanie Forestier-Walker]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76044131|Raja Kollure]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76079057|Andrew Moncreiff]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76120799|Morgan Rees-Williams, 3rd Baron Ogmore]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76170613|Christopher Sanders]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76367719|Ostap Lozynsky]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76429596|Kostas Kleftogiannis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76433189|Farid Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76814385|AKM Amanul Islam Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76836042|Mockbul Hossain]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q76945602|Theo Jubitana]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Theo Jubitana.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q76947388|Osvaldo Cochrane Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q77058159|Fernando Sandoval]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q77254925|Jean-Charles Nègre]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q77324578|Geoff Makhubo]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Geoff Makhubo, Mayor of Johannesburg.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q77353829|Mohamed Melehi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Mohamed Melehi, Le360 - May 4, 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q78575739|Bhekizizwe Peterson]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q78626233|Ana Magdalena]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q78933325|Charles Ehlinger]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q79275451|Ricardo Valderrama Fernández]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q79666066|Kiing Shooter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q80253264|Carlos Marincovich]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Marincovich 1970s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q80308776|Marc Daniëls]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Marc daniels-1720510798 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q80505957|Horacio Luis López]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q82504773|Mohammed Yaseen Mohammed]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q82925403|Pino Grimaldi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83135813|Morris J. Viljoen]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83214686|San'yūtei Takasuke]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83618559|Jean-Claude Menand]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q83630761|Francisco Daniel Rivera Sánchez]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84138873|Caterina Emili]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84174794|Lorna Irungu]]'' | | [[ڪينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84497471|Li Wenliang]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | [[فائل:LiWengliang.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q84596019|Michel Rosenblatt]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84737258|Hong Ling]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q84975812|Yoshio Tateishi]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85005219|Lin Zhengbin]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85098459|Mohammad-Reza Rahchamani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:MohammadReza RahChamani 1397-08-23.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85245727|Liang Wudong]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85332141|Liu Shouxiang]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85354114|Wang Xianliang]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85504174|Liu Zhiming]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85755827|Roy Edwards]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85770058|Isaac Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853174|Liu Xiaoxian]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853305|Xu Defu]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853522|Xiao Jun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85853556|Peng Yinhua]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85861427|Grzegorz Guziński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85867731|Robert Znajomski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Znajomski.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85873158|José Gentil Rosa]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85877322|Simão Almeida]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85881430|Liu Fan]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85967536|Azizur Rahman]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85969531|Habibullah Peiravi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q85991636|Ibnu Saleh]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ibnu Saleh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85991691|Imran]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Anggota DPR Imran.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q85994920|Tengku Zulkarnain]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Tengku Zulkarnain.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q86206276|Xia Sisi]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86206710|Huang Wenjun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86426444|Sami Shousha]]'' | | [[مصر]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q86550970|Carlos Tapia García]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Tapia en LaMula.pe 2-38 screenshot.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q86709709|Mohammad Ali Ramazani Dastak]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87066622|Ahmad Songi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87072653|Gonzalo Cerezo Barredo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87186121|Buchanan Sharp]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87205979|Dukha Bhagat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87219910|Valerio Moro]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87451176|Benon Magezi]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87495680|Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | [[فائل:The Olu of Warri, Ogiame Ikenwoli.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q87511491|Lee Cha-su]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87558710|Roberto Stella]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87652750|Nasser Shabani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Nasser Shabani.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q87697765|Wen Zengxian]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87830378|Francesco Saverio Pavone]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87849018|Jiang Xueqing]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87967184|Aris Dijksman]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87975501|Narjes Khanalizadeh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87975990|Reza Mohammadi Langroudi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q87976706|Esmail Yazdi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Esmaeil Yazdi 2017-09-04.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q87999700|Hipólito Chaiña]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88036515|Ashutosh Mohanta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88094808|Antonio Michele Stanca]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88179804|Joan Cuadrench i Aragonès]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88181154|Aileen Baviera]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Aileen Baviera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88196412|António Vieira Monteiro]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88206609|Jean Leber]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88209709|Larry Edgeworth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88223813|Admir Džubur]]'' | | [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88326495|Jean-Jacques Razafindranazy]]'' | | [[فرانس]]<br/>[[مڊگاسڪر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88332749|Sérgio Trindade]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88364089|José María Loizaga Viguri]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88373250|Sylvain Welling]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88373576|Jean-Marie Boegle]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88376163|María José Rubio Fuentes]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88382284|Calogero Rizzuto]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88386281|Nashom Wooden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88387865|Hassan Milani]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88387896|Peter Myles]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88394294|Zororo Makamba]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88420752|Olivier Schneller]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88430796|Borja Domecq Solís]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88461558|Maroof Afzal]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88465219|Dez-Ann Romain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88465409|David Edwards]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88465891|Lee Green]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88471669|Qiu Jun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88505446|Orlando Staton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Orlando Staton with the Fabulous Flemtones on February 28, 2020 at Tierney's Tavern in Montclair, New Jersey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88529356|Abraham Levy Bressler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88552871|Black N Mild]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88553411|Floyd Cardoz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Floyd Cardoz demonstrating Indian cuisine (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88564303|Lillo Venezia]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88592566|Jenny Polanco]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88602759|Giuseppe Berardelli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88605041|Steven Dick]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88660090|Mohamed Farah]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88696349|Vasile Ouatu]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88719792|John F. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88720437|Kious Kelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88720923|Rose Marie Compaoré]]'' | | [[برڪینا فاسو|برڪينا فاسو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88788580|Alan Finder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88799719|Usama Riaz]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88862963|Ruben Melogno]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88866458|Jésus Gayoso Rey]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88876722|Narciso Arranz Cerezo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88919704|Jörn Kubicki]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88928087|Jacob Plange-Rhule]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88946519|Romi Cohn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88948586|Freddy Rodriguez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88960423|Chato Galante]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Chato Galante Premios Goya 2019 - Mejor Película Documental (cropped) (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88961624|Daniel Davisse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Daniel Davisse, Journée mémoire Holocauste, Esch-sur-Alzette-103.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q88963159|Angelo Rottoli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88974861|Amged S. El-Hawrani]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88975447|Adil El Tayar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88978483|Maria Mercader]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q88979371|Javier Docampo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89018986|Denise Millet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89034303|Manuel Adolfo Varas]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89043679|Peregrine Broadbent]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89044367|Lorena Borjas]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89047239|David Hodgkiss]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89058562|James T. Goodrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89090767|Viktar Dashkevich]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | [[فائل:Viktar daszkievicz 01.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89107781|Tomas Oneborg]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89108362|Ángel Sánchez Mendoza]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89118435|Rafael Gómez Nieto]]'' | | [[اسپين]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Inauguración del Jardín de los Combatientes de la Nueve en Madrid 14.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89126458|Pat Midgley]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89127551|Antonio Nonato Lima Gomes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89190157|John Hartwall]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89193385|José Antonio Martínez Bayo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Jose Antonio Martinez Bayo en Villel de Mesa.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89250938|April Dunn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89251950|Bernardita Catalla]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Ambassador Bernardita Catalla (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89266944|Cemil Taşcıoğlu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89271759|Bob Glanzer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89272139|Reggie Bagala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89277337|Miquel Àngel Vaquer]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89278617|José Luis González Novalín]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89284961|Jacques F. Acar]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Jacques-F-Acar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89290024|Constantino Juri]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89300558|William Wolf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89328137|Chang Kai]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89336547|Liu Li]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89336556|Mei Zhongming]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89337077|Zhu Heping]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89355538|Avram Goia]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89358641|Bernard Epin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89388448|Omar Quintana]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89388934|Rodrigo Pesántez Rodas]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89392342|Carlo Colombara]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89412554|Florindo Corral]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90324980|Azar Ahrabi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90324982|Fayaz Ayache]]'' | | [[شام]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90324987|Habib Zaidi]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90347409|Gustavo Orellana]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90404814|Eulàlia Amorós Solà]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90405588|Kishen Bholasing]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Kishen Bholasing 2015 - 3.PNG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90409657|Lionel Longueville]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90412083|Bas Mulder]]'' | | [[سورينام]]<br/>''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90415987|Leilani Jordan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90416143|Zafar Sarfraz]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90419272|Lila Fenwick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90419878|Baldiri Alavedra]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90424601|Victor Batista Falla]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90433310|Valeria Viveros]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90435726|Maria Krier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90457604|J. Ronald Verrier]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90463320|Jaime Ruiz Sacristán]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90465882|Fevzi Aksoy]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90478547|Alby Kass]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90479494|Ann Sullivan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90482625|Jason Hargrove]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90509901|Marylou Armer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90515325|Jacqueline Cruz]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90531405|Gerald O. Glenn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90561312|Tom Moore]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Tom Moore (soldier) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90605392|Robby Browne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90642033|John Driscoll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90683696|David Katzenstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90701193|Jorge Sebá]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90723872|Jerzy Eligiusz Główczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Witkacy - Jerzy Główczewski - 1931-12.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90732093|Clida Martinez Ellison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90792247|Gabriele Baldassini]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90812370|David Méresse]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90849569|Glider Ushñahua]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90852078|Gil Bailey]]'' | | [[جميڪا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gil Bailey.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90855527|Richard Passman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90878164|Julio Andrade Malde]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90902581|Elio Peretto]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90909454|Ernesto Gutiérrez Vera]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90925826|Rajesh Jayaseelan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90959889|Alexander Ivan Bedini Guthrie]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90961853|Margit Feldman]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90963525|Anjanette Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91017527|Gian Carlo Ceruti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91023351|Brian R. Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91023739|Deon M. Crowell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024228|James Norvell Flowers Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024238|Annis Creese]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[سينٽ ونسنٽ ۽ گريناڊائنز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024446|Dave Roland]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91024806|Kenneth J. Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91025303|Sterling Matthews]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91025490|Jerry Manley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91025565|Gary Holmberg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gary Holmberg - 1959.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91025695|John-Sebastian Laird-Hammond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91027383|Marie-France Chabanel]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91033075|Chad Capule]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91036102|Augusto Itúrburu]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91073092|Louis Wilsenach]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91075109|Eastern Stewart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91077024|Terrance Burke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91077402|Noel Sinkiat]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079038|Maria Linda Villanueva Sun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079360|George Valentine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079952|Keith Redding]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91079959|Susan Rokus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91080484|Sterling Maddox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sterling Ruffin Maddox, Jr. - 1959.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91083307|Krishan Arora]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91085228|Jane Murphy]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91087157|Gladys Mujajati]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91087664|Mary Agyeiwaa Agyapong]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91088331|Gérard Willocq]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91088373|Amrik Bamotra]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91088921|René Rosset]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089299|Peter Tun]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089367|Maureen Ellington]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089388|Cheryl Williams]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91089696|Josiane Zauma Ebonja Ekoli]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090296|Melujean Ballesteros]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090318|Yves Latour]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090338|Sara Trollope]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91090369|Julie Omar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91102468|Gareth Roberts]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91106049|Edmond Adedeji]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91110677|ATM Alamgir]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91115657|Louis Jeannin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91116120|Joseph Djivélékian]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91118642|Elsie Sazuze]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91120080|Alice Kit Tak Ong]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91120760|Leilani Dayrit]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91121189|Janice Graham]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91121613|Syed Zishan Haider]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91121930|Aimee O'Rourke]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91122088|Areema Nasreen]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91122861|Lynsay Coventry]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91146921|Ted Monette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:FEMA - 40478 - Ted Monette, FEMA's Director of the Office of Federal Coordinati.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91151546|John Percy Leon Lewis]]'' | | [[گيانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91159963|Jerry Givens]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91167491|Claude Lafortune]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:Claude Lafortune - 04 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91231278|Hamza Pacheeri]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231280|Fayez Ayache]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231284|Eric Labeja-Acellam]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231288|Alfa Saadu]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231290|Liz Glanister]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231294|Rahima Bibi Sidhanee]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231299|Barbara Sage]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231302|Linda Clarke]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231306|Liz Shale]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231311|Mandy Siddorn]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231314|Glen Corbin]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231316|Thomas Harvey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231319|Andrew Treble]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231321|Michael Allieu]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231325|Barbara Moore]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231330|Donna Campbell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231333|Abdul Gellaledin]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231338|Donald Suelto]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231341|Stephen Pearson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231346|Linnette Cruz]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231351|Elvira Bucu]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231354|Amor Padilla Gatinao]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231356|Andy Howe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231361|Ade Raymond]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231364|Leilani Medel]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231368|Pooja Sharma]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231371|Emily Rose Perugia]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231375|John Alagos]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231379|Jenelyn Carter]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231384|Joan Grimshaw]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231386|Amanda Forde]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231391|Elbert Rico]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231394|Oscar King Jr.]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231398|Gilbert Barnedo]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231399|Charles Kwame Tanor]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231403|Kevin Smith]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231406|Gladys Nyemba]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231408|Amarante Dias]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231411|Lourdes Campbell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231414|Barry England]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231416|Ruben Muñoz Jr.]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231420|Brian Mfula]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231424|Simon Guest]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231426|Brian Darlington]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231430|Rajesh Kalraiya]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231432|Wilma Banaag]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231435|Nick Joseph]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91231774|Jayne Harvey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91245547|Martin Loveday]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91250620|Guri Melleby]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | [[فائل:Guri Melleby - Skytterprinsesse (1967) (14495766559).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91252955|Manjeet Singh Riyat]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91262852|José Marroquín Yerovi]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91290519|Mahen Ramloll]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91308531|Skylar Herbert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91332046|André Charon]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91332579|Pierre Gilet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91333378|Jean Pouaha]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91333451|Ali Djemoui]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91334108|Sami Reda]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91336641|Gerallt Davies]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91381549|Saburō Matsushita]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91383699|Philippe Lerche]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91384778|Kabkéo Souvanlasy]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91388450|Guy Pfister]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91389053|Serge Bokobza]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91428965|Benjamin Levin]]'' | | [[لٿوينيا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91437271|Beryl Bernay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91449519|Rino Clerici]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91461341|Alain Le Garrec]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91503406|Ella King Russell Torrey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91584337|Sudhir Sharma]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91595066|Keith MacVicar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91595238|Jean MacVicar]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91621670|Belco Bah]]'' | | [[مالي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91655944|Shahin Shahablou]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91665169|Joel Rogosin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91669146|Khalif Mumin Tohow]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91670963|Jérôme Valette]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91672058|James Hakim]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]]<br/>[[ڏکڻ سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91672124|Patrick Delalaing]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91672457|Mohammad Hassen Hossenbux]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91686786|Sékou Kourouma]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91693470|Donald Reed Herring]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91707058|Danny Delaney]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91717351|Éric Loupiac]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91719339|Ton van den Heuvel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91756690|Fred the Godson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Fred the Godson, late 2016.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q91756983|Jean-Paul Michel]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91767492|Emeterio Gómez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91769815|Shree Vishna Rasiah]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91776753|Tom Scully]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91783720|Annette Blier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91789659|Hannes Schedel]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91824964|Anthony Tsai Brooks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91840218|Ceybil Jefferies]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91861707|Julian Perry Robinson]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91892839|Melonie Mitchell]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91893996|Angie Cunningham]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91911557|Mario César Romero]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91962972|Burton Rose]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91964956|Carole Brookins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91976803|Philip Kahn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91976807|Bertha LaForest]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q91976809|Kenneth Saunders III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92022576|Mark Appelbaum]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92037433|Ronald Newman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92041406|Marco DiFranco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92045123|Clifford Martin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92054378|Noureddine Zidouni]]'' | | [[الجزائر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92059713|Gunnar Seijbold]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92079066|Valentina Blackhorse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92104585|Joyce Pacubas-Le Blanc]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92106989|Thomas Wetzen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92110448|Kenneth Roseman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92152403|Princy Xavier]]'' | | [[اٽلي]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92157950|Milan Stevanovich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q240592|Socialist Republic of Macedonia]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92158826|Robert Francisco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92159374|Mohamed Ben Omar]]'' | | [[نائيجر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92168119|Martine Crefcoeur]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Martine Crefcoeur 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92174131|Fernando Miteff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92179738|Peter Gill]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92196478|Jonathan Coelho]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92197171|Jack Lotz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jack Lotz.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92199833|Sher Enriquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92202893|Nicholas Lee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92203480|Leslie Pieroni]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92204901|Jeffrey Pendleton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92205981|Katy Davis]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92205988|Emma Davis]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92206621|Zafar Rasheed Bhatti]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92208184|Édith Arnoult-Brill]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Édith Arnoult-Brill-FIG 2001.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92212507|Celia Yap-Banago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92215337|Zoe Mungin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92216910|Jacques Fribourg]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92219835|Gonzalo Lopez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92262595|Alicia Cruz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92264934|Celia Lardizabal Marco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92279689|Richard Charles Canazzi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92304326|Corliss Henry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92307070|Francisco Méndez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92310023|Janissa Delacruz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92359243|Claude Barouch]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92378558|Madhvi Aya]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92391135|Robert E. Proell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92394499|Joseph M. Assyd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92409837|Syahrul]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Syahrul Wali Kota.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q92419043|Wilford Kepler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92419274|Mary Kepler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92455638|Andrea Circle Bear]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92464475|Edgar Heidorn]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92472344|Conrad Buckley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92474565|Barbara Gaines]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92476562|Wayne Haskell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92480593|Cherie La Pelusa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92495796|Dieter Hofmann]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q16957|German Democratic Republic]]''<br/>[[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92518002|Henry Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92539116|Daniel S. Paletko]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92541835|Luis Modesto Páez]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92542838|Deborah Gatewood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92545047|Matthew Stehr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92548855|Antonio Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92594539|Louise Coles]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92606215|Juan Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92611638|Louise Endel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92620791|William Nguyen]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92624775|Pamela Orlando]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92635842|Jun Maeda]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92637621|Sławomir Sokół]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92649435|Gulshan Ewing]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92715252|T. Norman Van Cott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92732453|Daniel Demetrius Newell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92750722|Mark Barisonek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92751809|Francis Boccabella III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92766758|Victor Chung]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92768859|Dian Phipps]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92768870|Alberto Camacho]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92768893|Ketty Herawati Sultana]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92771548|Joseph Feingold]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92774800|José Torres]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92774810|Orlando Moncada]]'' | | [[پيرو]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92776593|Idris Bey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92777833|Matteo De Cosmo]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92780896|Brittany Bruner-Ringo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92790696|Bill Gladstone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92791254|Sylvie Vincent]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92798976|Miguel Marte]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92800215|Alfonso Salazar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92800742|B. Narayan. Rao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92801627|Paul Cary]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92805303|Randall French]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92826239|Samuel Hargress II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92843284|Yang Chongqi]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92849109|Ke Huibing]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92861205|Don DiPetrillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92864552|Don Osceola]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92865607|Calvin Harrison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92867489|David Goulette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92878926|Madeline Kripke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92891982|Ed Schilling]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92896391|Li Yangbo]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92901064|Allah Yar Ansari]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92920768|Boualem Benkhelouf]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92934641|Robert Suit]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92949314|David Beyl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92957910|Josephine Seier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92967426|Marie June Skender]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92968758|Annelda Holtkamp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92972473|Bernadette Kelter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92974044|Mary Francele Sherburne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92974147|Mary Regine Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92977116|David Berg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92985221|Irvin Herman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q92987708|Dan Spano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93075844|Rien Smits]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93076125|Rina Smits]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93088160|Kyle Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93096025|Jim Kearnan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93115047|Venko Kanev]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93120505|Cornelius Watkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93122022|Muhammad Ahmad Asha]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93129383|Adamu Suleiman]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93130940|Mary Hackett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93130944|Jessie Ancona]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93142529|Lamoyne King]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93146061|Tadashi Tsufura]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93146187|Justa Barrios]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93160858|Sérgio Bueno de Camargo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93169354|Altamiro Moyses Zimerfogel]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93171213|Philip Foglia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93211513|Kareem Haji]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93222035|Daniel Thomas Carr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93233292|Beppe Del Colle]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93242709|Nyla Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93244599|Willem Balke]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93245406|Cosimo Semeraro]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93267085|Preston Olive]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93270562|Glenn Wefel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93270951|Beverly Wefel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93275468|Jesse Willard Hathorne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93278657|Joan Cunnane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93295914|Gary Washington]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93296429|Rafael Cargill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93297721|Priscilla Carrow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93298301|Edward Becote]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93299047|Wayne Edwards]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93300107|Derik Braswell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93303617|Anita Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93309744|Mehmet Şah Demirhan]]'' | | [[جرمني]]<br/>[[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93338240|Eduardo Robles-Holguin]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93340743|Leonard Auerbach]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93341845|Stephen Cino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93345570|Rex Damon Begay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93345895|Bradley James Ghilarducci]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93345899|Michael Fleming]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93351605|André Egri]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93377076|Suleiman Adamu]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93377516|Rory Price]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93380491|Clifford Childs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93394215|August Pauger]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93395406|Roman Stadelmann]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93421326|Jack Taylor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93427505|Pedro Tenorio Matanzo]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Pedro Tenorio Matanzo 2017.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93431342|Antonio Rodríguez de las Heras]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:RH en Zafra.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93431362|Johnny Copeland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93436209|Fryni Arvaniti]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93443209|Raquela Mesa-Acosta]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93449034|Barry Webber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93453945|Conrad Razidlo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93473479|Carlos Ernesto Escobar Mejía]]'' | | [[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93488824|Gerald Glisson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93494556|Mohamed Hamud Omar]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93498853|Gerald Slater]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93506856|Gerson Peres]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Deputado Federal Gerson Peres.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93512574|Maureen Ciolek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93512807|Aharon Walkin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93514005|Jorge Ortiz-Garay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93521975|Anthony Szczygielski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93525826|Helen Molina]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93530184|Eli Klausner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93584226|Jimmy Glenn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93587125|Maria Lopez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93593932|Wendy Bishop]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93598095|William Dean Brame]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93607966|Raymond Scholwinski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93614577|Yoshio]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93615558|Nancy Bisschop]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93630916|Kim Blanchar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93633102|Willie Levi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93636186|Raymond Mitchell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93641586|Eric Frazier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93643731|Antonia Leon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93683887|Tam Mai]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93698550|Abdelmajid Ben Aicha]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93705140|Jacques Reymond]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93707459|Paul Alloun]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93768263|Sushil Kumar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93774007|Daniel Walters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93776347|Raymond Geraci]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93784704|Murat Dilmener]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93838244|Vicente André Gomes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93860270|Sue Gargett]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93868410|Jesus Chediak]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93875993|Sandy Pratt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93876058|Johannes Beck]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93881569|Abdelfattah Abdrabbo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93898822|Unique Clay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93903544|Guadalupe Ramos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93929514|Noel Walsh]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93939001|Hari Vasudevan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93943136|Michael Clegg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93943796|Joan Neudecker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93956977|Paul Vasquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Bear Vasquez by Gage Skidmore.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q93957499|Rose Liberto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93962279|Celso Mendoza]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q93967506|Gérard Cocrelle]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94016601|James Andres]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94018988|Tiffany Mofield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94019590|Tom Omaña Luna Jr.]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94043719|Anna Mohr]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94061081|Jack Berg]]'' | | [[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94070745|Alan Ortiz]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94073090|Charles Roberts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94087538|Belly Mujinga]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94096258|Dorothy Pearl Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94128948|Motoko Fujishiro Huthwaite]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Monuments Men Honored - Heroes protected art work in WWII-(2015) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94217572|Magomed Aliomarov]]'' | | [[روس]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94249876|Shōbushi Kanji]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | [[فائل:Shokiri-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94311480|Denith Deason]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94349561|Marion Goldetsky Klein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94353812|Maurice Dotson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94365464|Clayton Snare]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94412286|Óscar López Acosta]]'' | | [[هونڊورس|هنڊوراس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94434142|Edward Crogan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94440981|Munir Mangal]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | [[فائل:Defense.gov News Photo 100707-F-7552L-006 - Commander of the International Security Assistance Force Gen. David H. Petraeus 3rd from left U.S. Army speaks with Afghan Minister of Security.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94477252|Marie Pino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94477711|Abdikani Mohamed Wa’ays]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94511714|Richard Cramer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94523479|John Paul Eberhard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94524203|Marcus Pino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94528806|Hellyn Moore Pawula]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94530576|Genyte Dirse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94531325|Billy Farrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94547938|Mary Santiago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94550864|Nino Cassanello]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94567016|Gloria Jameson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94572548|Alex Ruperto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94573130|Bobby McCoskey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94574829|Halil Karabulut]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94575477|Paul Odighizuwa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94579153|Douglas Roberts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Douglas Roberts - 1968.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94579402|Henry Camacho]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94579891|Ruth Median]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94580968|Tendol Gyalzur]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94583822|Hans Bär]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94613962|Jim Pruett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94616677|Ernesto Guzman Lara]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94643983|unnamed medical worker]]'' | | [[مڊگاسڪر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94648405|Benjamin Smalls]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94657640|James Mahoney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94690321|Mojibur Rahman Talukder]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94694236|Georgia Litwack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94699977|Tin Aye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94700336|Randy Narvaez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94700689|Joseph Santaguida]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94709855|Berisford Anthony Morse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94713622|Peggy Ndubisi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94799520|Donnell Kirchner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94864655|Joey Giambra]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94924250|Frankline Ndifor]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94941476|Patricia Forster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94944470|Esteban Yáñez Pazos]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94945959|Hatsy Yasukochi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94966479|Lenora Garfinkel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94972710|Wilson Roosevelt Jerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Wilson Roosevelt Jerman (crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94973282|William Crain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94981721|Vanessa Mackey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94987056|Mark Hall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994278|Miquéias Fernandes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994310|João Kabeção]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994337|Lourdes Catão]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Foto de Lourdes..png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q94994347|Mário Chermont]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994352|Rafael Fragoso]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94994691|Joshua Yasuo Suzuki]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94995489|Rommel Bernarte]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94995575|Ralphy Campos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94997568|Rachel Verbaan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94997852|Hernán Alemán]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94997878|Alberto Tejedor]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q94998033|Reber Zandi]]'' | | [[سويڊن]]<br/>[[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95128547|Ken Nightingall]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95147136|Alyce Chenault Gullattee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95151336|Petr Šmaha]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Petr-Šmaha.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95152882|Trevor Belle]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95153930|Keith Wade]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95155945|Jaromír Joo]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95175836|Vladimír Řehořek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95176753|Jiřina Kumstátová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95190573|Carlos Arturo Garcia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95207707|Charlie Burrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95216366|Sorin Iftimi]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95232940|Eugene J. Sayfie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95250542|Donna M. Morrissey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95345195|Emilio DiPalma]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95377523|Daniel Kopál]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95381440|Libuše Holečková]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95381819|Miroslav Jirounek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95390382|Sally Rowley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Sally Rowley - freedom rider arrest 1961 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95391797|Lydia Baštecká]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95393540|Marie Mudrová]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95399285|Edith Irvine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95416463|Hussain Ahmad Kanjo]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95423359|Kamrun Nahar Putul]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95434619|Wegene Debele]]'' | | [[ايٿوپيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95446434|Stephen P. A. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95491073|Fred Westbrook]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95502391|Santiago Baten-Oxlaj]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95507915|Jose Ayala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95573131|Judith Bemis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95577004|Wang Bing]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95577281|Feng Xiaolin]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95577358|Zhang Kangmei]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95578805|Douglas Linn Hickok]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95579452|Elizabeth Fulop]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95613600|Salvatore Pica]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95629701|Pepe Tapia]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95638573|Jeffrey Ronald Henry Muzljakovich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95645973|James Leach Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95650616|Samuel Joseph Lococo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95660168|Paul McCurrie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95670840|Hugo Ryckeboer]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95676290|Fakhruddin Syed]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95692819|David Ford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95694247|Yehudah Jacobs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95701122|Brahm Kanchibhotla]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Brahm Kanchibhotla.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95702276|Zubair Ahmed]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95727053|Barbara Ossenkopp]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95737055|Mário Veríssimo]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95747603|Flossie Lee Bournes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880217|Alan Michael Twofoot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880218|Ronald R. Erdman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880219|Charles Robert Keal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880220|Shirley Crute]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880221|Kenneth Richard Coombs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880222|Bobby Joseph Hebert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880229|Robert N. Winsor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880231|Andrew Kowalczyk]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880233|David F. Savitt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880234|Thomas William Campbell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880239|Lawrence Littig]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880243|Antoinette Tosco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880244|Marvin L. Thomas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marvin Thomas - 1956.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880245|Dalma Holloway Torres]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880246|Ethel R. Fonti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880247|Michael Giangrande Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880248|Philip Braverman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880255|Ralph Plaisance]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880258|Pierina D. Borsoi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880259|Willard John Hoyt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880260|Timothy J. Liszewski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880265|Barbara J. Norris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880269|Donald Raymond Haws]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880270|Mattie F. Adams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880271|Ruth E. Shinn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880272|Robert Dugal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880274|Roberta Gulick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880283|Carol Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880284|Gomer Richards Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gomer Richards Jr. - high school graduation 1954.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880285|Steven L. Freedman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880286|Vincie Teresa DeRose]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880292|Delia Regina DiTullio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880295|Ken Caley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880296|Jean-Claude Henrion]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880297|Grace Lee Hargrave Cradeur]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880298|Ronnie Estes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880303|Mary Ellen Houle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880307|Patrick C. Parks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880308|Daniel S. Pincu]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880309|Norman Gulamerian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880310|Patricia L. Henry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880311|Angel Escamilla]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880317|Russell D. Green]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Russell Dale Green - 1945.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880325|Scott Douglas Woodard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880337|Russell Arnold Nielsen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880362|Helen Wall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880375|Richard Edward Rutledge]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Richard Rutledge - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880383|Daniel Blume]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880778|Richard J. Conway III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880779|Betty M. Bradshaw]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880780|John C. West Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880781|Dorothy Alma Ennis D'Ostilio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880782|Karen Kay Bentley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Karen Kugler - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880783|Thomas Kevin Milo Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880791|Donald Martin Puffer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880792|Danny Ray Bierman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880793|Paul Francis Siefert Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Paul Seifert - 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880794|Richard M. Glidden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880800|Lela Reed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880803|Ruth Skapinok]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880804|Conrad Ifill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880805|Betty Sue Harber Carney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880807|Edward Ciocca]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880808|Pilar Molina Reyes Rodriques]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880811|Corinne Rhodes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880817|Richard Kiddle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880818|Frank Miszkiewicz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880819|John Joseph Crowe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880820|Roger Liddell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880827|Michael Wrotniak Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880829|John Poleon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880830|Joan M. Heaney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880831|Stephen J. Clinton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880833|Antoinette Marie Lutz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880834|Charles Jernigan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880843|Jean M. Winterbottom]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880844|Juanita Sanchez-Valdez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880845|Robert Bruce Harrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880846|Paul Edward Herbst]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880847|John Francis McClintock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880851|Robert C. Moen Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880862|Alice Glazer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880874|Jean Marie Hazelwood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880886|Alice Louise Trout]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Alice Lukens - 1957.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880897|Norton A. Kent]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880909|Paul Shelden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880920|Jeanne Stone Rusnak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880930|John Nakawatase]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880940|Huguette Dorsey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880948|Harold Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880956|Carl Robert Bentley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880957|Bette Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bette Marie McTague - 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95880958|Alan A. Potanka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880964|Robert P. Rust]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880969|Anthony J. Valdati Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880970|Hal Upjohn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95880971|Samuel Kramer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881335|Thomas I. Atwood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881336|Vinton Timely Mason]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881337|Dorthe J. Flick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881338|Arlene Chesley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881339|Roger Lehne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881340|George Freeman Winfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881345|Donald J. Horsfall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881349|Barbara Stack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881351|Thomas E. Anglin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881352|Rose Mary Infantino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881359|Vince Woodward]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881360|Elaine Cupka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881363|Doris Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881364|Harley E. Acker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881365|Veil David DeVillier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881368|Joyce Posson Winston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881373|Arnold Obey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881375|Ethel Hamburger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881376|Marjorie L. Goolsby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881377|Luiza Ogorodnik]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881385|Pio Mactal Vilar Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881394|Richard C. Schug]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881405|Adelfo Ruiz Calvo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881413|Stanley Moser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881425|Joseph J. Ingram Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881435|Morris Loeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881452|Carl J. Hebert Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Carl John Hebert - 1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95881461|Larry Rathgeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881468|John McKeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881479|Douglas Hanby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881485|Teresa A. Olbrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881486|John F. Cannon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881487|William U. Roulette III]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881488|Dawn M. Peryer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881489|Elaine Jeannette Beaulieu]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881497|Ronald Boccacio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881499|Peter Crisanti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881500|Ellen Elizabeth Fabry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881501|Clarence Robert Ellis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Robert Ellis - 1944.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95881504|Celestino Padilla Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881510|Mary A. Cole]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881511|Earl Avers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881512|Cindy Lou Mack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881513|Julia Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881514|Frederick Anthony Palazzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881522|Yvonne S. Orlando]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881523|Marie Virginia Leto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881524|Evelyn Gertrude Brant-Graf]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Evelyn Russell - 1951.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95881525|Patricia A. Carrigan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881920|Audrey LeMaire Morvant]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881921|Michael I. Sumergrad]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881922|Sean Christian Keville]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881923|Carol A. Castle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881926|Jean Munson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881932|Irene S. Allen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881933|Carmen Rodriguez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881934|Helen Sutton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881935|Deloris C. Traver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881939|Richard L. Houle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881954|Thomas A. Adamavich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881962|Gaetano Lombardo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881970|Kenneth L. Jewel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881982|Gloria Zimmerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881988|Robert Lee Amos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95881998|John J. Valentine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882005|Edward J. Deasy Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882017|Vera Flint]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882040|Clementine E. Jamgochian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882045|Beverly J. Plessinger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882046|Robert Michael Sedor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882047|John Cassano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882048|Jean Adele Walkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882049|Milton Sivels Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882055|Terrence George Driscoll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882058|Janice Lin Bisley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882059|Anna Sternik Warren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882061|Melford Henson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882062|Gene Zahas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882066|Krist Angielen Guzman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882071|Diana G. DeVito Swist]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Diana G. DeVito - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882072|Fred J. Felella Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882073|Mike Field]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882074|Anne Turner Gaillard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Cornelia Annette Turner - 1962.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882075|Marlene B. Mandle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882081|Constance M. O'Connor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882084|Peter Bainum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882085|Zoao Makumbi Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882087|Charlie Hopper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882088|Bettie London Traxler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882093|Herbert Nygren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882097|Marsha Lee Holiday]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882098|Bruce W. Sowalski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882099|Amelia Scott Dougherty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Amelia Martha Scott - 1953.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882100|Janice Preschel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Janice Preschel - 1977.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882104|Maxwell M. Mozell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882109|Joseph Migliucci]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882110|Philip A. Scardilli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882111|Theodore Robert Zaterka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882112|Barbara E. Woznicki]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882522|Torrin Jamal Howard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882529|Robert Steven Seldin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882542|Rocco Anthony Ward Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882551|Lynne Sierra]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882559|William Brett Tracy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882564|Marion Krueger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882565|Kenneth R. Going]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882566|Robert C. Blades]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882567|Jolene Blackburn Robison Wahgren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882576|Richard Daniel Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882577|Russell Aucott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882578|Kelly Doyle Oliver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882579|Walter Everett Barton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882580|Joyce Roberts]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882581|Adrienne Eugina Doolin Howard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882584|John Robert Oglesbee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882590|Jean D. Tobin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jean Nilson - 1947.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882591|Howard J. Bender]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882592|Randolph Maitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882593|Donald Geoffrey Helliwell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882601|Wilfred Jay Sikkema]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882602|Anna Elizabeth Pearson Lugg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882603|Ronald Burdette Culp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882604|Robert Charles Bazzell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882605|Jose Vitelio Gregorio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882607|Edward Russell Helfrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882615|Dorothy Spanos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882616|Nancy A. Richard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Nancy Nutter - 1952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882617|Mary Ann Yazzie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882618|Nancy Taylor]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882620|Mary Ann Scata]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882627|Virginia Bettencourt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Virginia Navarra - 1945.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882628|Dolores A. Vail]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882629|Marguerite M. Horgus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marguerite Wolanski - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882630|Brenda Lee Orebaugh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882631|Alice Fraher-Mason]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882639|Linda L. Orendorff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882640|Nora Malis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882641|Marie A. Detrick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882642|Michael L. Trombley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Michael Lee Trombley - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95882643|Edith Costanzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882645|Ronald Wilfred LePage]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882652|Edward A. Masterson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882653|Dante Dennis Flagello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882654|Raymond W. Wilkinson Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882655|Stewart Markham Fish]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882660|Barry G. Fisher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882664|Carl Gunther Reiss]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1206012|German Reich]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882665|Luke Workoff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95882666|Janet M. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883101|Linda Nute]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883102|John E. Broadly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883107|Florence Marks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883111|Carmen Lydia Muniz Rodriguez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883112|Calvin E. Messner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883113|Charles Willis Alston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883114|Thomas Neal Therrian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883115|Steve Joltin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883116|Marie Caronia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883124|Marion Klein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883125|Liudas Karolis Mikalonis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883126|Alice Coopersmith Furst]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883127|Stephen J. Chamberlin Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883132|Maclear Jacoby Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Maclear Jacoby Jr. - 1989.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883136|Barry Kaye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883137|Joraine Sieber Groat]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883138|Douglas H. Diamond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Douglas H. Diamond - 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883139|Walter M. Eagles Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883143|James Ventrillo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883148|Melita Baker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883149|Jim J. Wolf Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883150|Frances M. Pilot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Frances Macho - 1956.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883151|Merlene Sue Hughes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883152|Helen Silvia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883156|James Lowell Miller Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883161|Joan Cecile Berngen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883162|Laura Yopp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883163|Carole Montalbano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883164|Wesley Richard Fahrbach II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883169|Craig Franken]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883173|Anthony V. Racka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883174|Stanley Marvin Grossman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883175|Francis A. Kennedy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Francis A. Kennedy - 1950s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883176|Raymond Paul Janssen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883185|Bob Barnum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883186|Katherine Ann Birkmaier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883187|Carol Freedman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883188|John B. Lynch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883189|Richard Alexander Ross Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883193|John B. Ahrens]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883196|Leon Martin Beels]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883199|Tonna Lee Pratt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883200|Martha Eddy O'Brien]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883202|Patricia Plante]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883206|Carl A. Philipp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883213|Crystal LaBelle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883222|Fred Walter Gray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883231|Frederick Brown Starr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883241|Dolores M. Madera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883253|Michael Angelo Church]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Michael A. Church - 1968.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883651|Frank McClellan Worthington]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883659|James Ronald Conley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ron Conley - 1969.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95883660|Florence Ethel Buenzly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883661|Sandra McCauley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883662|Gertrude Clemmer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883663|Beverly J. Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883664|Ronald P. Clark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883665|Paul Martinez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883673|Cheryl E. Petty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883674|Monica Maley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883675|Carla Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883676|Joan M. Cargill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883682|Robert M. Shaw]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883685|Jeanne Madden Cibroski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883686|Elizabeth Harris Tirrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883687|Steven J. Huber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883688|Billie Jean Michael Habermehl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883689|Darla Eileen Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883698|James W. Landis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883699|Arthur Louis Thibault]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883700|Gary Tillery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883701|Michael James Reagan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883708|Tony Maldonado]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883710|Tracie L. Heverly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883711|Roxana Griswold Foreman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883712|Peggy Rakestraw]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883713|Norman Leslie Jenkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883714|John Fusco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883721|Harry P. Misthos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883723|Allen Joseph Spinner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883724|Salomon S. Podgursky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883725|Ellen Marie Pauze]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883726|JoAnn Stokes-Smith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883735|Joseph Colasurdo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883744|Carol Sue Rubin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883754|Irvin Alder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883769|Denise Camille Buczek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883780|Richard J. Rome]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883795|Eileen Marie Stanton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883807|Susan McPherson Gottsegen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883820|Londia Viola Mongold Deavers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883829|Deyrold Arteaga]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883834|Paul James Nagy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883835|Joseph T. Cappello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883836|Maria Tassiopoulos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883837|Alberto Castro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883838|Helen Boles Days]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883846|Carole Kaye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883847|Richard Joseph Lenihan Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95883848|Luther Coleman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884214|JoAnne Katherine Walther]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884215|Durlene Clontz Shuffler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884216|Jeanette Gilmour]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jeanette Gilmour - 1960.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884217|John Joseph Christiana Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884218|Fritz Wilhelm Reisgies]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884226|Ronald Jacobus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ronald Jacobus - 1956.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884227|Bernard David Seckler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884228|Clifford J. Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884229|Bette Allred Weatherly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884232|Robert Manley Argo Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884238|Phil Langley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884239|Mary Frances Parsels Dennis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884241|Mary M. Desole]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mary Margaret Thomas - 1943.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884242|John F. Von Sternberg Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884244|Thomas Tarbell Russell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884246|Myrtha Celifie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884254|Norma Hoza]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Norma Lenore Bratschi - 1937.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884256|Nita Pippins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884259|Gloria Allen Moskowitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884261|Edward J. Bridgeford Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884268|Billy Ostland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884283|Rodrick Samuels]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884292|Rita Paas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884301|Israel Sauz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884313|Paul R. McQuade]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884322|Robert L. Crahen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884332|Daniel James Parr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884351|Robert Grant Conner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884362|Merrick Dowson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884373|Verla L. Courey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884380|Patricia Gibbons]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884382|Thomas Allen Catron]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884384|Isaias Mendoza]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884385|Charles Donald Neal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884387|Wanda Bailey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884392|John Herman Clomax]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884400|Emmanuel Demetri]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884402|Bruce P. Biesenbach Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bruce P. Biesenbach, Sr.-(1945 - 2020).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884404|Artemis Nazarian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884407|Bill Mantell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884416|Merle C. Dry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884418|Harold L. Hayes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884420|Rosemarie Theresa Torrance]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884422|Rachel Walters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884423|Carol Carey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884426|Vincent G. Frainee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884432|Lucille Marie Resto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lucille Marie Stavola - 1961.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884433|Mercedes Santiago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884434|Gerald Cassidy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884435|Lula Fitzpatrick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884796|John Joseph Reed Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884797|Edgar Orlando De La Roca]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884799|Jimmy Walters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884805|James O'Brien Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884807|Mari Jo Davitto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884808|Nancy Reid]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884809|Elaine Menchel Marcus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Elaine Cheryl Menchel - 1962.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884810|Sean Boynes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884811|Theodore Gaffney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884824|Sharyn Lynn Vogel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884835|Sidney Siegel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884848|Larry Sylvester Hutchinson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884861|Deane K. Felter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884880|Joan M. Hackney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884888|Landon Spradlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884897|Rocco Patrick Ursino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884910|Nola Kathleen LaBudde]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884918|Ellen Spencer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884919|Paul Nathan Fontenot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884920|Charles Goodstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Charles Goodstein - 1954.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884921|Roger Mckinney-Wagner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884925|Henry Burk Sullivan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Henry B. Sullivan - 1963.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884930|Duane G. Vock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884931|Robert M. Sullivan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884932|Dorothy Cembrano Jay]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884933|Arlene Muriel MacIntyre]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884940|Louvenia Henderson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884943|Chester Dwulet]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884944|Jorge F. Casals]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884945|Mary Gilbert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884946|Alan F. Krupp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884950|Michael A. Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884955|Robert Woodward]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884956|Mary Therese Loughery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884957|Peter Sakas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884958|Elsie Rossitto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884959|Shirley S. D'Stefan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884967|Jeanne Hammond Byrnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884968|Melvin Pumphrey]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884969|Anna M. Gayton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884970|Owen Moreland Parks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884971|Roy Northway Stephens]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884976|Jeanette Marie Baldwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884980|John Pearson Brucher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:John Brucher - 1957.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884981|Michael Lee Jordan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884982|Timothy E. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Timothy E. Murray - high school graduation 1955.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95884983|Joseph J. Deren Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95884987|Loida Cruz Arroyo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885433|Charles Miles]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885444|Cynthia Whiting]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885454|Arlene M. Horowitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Arlene M. Fratkin - 1959.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885462|John Larry Sartain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885472|James Kevin Malloy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885483|Clara Louise Bennett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885491|Patricia H. Thatcher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885500|Peter J. Brancazio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885510|Bobby Lee Barber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885518|Joan A. Lenhart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885519|Ruth Hunter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885521|Estelle Kestenbaum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Estelle B. Greenwald.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885528|Judith Lee Arkerson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885530|Tommie Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885532|Irene Ann Allen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885533|Kenneth A. Rago]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885535|Maria Gibbs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885536|James C. Whittemore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885546|Anna Marie Lopiccolo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885547|Allen Francis Tinkham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885549|Charles Walter Calhoun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885550|Guy A. LaVignera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885551|Kenneth K. Skoog]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885560|James E. Mann Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885561|Paul Ronald Joseph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885563|Louis B. Bernstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885564|Arthur Rogers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885566|Randy Wichlacz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885575|Frankie L. Morris Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885576|José Díaz-Ayala]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885577|Paul A. Hamel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885579|Cornelius Lawyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885581|Dorothy Murphy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885582|Norman Walker Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885590|Florence Cahill Flaherty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885592|Barbara Yazbeck Vethacke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885594|Nikima Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885595|Kerry Lehman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885597|Mary Minervini]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885605|Frances A. Orsini]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885606|Mae T. Roser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885609|Regina D. Cullen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885611|Elizabeth Tevenan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885612|Dolores Marie DeLaurentis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Dolores Marie DeLaurentis - 1949.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885615|Jana Prince]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885622|Malcolm C. Shaw Jr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885624|Sheena Renee Comfort Miles]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885625|Martha Leroy Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95885626|James David Gewirtzman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:James David Gewirtzman - 1966.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95885628|Regina Dix-Parsons]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886139|Henry N. Dubois]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886140|Robert H. Westphal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886141|Audrey L. Ercha]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886142|Edward L. Ghidotti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edward Ghidotti - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886150|Edith Gallo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886151|Ron Frangipane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886152|Ferdi German]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886153|Richard M. Cieslak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886155|Mildred W. Blough]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886163|Randy G. Addison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886164|Rosalie J. Downes Emrich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886165|John Bradford Hubert II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886167|Robert R. Stout]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886174|Eva Charlotte Julewitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886175|Dale E. Thurman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886176|Horace Saunders]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886178|Mary T. King]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886179|Joseph Angeline]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886180|Muriel E. Lundgren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886187|Barbara Ann Loreck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886189|Kathleen Domenick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886190|Muriel M. Going]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886191|Charles Dow Long]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886192|Dorothy V. Indeck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886200|Ina Macko]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Ina Place - 1941.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886201|Julia Maye Alexander]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886202|Virginia Alice Rauth]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886204|Cynthia Jean Falle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886205|Johnnie D. Veasley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886206|William Jonathan Glenney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886213|Mary E. Mack]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886215|Calvin Richardson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886216|Arthur Winthrop Barstow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886217|Raymond Kenny]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886223|Susan Grey Hopp Crofoot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886226|Robert F. Brady Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886227|Antoinette Meyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886229|Barbara Helen Richardson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886230|Michael Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886232|Luis Juarez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886240|Jeffrey Stanley Lin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886241|Stanley L. Morse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886242|John A. Bailargeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886243|Steven P. St. Laurent]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886244|Lawrence W. Stedl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Larry Stedl - 1969.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886252|John Timothy Barr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886261|Patrick Conran]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886273|Leroy Perryman Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886282|Jonathan Adewumi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886297|Elizabeth Batista]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886713|Peter S. Miguel Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886714|Betty Jo Barney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886716|Nelson Perdomo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886717|Randolph Warren Whipple]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886718|Jane Krumrine]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886724|Bennie Webb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886727|Dean Leroy Drake]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886728|William E. Jackman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886729|John Schoffstall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886730|Hilda R. Nagel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886737|Manda Klancir]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886739|Margueritte Martha McCain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886740|Edie Morello]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Edith Elizabeth Spanish - 1941.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886743|Lillian Kimura]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886744|Thomas A. Real]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886745|LaKisha Willis White]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886751|John P. Derrico]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886754|Lucy Yanushefski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886755|Angeline Michalopulos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886756|Jonathan Crachat Carreira Ferreira]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887972|Coby Adolph]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887973|Don Whan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887974|Albert K. Webster]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Albert K. Webster, Manager of Far East Tour of Harvard Glee Club (13563366944) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95887975|Kevin J. Masterson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887983|Ronald Willenkamp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887985|Lloyd Paul Leftwich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887986|Ann Kolb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887987|Helen Kafkis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887988|Julie Butler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887990|Antonio Nieves]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887996|Ann Youngerman Smoler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887998|Thomas J. Waters]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887999|Kyra Michelle Swartz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888000|Rhoda Hatch]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888001|Eugene Lamar Limbrick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888009|June Beverly Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888010|Kamal Ahmed]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888011|Raymond Copeland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888012|Lester Eber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888013|Leo Sreebny]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888015|Robert Barghaan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888022|Howard Alexander Nelson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Howard Nelson - 1952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95888023|Allan Joseph Dickson Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888024|Timothy Branscomb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888025|Reuben Gutoff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888026|Gerard Rosenberg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888034|Marty Derer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888463|Harold Reisner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888464|Kevin John Cahill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888465|Mario Araujo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888466|James V. Walsh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888474|William D. Greeke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888475|Beatrice Rubin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888476|Jack Butler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888477|Hailey Herrera]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888478|Joseph F. Kelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888486|Perry Buchalter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888487|Faralyn Havir]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888488|Marlon Alston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888489|Joseph W. Hammond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888490|Peter Kafkis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888491|Tommie Adams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888499|Myra Helen Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888501|Conrad Duncker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888502|Chianti Jackson Harpool]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888503|Ilona Murai Kerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888511|Stuart Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888512|George J. Foerst Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888513|Mauricio Valdivia]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888514|Claudia Obermiller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888515|Myles Coker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888523|Marcus Edward Cooper Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888524|Rosemarie Amerosi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888525|Marie Scanlan Walker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888526|Parker Knoll]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888527|Rosemarie Franzese]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888528|Arlola Rawls]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888536|Adam Kovacs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888537|Peter M. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888538|Irene Gasior]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888539|Margaret Laughlin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888540|Doris Mae Burkhart Kale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888548|Ben Doherty]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888549|Josephine Posnanski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888550|John Watson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888551|Maria Garcia-Rodelo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888552|Harold Davis Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888553|Timothy Ross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888561|Sherrell Stokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888562|Larry Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888563|Billy Ross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888564|Edmon C. Carmichael]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888565|Tom Ferguson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888573|Gwendolyn A. Carmichael]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888574|Shidao Wang]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95888575|Levie Barkley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889010|Saul Moreno]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889011|Philemon Najieb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889012|Jerome Michael Zottolo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889014|Benjamin DiGiovanni]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889021|Nancy M. Allen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889022|Onielo De Luzio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889023|Lawrence Nokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889024|James Merle Weaver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889025|Cathryn Wood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889033|Moses Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889034|Paul J. Foley Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889035|Joseph J. Angi Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889036|Ruthie Jacqueline Stephens Turner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889037|Gerry Ellis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Gerry Norris - 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889043|Emma Seifrit Weigley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Emma Seifrit - 1950.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889046|Yuet Ming Wong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1054923|British Hong Kong]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889047|Josephine Tapiru]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889048|Norma Jean Knight]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889049|Patricia McGowan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889055|David Toren]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889058|Joseph M. Kissane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889059|Boro Lalich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889060|Richard Emmett Powers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889062|Ron Waxman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886758|Patricia Yanni]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886765|Elizabeth N. Updegrave]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886766|Clark Osojnicki]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886767|Linda Benedict]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886769|Rosemary Hoell Rushka]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886770|Paul Warech]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886771|Judy Therrian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886781|Jermaine Ferro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886783|Dennis Alan Bradt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886786|Marcia Rushford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886788|Andrea Ruth Ludgin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886791|Susan C. Menoche]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886801|Shirley Eileen Zimmerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886813|Charles Constantino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886822|Eric F. Anderson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Eric Anderson - 1957.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886831|Quentin Cormell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886852|Sandra Piotrowski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886861|Betty Eleanor Fennelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Bette Nelson - 1951.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95886874|Ida Esposito]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886883|Kerri Ann Kennedy-Tompkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886891|Scott Melter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886892|Barbara Mae Barham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886893|Michael Albert Shubak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886894|Davis Begaye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886895|Suchendra Singh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فجي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886904|Edna Saikkonen Alve]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886905|Stanley M. Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886906|Catherine Drouin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886907|William G. Bennett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95886908|Justin Liuba]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887280|Ross L. Saddlemire]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887281|Grace Nutland]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887282|Timothy H. Gray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887287|John Pope]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887291|Robert J. LeBlanc]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887292|Rosemary Ann Hughes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887293|Ralph R. Loranger]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887294|Wee Chu Wong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887295|Albert H. Irwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887303|Laurie Appell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887305|Viraf Darukhanawalla]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887306|Jeannette M. Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887307|David E. Carman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887308|Ina Shaw Mirviss]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887314|Margaret Busha]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887321|Jerry Alford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887332|Marion Lucille Kujda]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887363|Kimarlee Nguyen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887373|Ronaldo Ferrari]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887384|Sawarrelita Redmond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887394|Loretta Mendoza Dionisio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887405|Patricia Frieson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887417|Michael Mika]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887418|Alan Lund]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887419|John Cofrancesco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887420|Carl Redd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887421|Alvin Elton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887428|Kevin Charles Patz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887431|Theresa Elloie]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887432|Joseph Graham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887434|Robert Earl Schaefer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887437|Gerald Anthony Morales]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887443|Frederick Carl Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887445|Christine McLaurin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887446|Mary Virginia McKeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887447|Andreas Koutsoudakis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887455|James Quigley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887456|Sherman Pittman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887457|Harvey Bayard]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887459|Alice Chavdarian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887460|Bassey Offiong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887462|Jéssica Beatriz Cortez]]'' | | [[ايل سيلويڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887469|Cedric Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887470|Freda Ocran]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887471|Julian Anguiano-Maya]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887472|Minette Goff Cooper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887473|Joseph Micajah Thomas II]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887837|Herman Boehm]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887838|Phillip Thomas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887846|Robert M. Weintraub]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887854|Joseph Yaggi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887862|David Reissig]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887872|Angelo Piro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887883|Sandra Lee deBlecourt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887892|Jose Vazquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887899|Clair Dunlap]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887926|Sandra Santos-Vizcaino]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887935|Roger Eckart]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887945|Daniel Spector]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887947|Antonio Checo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887948|Albert Petrocelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887949|Florencio Almazo Morán]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887950|Jennifer Robin Arnold]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887951|Jesus Roman Melendez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887955|Audrey Malone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887960|Azade Kılıç]]'' | | [[ترڪي]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887961|Nancy Ferguson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887962|Lucius Hall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887963|Glenn Daniel Bellitto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95887970|Judith Plotkin-Goldberg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96098113|Paul Kuentzmann]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96099070|Luis Tapiru II]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96102105|Marcos Montero]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96102692|Ismail Gamadiid]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96130472|Malcolm Kela Smith]]'' | | [[پاپوا نيو گني]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[آسٽريليا]] | | | [[فائل:Malcolm Smith-Kela (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96133142|Tom Mulholland]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96169315|Afwerki Abraha]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96172631|Ashok Gasti]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96175697|Laura Bernal]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96180005|Mary J. Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96186936|Luis Repetto Málaga]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Los museos son espacios culturales que reafirman nuestra identidad.mp4 snapshot 05.16 (2020.08.04 11.49.56).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96200463|Adriano Silva]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96209239|Christian Bousquet]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96215909|Eva Konrad Hawkins]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96241334|Juan Sanabria]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96252244|Ali Hadi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96274278|Aslam Baba]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96312941|Nasir Ajanah]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96323819|Abdul Ghafar Atan]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96324008|David Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96357188|Aurelio Desdentado Bonete]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96370232|Nur Omar Mohamed]]'' | | [[صوماليا|سوماليا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96391530|Mahmoud Hammoud]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | [[فائل:2020-21 Chabab Ghazieh vs Shabab Sahel 02 (Mahmoud Hammoud).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96405149|Marie A. Turzo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405150|Nola Schwartz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405152|Marilyn Alston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405153|Abraham Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405154|Richard Erlichman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405155|Florencio Cruz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96405156|Barbara Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96436881|Robert Washington]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459616|Ross Mordecai]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459620|Edward Magliocco]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459622|Ying Kao Lee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459624|Larry Singer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459628|Lou Pompilio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459630|Michael McIntyre]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96459633|John Charles Diaz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96461719|Leonidas Pelekanakis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96463203|John Treen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96463631|José Ramón Ónega]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464297|Cathy Apothaker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464298|Rosemary Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464300|Kathleen Duffy]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464301|Sylvia Millrood]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464302|Rosemary W. Tucker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464303|Lysa Dawn Robinson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464304|Ruth Rosenstock]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464305|Irene Loretta Cassady]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464306|Patti Kelly-Peightal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464307|Mildred McLean-Terrell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464308|Paddy McNichol]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464309|Karen Kelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464310|Ramona Thomas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464311|Peggy Crane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464312|Sarah Nader]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464313|Rochelle King]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464314|Walter Bohn Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464315|Vito A. Cosmo Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464316|John F. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464318|Avraham MacConnell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464319|Craig TenBroeck]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464320|Luka A. Marano Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464322|Helen B. Days]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464323|Ronald Jamison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464324|William Collins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464325|Kevin Bundy Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464326|Robert Doubet]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:R. Doubet —1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96464327|Francis Dufner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464328|Joseph W. Murray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464329|Barry Gelman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464330|Hal Stein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464331|L. Theodore Lawrence Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464332|Joseph Zingaro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464334|Charles Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464335|Richard Coppola]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464337|Bob Griffith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464338|Bernice Teller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464339|Michael R. Walker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464340|Jasper Daniels Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464341|Dennis Small Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464342|Joe Perrott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464343|George Schneider]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464344|Edward Horowitz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464345|Joe Tunney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464346|Mary Schneider]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464430|June McIntyre]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464431|Lena Sims]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464432|Eric M. Gore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464433|Brian Holcomb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464435|Richard Aronson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464436|Mike Forrest]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464437|Theodore Nixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96464510|Eileen Atkins]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96470807|Lynika Strozier]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Lynika Strozier 2011.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96473280|Mary Wilson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96575383|Clarence Mini]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96587386|Mary Tiffen]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96606866|Jampel Lodoy]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96624229|Sergio Jacobo Gutiérrez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96624928|Pablo Puente Aparicio]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96656030|Manaf Taleb]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96678709|Marconi Alencar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96695037|Md. Shahjahan Ali Talukder]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96710071|Haidari Wujodi]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:حیدری وجودی.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96756329|Anthony Obiagboso Enukeme]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96758970|Mohamed El Milahi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96774796|Syed Aal E Imran]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96789500|Eurídice Moreira]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96979351|Yupadee Kobkulboonsiri]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96987607|Soepriyatno]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Anggota DPR Soepriyatno.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96987964|Bambang Suryadi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bambang Suryadi, Member of the People's Representative Council.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96988315|Jimmy Demianus Ijie]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Jimmy Demianus Ijie.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96988673|Gatot Sudjito]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Gatot Sudjito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96989495|Ali Taher]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Ali Taher.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q96989513|John Siffy Mirin]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:John Siffy Mirin Family (cropped face).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97011238|Inuwa Abdulkadir]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97011316|Mamadou Bamba Ndiaye]]'' | | [[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97012125|Mahendra Yadav]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97013763|Sylvio Capanema]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97013788|Aristoteles Atheniense]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Aristoteles Atheniense.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97015683|Julio Jimenez Llanque]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97016566|Howard Croft]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97016619|Godwin Achinge]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97036815|Gordon Kegakilwe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97045148|Charles Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97101228|Richard di Liberto]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97105191|Reyna Marlene de los Ángeles Catzín Cih]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97119149|Noloyiso Sandile]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97119870|Liao Jianjun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97129077|Ghaida Kambash]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97129737|Ricardo Mthembu]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97137136|Faqir Nabi]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97138189|Abdullah al Mohsin Chowdhury]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97143554|Mohamed Kouradji]]'' | | [[الجزائر]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97176731|Amadou Salif Kebe]]'' | | [[گني|گائينا]] | | | [[فائل:Me Amadou Salif Kébé en 2019.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97183473|Gopal Krishna Saxena]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97194729|Alireza Raheb]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97217254|Etibar Babayev]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97217357|Fərman Bağırov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97220091|Sayyad Alizade]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97306828|Iwan Dwiprahasto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97317138|Qainan Al-Zahrani]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97321345|Alfred Mtsi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97338873|Noh Gil-nam]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97342569|Mário Calixto Filho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345163|Jose Alfredo Moron]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345165|Michael Aubrey Wiskur]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345166|Nellie B. Stokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345167|L. B. Perry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345168|David Buffington Wham]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345169|Gloria Cervantes Zamudio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345172|Walter J. Blase]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345174|Lisette Kohn Gale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345175|Christopher L. Hammond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345176|Mohammad Riad Hussain Ismat]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345177|Maria Rita Ripa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345178|Diana T. Jun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345179|Gregori V. Armstrong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345180|Kai Wong Sam]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345181|Saul Ben-Zeev]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345182|Ramiro Barcena]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345183|Diane Ramonas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345184|Dalis Ramonas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345186|Gerald Boerman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345187|Bridget Bahal]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345188|Patricia Ciametti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345189|Simon Zamudio]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345190|Julie Maldonado]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345191|Raymond Niwa]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345192|Gabrail Ismayl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345194|Nicolasa Estrada]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345195|Phillip Cooper]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345196|Carol DeWitt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345198|Edward Singleton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345199|Albert Stokes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345200|Robert Brieske]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345202|Willie Hall]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345204|Steve Hudson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345205|Mary McKeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345207|John LaPlante]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345208|Virginia Gray]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345212|Mary Christien]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345213|Luigi Pierpaoli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345215|Hecky Powell]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345216|Richard Moenning]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345217|John Johnson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345218|Francisco Gomez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345219|Maria Gomez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345240|Saul Velazquez]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345241|Crystal Cantrell-Barbee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345243|Charley Hill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345245|Lambros Karkazis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345247|Lillian Nakawatase]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345248|George Parrott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345250|Esperanza Ugalde]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345252|Morris Loeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345330|Roselind Barsevick]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345333|Larry Harris]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345334|William Hollaar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345336|Debbie Decker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345340|Marvin Mazzucchelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345341|Albert Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345343|Feliks Ogorodnik]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345345|Kathleen Takash]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345347|Jim Schwark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345348|Safa Suleyman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345350|Elizabeth Cota]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345351|James Gettings]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345353|Bernadine Summers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345354|Ronald Landsman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345355|James Bragiel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345356|Martha Singleton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345357|Elizabeth Henry]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345358|Moses Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345359|John Mazzucchelli]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345361|Joseph Carnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345367|Elwyte Gardner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345369|Tommie Adams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345371|Brenda Bolden]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345372|Philman Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345373|Nancy Halbauer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345574|Mary Duggan Philbin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345575|William Griffin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345576|Roger Griggs]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97345577|Asberry Stoudemire]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97372585|Hanna Palska]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97388797|Mohamed Mounir]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97400267|Domingos Mãhörõ]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97440861|Irene Lalji]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Irene Lalji (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97466640|Яўген Уладзіміравіч Мядзько]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97467461|Manoel da Lenha]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97495832|Angela von Nowakonski]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97500756|Norberto Padilla]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97578686|César Salinas]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97579656|Jorge Villavicencio]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | [[فائل:Ex ministro Villavicencio (Nómada) (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97590799|Bahrum Daido]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bahrum Daido (2018) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97670845|Lloyd Cafe Cadena]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:GUILTY or NOT GUILTY! FT. LLOYD CADENA 5s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q97671575|Patrick Ellis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97704644|Homayoun Reza Atardi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97704692|James Rudd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97750531|Steve dePyssler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97774567|Pamela Rush]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97824637|Salko Bukvarević]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97930996|Katherine B. Hoffman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q97940401|Kōichi Yokono]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98036542|O'ktam Barnoyev]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[ازبڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98041231|Bill Montgomery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98065588|Alieu Mboge]]'' | | [[گيمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98065792|Mohammad Barkatullah]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98072664|Satyanarayan Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Satyanarayn Singh.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98083027|Masaru Ezaki]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98092502|Carlos Rosas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98106246|Manabendra Bandyopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98108040|Arun Guhathakurta]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98108920|Shyamal Chakraborty]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98145736|German (Chesnokov)]]'' | | [[روسي سوويت وفاقي سوشلسٽ جمهوريه]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98149217|Mohamed Adib Slaoui]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98240163|M. I. Sambou-Gassama]]'' | | [[گيمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98247997|Pierre Boubarne]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98382520|Tjandermatie Soekhai]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98449532|Bernaldina José Pedro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98457692|Jamyang Choegyal Kasho]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Jamyang Choegyal Kasho.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98459576|Konstantin Markov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | [[فائل:Legendite 2016 06.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98514406|Raúl Rubio Burgos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98514941|Theodore Corcoran]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98518138|Lungile Pepeta]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98527416|Jorge Flores Ochoa]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:JAFO.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98527646|Umesh Dastane]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98543285|Tariq Shafi]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98545382|Kesar Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98561146|Ahmed Badouj]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Badouj - Argan.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98596471|Nina Popova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98600373|John Cooke]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98637362|Vergillio Rebin]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Vergillio Rebin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98690717|Paddy Garritty]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]]<br/>[[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98714288|Evelyn Nicol]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98761510|Harry Seager]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98844761|Cecilia Romo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98889006|Ramón Silva Bahamondes]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98908359|Ahmed Al-Qadri]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98914210|Vimala Sharma]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Vimala Sharma.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98918949|Johny Bakshi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98924391|Kris Heggenhougen]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98924502|William Neikirk]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:WILLIAM R. NEIKIRK.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q98931500|Raosaheb Antapurkar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98971880|Karim Kamalov]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q98994281|KS Firoz]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99052066|Luisa Revilla]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Luisa Revilla (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99198811|Yousef Abu-Safieh]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99244285|Kendal Royo]]'' | | [[پاناما]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99300113|Rubén Corimayo]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99306278|Juan Carlos Alcoba]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:JUAN CARLOS ALCOBA.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99316693|Valery Semanzo]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q133356|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99409157|Miguel Acundo González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99421575|Eddie Mosley]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:EddieMosley.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99432805|Margaret Waterchief]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99438633|Andrés Abt]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | [[فائل:Alcalde del Municipio CH Andres Abt - imf8381v1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99439541|Donald Keith Duncan]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99454945|Florent Pereira]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99485311|Adeline Fagan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99574699|Bernard Fils-Aimé]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | [[فائل:2009 Secretary of State's Award for Corporate Excellence (portrait crop).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q99756227|Tony Tenpenny]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99767788|Brandi Christine Case-Wallace]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99800397|Mirza Shahi]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99845647|Datta Ekbote]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99851329|Mncedisi Filtane]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99857265|Andréia de Olicar]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q99911656|Ziad Al-Zaza]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146088|Barbara Ann Davis Prince]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146338|Sandy Oldfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146445|Chanesh Ram Rathiya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100146617|Esther Morales]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Esther Morales.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100272881|Rick Todd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100275270|Father Stanislaus Lourduswamy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Stan Swamy (2010).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100339816|Yevhen Cherednichenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Євген Чередніченко (2017).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100537333|Lambert Kreekels]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100548537|Ахметов, Рашит Ракипович]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Рашит Ракипович Ахметов (1954—2020), основатель и редактор газеты «Звезда Поволжья».JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100580192|Rabbi Osher Yaakov Westheim]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100591633|Piotr Francuz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100591978|Wojciech Stachurski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Wojciech Stachurski.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100627627|Ilana Rovina]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | [[فائل:Ilana Rovina (1963).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100716099|Gusztáv Adorján]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100742561|Ayachi Afilal]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100751723|Kayla Williams]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100783678|Jonathan Duck]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100784502|Christian Gatoux]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100795028|Joel Molina Ramírez]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100797042|Matt Gras]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100890925|Parrerito]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Parrerito.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q100941027|Ted Vartelas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100975270|Chad Dorrill]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q100995846|Abdul Ilah Nabhan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101022194|Angeline Bernadel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101054234|Pablo Lozano Martín]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101069330|H. Tati Santiesteban]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101080038|Pedro Mario Pereyra]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101089316|Adi Darma]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wali Kota Bontang Adi Darma.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q101116145|Dharsibhai Khanpura]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101120800|David Andahl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101149176|Moncef Ouannes]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q2017684|French protectorate of Tunisia]]''<br/>[[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101204200|Marc Frasez]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101204530|Bernard Ducruet]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101208374|Aniel Kienno]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101229866|Anatoliy Fedorchuk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101245795|Mutodi Neshehe]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101362178|Andrzej Prawda]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101423791|Irving Pressley McPhail]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101434569|Notis Lalaitis]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Notis1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q101542315|Willie Salcedo]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101579664|Leandro Resurreccion III]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101584214|Jacek Polak]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Mr. Pollack.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q101711396|János Gróz]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101818266|Géza Lajhó]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q101873866|Lynn Kellogg]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102047464|Marek Umiński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102047761|Óscar Akira Yasser Noriega]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102047806|Mewalal Chaudhary]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102076923|Anton Filipov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102078444|Mariano Valdés Chávarri]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102097529|Mustafa Canlı]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102104819|Radamés Salazar Solorio]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | [[فائل:Radamés Salazar Solorio.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102113504|Andrzej Bręczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102122799|Raymond Taylor Hoobler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102132780|Bruce Richard Buzby]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102146937|Khyson Swong]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102157745|Euda Edward Dean]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102158397|Romuald Koliński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102164597|Barnett Weil Glickfield]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102164680|Charles J. Mode]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102166137|Joseph Bertorelli]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102189950|Alfonso Gracia-Saz]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102192043|Carl Hanson Fitzgerald]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102198254|Patrick Denis Barry]]'' | | [[جمھوريا آئرلينڊ|ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102276262|Cordula Heß]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102305241|Lay Nam Chang]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102334622|Reinaldo Teles]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102343281|Rajendrasingh Baghel]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Rajendrasingh Baghel.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102357959|Hussein Al-Zuhairi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102361877|Jose Luis Garayoa]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102378274|Honestie Hodges]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102391013|Jean Lau Chin]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Dr Jean Lau Chin.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q102416147|Bharat Bhalke]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102450473|Jan Krawiec]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102490912|David Maas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q102859580|Eleanor Schano]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103414626|Pavel Čech]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Pavel Čech, 2018.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q103512342|Hryhoriy Arshynov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103574159|Hanna Stadnik]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Hanna Stadnik grób (cropped)1 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q103742338|Raja Mukhopadhyay]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103766157|Adil Ismayilov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | [[فائل:Adil Ismayilov in 2020 (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q103815009|Fadma Abi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103820311|Jacek Włodyga]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103828682|Rafael Pražák]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103863018|Ramzi Najjar]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q103928233|Luke Letlow]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104005260|Gastón Lemaitre]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104028901|Leanid Zaika]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104049729|Valery Vinakurov]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104057606|Timoteo Ofrasio]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:OfrasioSJ.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104062635|Zbigniew Jurkiewicz]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104062775|Lise Funck-Brentano]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104094383|Donal Leace]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104123083|Pavel Hečko]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104126171|Jean Saliba]]'' | | [[لبنان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104128390|Divya Bhatnagar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104128876|Judit Egerszegi]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104132756|Božidar Milenković]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104145641|Fazlul Haque Montu]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104147083|Omar Khashram]]'' | | [[اردن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104150437|Brittanya Karma]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104150471|Lillian Elena Blancas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104150631|Damir Kukuruzović]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104155741|Dawn Lindberg]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104176273|Jerrold Post]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104178897|Lucio Moderato]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104192199|Jerzy Steckiewicz]]'' | | [[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104205652|D. Vijayamohan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104244526|Bolivia Suárez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104244720|Christina Rodrigues]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104253395|Aitor Etxarte]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Aitor Etxarte Berezibar.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104376876|Jan Błoński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Jan Kidawa-Błoński.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104389005|Delfino López Aparicio]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104398451|Jethro]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | [[فائل:Jethro october 2008.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104398468|Oleksandr Arkadin-Shkolʹnyk]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Александр Аркадин-Школьник.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104414777|Evelyn Alda Seckler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104432992|Humberto Trujillo]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104438339|Anghel-Adrian Popa]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104439610|Kim Lee]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:02018 0146 KatowicePride-Parade, Kim Lee.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104439738|Ahmad Toyserkani Ravari]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:احمد تویسرکانی راوری.jpeg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104442727|Monzur-I-Mowla]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104450555|Dorothy Gill Barnes]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104464302|Nur Supriyanto]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Nur Suprianto.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104470971|Marcin Dramiński]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104518546|Loyiso Mpumlwana]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104522108|Thoriq Husler]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Luwu Timur Muhammad Thorig Husler.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104522420|Muhammad Al-Saeedi Al-Jardi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104525399|Ismail al-Shamali]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104528006|Krzysztof Pajewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104528447|Susan Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104531513|Benedicto Bravo]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104532204|Carlos Levy]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:Carlos Levy 2018.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104537223|Arnold D. Gruys]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104541175|Jean-Claude Bohain]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104556343|Dudu Duswara]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Dudu Duswara.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104557820|طلال باغر]]'' | | [[سعودي عرب]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104595284|Issaka Assane Karanta]]'' | | [[نائيجر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104621154|William T. Beaver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104628566|Sead Gološ]]'' | | [[بوسنيا ۽ ھرزگوينيا|بوسينيا ۽ ھرزگوينيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104629341|Paul Etyang]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104637633|Veronica Oliver]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104640108|Aylin Özmenek]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104640624|Abdul Hakim Al-Taher]]'' | | [[سوڊان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104666469|Tawauna Averette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104695839|Jarod Nandin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104701628|George Whitmore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:George Whitmore Climber.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104717282|Julius Schachter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104760616|Valentin Sushko]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104764484|Alan Cairns]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:AlanCairns2005.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104764596|Fabrizio Soccorsi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104764599|Theodore Lumpkin Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Theodore Lumpkin - 1940s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104771406|Pradip Ghosh]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104772253|Abid Hussain]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104776005|Oleg Danilov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104787172|Iancu Țucărman]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104807971|John Condrone]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104812380|João Henrique de Souza]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104813246|Mizanur Rahman Khan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104816462|Ali Saleh Mohammed Ali Jaber]]'' | | [[يمن]]<br/>[[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Syekh Ali Jaber, 00.02.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104833709|Jairo Castillo]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104843609|Hijn Bijnen]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104843792|Tapan Ghosh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Tapan ghosh hs.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104848615|Alejandro Galvis Ramírez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104852520|Bheki Ntuli]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104856962|Martin Addison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104864449|Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104866691|William Z. Good]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104870829|King Victor Thulare III]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104903655|Nombulelo Hermans]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104904509|Ivan Metelytsya]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104905111|Barbara N. Benson]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104906836|Joe Guerra]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Joe Guerra - 1980.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104911977|Meghrig Parikian]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Meghrig-Parikian.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q104949139|Krzysztof Łuszczewski]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q104989956|Calixto Avena]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105027958|Stephen Lungu]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105037528|Raisuddin Ahmed]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105043758|Pavel Hanták]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105047205|Gordinho do Surdo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105047246|Carlos Antunes]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105061229|Jaroslava Janderová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | [[فائل:Praha, Magistrát, Jaroslava Janderová (2).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105061721|Vitaly Maksimov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105063128|Bernard Papánek]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105069826|Kenneth Z. Altshuler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105071466|Suhail Zaheer Lari]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105071475|Joel Matiza]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105076376|Richard West]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105078440|Falah Mandkar]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105083943|Martha Madrigal]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105084390|Marius Swart]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Marius Swart.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89416505|Ismail Mohamed Abdulwahab]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89417365|Montserrat Sabater Bacigalupi]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89444493|Yang Jun]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89445395|Carlos González-Artigas]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89452309|Jorge Orlando Semería]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89455052|Muhammad Sirajul Islam]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]]<br/>[[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89465759|Ito Curata]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Ito Curata in his Mansion (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89469646|Silvio Devoto]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89472100|Sa'ad Galadiman Patigi]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89477474|Mel Boyaner]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89477590|Arlene Stringer-Cuevas]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89499451|Anick Jesdanun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89499594|Shona Ferguson]]'' | | [[بوٽسوانا]]<br/>[[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Shona Ferguson.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89499996|Cyril Boulanger]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89500010|Fernando Labra Hidalgo]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89501894|Ahmad Taheri]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89502052|Fuad Nahdi]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89502662|Kalil Haché]]'' | | [[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89503586|Mary Roman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89514702|Feriha Öz]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89520802|Giovanni Coppiano]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89526192|Wilhelm Burmann]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89532539|Patrick Gibson]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Gibson Brothers - 2018082190008 2018-03-23 Radio Regenbogen Award 2018 - Sven - 1D X MK II - 0178 - AK8I9908.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89552274|Abhay Bhardwaj]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Abhay Bharadwaj.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89559728|Wilson Villa]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89562034|Jorge Chica]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89564475|Lee Fierro]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89573517|Ahmad Tuyserkani]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89575597|Hervé de Buyer]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89579907|Seyed Mohsen Habibi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580542|Ali Khalafi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580736|Farzad Tazari]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580754|Jean-Jacques Gressier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89580995|Shahriar Sharifi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582186|Ezzat Khamoshi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582543|Seyed Abdullah Zavieh]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582558|Plato Sohrabi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582564|Reza Neghaban]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89582569|Frida Wattenberg]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89584157|Jean-Jacques Siegel]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89584521|Terry Cutmore]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89584637|Brian Lambert]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89588532|Henri Ecochard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | [[فائل:Ecochard.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89589522|Laurent Gruson]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89590162|Ron Rich]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89592254|Israel Carrera]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89599147|Jitendra Rathod]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89620524|Michael Yun]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89637292|Dolors Sala Carrió]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89656990|Juan Martín Velasco]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89666393|Ruben Burks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89669404|Vincent Lionti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89679283|Vicente Villagrá Blanco]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89690342|Eli Velder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89697563|Anton Sebastianpillai]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89703537|Anita Fial]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89703948|Patrick Jones]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89768813|Charlotte Figi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89795205|Marguerite Lescop]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89799501|Art Paleczny]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89819791|Joaquim Tosas i Mir]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89819849|Conrad Buchanan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89826765|Rebecca Mack]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89860442|Marcelino García Pérez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89888640|Christophe Pras]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89898390|Alex Layne]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89912075|Eddy Davis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Eddy Davis Lisbon 2006.JPEG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89918324|Abdul Mabud Chowdhury]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89918929|Manolo Navarro]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89919082|Laneeka Barksdale]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89919363|Ricardo Castaneda]]'' | | [[گواتيمالا|گوئٽي مالا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89919484|Roberto Román Valencia]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89924623|Liliane Marchais]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89932032|Sam McGhee]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89933671|Lee Bossom]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89934267|Ronnie A. Dixon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89936212|Kiminobu Okada]]'' | | [[جاپان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89938688|Giorgio Valoti]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89939488|Raimondo Balicco]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89952002|Leila Benitez-McCollum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89957906|Ronald William Lewis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q89986954|Sento Masià]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:SentoMasia.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q89998424|Ben Hirschmann]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90025534|TM Giasuddin Ahmed]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90025619|Ugo Rozzo]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90027431|Hannes Schopf]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90030093|Edoardo Valli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90046004|L. Douglas James]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90060899|Santiago Llorente Fernández]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90078508|Gonzalo Dasilva]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90121082|Ho Kam Ming]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90136425|Frank Gabrin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90143887|Burt Ballanfant]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90153083|Abdurakhman Martazanov]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90162943|Richard Richardson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90250643|Hamid Manouchehri]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90251510|Ali Behzad]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90274240|Elio Armas Nahón]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q90278503|Kapil Deo Kamat]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Kapil Deo Kamat during his term as Panchayati Raj minister (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q90314365|Syed Haider]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889069|Frederick Koerner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889071|Herb Baum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889072|Peter Laker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889073|Suzanne Raynal Gijsbers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889074|Willie Gene Whitaker]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889081|William F. Latimer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889085|Peter P. DeLuise]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889086|Retha Elizabeth Contri Sharp]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889087|Robert Adam Burns]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889097|Alma M. Carney]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889098|Mark Schroeder]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889099|Lucille Dolores Romer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889100|Gerald Ringdahl]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889106|Ed Smrekar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889117|William Harrison Goldman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889127|Anibal Francisco de Brito]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڪيپ ورڊي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889138|Clyde Addison Reichelderfer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889152|Betty Jean Ringle]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889166|Oluwayemisi Ogunnubi]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889178|Helen Demetoglous]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889186|Calvin Tompkins Lucy Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889195|Margaret Skaliotis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889560|Latasha Andrews]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889561|Rona Iris Gertz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889562|Patricia Rowe]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889563|Terry G. Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889564|Luis A. Frias]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889565|Edith Richemond]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889570|Raphael Kaminer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889574|Eve Rudin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889575|Louise N. Walsh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889576|Britta Lou Miller]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889581|Robert C. Samuels]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889585|Lillian Press]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889586|Kenneth James Godwin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Kenneth James Godwin - 1943.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889587|Linda Joy Nassif]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889588|Emmy Falta]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889593|Wayne L. Wolford]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889598|Leslie Kalmus]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889602|Daniel James Callahan]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:James Callahan - 1946.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889607|Alexander Webster Cruden Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889613|Ann Bonville Trombly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889617|Asela E. Gejo]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889627|Georgianna Glose]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889638|Ijeoma Afuke]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889653|Jerome Berrien]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889663|Floyd Bluntson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889676|Dorothy May Thompson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889688|Nicholas Modugno]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889697|Thomas Cotton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889705|David Bernstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889706|Myra Janet Headley]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889707|Mary Elizabeth Parr]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mary Elizabeth Gribbin - 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889708|Marjorie P. Tabechian]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889716|Robert William Dietz]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889717|Arthur Charles Lindholm]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889718|Frank M. Goewey Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889719|Harrison Solliday]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889720|Michael Armstrong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889722|Mary Doyle Hovanec]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889729|Rosa Luna]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889730|Geraldine Marie McGovern]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889731|Gerald Alton Cook]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Jerry Cook - 1951.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95889733|Wilma Ruth Montgomery]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889741|Thomas F. McDermott]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889743|Wayne Drye]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889744|Hildur T. Stanton]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889745|Jaimala Singh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889746|Richard Lynn Heggen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889747|Terri Lynn Clark]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95889754|Alexander Leon Lloyd]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890143|Lloyd Cornelius Porter]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890147|Wilman Sánchez Cabrera]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890156|Alexandra Louise Polansky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890167|Dale A. Boston]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890176|Claude Reno Doucette]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890187|Janice L. McNelly]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Janice L. Nelson 1958.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95890196|Nelson Henry Jr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890206|P. Michael Baillargeon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890214|Margaret MacVeagh Schweers]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890245|Raymond Gayle Burgett]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Raymond Burkett - 1952.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q95890252|Michael J. Mchugh]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890253|Mary Ann Bregar]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890254|Marilyn Luella Tayse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890255|Roland Henry Lacasse]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890256|Marguerite Peyser]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890257|Thomas A. Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890264|Genowefa Kochanek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890267|Joel I. Sneider]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890269|Cornelia Ann Hunt]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q95890270|William Hrabnicky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96024601|Hu Weifeng]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96041028|Wajid Ali Khan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96042027|Miss Biá]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96051461|Dominique Boutet]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96056565|Celine Fariala Mangaza]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96067499|Rafael Leonardo Black]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96067751|Turhan Kaya]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96072211|Fabiana Anastácio]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q96096540|Charles Hertel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105085298|Georgeta Luchian Tudor]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105085435|Sekou Smith]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105097673|Anita R. Schiller]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105098482|Paradzai Zimondi]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105099966|Wahab Adegbenro]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105100101|Muspandi]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105120942|Abbas Khan]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Nawab Ali Abbas khan (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105183759|Ray Rayburn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105184059|Dennis Mileti]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105198678|Percy Tucker]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105208032|Julio Roberto Gómez]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105222367|John Gibbons]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105223109|Kwasi Sainti Baffoe-Bonnie]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105229566|Octavian Cojan]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105263600|Ismail Kijo]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105295115|Vicent Raga]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:RAGA Vicent foto VW.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105297032|Maria Andrea Gaspar]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105319487|Mathoor Govindan Kutty]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105337022|Sylvia Lieber]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105346796|Zezinho Corrêa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Zezinho Corrêa - 1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105399622|Steve Turney]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105404824|László Huszár]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[سلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105414316|Robb Webb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105421772|Patricia Healey]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105424134|Cynthia Turner]]'' | | [[مالٽا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105426998|Manuel Salinas]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:ManuelSalinas2.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105452340|Zoila Águila Almeida]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | [[فائل:Zoila Águila Almeida.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105452765|Javier Neves]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105517287|Purificación Atrián Jordán]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105532898|Zaire Rezende]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105581015|Jaleel Smith-Riley]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105586692|James Medhurst]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105620263|Pastor Heydra]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105627376|Quoc Anh]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105637139|Consuelo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105640581|Enrico Obletter]]'' | | [[آسٽريليا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105641786|Barbara Ann Rowan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105646427|B. Raghavan]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105659455|Madeleine Humbertclaude]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105675497|Élida Rasino]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105679224|Sofia Zhukova]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105696486|Bob Pixel]]'' | | [[گھانا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105710323|José Manuel Cortizas]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105722839|Mike Bradner]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Mike Bradner.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105727602|Erica Watson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105729922|Jorge Marticorena Cuba]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105730949|Víctor Espinoza Peña]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105737171|Anna Majani]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105746143|Marta Martin Carrera-Ruiz]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105748342|Diego Gómez]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:Diego Gómez Cabrera.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105753833|Kenneth Mthiyane]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105755145|Karima Brown]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105756142|Rachel Cathoud]]'' | | [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئيٽزرلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105782944|Osvaldo Mércuri]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105841567|Peter Matlare]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105871502|Daniel Voisin]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105943521|Jiří Engliš]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105954720|Algaci Tulio]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:ALGACIT2002.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105954938|Asongo Alalaparu]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Asongo Alalaparu (2020).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q105969816|Malak Ismael]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q124943|Kingdom of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105977858|Esteban Gómez Rovira]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105978052|Marco Bogarelli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q105987426|Jaroslav Střeštík]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106009569|František Prošek]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106009696|Edgar García]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106009916|Jaromír Vytopil]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Jaromir Vytopil.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106011242|Miloslav Čechura]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106044069|Eyrolles Michel Mvunzi Meya]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106084284|Katyayani Shankar Bajpai]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106099414|Edson Montenegro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106109480|Wojciech Krawczyk]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106112793|Antonio Pérez González]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106122752|Natale Bozzo]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106163378|Hanna Lypkivska]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106175318|Toabur Rahim]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106194747|İmran Kılıç]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106204763|Abu Asif Barghouti]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106218592|Rito Jiménez]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106218656|Theresa M. Korn]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106228708|Yousef Ozreil]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106230021|Francis Pelekamoyo]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106241908|Kombo James Moyana]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106269407|Ellen Gwaradzimba]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106272177|Christian Ntshangase]]'' | | [[اسواتيني|سوازي لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106297174|Karel Vávra]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106309840|Gurupada Mete]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106317446|Márton Brády]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106334361|Nemam Ghafouri]]'' | | [[عراق]]<br/>[[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106366913|Yinka Odumakin]]'' | | [[نائيجيريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106423215|Jacquiline Chikuta]]'' | | [[ملاوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106434042|Nestor Torre Jr.]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106463233|Füzuli Javadov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106466070|Hans Kristian Gaarder]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106472216|François Matheron]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106473570|Babar Tadvi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106473583|Dugyala Srinivas Rao]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106474359|Irondi Mantovani Pugliesi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106477709|Hebert Axel González]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106484252|László Rákoskerti]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106508488|Aslam Qureshi]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399863|Edmundo Martinez Zaleta]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399866|Eric Salas González]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399870|Toshi Wungtung]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107400559|Reinaldo Ortega]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107400988|Steven Manios Sr.]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107401694|Josh Wallwork]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107401977|Shankanada Aravind]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107420703|Fridon Aslanyan]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q132856|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]''<br/>[[آرمينيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107420799|Abel Pienaar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107423669|Fazl-e-Khuda]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107453228|Diratsagae Alfred Kganare]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107487454|Francisco Astorga]]'' | | [[چلي]] | | | [[فائل:Francisco "Pancho" Astorga Foto- © Rodrigo Pardo .jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107488620|Eka Supria Atmaja]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Bupati Bekasi Eka Supria Atmaja.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107491716|Luke Masamvu]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107491736|Peter Haritatos]]'' | | [[زمبابوي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107524326|Ricardo Corrêa]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528488|Machchindra More]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528549|Alfredo Fraile]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528659|Parvesh C. Mehta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107528924|K Balu]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529167|Sai Balaji]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529220|Kumar Vatti]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529305|Anil Suri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529386|Venugopal Kosuri]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529447|Shyam Dehati]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107529490|Vamsi Rajesh Kondaveeti]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107539497|Zhypar Zheksheev]]'' | | [[ڪرغزستان|ڪِرگزِستانُ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107545906|José Maria Batalla]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107545938|Jeremy Silvester]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107550001|Kä Mana]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107563913|Eliaser Yentji Sunur]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Eliaser Yentji Sunur.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107569124|John Mukasa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107570435|Arun Chaudhary]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107581777|Enny Sri Hartati]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107583322|Arief Harsono]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Arief Harsono1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107583643|Mohamad Assegaf]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107584187|Nurul Almy Hafild]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107600902|Audrey Marie Ellis]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107613304|Hamadi Ghawar]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107613344|Michael Lejong]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107625371|Atful Hye Shibly]]'' | | [[بنگلاديش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107630308|Rodolfo Peña Flores]]'' | | [[ڪوسٽا ريڪا|ڪوسٽاريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Rodolfo-rodrigo-pea-flores 40240716480 o.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107645871|Hasip Kalimuddin Syam]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wagub Jambi Hasip Kalimuddin Syam.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107672808|Ribeiro da Ciclo Ribeiro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107785573|Jean-Claude Kazembe Musonda]]'' | | [[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107877832|María Teresa Marú Mejía]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107921203|José Alberto Hermógenes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:José Alberto Hermógenes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q108005947|Dick Farrel]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108017856|Saranya Sasi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108043685|Luis Peláez Campomanes]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108076821|Issa Abdel Hafeez]]'' | | [[لبيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108083120|Alan Neville Clements]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108083418|Sheham Siddik]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108110670|Pamela Valenzuela]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | [[فائل:Pamela Geraldine Valenzuela Rengel. Trans Volvimos a nacer 0-55 screenshot (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q108265582|Alexandre Pagès]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108282132|Aris Skiadopoulos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108284809|Mohamed Saad]]'' | | [[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108296947|Filippo Maria Gambàri]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108320943|Giraldo González]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108368015|Francisco Monterrosa]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108384012|Iván Colás Costa]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108405918|Enakshi Chattopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108410750|Marc Bernier]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108434832|Dan Montsitsi]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108462281|Georgi Vanyan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108529212|Bernardino Cano Radil]]'' | | [[پيراگوئي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108532938|Saviana Scalfi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108535646|Michael Halkias]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108537193|Veronica Wolski]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108541641|Hai Shaulian]]'' | | [[اسرائيل|اسرائيل جي رياست]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108600909|Laura Hartman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108664482|Anthony Zane]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108670697|Manuel Román Fernández]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108695225|Haru Rajwar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108702519|Joachim Hellmich]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108709551|Francesco Mattesini]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108731108|Massimo Ampola]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108791869|Ramiro Larrea]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108800539|Samantha Epasinghe]]'' | | [[سري لنڪا|سريلنڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108817495|Naomi Kori Pomat]]'' | | [[نيو گني]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108839344|Reggie Parks]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | [[فائل:WWE - Wembley Arena 140994 (8).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q108860941|Dimo Stoyanov]]'' | | [[بلگاريا|بلغاريه]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108899282|Claude Mouton]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108900259|Muḥammad Aḥmad al-Dālī]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108916068|Pablo Rodríguez]]'' | | [[ايڪواڊور]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108920565|Ugo Falesiedi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q108940885|Elnur Ashrafoglu]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109000898|Svetlana Căpățină]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109031824|Manuel de Jesus Tahay Gomes]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109218129|Jan Hilgen]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109258630|Abdul Jawad Dhanuun]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | [[فائل:عبدالجواد ذنون.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q109258978|Dzmitry Liebiadzievich]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109259050|Mbak You]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109270014|Adib al-Jarf]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109280531|Vladimir Sytchanka]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[بيلاروس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109331719|Lenka Angelová]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109335700|Ḥusayn Asad]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q146885|Second Syrian Republic]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109385274|Orhan Çoban]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109398170|Ali Cem Köroğlu]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109423757|Roberto José Ábalos]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | [[فائل:José Roberto Ábalos.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q109463224|Josip Uhlik]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109486992|Yuri Evtushenko]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109551692|Akbar Nikzad Afghani]]'' | | [[افغانستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109552845|Bijan Afshar]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109588694|Julie Le Galliard]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109623606|William Breisky]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109649898|Aziz El Fadili]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109655703|Wallker Wollber Bezerra de Medeiros]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109678716|Fetty Dzul]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109678864|Ahmad Mohd Nor]]'' | | [[ملائيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109744750|Lars Egil Mogård]]'' | | [[ناروي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109805144|Steven Milligram]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109835297|Vince Lelkes]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[سلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109836022|Pius Mujuzi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109852630|Parthena Koutmeridou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109869417|Ludwig Ladstätter]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q109941647|Alberto Berardi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110062761|Vangelis Vasileiadis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110088289|Fernando Gutierres Reis]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110113207|Gramoz Abedinaj]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110125587|Josep Maria Castelló i Mateu]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | [[فائل:JM CASTELLO HOMENATGE CASTELL (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110150593|Alicja Tysiąc]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | [[فائل:Alicja Tysiąc.JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110165407|Boris Zozulya]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110191163|Ashok Kumar Amrohi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110215649|Tina Rinaldi]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110221514|Evgenia Hristopoulou]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110226536|Jenni Crain]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110246082|Adil Xasayev]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110271712|Frédéric Sinistra]]'' | | [[بيلجيم]] | | | [[فائل:Frédéric Sinistra dans un match le 24 mars 2012.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110275982|Roland Damu]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110286763|Christos Diamantis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110400616|Jan Čermák]]'' | | [[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]]<br/>[[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110401833|Kenny J]]'' | | [[ٽرينيڊاڊ ۽ ٽوباگو|ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]] | | | [[فائل:Kenny J at Dimanche Gras 1993.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110402492|Ibrahim Hegazy]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110409615|Baktash Abtin]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | [[فائل:Baktash Abtin (3).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110422948|Joan Vinyals]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110451924|Stewart Gilray]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110496140|Umar Zahir]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Umar Zahir (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110540805|Andrzej Rusek]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110597021|Hana Horká]]'' | | [[چيڪ جمهوريا|جمهوريہ چيڪ]]<br/>[[چيڪوسلوواڪيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110646860|Ankica Lepej]]'' | | [[ڪروشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110778559|Mykola Malkov]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110815959|Izidorio Oliveira]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110826613|Martin B. Moore]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110854189|Petipán]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | [[فائل:Petipán en 1967.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q110861744|Gareer Mansour]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q3087763|Republic of Egypt]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110883731|Roberto Scudero]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110901608|Edmur Mesquita]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110938790|Jorge Conti]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110955245|Hervé Mombo Kinga]]'' | | [[گيبون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q110975000|Martin Tichý]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111080749|Ananias Koustenis]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111128104|Bessie Hendricks]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111149838|Nurlan Agha]]'' | | [[آذربائيجان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111288450|Oliver Crewe]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111366741|Carlos Cano Vieira]]'' | | [[پورچوگال|پرتگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111377122|Aleksandr Suvorov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111448515|رشیدہ عیاں]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111449480|Ahmet Ceni]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111513142|Manuel Machado Alvarez]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Manuel Alvarez CDCR (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q111763387|Jack Dowling]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q111913676|Yusuf Hussain]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112036971|Ivan Gavrilov]]'' | | [[سوويت يونين]]<br/>[[يوڪرين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112117043|Mohammed Makhlouf]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112119460|Richárd Látó]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112133146|Gideon Badagawa]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112134792|David M. Robb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112136783|Gui.Giling]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112378516|Moshe Augenstein]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112506278|Juris G. Draguns]]'' | | [[ليٽويا]]<br/>[[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112689682|Cecilia Wang]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112742832|Nikolaos Vernezos]]'' | | [[يونان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112800314|James Fisher]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112972599|Adelmo Rivas]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q112972601|Juan José Martel]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113027291|Ramón Ojeda Mestre]]'' | | [[ميڪسيڪو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113273570|Nanda Kishore Patnaik]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113323854|Fred Nijs]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113411338|Sergey Borisovich Lebedev]]'' | | [[روس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113443989|Albert Woodfox]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Angola Three event, Manchester Metropolitan University, November 2016 (07) (cropped).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q113481015|B. Sathyanarayana]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113485982|Gautam Lal Meena]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113501104|D.A. Sathya Prabha]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113501384|Marco Brown]]'' | | [[جميڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113501563|Gordon Arinda]]'' | | [[يوگنڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113502533|Omar Garmil]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113504240|Howard D. Weinbrot]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113509778|Irengbam Ibohalbi Singh]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113509780|Marie-Line Lesdéma]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113553302|John M. Murrin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q113658209|Liu Shunsong]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114051142|Abdulsamad al-Ghurairi]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114435943|Raja Madangopal Nayak]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114435946|Govardhan Dangi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114435953|Jyoti Dutt]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114554103|Ferdy Nico Yohannes Piay]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114567435|Hari Narayan Choudhary]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114776280|Noël Bélanger]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114865038|Rohit Patel]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114865049|Shakrajit Nayak]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136471378|מאיר זעליג ריספלער]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137204967|Alioune Badiane]]'' | | [[سينيگال]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137290904|Віктор Талащук]]'' | | | | | [[فائل:Талащук Віктор Флорович.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q137644949|Jimmy Gamonet]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137784699|Elizabeth R. Duff]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137828518|Robbert Keegel]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q137942344|Mitchell Andrews]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138341440|Abu Ubayda Ahmad al-Muhrizi]]'' | | [[مراڪش]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q138412915|Николай Матрачийски]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q139069633|Jānis Kaijaks]]'' | | [[ليٽويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q114876246|Madhava Chandra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115056055|Wangkheimayum Brajabidhu Singh]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115056059|Bedri Çollaku]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115091370|SRS Yadav]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115091407|Jamuna Prasad Bose]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115091447|Naseeb Pathan]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115129602|Choudhary Fateh Muhammad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115129933|Chuni Lal]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115322537|Marcus Birks]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115367980|Lee Lung-chuan]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115653493|Joseph M. Masling]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115696126|Luis Hugo Apolo]]'' | | [[يوراگوائي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115709280|Anja Kanninen]]'' | | [[فنلينڊ|فن لينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115712095|Edwin Bennett Shostak]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q115943625|Ruggero Boschi]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038073|Chu Lanlan]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038416|Hong Mu]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038464|Xu Lanlalan]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038510|Cheng Qingao]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038570|Yu Yuheng]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038606|Jiang Yingheng]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116038836|Ni Hen]]'' | | [[چين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116151283|Emilio Locurcio]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116182265|Achille Mauri]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116452339|Katharine Clare Manning Loeb]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116616040|Teoman Alili]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116812358|James M. Polachek]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116971082|Juan Chico]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q116994772|Pamela Hibbs]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117025085|Juan Astorga Junquera]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]]<br/>[[ايڪواڊور]] | | | [[فائل:JuanAstorgaJunquera2.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q117485502|Roberto Ambrosoli]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117845780|Muriel Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q117846318|Behçet Güler]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q118120596|André Poulidor]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q118454861|Rekha Chattopadhyay]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q118522965|Ainslie Leslie]]'' | | [[بيليز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121571277|Guiller]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q121798149|Gary Friedkin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122225804|Paul Coffin]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122508425|József Sipos]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q122956959|Fereydoun Shayah]]'' | | [[ايران]]<br/>[[سويڊن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q123562957|Bob Contant]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q123575621|Jaime Fernandes]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:74001.jpgmaior Jaime Fernandes.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q123745963|Neuza Freitas Dias]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q123987299|Luis de Blas]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124031636|葉明水]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124254829|Valter Gjoni]]'' | | [[البانيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124254912|Leah Bernstein]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124290122|Tony Metoyer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124371974|James Geraty Harrison]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124423502|Alice Mackler]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124480612|Arnold Tenenbaum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124480763|Lorlee Tenenbaum]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124517966|Ygona Moura]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q124799497|Ezekiel Koren]]'' | | [[گڏيل بادشاھت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125117241|Laura Weinstein]]'' | | [[ڪولمبيا]] | | | [[فائل:La historia de Laura Weinstein para Sentiido 0-43 screenshot (cropped).png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q125469336|Frank Olson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q125895230|Swami Omkarananda]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126465852|Layla El-Iskandaraniyyah]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q170468|United Arab Republic]]''<br/>[[مصر]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q126712872|Anna Fehér]]'' | | [[هنگري|ھنگري]] | | | [[فائل:Feher Anna nover 1984 fortepan 124217.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q127416432|Kenan Akın]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q127639331|Ronald K. O’Dor]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q128382746|Minoo B. Madon]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q129167054|Elena B. Muzrukova]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q129176723|ဝိသာရဒ မဟာထေရ်]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | [[فائل:Visarada.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q129693028|Vinesh Kumar Kalra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Shri Vinesh Kalra, Consul General, Mazar-e-Sharif.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q130480285|Bạch Mai]]'' | | [[ويٽنام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q130718411|Deloris Dockrey]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131323028|Giorgi Beridze]]'' | | [[جارجيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131369881|Chilakam Ramachandra Reddy]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131386787|Pavuluri Sivaramakrishna]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131390242|Min Thein Swe]]'' | | [[ميانمار]] | | | [[فائل:TheinSwe.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q131674590|Dana Konya-Petrișor]]'' | | [[رومانيا|رومانيہ]]<br/>[[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131754455|Bernardo Saavedra Pita]]'' | | [[اسپين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131763189|احمد گل‌محمدی]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q131794484|ابومحمد عسگرخانی]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132125661|Ginette Rivière Lubin]]'' | | [[هيٽي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132398047|Anton Holič]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132471275|Bhishma Guhathakurta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q132733138|Ngọc Đáng]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]]<br/>[[ويٽنام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133457873|Bill Follis]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133574003|پرویز اسکندرپور خرمی]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133858013|Madhavi Gogate]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133879482|Bengt Sprinzl]]'' | | [[آسٽريا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q133884170|Yasinjan Ghopur]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134002433|Chaim Mertz]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134276406|Jules Houllier]]'' | | [[فرانس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134283271|اشکان منصوری]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q134634105|Laura Hermosa]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135110412|Mikica Zdravković]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q83286|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]''<br/>[[سربيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135455342|Bruno Villata]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]]<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135459263|Gérard Beaulieu]]'' | | [[ڪينيڊا|ڪئناڊا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135548080|Eurípedes Balsanulfo de Freitas e Abreu]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135919372|Cosme Proenza]]'' | | [[ڪيوبا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135971389|Hasan Riyazi]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q135985383|Javier Ojalvo]]'' | | [[بوليويا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136210886|Herman Bailey]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136236318|زهرا استادزاده]]'' | | [[ايران]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136458233|דוד אלעווסקי]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q136465052|Eric Cohen]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106515434|Mao Ayuth]]'' | | [[ڪمبوڊيا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106518107|Ludmila Guzun]]'' | | [[مالدووا|مولدووا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106519193|Lois Sasson]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106519588|Mahmoud al-Khalidi]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q193714|Mandatory Palestine]]''<br/>[[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106533280|Dário de Castro]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106542493|Muṣṭafá Muslim]]'' | | [[شام]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106542784|Theodore Lambrinos]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | [[فائل:Greek-American baritone Theodore Lambrinos, 1960s.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106572313|Ludovico Badoy]]'' | | [[فلپائن|فلپائينز]] | | | [[فائل:Director Ludovico D. Badoy (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106585096|Pang Xiong Sirirathasuk Sikoun]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106587775|Teresa Majchrzak]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q211274|Polish People's Republic]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106588720|Àngel Pla]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106592192|Johny Lal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106592198|Lea Dali Lion]]'' | | [[اسٽونيا]]<br/>[[سوويت يونين]] | | | [[فائل:Lea Dali Lion 2014 (1).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106595478|Robin Fransman]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | [[فائل:Robin Fransman-1.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106600819|Alípio Freire]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | [[فائل:Alípio Freire.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106602162|Thakur Puran Singh]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106602515|Bhitali Das]]'' | | [[ڀارت]]<br/>''[[:d:Q2227470|Majgaon]]'' | | | [[فائل:Assamese singer Vitali Das.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106611255|Satwant Kaur Sandhu]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611259|A Elumalai]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611265|M. AS Subramanian]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611278|Kailash Chandra Trivedi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611282|Sukhdarshan Singh Marar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611287|Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611773|Purnmasi Pankaj]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611774|Kalawati Bhuria]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106611776|Ramesh Diwakar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106613228|Vira Sathidar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106613406|Diana S. Rabinovich]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106617169|Zoram Sangliana]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106618445|Kunti Devi]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106626688|Kishore Nandlaskar]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106629259|David Núñez]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106634443|Jaga Rout]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106637349|Somnath Juwarkar]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106648138|Amris]]'' | | [[انڊونيشيا]] | | | [[فائل:Wakil Walikota Dumai Amris.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106648215|Celso Dayrit]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106650087|Chittabbai Kudupudi]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106651586|Kom Chuanchuen]]'' | | [[ٿائيلينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106652376|Vasyl Obleschuk]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106659864|Olena Lytovchenko]]'' | | [[يوڪرين]] | | | [[فائل:Письменниця Олена Литовченко з книжкою "Пустоцвіт".jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106675659|Jagdish Lad]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106675731|Kanupriya]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106687272|Williams Santamaría Valdera]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106687902|Seturam Gopalrao Neginhal]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | [[فائل:Sethuram Gopalrao Neginhal.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106689691|Gilmar de Carvalho]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106689926|Boddu Bhaskara Ramarao]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106690199|Challa Rama Krishna Reddy]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106690208|Sudhakar Paricharak]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106690211|Dauji Gupta]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106691558|Ricardo Alberto Ramírez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106702173|James Purify]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106707423|Fred Fitz-James]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q29999|Kingdom of the Netherlands]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106714989|Ajay Sharma]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106727289|Sriprada]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106730125|Baldur Beyer]]'' | | [[جرمني]] | | | [[فائل:Baldur Beyer (2021).JPG|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106734360|Rajendra Kapila]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106764462|Omar Hugo Gómez]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106768454|Javier Rondón]]'' | | [[وينيزويلا|وينزويلا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106771906|James Williams]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106784040|Roy Ristie]]'' | | [[سورينام]] | | | [[فائل:Roy Ristie 2017.png|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q106784902|Fathul Allah Ahmad]]'' | | [[عراق]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106835512|Estefano Starepravo]]'' | | [[برازيل]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106837129|Tony Tolbert]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106869478|Rajendrasinh Jadeja]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106873455|Anjan Bandyopadhyay]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106885286|Saad Sharar]]'' | | [[ڪويت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106906609|Prashant Mohapatra]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106906993|Karen Brown]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q106947545|Qadir Haji Ali]]'' | | [[عراق]]<br/>''[[:d:Q41470|Kurdistan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107021764|Ryan Stephen]]'' | | [[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107021889|Basant Das]]'' | | [[برطانوي راڄ]]<br/>''[[:d:Q1775277|Dominion of India]]''<br/>[[ڀارت]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107103451|Yann Gontard]]'' | | [[پولينڊ]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107119906|Kiyomoto Yoshijirō]]'' | | [[جاپان]]<br/>''[[:d:Q188712|Empire of Japan]]'' | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107128059|Paul Freedman]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107187433|Taha Karaan]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107192015|Lin Fang-I]]'' | | [[تائيوان]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107207790|Aldo Moltifiori]]'' | | ''[[:d:Q172579|Kingdom of Italy]]''<br/>[[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107249689|Maurice Tsalefac]]'' | | [[ڪيمرون]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107289272|Rehema Watongola]]'' | | | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107300156|Rodrigo Munilla]]'' | | [[ارجنٽائن]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107309769|Emin Saraç]]'' | | [[ترڪي]] | | | [[فائل:صورة شخصية محمد أمين سراج.jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107343331|Abd al-Nasir Najjar]]'' | | [[فلسطين جي رياست|فلسطين]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107358646|Ahmed Bilal Shah]]'' | | [[پاڪستان]] | | | [[فائل:Ahmed Bilal Shah VOA (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] |- | ''[[:d:Q107359033|Hind Chelbi]]'' | | [[تيونس]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107380310|Goolam Rajah]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387549|Nomandla Yako]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387562|Lungile Tom]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387566|Henry Jansen]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387578|Patrick Jaji]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387591|Moonyeenn Lee]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387600|Paul Dobson]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387618|Sbusiso Mseleku]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387717|Patrick Bayo Mkhize]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387822|Mohammad Karaan]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107387850|Leslie Ponnusamy]]'' | | [[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107398923|Robert P. Cohen]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399015|Gianni Colajemma]]'' | | [[اٽلي]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399425|Charles Gregory Ross]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399519|Tony Greer]]'' | | [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] | | | |- | ''[[:d:Q107399637|Wilmer Ato]]'' | | [[پيرو]] | | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} ds85loxee1035drw5nasj05ljcj3fuu 0 73609 377272 330890 2026-05-13T02:04:30Z KaleemBot 10779 خودڪار: [[زمرو:هندستاني مرد راڳي]] جو اضافو + ترتيب 377272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ڄاڻخانو شخصيت|name=وجي|image=Vijay at the Nadigar Sangam Protest.jpg|caption=|birthname=جوزف وجي چندر شيڪر <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-king-formula-film-55375 |title=Vijay, the king of the formula film |date=7 January 2017}}</ref>|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|6|22}}|birth_place=[[مدراس]]، [[تامل ناڊو]]، [[هندستان]] (اڄوڪي ڏينهن [[چنائي]])|other_names=|alma_mater=[[لويولا ڪاليج، چنائي]]|occupation=اداڪار|yearsactive=1984–حاضر|spouse={{marriage|سنگيتا سورنالنگم |25 August 1999}}|partner=|children=2|parents={{unbulleted list|[[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]|[[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]}}|relatives=See [[List of South Indian film families#Chandrasekhar family|Chandrasekhar family]]}} <references /> '''جوزف وجي چندر شيڪر''' (پيدائش 22 جون 1974 <ref>{{Cite magazine|date=2022-12-02}}</ref> <ref name="DOB">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-birthday-the-last-superstar-of-tamil-box-office-7982426/|title='Thalapathy' Vijay, the last superstar of Tamil box office|last=Manoj Kumar R|date=22 June 2022|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027094938/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-birthday-the-last-superstar-of-tamil-box-office-7982426/|archive-date=27 October 2022|access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> )، جيڪو پروفيشنل طور '''وجي جي''' نالي سان مشهور آهي، هڪ هندستاني اداڪار ۽ گلوڪار آهي، جيڪو گهڻو ڪري تامل سئنيما ۾ ڪم ڪري ٿو. <ref name="dance">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378314.cms|title=Vijay's energetic dance moves|date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712160604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/five-reasons-why-we-love-vijay/photostory/49378314.cms|archive-date=12 July 2021|access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> <ref name="Indiatodaynews2021">{{Cite magazine|date=30 May 2021|accessdate=19 June 2021|archive-url=21 June 2021}}</ref> هو هندستان ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ اداڪارن مان آهي <ref name="economic times" /> <ref name="top paid 1">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varisu-know-thalapathy-vijay-s-remuneration-for-his-66th-film-actor-arises-as-highest-paid-indian-superstar-rba-ro9sgs|title=Varisu: Know Thalapathy Vijay's remuneration for his 66th film; actor arises as highest-paid Indian superstar|last=Barua|first=Richa|date=January 10, 2023|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401055330/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/varisu-know-thalapathy-vijay-s-remuneration-for-his-66th-film-actor-arises-as-highest-paid-indian-superstar-rba-ro9sgs|archive-date=April 1, 2023|access-date=April 1, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarua2023">Barua, Richa (10 January 2023). </cite></ref> ۽ 7 موقعن تي ''فوربس انڊيا'' جي مشهور شخصيتن جي 100 لسٽ ۾ شامل ٿيو آهي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/vijay/1819/93|title=Vijay|website=[[Forbes India]]|access-date=2023-06-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/vijay/1819/93 "Vijay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608165224/https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2019/vijay/1819/93 |date=2020-06-08 }}. </cite></ref> <ref name="Forbes India">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/vijay/1587/121|title=Vijay|website=Forbes India|access-date=2023-03-29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/vijay/1587/121 "Vijay"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329090747/https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/vijay/1587/121 |date=2023-03-29 }}. </cite></ref> هن 67 فلمن ۾ مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. '''ٿلهي پيتي''' طور حوالو ڏنو ويو ( {{Translation|Commander}} )، وجي کي بين الاقوامي سطح تي هڪ اهم پيروي آهي. <ref name="herald-4">{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994449433/-Years-of-Vijay-Supremacy|title=29 Years of Vijay Supremacy|last=Sriram|first=Sowmiya|date=December 3, 2021|website=indiaherald.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220062002/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994449433/-Years-of-Vijay-Supremacy|archive-date=December 20, 2022|access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref name="economic times">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-first-look-from-thalapathy-66-wins-over-fans-makers-to-reveal-more-details-ahead-of-actors-48th-birthday/articleshow/92330866.cms|title=Thalapathy Vijay's first-look from 'Thalapathy 66' wins over fans, makers to reveal more details ahead of actor's 48th birthday|date=June 20, 2022|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220110711/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-first-look-from-thalapathy-66-wins-over-fans-makers-to-reveal-more-details-ahead-of-actors-48th-birthday/articleshow/92330866.cms|archive-date=December 20, 2022|access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref> هن ڪيترائي ايوارڊ ماڻيا ، جن ۾ اوساڪا بيسٽ ايڪٽر ايوارڊ ۽ ڏکڻ انڊين انٽرنيشنل مووي ايوارڊ شامل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-wins-best-actor-award-at-osaka-tamil-film-festival-in-japan-7882879.html|title=Thalapathy Vijay Wins Best Actor Award At Osaka Asian Film Festival In Japan|last=Bureau|first=Entertainment|date=May 22, 2023|website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173400/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-wins-best-actor-award-at-osaka-tamil-film-festival-in-japan-7882879.html|archive-date=May 22, 2023|access-date=May 22, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau2023">Bureau, Entertainment (22 May 2023). </cite></ref> <ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-collects-his-iara-award-mersal-person-93275#:~:text=The%20International%20Achievement%20Recognition%20Awards,gave%20the%20event%20a%20miss.|title=Vijay collects his IARA Award for 'Mersal' in person|date=13 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121006/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-collects-his-iara-award-mersal-person-93275#:~:text=The%20International%20Achievement%20Recognition%20Awards,gave%20the%20event%20a%20miss.|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=23 December 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-collects-his-iara-award-mersal-person-93275#:~:text=The%20International%20Achievement%20Recognition%20Awards,gave%20the%20event%20a%20miss. "Vijay collects his IARA Award for 'Mersal' in person"]. </cite></ref> 2023 ۾، هو هندستان ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ادا ڪيل اداڪار بڻجي ويو ۽ دنيا جي اعلي ادا ڪيل اداڪارين مان هڪ آهي. <ref name="200 crore">{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-gets-rs-200-crore-for-next-film-becomes-highest-paid-indian-actor-reports-7947139.html|title=Thalapathy Vijay Gets Rs 200 Crore For Next Film, Becomes Highest-paid Indian Actor: Reports|last=Bureau|first=Entertainment|date=May 29, 2023|website=News18|access-date=July 17, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Bureau, Entertainment (29 May 2023). </cite></ref> [[زمرو:ڀارتي مرد فلمي اداڪار]] [[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:هندستاني مرد راڳي]] [[زمرو:1974ع جون پيدائشون]] 71fu9pmypr6o6aqlg5zpyvhsajlf071 0 75517 377201 351007 2026-05-12T15:09:00Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 377201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = هندي سمنڊ | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = Indian Ocean-CIA WFB Map.png | alt = Extent of the Indian Ocean according to the International Hydrographic Organization | caption = بين الاقوامي هائيڊروگرافڪ آرگنائيزيشن جي مطابق هندي سمنڊ جي حد. | image_bathymetry = Indian Ocean bathymetry srtm.png | caption_bathymetry = Topographic/bathymetric map of the Indian Ocean region <!-- Stats --> | location = | coordinates = {{Coord|20|S|80|E|type:waterbody_scale:100000000|display=title,inline}} | type = ساگر، ودو سمنڊ | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = زمبيزي، گنگا-برهمپترا، سنڌو، جوبا ۽ مري (سڀ کان وڏا پنج). | oceans = | catchment = 21,100,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,100,000 اسڪوائر ميل). | basin_countries = ڏکڻ ۽ ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا، مغربي ايشيا، اتر اوڀر، اوڀر ۽ ڏاکڻي آفريڪا ۽ آسٽريليا. | length = وڌ کان وڌ ڊيگھ 9,600 ڪلو ميٽر<br/> (انٽارڪٽيڪا کان خليج بنگال)<ref name="Demo-etal-intro" /> | width = 7,600 ڪلوميٽر (4,700 ميل)<br>(آفريڪا کان آسٽريليا)<ref name="Demo-etal-intro">{{Harvnb|Demopoulos|Smith|Tyler|2003|loc=Introduction, p. 219}}</ref> | area = 7,05,60,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر<br>2,72,40,000 چورس ميل | depth = 3,741 ميٽر (12,274 فوٽ) | max-depth = 7,290 ميٽر (23,920 فوٽ)<br>(جاوا خندق) | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = 66,526 ڪلوميٽر<br>(41,337 ميل)<ref name="KeeIrv-2005">{{Harvnb|Keesing|Irvine|2005|loc=Introduction, p. 11–12; Table 1, p.12}}</ref> | elevation = | temperature_high= | islands = [[مڊگاسڪر]] • [[سري لنڪا]] • [[مالديپ]] • [[ري یونین]] • [[سيشيلز]] • [[موريشس]] | islands_category = هندي سمنڊ جا بیٹ | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = شهرن ۽ بندرگاهن جي فهرست | pushpin_map = Indian Ocean | reference = <ref name="CIAWFB-2018">{{Harvnb|CIA World Fact Book 2018}}</ref> }} [[فائل:Arabian_Sea_map_Ur_Names.svg|thumb|ھندي وڏو سمنڊ (بحر ہند)]] '''هندي سمنڊ''' یا '''هندي وڏو سمنڊ''' (Indian Ocean) اهو نالو [[عربي ٻولي|عربي ٻوليءَ]] سان آیو آھي. هي سامونڊي رستو [[عرب|عرب واپارين]] ۽ يورپي سياح [[مارڪو پولو]] به استعمال ڪيو هو. 7,05,60,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر ایراضی تی، هندي سمنڊ دنيا ۾ پاڻي جو ٽيون وڏو ذخيرو آهي. اهو دنيا جي پاڻيءَ جو 20 سيڪڙو حصو رکي ٿو.<ref name="NOAA-volume">{{Harvnb|Eakins|Sharman|2010}}</ref> ان جي اتر ۾ [[ايشيا]]، اولهه ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[پيسفڪ سمنڊ|پئسيفڪ سمنڊ]] آهي. ڏکڻ ۾ اهو [[ڏاکڻي سمنڊ]]/[[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] تائين محدود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian%20ocean|title='Indian Ocean' — Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online|access-date=7 July 2012|quote=ocean E of Africa, S of Asia, W of Australia, & N of Antarctica area ab {{convert|73427795|km2}}|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016082320/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian%20ocean|url-status=live}}</ref> هندي سمنڊ ۾ وڏا علائقائي سمنڊ آهن، جهڙوڪ [[عربي سمنڊ]]، [[لڪاديپ سمنڊ]]، [[بنگال جي نار]] ۽ [[انڊيمان سمنڊ]] ان جي حدن ۾ آھن. هن جو نالو [[هندستان]] جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي، جيڪو پاڻ [[سنڌو درياهه|سنڌو]] کان اهي، جيڪو ان کي ڇڪيندو آهي ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سال 1515ع کان ان جي موجوده نالي سان مشهور آهي. اڳي ان کي اڀرندو سمنڊ سڏيو ويندو هو. ان جي سراسري کوٽائي 3,741 ميٽر آهي. سڄو هندي سمنڊ اڀرندي اڌ گول ۾ آهي. [[ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] ۽ [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] جي برعڪس، هندي سمنڊ زمين جي حدن سان ٽن طرفن کان گھريل آهي، جو ان کي [[ننڍو کنڊ|هندي ننڍي کنڊ]] ​​​​جي چوڌاري هڪ وڌايل سمنڊ جي شڪل ڏئي ٿو. ان جا ساحل ۽ پرتون خاص خصوصيتن، جھڙوڪ تنگ [[کنڊن واري پرت|براعظمي پرت]] سان ٻين وڏي سمنڊن کان مختلف آھن. ارضياتي طور تي، هندي وڏي سمنڊن مان ننڍو وڏو سمنڊ آهي، جنهن ۾ فعال پکيڙندڙ سلپون ۽ خاصيتون آهن، جهڙوڪ سامونڊي ٽڪريون. جيڪي فعال علائقن ۾ ٺهن ٿيون. هندي سمنڊ جي [[آبهوا]] [[مون سون]] جي خاصيت واری آهي. اهو گرم ترين سمنڊ آهي، جنهن جي ارد گرد سان رابطي جي ڪري عالمي آبهوا تي اهم اثر پوي ٿو. ان جو پاڻي هندي سمنڊ جي گردش کان متاثر ٿئي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ منفرد سامونڊي واهه ۽ اڀرڻ جا نمونا ھتی آهن. هندي سمنڊ ماحولياتي لحاظ کان متنوع آهي، اهم [[سامونڊي حياتيات|سامونڊي حيات]] ۽ [[ماحولياتي نظام]] جهڙوڪ [[مرجان سمنڊ|مرجان جون ٽيڪريون]]، [[مئنگرو جا ٻيلا|مينگرو جا ٻيلا]] ۽ سامونڊي گھاس جا ٽڪرا ھتی آھن. اهو دنيا جي ٽونا مڇين جي شکار جو هڪ اهم حصو رکي ٿو ۽ خطرناڪ سامونڊي نسلن جو گهر آهي. اهو حد سان ودیک مڇي مارڻ ۽ آلودگي جی چيلينجز جو سامهون کري رھیو آھی، جنهن ۾ هڪ اهم ڪچری جو وڏو مسئلو شامل آهي. تاريخي طور تي، هندي سمنڊ قديم زماني کان ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مٽاسٽا جو مرڪز رهيو آهي. هن ابتدائي انساني لڏپلاڻ ۽ تهذيب جي پکيڙ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. جديد دور ۾، اها عالمي واپار لاءِ، خاص ڪري [[پيٽرول]] ۽ [[ھائڊروڪاربن|هائيڊرو ڪاربن]] جی واپار لاء اهم آهي. علائقي ۾ ماحولياتي ۽ جيو پوليٽيڪل خدشات جهڙوڪ آبهوا جي تبديلي جا اثر، سامونڊي ڌاڙيل ۽ ٻيٽن جي علائقن تي اسٽريٽجڪ تڪرار شامل آهن. ==سمنڊ ۽ نارون== هيٺيان سمنڊ ۽ نارون انھن جي ايراضي سان گڈ آهن. • عربي سمنڊ - 38,62,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • خليج بنگال - 21,72,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • انڊمان سمنڊ - 7,97,700 چورس ڪلوميٽر • لڪادیپ سمنڊ - 7,86,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • موزمبيق چينل - 7,00,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • تيمور سمنڊ - 6,10,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • ڳاڙهو سمنڊ - 4,38,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • عدن جي نار - 4,10,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • فارس جي نار - 2,51,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • فلورس سمنڊ - 2,40,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • ملاڪا سمنڊ - 2,00,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • عمان سمنڊ - 1,81,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر • عظيم آسٽريلين بائيٽ - 45,926 چورس ڪلوميٽر • عقبي جي نار - 239 چورس ڪلوميٽر • کمبات جي نار • ڪڇ جي نار • سویز جي نار ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:هندي وڏو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:وڏا سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:جاگرافي آفريڪا]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:اولھ ايشيا جي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا جي جاگرافي]] b77ygkntegj6j1nggvqqu8habbk4ago 10 88909 377256 377125 2026-05-12T22:37:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377256 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{<!-- 1: جيڪڏهن لازمي فيلڊ نه ڏنل هجي تہ غلطي ڏيکاريو، ٻي صورت ۾ ايندڙ جاچ -->#ifexpr: {{#if:{{{value|{{{2|}}}}}}|0|1}} or {{#if:{{{start_year|{{{3|}}}}}}|0|1}} |<span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation}} استعمال ڪندي <!-- --> {{Separated entries|separator=,&#32;|conjunction=&#32;۽&#32; |{{#if:{{{index|{{{1|}}}}}}||{{para|index}} (پيراميٽر 1)}} |{{#if:{{{value|{{{2|}}}}}}||{{para|value}} (پيراميٽر 2)}} |{{#if:{{{start_year|{{{3|}}}}}}||{{para|start_year}} (پيراميٽر 3)}} }} لازمي ڏنو وڃي.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}}<!-- -->|{{<!-- 2: جيڪڏهن اشاريو ڪوڊ سڃاتل نه هجي تہ غلطي ڏيکاريو، ٻي صورت ۾ ايندڙ جاچ -->#ifexpr: not( {{#ifexist:Template:Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}|1|0}} and {{Isnumeric|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}|boolean=true}} ) |<span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation}} استعمال ڪندي <!-- --> {{para|index|'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 1) سڃاتل اشاريو نه آهي.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}}<!-- -->|{{<!-- 3: جيڪڏهن عددي پيراميٽر ۾ غلط ڊيٽا هجي تہ غلطي ڏيکاريو، ٻي صورت ۾ ايندڙ جاچ -->#ifexpr: not( {{Isnumeric|{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}|boolean=true}} and {{Isnumeric|{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|boolean=true}} and {{#if: {{{end_year|{{{4|}}}}}} | {{Isnumeric|{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}|boolean=true}} | 1 }} and {{#if: {{{r|}}} | {{Isnumeric|{{{r}}}|boolean=true}} | 1 }} ) |<span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation}} استعمال ڪندي <!-- --> [[NaN]]، غير عددي ڊيٽا لاءِ پيراميٽر چيڪ ڪريو:<!-- --> {{Separated entries|separator=,&#32;|conjunction=&#32;۽&#32; |{{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}|R}}||{{para|value|'''{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 2)}} |{{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|R}}||{{para|start_year|'''{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 3)}} |{{#if: {{{end_year|{{{4|}}}}}} | {{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}|R}}||{{para|end_year|'''{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 4)}} }} |{{#if: {{{r|}}} | {{Ifnumber|{{formatnum:{{{r}}}|R}}||{{para|r|'''{{{r}}}'''}}}} }} }}.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}}<!-- -->|{{<!-- 4: جيڪڏهن پيراميٽر ڳڻپ جي حد کان ٻاهر هجي تہ غلطي ڏيکاريو، ٻي صورت ۾ اڳتي وڌو -->#ifexpr: not( ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} >= {{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}/startyear}} ) and( ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} <= {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} ) or ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} = {{{end_year|{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}} ) ) and ( {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} <= {{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}} ) ) |<span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation}} استعمال ڪندي <!-- --> {{Separated entries|separator=,&#32;|conjunction=&#32;۽&#32; |{{<!-- 4a: [parameter 3/start_year] تمام گهٽ --> #ifexpr: {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} < {{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}/startyear}} |{{para|start_year|'''{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 3)<!-- --> اشاريو "'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''" ۾ موجود سڀ کان پهرين سال ('''{{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}/startyear}}''') کان گهٽ آهي<!-- -->}} |{{<!-- 4b: [parameter 3/start_year] [parameter 4/end_year] کان وڏو --> #ifexpr: ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} > {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} ) and ( {{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}} != {{{end_year|{{{4|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}}}}} ) |{{para|start_year|'''{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 3)<!-- --> کان وڏو آهي <!-- --> {{#if:{{{end_year|{{{4|}}}}}}|{{para|end_year|'''{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 4)|اشاريو "'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''" ۾ موجود تازو سال ('''{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}''')}}<!-- -->}} |{{<!-- 4c: [parameter 4/end_year] سڀ کان نئين سال کان وڏو --> #ifexpr: {{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}} > {{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}} |{{para|end_year|'''{{{end_year|{{{4}}}}}}'''}} (پيراميٽر 4)<!-- --> اشاريو "'''{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}'''" ۾ موجود تازو سال ('''{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}''') کان وڏو آهي<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}.</span><!-- -->{{#if:{{{nocat|}}}||{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}}<!-- -->|<!-- سانچي جو اصل ڪم شروع -->{{#ifeq:{{{orig|}}}|yes|{{{cursign|$}}}{{{2}}} (}}{{#ifeq:{{{fmt|raw}}}|eq|تقريباً {{{cursign|$}}}}}<!-- -->{{formatnum: {{ #iferror: {{#invoke:Math|round|1={{ #expr: {{formatnum:{{{value|{{{2}}}}}}|R}} {{#ifeq:{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}} | * 1 | {{Inflation/{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}|{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|{{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} }} round {{{r|0}}} }}|2={{{r|0}}}}} |<span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation}} استعمال ڪندي <!-- --> [[NaN]]/ڳڻپ جي غلطي، مهرباني ڪري [[Template talk:Inflation]] کي اطلاع ڏيو.</span><!-- -->{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}<!-- -->}} |{{#ifeq:{{{fmt|raw}}}|raw|R|}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{fmt|raw}}}|eq|&#32;سال<!-- --> {{#ifeq:{{{start_year|{{{3}}}}}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{{end_year|{{{4|{{Inflation/year|{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->}}<!-- سانچي جو اصل ڪم ختم -->}}<!-- 4 -->}}<!-- 3 -->}}<!-- 2 -->}}<!-- 1 -->{{#ifeq:{{{orig|}}}|yes|)}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4mvrk519dau2hlsb0mzny3klnlcbklh 10 88911 377255 377177 2026-05-12T22:32:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377255 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|ERR}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation/fn]] ۾ حوالو ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AR = 2020 | AT = 2018 | AU = 2018 | AU-road = 2018 | BD = 2014 | BE = 2020 | BR = 2020 | CA = 2020 | CH = 2021 | CL = 2020 | CN = 2019 | DE = 2017 | DK = 2007 | EG = 2018 | ES = 2019 | EU = 2020 | FI = 2007 | FR = 2020 | GR = 2007 | HK = 2020 | ID = 2007 | IL = 2021 | IN = 2019 | IR = 1398 | IS = 2020 | IT = 2020 | JP = 2019 | KRW = 2017 | MX = 2007 | NL = 2016 | NO = 2017 | NZ = 2020 | PE = 2017 | PH = 2019 | PK = 2019 | PL = 2007 | PT = 2007 | RU = 2007 | SE = 2009 | SG = 2020 | TEST = 2012 | TH = 2020 | TR = 2021 | TW = 2021 | UK | GBP = 2019 | UKGDP | UK-GDP | UK-CAP = 2019 | US | USD = 2021 | USGDP | US-GDP | US-CAP = 2020 | VN = 2020 | ZAR = 2018 | ERR = <span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation/year}} استعمال ڪندي ڪو بہ اشاريو مقرر نہ ڪيو ويو.{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}</span> | #default = <span class="error">غلطي: {{tl|Inflation/year}} استعمال ڪندي اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}" ڏنو ويو.{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}</span> }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> jd0qdrhjef4gwplto5ui9l66onrabpo 10 95951 377219 375517 2026-05-12T15:43:00Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي ماڊيول [[:زمرو:Modules subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk templates|تمام نمايان سانچو]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻي ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو:Modules subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ibucnj8pddbwpw2vffnek429w0cx1po 377220 377219 2026-05-12T15:44:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:Template:Module rating/protected]] کي [[سانچو:Module rating/protected]] ڏانھن چوريو 377219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي ماڊيول [[:زمرو:Modules subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk templates|تمام نمايان سانچو]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻي ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو:Modules subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ibucnj8pddbwpw2vffnek429w0cx1po 377226 377220 2026-05-12T15:53:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي ماڊيول [[:زمرو:Modules subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk modules|تمام نمايان ماڊيول]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻي ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو:Modules subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 987i883vly3c6hyb7g0ssruzmx28bd8 377229 377226 2026-05-12T15:57:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي ماڊيول [[:زمرو:Modules subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk modules|تمام نمايان ماڊيول]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻا ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو:Modules subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3wdtghzyrmno5q0ajuyjkpygsbyto6g 0 96278 377193 377086 2026-05-12T14:48:40Z Memon2025 21315 377193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overseas department of France}} {{Infobox settlement |name= مئيوٽ<br>Mayotte |official_name=ڊپارٽمينٽ مئيوٽ<br>{{nobold|{{native name|fr|Département de Mayotte}}}}|settlement_type=فرانس جو اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو|image_flag=Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|flag_size=130|image_shield=Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|shield_size=100|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=Département 976 in France (zoom).svg|map_caption=|motto=|coordinates={{Coord|12|50|35|S|45|8|18|E|region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000|display=ti}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|فرانس}}|seat_type=[[صوبو|ڊپارٽمينٽ]]|seat=مامودزو|parts_type=ڊپارٽمينٽ|parts_style=list|parts=1|leader_party=|leader_title=ڊپارٽمينٽل ڪائونسل جو صدر|leader_name=بن عيسيٰ اوسني (LR)|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=374|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_rank=18th region|population_footnotes=<ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=17 January 2024 |language=fr }}</ref>|population_total=320901|population_as_of=جنوري 2024|population_density_km2=auto|population_demonym=ماهورن|timezone1=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset1=+03:00|timezone1_DST=|utc_offset1_DST=|demographics_type2=GDP|demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}</ref>|demographics2_title1=ڪل|demographics2_info1=3.786 بلين يورو (2024)|demographics2_title2=في ماڻهو|demographics2_info2=11,508 يورو (2024)|blank_name_sec2=ڪرنسي|blank_info_sec2=يورو (€) (EUR)|website=[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture]<br/>[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Departmental Council]|iso_code={{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:YT|YT]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-976]]}}|footnotes=|anthem={{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}}} '''مئيوٽ''' ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]: <small>Mayotte</small>، شيمور: <small>Maore</small>، ڪبوشي: <small>Maori</small>)، سرڪاري طور تي ميوٽ جو کاتو (فرانسيسي: <small>Département</small> <small>de</small> <small>Mayotte</small>)، [[فرانس]] جو هڪ اوورسيز کاتو ۽ علائقو ۽ واحد علائقائي اجتماعيت (<small>Collectivity</small>) آهي. اهو فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتن مان هڪ ۽ انهي سان گڏ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس جي کاتن جي حيثيت سان فرانس جي 18 علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اهو [[يورپي يونين]] جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو ۽ فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتو طور [[يورو زون|يوروزون]] جو حصو آهي. ([[eurozone]]) ميوٽ موزمبيق چينل جي اترئين حصي ۾, اولهه هندي سمنڊ ۾, ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جي ساحل کان پري, براعظم تي مڊگاسڪر ٻيٽ جي اتر اولهه حصي ۽ اتر اوڀر موزمبيق جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. ميوٽ هڪ مکيه ٻيٽ, گرانڊي-ٽيري (يا ماور), هڪ ننڍو ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري (يا پامانزي) انهي سان گڏ انهن ٻنهي جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي. ميوٽ جو زميني علائقو 374 چورس ڪلوميٽر (144 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ جنوري 2024 جي سرڪاري اندازن مطابق ان جي 3,20,901 ماڻهن جي آبادي, 858 آبادي في چورس ڪلوميٽر (2,228 في چورس ميل) سان, اهو تمام گهڻو گنجان آباد آهي. سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ صوبو وڏي گرانڊي-ٽيري تي مامودزو آهي. ڊزاؤدزي-پامانزي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ پاڙيسري ننڍڙي ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري تي واقع آهي. هن علائقي کي "ماور", ان جي مکيه ٻيٽ جو اصلي نالو, جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي ۽ اها آبادي جي وڌندڙ حصي پاران ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. 2007 جي مردم شماري ۾ 14 سالن ۽ ان کان وڏي عمر جي 63 سيڪڙو آبادي جي رپورٽنگ سان. ته اهي اهو ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783|title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées|publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]|website=INSEE|access-date=10 October 2013|language=fr}}</ref> ميوٽ جون ٻه مادري ٻوليون آهن. سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڳالهائي ويندڙ شيماور آهي. ۽ گهٽ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ملاگاسي ٻولي آهي جنهن کي ڪبوشي سڏيو ويندو آهي. جن مان ٻه لهجا آهن. ڪبوشي ساڪالاوا (ملاگاسي جي ساڪالاوا لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل) ۽ ڪبوشي انتالوٽسي (مڊگاسڪر جي انتالوترا جي ڳالهائي ويندڙ لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل). ٻئي لهجا شيماور کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. ٻيٽ پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريڪا کان آباد هئا. بعد ۾ عربن جي آمد سان. جيڪي اسلام جو مذهبي عقيدو کڻي آيا. 1500 ۾ هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي وئي. اڄ آبادي جي وڏي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي. 19 صدي ۾. ميوٽ کي اينڊريانٽسولي (مڊگاسڪر تي ايبوينا جو اڳوڻو بادشاهه) فتح ڪيو. هن 1841 ۾ ٻيٽ فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيا. ٻيٽن تي فرانسيسي خودمختياري جي فوري بعد. غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي ۽ مزدورن کي علائقي ۾ زمينن ۽ پوکي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ درآمد ڪيو ويو. ميوٽ فرانس سان گڏ رهڻ جو انتخاب ڪيو. جڏهن ته ويجهي ڪومروس پنهنجي 1974 جي آزادي جي ريفرنڊم کانپوءِ پنهنجي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، ميوٽ 31 مارچ 2010 تي فرانس جو 101 هون ڊپارٽمينٽ (پنجون فرانسيسي جمهوريه) بڻجي ويو. ۽ 1 جنوري 2014 تي يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين لاڳاپيل علائقو بڻجي ويو. 2010 ۽ 2020 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقامي سياسي زندگي ۾ غير قانوني لڏپلاڻ جو مسئلو تمام اهم بڻجي ويو. جنهن فرانس کي آپريشن وومبوشو منظم ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. 2019 ۾ سالياني آبادي ۾ %3.8 جي واڌ سان موجوده آبادي جو اڌ حصو 17 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جو هو. ان کان علاوه. آبادي جو %48 پرڏيهي شهري هو. <ref>Patrick Roger, [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620142849/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html|date=20 June 2019}}, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.</ref> گهڻا مهاجر پاڙيسري ٻيٽ رياست ڪومروس مان ايندا آهن. فرانس جو غريب ترين کاتو هجڻ جي باوجود. ميوٽ ٻين پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريقي ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ تمام گهڻو امير آهي. ۽ ان فرانسيسي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ فلاحي نظام کي ترقي ڏني آهي. ان کي ڪومورس ۽ علائقي ۾ غربت ۾ رهندڙ ٻين اوڀر آفريقي ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش منزل بڻائي ٿو.<ref>Patrick Meinhardt, [https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/15/comoros-to-accept-migrants-voluntarily-returning-from-mayotte// Comoros to accept migrants voluntarily returning from Mayotte]{{Dead link|date=April 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, Africa News, 13 August 2024.</ref> ڊپارٽمينٽ کي وڏين چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. انسٽيٽيوٽ نيشنل ڊي لا اسٽيٽسٽڪ ايٽ ڊيس ايٽيوڊز اڪونومڪس (INSEE) (نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اڪنامڪ اسٽيٽسٽڪس اسٽڊيز آف فرانس) <small>2018</small> ۾ شايع ٿيل رپورٽ موجب %<small>83</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي فرانسيسي معيارن جي مطابق غربت جي لڪير هيٺ رهي ٿي (فرانس جي ميٽروپوليٽن ۾ 16 سيڪڙو جي مقابلي ۾). 40 سيڪڙو رهائشي ڌاتوءَ جي ٺهيل شيٽ شيڪس آهن, 29 سيڪڙو گهرن ۾ پاڻي ناهي ۽ 15 کان 64 سالن جي عمر وارن 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين وٽ نوڪري ناهي. <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980 Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d'euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142111/https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980|date=18 February 2020}}.</ref> اهي ڏکيا رهائشي حالتون خاص طور تي غير قانوني مهاجرن جي وڏي آبادي سان لاڳاپيل آهن, جيڪي جهنگلي شهرن ۾ گڏ ٿين ٿا.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/frances-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-comes-unstuck/ The Spectator – ''France's crackdown on illegal immigrants comes unstuck'' – 27 April 2023] : « ''Mayotte is the same size in land mass as the [[British Isles]] territory of the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[Irish Sea]] – 147 square miles – but whereas the latter has a population of 142,000, Mayotte's is somewhere between 350,000 and 400,000. No one knows the precise figure because of the high rate of illegal immigration. The arrivals live in shanty towns / slums, and crime and disease have risen dramatically as a result.''»</ref> == جاگرافي == == ماحول == == تاريخ == == سياست == == دفاع == == انتظامي ڊويزن == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == معيشت == == آباديات == == ثقافت == == ميڊيا == == سياحت == == قابل ذڪر ماڻهو == == پڻ ڏسو: == == نوٽ == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikiatlas}} * [https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.cg976.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.ilemayotte.com IleMayotte.com], the Mayotte Portal. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html Mayotte]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |date=21 September 2012 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] – official tourism website {{in lang|fr}} * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151046/mayottes-lagoon Mayotte] on the Earth Observatory ([[NASA]]). {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:غير جانبداري]] [[زمرو:تڪراري ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڪومورس ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪن جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ 1974 ادارا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ڪوموروس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:مڊگاسڪر جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:رياستون ۽ علائقا 1974 ۾ قائم ٿيو]] hyvpjvwa0vg7mcr89zn2k7ockvparb0 377194 377193 2026-05-12T14:50:48Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهرين لنڪس */ 377194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overseas department of France}} {{Infobox settlement |name= مئيوٽ<br>Mayotte |official_name=ڊپارٽمينٽ مئيوٽ<br>{{nobold|{{native name|fr|Département de Mayotte}}}}|settlement_type=فرانس جو اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو|image_flag=Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|flag_size=130|image_shield=Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|shield_size=100|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=Département 976 in France (zoom).svg|map_caption=|motto=|coordinates={{Coord|12|50|35|S|45|8|18|E|region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000|display=ti}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|فرانس}}|seat_type=[[صوبو|ڊپارٽمينٽ]]|seat=مامودزو|parts_type=ڊپارٽمينٽ|parts_style=list|parts=1|leader_party=|leader_title=ڊپارٽمينٽل ڪائونسل جو صدر|leader_name=بن عيسيٰ اوسني (LR)|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=374|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_rank=18th region|population_footnotes=<ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=17 January 2024 |language=fr }}</ref>|population_total=320901|population_as_of=جنوري 2024|population_density_km2=auto|population_demonym=ماهورن|timezone1=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset1=+03:00|timezone1_DST=|utc_offset1_DST=|demographics_type2=GDP|demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}</ref>|demographics2_title1=ڪل|demographics2_info1=3.786 بلين يورو (2024)|demographics2_title2=في ماڻهو|demographics2_info2=11,508 يورو (2024)|blank_name_sec2=ڪرنسي|blank_info_sec2=يورو (€) (EUR)|website=[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture]<br/>[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Departmental Council]|iso_code={{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:YT|YT]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-976]]}}|footnotes=|anthem={{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}}} '''مئيوٽ''' ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]: <small>Mayotte</small>، شيمور: <small>Maore</small>، ڪبوشي: <small>Maori</small>)، سرڪاري طور تي ميوٽ جو کاتو (فرانسيسي: <small>Département</small> <small>de</small> <small>Mayotte</small>)، [[فرانس]] جو هڪ اوورسيز کاتو ۽ علائقو ۽ واحد علائقائي اجتماعيت (<small>Collectivity</small>) آهي. اهو فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتن مان هڪ ۽ انهي سان گڏ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس جي کاتن جي حيثيت سان فرانس جي 18 علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اهو [[يورپي يونين]] جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو ۽ فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتو طور [[يورو زون|يوروزون]] جو حصو آهي. ([[eurozone]]) ميوٽ موزمبيق چينل جي اترئين حصي ۾, اولهه هندي سمنڊ ۾, ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جي ساحل کان پري, براعظم تي مڊگاسڪر ٻيٽ جي اتر اولهه حصي ۽ اتر اوڀر موزمبيق جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. ميوٽ هڪ مکيه ٻيٽ, گرانڊي-ٽيري (يا ماور), هڪ ننڍو ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري (يا پامانزي) انهي سان گڏ انهن ٻنهي جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي. ميوٽ جو زميني علائقو 374 چورس ڪلوميٽر (144 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ جنوري 2024 جي سرڪاري اندازن مطابق ان جي 3,20,901 ماڻهن جي آبادي, 858 آبادي في چورس ڪلوميٽر (2,228 في چورس ميل) سان, اهو تمام گهڻو گنجان آباد آهي. سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ صوبو وڏي گرانڊي-ٽيري تي مامودزو آهي. ڊزاؤدزي-پامانزي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ پاڙيسري ننڍڙي ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري تي واقع آهي. هن علائقي کي "ماور", ان جي مکيه ٻيٽ جو اصلي نالو, جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي ۽ اها آبادي جي وڌندڙ حصي پاران ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. 2007 جي مردم شماري ۾ 14 سالن ۽ ان کان وڏي عمر جي 63 سيڪڙو آبادي جي رپورٽنگ سان. ته اهي اهو ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783|title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées|publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]|website=INSEE|access-date=10 October 2013|language=fr}}</ref> ميوٽ جون ٻه مادري ٻوليون آهن. سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڳالهائي ويندڙ شيماور آهي. ۽ گهٽ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ملاگاسي ٻولي آهي جنهن کي ڪبوشي سڏيو ويندو آهي. جن مان ٻه لهجا آهن. ڪبوشي ساڪالاوا (ملاگاسي جي ساڪالاوا لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل) ۽ ڪبوشي انتالوٽسي (مڊگاسڪر جي انتالوترا جي ڳالهائي ويندڙ لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل). ٻئي لهجا شيماور کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. ٻيٽ پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريڪا کان آباد هئا. بعد ۾ عربن جي آمد سان. جيڪي اسلام جو مذهبي عقيدو کڻي آيا. 1500 ۾ هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي وئي. اڄ آبادي جي وڏي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي. 19 صدي ۾. ميوٽ کي اينڊريانٽسولي (مڊگاسڪر تي ايبوينا جو اڳوڻو بادشاهه) فتح ڪيو. هن 1841 ۾ ٻيٽ فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيا. ٻيٽن تي فرانسيسي خودمختياري جي فوري بعد. غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي ۽ مزدورن کي علائقي ۾ زمينن ۽ پوکي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ درآمد ڪيو ويو. ميوٽ فرانس سان گڏ رهڻ جو انتخاب ڪيو. جڏهن ته ويجهي ڪومروس پنهنجي 1974 جي آزادي جي ريفرنڊم کانپوءِ پنهنجي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، ميوٽ 31 مارچ 2010 تي فرانس جو 101 هون ڊپارٽمينٽ (پنجون فرانسيسي جمهوريه) بڻجي ويو. ۽ 1 جنوري 2014 تي يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين لاڳاپيل علائقو بڻجي ويو. 2010 ۽ 2020 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقامي سياسي زندگي ۾ غير قانوني لڏپلاڻ جو مسئلو تمام اهم بڻجي ويو. جنهن فرانس کي آپريشن وومبوشو منظم ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. 2019 ۾ سالياني آبادي ۾ %3.8 جي واڌ سان موجوده آبادي جو اڌ حصو 17 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جو هو. ان کان علاوه. آبادي جو %48 پرڏيهي شهري هو. <ref>Patrick Roger, [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620142849/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html|date=20 June 2019}}, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.</ref> گهڻا مهاجر پاڙيسري ٻيٽ رياست ڪومروس مان ايندا آهن. فرانس جو غريب ترين کاتو هجڻ جي باوجود. ميوٽ ٻين پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريقي ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ تمام گهڻو امير آهي. ۽ ان فرانسيسي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ فلاحي نظام کي ترقي ڏني آهي. ان کي ڪومورس ۽ علائقي ۾ غربت ۾ رهندڙ ٻين اوڀر آفريقي ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش منزل بڻائي ٿو.<ref>Patrick Meinhardt, [https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/15/comoros-to-accept-migrants-voluntarily-returning-from-mayotte// Comoros to accept migrants voluntarily returning from Mayotte]{{Dead link|date=April 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, Africa News, 13 August 2024.</ref> ڊپارٽمينٽ کي وڏين چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. انسٽيٽيوٽ نيشنل ڊي لا اسٽيٽسٽڪ ايٽ ڊيس ايٽيوڊز اڪونومڪس (INSEE) (نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اڪنامڪ اسٽيٽسٽڪس اسٽڊيز آف فرانس) <small>2018</small> ۾ شايع ٿيل رپورٽ موجب %<small>83</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي فرانسيسي معيارن جي مطابق غربت جي لڪير هيٺ رهي ٿي (فرانس جي ميٽروپوليٽن ۾ 16 سيڪڙو جي مقابلي ۾). 40 سيڪڙو رهائشي ڌاتوءَ جي ٺهيل شيٽ شيڪس آهن, 29 سيڪڙو گهرن ۾ پاڻي ناهي ۽ 15 کان 64 سالن جي عمر وارن 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين وٽ نوڪري ناهي. <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980 Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d'euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142111/https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980|date=18 February 2020}}.</ref> اهي ڏکيا رهائشي حالتون خاص طور تي غير قانوني مهاجرن جي وڏي آبادي سان لاڳاپيل آهن, جيڪي جهنگلي شهرن ۾ گڏ ٿين ٿا.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/frances-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-comes-unstuck/ The Spectator – ''France's crackdown on illegal immigrants comes unstuck'' – 27 April 2023] : « ''Mayotte is the same size in land mass as the [[British Isles]] territory of the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[Irish Sea]] – 147 square miles – but whereas the latter has a population of 142,000, Mayotte's is somewhere between 350,000 and 400,000. No one knows the precise figure because of the high rate of illegal immigration. The arrivals live in shanty towns / slums, and crime and disease have risen dramatically as a result.''»</ref> == جاگرافي == == ماحول == == تاريخ == == سياست == == دفاع == == انتظامي ڊويزن == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == معيشت == == آباديات == == ثقافت == == ميڊيا == == سياحت == == قابل ذڪر ماڻهو == == پڻ ڏسو: == == نوٽ == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikiatlas}} * [https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.cg976.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.ilemayotte.com IleMayotte.com], the Mayotte Portal. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html Mayotte]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |date=21 September 2012 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] – official tourism website {{in lang|fr}} * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151046/mayottes-lagoon Mayotte] on the Earth Observatory ([[NASA]]). {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:غير جانبداري]] [[زمرو:تڪراري ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڪومورس ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪن جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:ملڪ ۽ علائقا جتي فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ 1974 ادارا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ڪوموروس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:مڊگاسڪر جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:رياستون ۽ علائقا 1974 ۾ قائم ٿيو]] 72tbjnzt1avs960ty9owxhxk5p5nxg3 377208 377194 2026-05-12T15:18:20Z Memon2025 21315 377208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overseas department of France}} {{Infobox settlement |name= مئيوٽ<br>Mayotte |official_name=ڊپارٽمينٽ مئيوٽ<br>{{nobold|{{native name|fr|Département de Mayotte}}}}|settlement_type=فرانس جو اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو|image_flag=Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|flag_size=130|image_shield=Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|shield_size=100|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=Département 976 in France (zoom).svg|map_caption=|motto=|coordinates={{Coord|12|50|35|S|45|8|18|E|region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000|display=ti}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|فرانس}}|seat_type=[[صوبو|ڊپارٽمينٽ]]|seat=مامودزو|parts_type=ڊپارٽمينٽ|parts_style=list|parts=1|leader_party=|leader_title=ڊپارٽمينٽل ڪائونسل جو صدر|leader_name=بن عيسيٰ اوسني (LR)|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=374|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_rank=18th region|population_footnotes=<ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=17 January 2024 |language=fr }}</ref>|population_total=320901|population_as_of=جنوري 2024|population_density_km2=auto|population_demonym=ماهورن|timezone1=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset1=+03:00|timezone1_DST=|utc_offset1_DST=|demographics_type2=GDP|demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}</ref>|demographics2_title1=ڪل|demographics2_info1=3.786 بلين يورو (2024)|demographics2_title2=في ماڻهو|demographics2_info2=11,508 يورو (2024)|blank_name_sec2=ڪرنسي|blank_info_sec2=يورو (€) (EUR)|website=[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture]<br/>[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Departmental Council]|iso_code={{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:YT|YT]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-976]]}}|footnotes=|anthem={{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}}} '''مئيوٽ''' ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]: <small>Mayotte</small>، شيمور: <small>Maore</small>، ڪبوشي: <small>Maori</small>)، سرڪاري طور تي ميوٽ جو کاتو (فرانسيسي: <small>Département</small> <small>de</small> <small>Mayotte</small>)، [[فرانس]] جو هڪ اوورسيز کاتو ۽ علائقو ۽ واحد علائقائي اجتماعيت (<small>Collectivity</small>) آهي. اهو فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتن مان هڪ ۽ انهي سان گڏ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس جي کاتن جي حيثيت سان فرانس جي 18 علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اهو [[يورپي يونين]] جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو ۽ فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتو طور [[يورو زون|يوروزون]] جو حصو آهي. ([[eurozone]]) ميوٽ موزمبيق چينل جي اترئين حصي ۾, اولهه هندي سمنڊ ۾, ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جي ساحل کان پري, براعظم تي مڊگاسڪر ٻيٽ جي اتر اولهه حصي ۽ اتر اوڀر موزمبيق جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. ميوٽ هڪ مکيه ٻيٽ, گرانڊي-ٽيري (يا ماور), هڪ ننڍو ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري (يا پامانزي) انهي سان گڏ انهن ٻنهي جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي. ميوٽ جو زميني علائقو 374 چورس ڪلوميٽر (144 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ جنوري 2024 جي سرڪاري اندازن مطابق ان جي 3,20,901 ماڻهن جي آبادي, 858 آبادي في چورس ڪلوميٽر (2,228 في چورس ميل) سان, اهو تمام گهڻو گنجان آباد آهي. سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ صوبو وڏي گرانڊي-ٽيري تي مامودزو آهي. ڊزاؤدزي-پامانزي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ پاڙيسري ننڍڙي ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري تي واقع آهي. هن علائقي کي "ماور", ان جي مکيه ٻيٽ جو اصلي نالو, جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي ۽ اها آبادي جي وڌندڙ حصي پاران ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. 2007 جي مردم شماري ۾ 14 سالن ۽ ان کان وڏي عمر جي 63 سيڪڙو آبادي جي رپورٽنگ سان. ته اهي اهو ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783|title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées|publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]|website=INSEE|access-date=10 October 2013|language=fr}}</ref> ميوٽ جون ٻه مادري ٻوليون آهن. سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڳالهائي ويندڙ شيماور آهي. ۽ گهٽ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ملاگاسي ٻولي آهي جنهن کي ڪبوشي سڏيو ويندو آهي. جن مان ٻه لهجا آهن. ڪبوشي ساڪالاوا (ملاگاسي جي ساڪالاوا لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل) ۽ ڪبوشي انتالوٽسي (مڊگاسڪر جي انتالوترا جي ڳالهائي ويندڙ لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل). ٻئي لهجا شيماور کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. ٻيٽ پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريڪا کان آباد هئا. بعد ۾ عربن جي آمد سان. جيڪي اسلام جو مذهبي عقيدو کڻي آيا. 1500 ۾ هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي وئي. اڄ آبادي جي وڏي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي. 19 صدي ۾. ميوٽ کي اينڊريانٽسولي (مڊگاسڪر تي ايبوينا جو اڳوڻو بادشاهه) فتح ڪيو. هن 1841 ۾ ٻيٽ فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيا. ٻيٽن تي فرانسيسي خودمختياري جي فوري بعد. غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي ۽ مزدورن کي علائقي ۾ زمينن ۽ پوکي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ درآمد ڪيو ويو. ميوٽ فرانس سان گڏ رهڻ جو انتخاب ڪيو. جڏهن ته ويجهي ڪومروس پنهنجي 1974 جي آزادي جي ريفرنڊم کانپوءِ پنهنجي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، ميوٽ 31 مارچ 2010 تي فرانس جو 101 هون ڊپارٽمينٽ (پنجون فرانسيسي جمهوريه) بڻجي ويو. ۽ 1 جنوري 2014 تي يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين لاڳاپيل علائقو بڻجي ويو. 2010 ۽ 2020 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقامي سياسي زندگي ۾ غير قانوني لڏپلاڻ جو مسئلو تمام اهم بڻجي ويو. جنهن فرانس کي آپريشن وومبوشو منظم ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. 2019 ۾ سالياني آبادي ۾ %3.8 جي واڌ سان موجوده آبادي جو اڌ حصو 17 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جو هو. ان کان علاوه. آبادي جو %48 پرڏيهي شهري هو. <ref>Patrick Roger, [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620142849/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html|date=20 June 2019}}, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.</ref> گهڻا مهاجر پاڙيسري ٻيٽ رياست ڪومروس مان ايندا آهن. فرانس جو غريب ترين کاتو هجڻ جي باوجود. ميوٽ ٻين پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريقي ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ تمام گهڻو امير آهي. ۽ ان فرانسيسي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ فلاحي نظام کي ترقي ڏني آهي. ان کي ڪومورس ۽ علائقي ۾ غربت ۾ رهندڙ ٻين اوڀر آفريقي ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش منزل بڻائي ٿو.<ref>Patrick Meinhardt, [https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/15/comoros-to-accept-migrants-voluntarily-returning-from-mayotte// Comoros to accept migrants voluntarily returning from Mayotte]{{Dead link|date=April 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, Africa News, 13 August 2024.</ref> ڊپارٽمينٽ کي وڏين چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. انسٽيٽيوٽ نيشنل ڊي لا اسٽيٽسٽڪ ايٽ ڊيس ايٽيوڊز اڪونومڪس (INSEE) (نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اڪنامڪ اسٽيٽسٽڪس اسٽڊيز آف فرانس) <small>2018</small> ۾ شايع ٿيل رپورٽ موجب %<small>83</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي فرانسيسي معيارن جي مطابق غربت جي لڪير هيٺ رهي ٿي (فرانس جي ميٽروپوليٽن ۾ 16 سيڪڙو جي مقابلي ۾). 40 سيڪڙو رهائشي ڌاتوءَ جي ٺهيل شيٽ شيڪس آهن, 29 سيڪڙو گهرن ۾ پاڻي ناهي ۽ 15 کان 64 سالن جي عمر وارن 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين وٽ نوڪري ناهي. <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980 Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d'euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142111/https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980|date=18 February 2020}}.</ref> اهي ڏکيا رهائشي حالتون خاص طور تي غير قانوني مهاجرن جي وڏي آبادي سان لاڳاپيل آهن, جيڪي جهنگلي شهرن ۾ گڏ ٿين ٿا.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/frances-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-comes-unstuck/ The Spectator – ''France's crackdown on illegal immigrants comes unstuck'' – 27 April 2023] : « ''Mayotte is the same size in land mass as the [[British Isles]] territory of the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[Irish Sea]] – 147 square miles – but whereas the latter has a population of 142,000, Mayotte's is somewhere between 350,000 and 400,000. No one knows the precise figure because of the high rate of illegal immigration. The arrivals live in shanty towns / slums, and crime and disease have risen dramatically as a result.''»</ref> == جاگرافي == == ماحول == == تاريخ == == سياست == == دفاع == == انتظامي ڊويزن == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == معيشت == == آباديات == == ثقافت == == ميڊيا == == سياحت == == قابل ذڪر ماڻهو == == پڻ ڏسو: == == نوٽ == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikiatlas}} * [https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.cg976.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.ilemayotte.com IleMayotte.com], the Mayotte Portal. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html Mayotte]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |date=21 September 2012 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] – official tourism website {{in lang|fr}} * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151046/mayottes-lagoon Mayotte] on the Earth Observatory ([[NASA]]). {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:تڪراري ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪن جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ 1974 ادارا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ڪوموروس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:مڊگاسڪر جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:رياستون ۽ علائقا 1974 ۾ قائم ٿيو]] pzzr3b2rqh0r3agq0lwzlzlcebbtwv0 377214 377208 2026-05-12T15:24:45Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهرين لنڪس */ 377214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overseas department of France}} {{Infobox settlement |name= مئيوٽ<br>Mayotte |official_name=ڊپارٽمينٽ مئيوٽ<br>{{nobold|{{native name|fr|Département de Mayotte}}}}|settlement_type=فرانس جو اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو|image_flag=Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|flag_size=130|image_shield=Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|shield_size=100|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=Département 976 in France (zoom).svg|map_caption=|motto=|coordinates={{Coord|12|50|35|S|45|8|18|E|region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000|display=ti}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|فرانس}}|seat_type=[[صوبو|ڊپارٽمينٽ]]|seat=مامودزو|parts_type=ڊپارٽمينٽ|parts_style=list|parts=1|leader_party=|leader_title=ڊپارٽمينٽل ڪائونسل جو صدر|leader_name=بن عيسيٰ اوسني (LR)|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=374|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_rank=18th region|population_footnotes=<ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=17 January 2024 |language=fr }}</ref>|population_total=320901|population_as_of=جنوري 2024|population_density_km2=auto|population_demonym=ماهورن|timezone1=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset1=+03:00|timezone1_DST=|utc_offset1_DST=|demographics_type2=GDP|demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}</ref>|demographics2_title1=ڪل|demographics2_info1=3.786 بلين يورو (2024)|demographics2_title2=في ماڻهو|demographics2_info2=11,508 يورو (2024)|blank_name_sec2=ڪرنسي|blank_info_sec2=يورو (€) (EUR)|website=[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture]<br/>[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Departmental Council]|iso_code={{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:YT|YT]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-976]]}}|footnotes=|anthem={{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}}} '''مئيوٽ''' ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]: <small>Mayotte</small>، شيمور: <small>Maore</small>، ڪبوشي: <small>Maori</small>)، سرڪاري طور تي ميوٽ جو کاتو (فرانسيسي: <small>Département</small> <small>de</small> <small>Mayotte</small>)، [[فرانس]] جو هڪ اوورسيز کاتو ۽ علائقو ۽ واحد علائقائي اجتماعيت (<small>Collectivity</small>) آهي. اهو فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتن مان هڪ ۽ انهي سان گڏ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس جي کاتن جي حيثيت سان فرانس جي 18 علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اهو [[يورپي يونين]] جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو ۽ فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتو طور [[يورو زون|يوروزون]] جو حصو آهي. ([[eurozone]]) ميوٽ موزمبيق چينل جي اترئين حصي ۾, اولهه هندي سمنڊ ۾, ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جي ساحل کان پري, براعظم تي مڊگاسڪر ٻيٽ جي اتر اولهه حصي ۽ اتر اوڀر موزمبيق جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. ميوٽ هڪ مکيه ٻيٽ, گرانڊي-ٽيري (يا ماور), هڪ ننڍو ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري (يا پامانزي) انهي سان گڏ انهن ٻنهي جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي. ميوٽ جو زميني علائقو 374 چورس ڪلوميٽر (144 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ جنوري 2024 جي سرڪاري اندازن مطابق ان جي 3,20,901 ماڻهن جي آبادي, 858 آبادي في چورس ڪلوميٽر (2,228 في چورس ميل) سان, اهو تمام گهڻو گنجان آباد آهي. سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ صوبو وڏي گرانڊي-ٽيري تي مامودزو آهي. ڊزاؤدزي-پامانزي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ پاڙيسري ننڍڙي ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري تي واقع آهي. هن علائقي کي "ماور", ان جي مکيه ٻيٽ جو اصلي نالو, جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي ۽ اها آبادي جي وڌندڙ حصي پاران ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. 2007 جي مردم شماري ۾ 14 سالن ۽ ان کان وڏي عمر جي 63 سيڪڙو آبادي جي رپورٽنگ سان. ته اهي اهو ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783|title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées|publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]|website=INSEE|access-date=10 October 2013|language=fr}}</ref> ميوٽ جون ٻه مادري ٻوليون آهن. سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڳالهائي ويندڙ شيماور آهي. ۽ گهٽ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ملاگاسي ٻولي آهي جنهن کي ڪبوشي سڏيو ويندو آهي. جن مان ٻه لهجا آهن. ڪبوشي ساڪالاوا (ملاگاسي جي ساڪالاوا لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل) ۽ ڪبوشي انتالوٽسي (مڊگاسڪر جي انتالوترا جي ڳالهائي ويندڙ لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل). ٻئي لهجا شيماور کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. ٻيٽ پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريڪا کان آباد هئا. بعد ۾ عربن جي آمد سان. جيڪي اسلام جو مذهبي عقيدو کڻي آيا. 1500 ۾ هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي وئي. اڄ آبادي جي وڏي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي. 19 صدي ۾. ميوٽ کي اينڊريانٽسولي (مڊگاسڪر تي ايبوينا جو اڳوڻو بادشاهه) فتح ڪيو. هن 1841 ۾ ٻيٽ فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيا. ٻيٽن تي فرانسيسي خودمختياري جي فوري بعد. غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي ۽ مزدورن کي علائقي ۾ زمينن ۽ پوکي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ درآمد ڪيو ويو. ميوٽ فرانس سان گڏ رهڻ جو انتخاب ڪيو. جڏهن ته ويجهي ڪومروس پنهنجي 1974 جي آزادي جي ريفرنڊم کانپوءِ پنهنجي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، ميوٽ 31 مارچ 2010 تي فرانس جو 101 هون ڊپارٽمينٽ (پنجون فرانسيسي جمهوريه) بڻجي ويو. ۽ 1 جنوري 2014 تي يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين لاڳاپيل علائقو بڻجي ويو. 2010 ۽ 2020 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقامي سياسي زندگي ۾ غير قانوني لڏپلاڻ جو مسئلو تمام اهم بڻجي ويو. جنهن فرانس کي آپريشن وومبوشو منظم ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. 2019 ۾ سالياني آبادي ۾ %3.8 جي واڌ سان موجوده آبادي جو اڌ حصو 17 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جو هو. ان کان علاوه. آبادي جو %48 پرڏيهي شهري هو. <ref>Patrick Roger, [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620142849/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html|date=20 June 2019}}, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.</ref> گهڻا مهاجر پاڙيسري ٻيٽ رياست ڪومروس مان ايندا آهن. فرانس جو غريب ترين کاتو هجڻ جي باوجود. ميوٽ ٻين پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريقي ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ تمام گهڻو امير آهي. ۽ ان فرانسيسي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ فلاحي نظام کي ترقي ڏني آهي. ان کي ڪومورس ۽ علائقي ۾ غربت ۾ رهندڙ ٻين اوڀر آفريقي ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش منزل بڻائي ٿو.<ref>Patrick Meinhardt, [https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/15/comoros-to-accept-migrants-voluntarily-returning-from-mayotte// Comoros to accept migrants voluntarily returning from Mayotte]{{Dead link|date=April 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, Africa News, 13 August 2024.</ref> ڊپارٽمينٽ کي وڏين چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. انسٽيٽيوٽ نيشنل ڊي لا اسٽيٽسٽڪ ايٽ ڊيس ايٽيوڊز اڪونومڪس (INSEE) (نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اڪنامڪ اسٽيٽسٽڪس اسٽڊيز آف فرانس) <small>2018</small> ۾ شايع ٿيل رپورٽ موجب %<small>83</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي فرانسيسي معيارن جي مطابق غربت جي لڪير هيٺ رهي ٿي (فرانس جي ميٽروپوليٽن ۾ 16 سيڪڙو جي مقابلي ۾). 40 سيڪڙو رهائشي ڌاتوءَ جي ٺهيل شيٽ شيڪس آهن, 29 سيڪڙو گهرن ۾ پاڻي ناهي ۽ 15 کان 64 سالن جي عمر وارن 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين وٽ نوڪري ناهي. <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980 Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d'euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142111/https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980|date=18 February 2020}}.</ref> اهي ڏکيا رهائشي حالتون خاص طور تي غير قانوني مهاجرن جي وڏي آبادي سان لاڳاپيل آهن, جيڪي جهنگلي شهرن ۾ گڏ ٿين ٿا.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/frances-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-comes-unstuck/ The Spectator – ''France's crackdown on illegal immigrants comes unstuck'' – 27 April 2023] : « ''Mayotte is the same size in land mass as the [[British Isles]] territory of the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[Irish Sea]] – 147 square miles – but whereas the latter has a population of 142,000, Mayotte's is somewhere between 350,000 and 400,000. No one knows the precise figure because of the high rate of illegal immigration. The arrivals live in shanty towns / slums, and crime and disease have risen dramatically as a result.''»</ref> == جاگرافي == == ماحول == == تاريخ == == سياست == == دفاع == == انتظامي ڊويزن == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == معيشت == == آباديات == == ثقافت == == ميڊيا == == سياحت == == قابل ذڪر ماڻهو == == پڻ ڏسو: == == نوٽ == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikiatlas}} * [https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.cg976.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.ilemayotte.com IleMayotte.com], the Mayotte Portal. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html Mayotte]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |date=21 September 2012 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] – official tourism website {{in lang|fr}} * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151046/mayottes-lagoon Mayotte] on the Earth Observatory ([[NASA]]). {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪن جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ 1974 ادارا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ڪوموروس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:مڊگاسڪر جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:رياستون ۽ علائقا 1974 ۾ قائم ٿيو]] ccdbl58sthsajcwjxi00r30n5zccmz8 377215 377214 2026-05-12T15:25:44Z Memon2025 21315 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 377215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overseas department of France}} {{Infobox settlement |name= مئيوٽ<br>Mayotte |official_name=ڊپارٽمينٽ مئيوٽ<br>{{nobold|{{native name|fr|Département de Mayotte}}}}|settlement_type=فرانس جو اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو|image_flag=Flag of Mayotte (Local).svg|flag_size=130|image_shield=Coat of Arms of Mayotte.svg|shield_size=100|image_blank_emblem=|blank_emblem_size=|image_map=Département 976 in France (zoom).svg|map_caption=|motto=|coordinates={{Coord|12|50|35|S|45|8|18|E|region:FR-TF_type:isle_scale:500000|display=ti}}|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|فرانس}}|seat_type=[[صوبو|ڊپارٽمينٽ]]|seat=مامودزو|parts_type=ڊپارٽمينٽ|parts_style=list|parts=1|leader_party=|leader_title=ڊپارٽمينٽل ڪائونسل جو صدر|leader_name=بن عيسيٰ اوسني (LR)|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=374|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_rank=18th region|population_footnotes=<ref name=pop>{{Cite web |title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2024 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/7752095/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2024.xls |access-date=17 January 2024 |language=fr }}</ref>|population_total=320901|population_as_of=جنوري 2024|population_density_km2=auto|population_demonym=ماهورن|timezone1=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]|utc_offset1=+03:00|timezone1_DST=|utc_offset1_DST=|demographics_type2=GDP|demographics2_footnotes=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en|title=EU regions by GDP, Eurostat}}</ref>|demographics2_title1=ڪل|demographics2_info1=3.786 بلين يورو (2024)|demographics2_title2=في ماڻهو|demographics2_info2=11,508 يورو (2024)|blank_name_sec2=ڪرنسي|blank_info_sec2=يورو (€) (EUR)|website=[https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture]<br/>[https://www.mayotte.fr/ Departmental Council]|iso_code={{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:YT|YT]]|[[ISO 3166-2:FR|FR-976]]}}|footnotes=|anthem={{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}}<br/>{{Small|("The Marseillaise")}}<br/>{{Center|[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}}} '''مئيوٽ''' ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]: <small>Mayotte</small>، شيمور: <small>Maore</small>، ڪبوشي: <small>Maori</small>)، سرڪاري طور تي ميوٽ جو کاتو (فرانسيسي: <small>Département</small> <small>de</small> <small>Mayotte</small>)، [[فرانس]] جو هڪ اوورسيز کاتو ۽ علائقو ۽ واحد علائقائي اجتماعيت (<small>Collectivity</small>) آهي. اهو فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتن مان هڪ ۽ انهي سان گڏ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس جي کاتن جي حيثيت سان فرانس جي 18 علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اهو [[يورپي يونين]] جو هڪ ٻاهرين علائقو ۽ فرانس جي اوورسيز کاتو طور [[يورو زون|يوروزون]] جو حصو آهي. ([[eurozone]]) ميوٽ موزمبيق چينل جي اترئين حصي ۾, اولهه هندي سمنڊ ۾, ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جي ساحل کان پري, براعظم تي مڊگاسڪر ٻيٽ جي اتر اولهه حصي ۽ اتر اوڀر موزمبيق جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. ميوٽ هڪ مکيه ٻيٽ, گرانڊي-ٽيري (يا ماور), هڪ ننڍو ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري (يا پامانزي) انهي سان گڏ انهن ٻنهي جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي. ميوٽ جو زميني علائقو 374 چورس ڪلوميٽر (144 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ جنوري 2024 جي سرڪاري اندازن مطابق ان جي 3,20,901 ماڻهن جي آبادي, 858 آبادي في چورس ڪلوميٽر (2,228 في چورس ميل) سان, اهو تمام گهڻو گنجان آباد آهي. سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ صوبو وڏي گرانڊي-ٽيري تي مامودزو آهي. ڊزاؤدزي-پامانزي انٽرنيشنل ايئرپورٽ پاڙيسري ننڍڙي ٻيٽ پيٽيٽ-ٽيري تي واقع آهي. هن علائقي کي "ماور", ان جي مکيه ٻيٽ جو اصلي نالو, جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. فرانسيسي سرڪاري ٻولي آهي ۽ اها آبادي جي وڌندڙ حصي پاران ٻي ٻولي طور ڳالهائي ويندي آهي. 2007 جي مردم شماري ۾ 14 سالن ۽ ان کان وڏي عمر جي 63 سيڪڙو آبادي جي رپورٽنگ سان. ته اهي اهو ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="language">{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783|title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées|publisher=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]|website=INSEE|access-date=10 October 2013|language=fr}}</ref> ميوٽ جون ٻه مادري ٻوليون آهن. سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڳالهائي ويندڙ شيماور آهي. ۽ گهٽ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ملاگاسي ٻولي آهي جنهن کي ڪبوشي سڏيو ويندو آهي. جن مان ٻه لهجا آهن. ڪبوشي ساڪالاوا (ملاگاسي جي ساڪالاوا لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل) ۽ ڪبوشي انتالوٽسي (مڊگاسڪر جي انتالوترا جي ڳالهائي ويندڙ لهجي سان تمام گهڻو ويجهڙائي سان لاڳاپيل). ٻئي لهجا شيماور کان متاثر ٿيا آهن. ٻيٽ پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريڪا کان آباد هئا. بعد ۾ عربن جي آمد سان. جيڪي اسلام جو مذهبي عقيدو کڻي آيا. 1500 ۾ هڪ سلطنت قائم ڪئي وئي. اڄ آبادي جي وڏي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي. 19 صدي ۾. ميوٽ کي اينڊريانٽسولي (مڊگاسڪر تي ايبوينا جو اڳوڻو بادشاهه) فتح ڪيو. هن 1841 ۾ ٻيٽ فرانس کي وڪرو ڪيا. ٻيٽن تي فرانسيسي خودمختياري جي فوري بعد. غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي ۽ مزدورن کي علائقي ۾ زمينن ۽ پوکي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ درآمد ڪيو ويو. ميوٽ فرانس سان گڏ رهڻ جو انتخاب ڪيو. جڏهن ته ويجهي ڪومروس پنهنجي 1974 جي آزادي جي ريفرنڊم کانپوءِ پنهنجي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، ميوٽ 31 مارچ 2010 تي فرانس جو 101 هون ڊپارٽمينٽ (پنجون فرانسيسي جمهوريه) بڻجي ويو. ۽ 1 جنوري 2014 تي يورپي يونين جو هڪ ٻاهرين لاڳاپيل علائقو بڻجي ويو. 2010 ۽ 2020 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مقامي سياسي زندگي ۾ غير قانوني لڏپلاڻ جو مسئلو تمام اهم بڻجي ويو. جنهن فرانس کي آپريشن وومبوشو منظم ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. 2019 ۾ سالياني آبادي ۾ %3.8 جي واڌ سان موجوده آبادي جو اڌ حصو 17 سالن کان گهٽ عمر جو هو. ان کان علاوه. آبادي جو %48 پرڏيهي شهري هو. <ref>Patrick Roger, [https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620142849/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2019/06/20/le-gouvernement-craint-un-regain-des-tensions-sociales-a-mayotte_5479000_823448.html|date=20 June 2019}}, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.</ref> گهڻا مهاجر پاڙيسري ٻيٽ رياست ڪومروس مان ايندا آهن. فرانس جو غريب ترين کاتو هجڻ جي باوجود. ميوٽ ٻين پاڙيسري اوڀر آفريقي ملڪن جي ڀيٽ ۾ تمام گهڻو امير آهي. ۽ ان فرانسيسي انفراسٽرڪچر ۽ فلاحي نظام کي ترقي ڏني آهي. ان کي ڪومورس ۽ علائقي ۾ غربت ۾ رهندڙ ٻين اوڀر آفريقي ماڻهن لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش منزل بڻائي ٿو.<ref>Patrick Meinhardt, [https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/15/comoros-to-accept-migrants-voluntarily-returning-from-mayotte// Comoros to accept migrants voluntarily returning from Mayotte]{{Dead link|date=April 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}, Africa News, 13 August 2024.</ref> ڊپارٽمينٽ کي وڏين چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. انسٽيٽيوٽ نيشنل ڊي لا اسٽيٽسٽڪ ايٽ ڊيس ايٽيوڊز اڪونومڪس (INSEE) (نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اڪنامڪ اسٽيٽسٽڪس اسٽڊيز آف فرانس) <small>2018</small> ۾ شايع ٿيل رپورٽ موجب %<small>83</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي فرانسيسي معيارن جي مطابق غربت جي لڪير هيٺ رهي ٿي (فرانس جي ميٽروپوليٽن ۾ 16 سيڪڙو جي مقابلي ۾). 40 سيڪڙو رهائشي ڌاتوءَ جي ٺهيل شيٽ شيڪس آهن, 29 سيڪڙو گهرن ۾ پاڻي ناهي ۽ 15 کان 64 سالن جي عمر وارن 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين وٽ نوڪري ناهي. <ref>[https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980 Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d'euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218142111/https://www.ouest-france.fr/mayotte/mayotte-le-gouvernement-annonce-1-9-million-d-euros-pour-le-plan-pauvrete-mayotte-6720980|date=18 February 2020}}.</ref> اهي ڏکيا رهائشي حالتون خاص طور تي غير قانوني مهاجرن جي وڏي آبادي سان لاڳاپيل آهن, جيڪي جهنگلي شهرن ۾ گڏ ٿين ٿا.<ref>[https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/frances-crackdown-on-illegal-immigrants-comes-unstuck/ The Spectator – ''France's crackdown on illegal immigrants comes unstuck'' – 27 April 2023] : « ''Mayotte is the same size in land mass as the [[British Isles]] territory of the [[Isle of Wight]] in the [[Irish Sea]] – 147 square miles – but whereas the latter has a population of 142,000, Mayotte's is somewhere between 350,000 and 400,000. No one knows the precise figure because of the high rate of illegal immigration. The arrivals live in shanty towns / slums, and crime and disease have risen dramatically as a result.''»</ref> == جاگرافي == == ماحول == == تاريخ == == سياست == == دفاع == == انتظامي ڊويزن == == ٽرانسپورٽ == == معيشت == == آباديات == == ثقافت == == ميڊيا == == سياحت == == قابل ذڪر ماڻهو == ==پڻ ڏسو== == نوٽ == ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{Commons}} {{Wikivoyage}} * {{Wikiatlas}} * [https://www.mayotte.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website] {{in lang|fr}} * [https://www.cg976.fr/ Departmental Council website] {{in lang|fr}} * [http://www.ilemayotte.com IleMayotte.com], the Mayotte Portal. * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html Mayotte]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |date=21 September 2012 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [http://www.mayotte-tourisme.com/ Comité du tourisme de Mayotte] – official tourism website {{in lang|fr}} * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/151046/mayottes-lagoon Mayotte] on the Earth Observatory ([[NASA]]). {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ميئوٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ٻيٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪن جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ تڪراري علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ اوڀر آفريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ منحصر علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز مجموعا]] [[زمرو:هندي سمنڊ جا ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين جا ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ]] [[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اوورسيز ڊپارٽمينٽ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا ۾ 1974 ادارا]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:ڪوموروس جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:مڊگاسڪر جا علائقائي تڪرار]] [[زمرو:رياستون ۽ علائقا 1974 ۾ قائم ٿيو]] hk15zhkem54k7g7e1nib3yvsqtghdul 0 96297 377257 377124 2026-05-12T22:40:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت US$795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "Limited" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي NASDAQ تي DELL ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 8r6vc4jrhvs10pwx8sj4uje5pq7819x 377258 377257 2026-05-12T22:43:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 377258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 48wtdo9vjlxomyzw6pzre4q0gedy5qo 377259 377258 2026-05-12T22:50:02Z Intisar Ali 8681 377259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." Dell, inc. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 30q7ug8sgg4x4v48amdfjvh2f51eklb 377260 377259 2026-05-12T22:53:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 377260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 0obezrosiphy5fi2xckahxgyr1wcvls 377261 377260 2026-05-12T22:56:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 377261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 6jbb1f4ploc7z6rh70lf9o1bol82rrp 377262 377261 2026-05-12T22:59:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 377262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 8pkv48344xan0iksm6aysi1gqngfpcx 377263 377262 2026-05-12T23:03:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 377263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] midtq7kxtbdheograzqo25omq5ixpwj 377264 377263 2026-05-12T23:07:32Z Intisar Ali 8681 377264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2021|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2021|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] mvyfgcvdo3w6g0cjno7v48n810h01qc 377265 377264 2026-05-12T23:10:05Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ */ 377265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] i20hmlh81xbbiw7z2anssxbkbn5qaka 377266 377265 2026-05-12T23:12:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 377266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 5ilm5iz27k41qrn2yw78n0tdf20o9p5 377267 377266 2026-05-12T23:14:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 377267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 2vj5qvh6jed579mt379ys8j2i1efuhj 377268 377267 2026-05-12T23:17:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 377268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] iren5gg7jql4azrkhym9jo5cwn3qhri 377269 377268 2026-05-12T23:21:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 377269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> {{as of|2013}} ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي Most Desired Brands رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 93x22u55a2kej1v8702g0o2qkzf3r7w 377270 377269 2026-05-12T23:27:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* ڊيل جون سهولتون */ 377270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي Most Desired Brands رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --> * {{Official website}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ڊيل]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] [[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] [[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] [[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]] [[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] [[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] [[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]] 60zfx4oanorf6b0p9b3iayns55wnk8n 377271 377270 2026-05-12T23:28:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 377271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي گهڻ قومي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني}} {{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox company | name = Dell Inc. | logo = Dell logo 2016.svg | logo_class = logo-nobg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}} | logo_upright = 0.65 | image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر | former_name = {{Ubl | پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987) | ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003) }} | type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]] | traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان) | industry = {{Ubl | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]] }} | fate = | founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾ | founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] | location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] | hq_location_country = آمريڪا<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | title = Dell Company Profile | access-date = July 28, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&l=en&s=corp | archive-date = January 19, 2012 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | area_served = سڄي دنيا | key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}} | products = {{unbulleted list | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]] | [[پرديهي اوزار]] }} | parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو) | revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024) | operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024) | net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024) | assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024) | equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024) | num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}</ref> | website = {{official url}} }} '''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (<small>Dell Inc</small>)، اڳوڻي '''<small>ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن</small>'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (<small>PCs</small>)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (<small>Servers</small>)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي. [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.<ref name="bw1103">{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="statesman">{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}</ref> ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}</ref> ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔<ref name="reut">{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔<ref>{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}</ref> بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]] {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 150 | image1 = Dell 1984.svg | alt1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | caption1 = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو | image2 = Dell logo.svg | alt2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | caption2 = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو | image3 = Dell Logo.svg | alt3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين | caption3 = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين }} ===بنياد ۽ شروعات=== [[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]] [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،<ref>{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}</ref> ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors & Technology Solutions &#124; Dell USA}}</ref> ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref> ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔<ref name="delltimeline">{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔<ref>{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> 1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر "ٽربو پي سي" متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔<ref>{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}</ref> ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&nbsp;MHz ھئي۔<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔<ref name="welch19860127">{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني "PC's Limited" نالو ختم ڪري "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن" اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ "لميٽيڊ" جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔<ref name="ferrell198708">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}</ref> ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}</ref> ===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ=== [[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]] 1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔ 1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ "ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو"۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي "ڊيٽابيس انجڻ" سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: "اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي"۔<ref name="pope19930702">{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> 1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔<ref name="mhhe.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔ 1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="lohr19940222">{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}</ref> شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔<ref name="delltimeline" /> جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔<ref name="mhhe.com"/> {| class="wikitable floatright" |+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}</ref> !سال !آمدني (ملين آمريڪي ڊالر) !ملازمن جو تعداد |- |1990 |546 |2,050 |- |1991 |889 |2,970 |- |1992 |2,013 |4,650 |- |1993 |2,873 |5,980 |- |1994 |3,475 |6,400 |- |1995 |5,296 |8,400 |- |1996 |7,759 |10,350 |- |1997 |12,327 |16,000 |- |1998 |18,243 |24,400 |- |1999 |25,256 |36,500 |} 1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔<ref name="ZDA">ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔<ref>Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.</ref> 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can "the Model" stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔<ref name="bw1103"/> 2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma">{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو "ڊيل انڪ." ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma" /> رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}</ref> ===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون=== [[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]] 2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔<ref name="BW0206">Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref> جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔<ref name="nytimes2006">{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔<ref name="ZDA"/> ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔<ref name="nytimes2006"/> ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔<ref name="autogenerated1"/> عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref> ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،<ref name="ReferenceB"></ref> پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.<ref name="director1">{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref> پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.<ref name="CNNMoney-dilemma"></ref><ref name="director1"></ref><ref>مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref> آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.<ref name="bw1103"></ref> ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.<ref name="news.cnet.com"></ref> 2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري "bloatware" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان "Dell Hell" کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.<ref name="nytimes2006"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> 2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.<ref name="BW0206"></ref><ref>CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}</ref> ====ايس اي سي جاچ==== آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9002535&source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}</ref> ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &#124; News for Dallas, Texas &#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}</ref> Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،<ref>{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title="Dell to restate results after finding manipulation," Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}</ref> جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي "سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي." ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}</ref> ===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي=== پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.<ref name="Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> 1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> ڊيل "ڊيل 2.0" نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.<ref name="director1"></ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.<ref name="ReferenceA"></ref> مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي "ڊيل 2.0" شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ "[[بيوروڪريسي]]" گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو. <ref>{{cite news | author1 = Seggewiss, Krista | author2 = Hill, Bert | title = The Dell dream dies | url = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | date = April 24, 2008 | work = Ottawa Citizen | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2 | archive-date = January 26, 2009 | url-status = dead | access-date = May 27, 2009 | quote = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}</ref> ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.<ref>{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}</ref> 2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو "آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ" طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.<ref name="statesman"></ref><ref name="statesman1">{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}</ref> ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،<ref>{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theregister.co.uk">The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012</ref><ref name="bizjournals.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}</ref> گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.<ref name="statesman1"></ref> 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.<ref>FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.</ref> ===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون=== [[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]] [[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="beta.fool">{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}</ref> ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 "Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout"]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013</ref> گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.<ref>[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ "PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel"]. ''channelregister.co.uk''.</ref> ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،<ref>{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.<ref name="beta.fool" /><ref name="chron.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}</ref> هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،<ref name="chron.com"/> ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="economist">{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}</ref> ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}</ref> ===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو=== ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.<ref name="buyout">{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="buyout2">{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="buyout2"/> فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.<ref name="buyout3"/> ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.<ref name="buyout3">{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing "Deteriorating" Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref> ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.<ref name="bloomberg.com"/> تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.<ref name="Gelles">{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}</ref> مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.<ref>Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 "Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer"]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.</ref> ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 "Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal"]. ''Reuters''.</ref> 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي<ref>[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 "Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout"]. ''WIRED''. September 2013</ref> ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو. باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}</ref> ===اي ايم سي جي خريداري=== 19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}</ref> 12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="bbc-dellemc" /> هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.<ref name=Dell-EMC>{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}</ref> ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.<ref name=wsj-emcdell>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=nyt-emcdell>{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=bbc-dellemc>{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref> هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.<ref name=WSJ-20130329>{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}</ref> اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو<ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08>{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}</ref> تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13>{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}</ref> اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.<ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}</ref> تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.<ref name=FT-2015-10-12>{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}</ref> خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.<ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/><ref name=Economist-2015-10-12>{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}</ref> تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.<ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“<ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08>{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}</ref> ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.<ref name=Register-2015-10-09>{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}</ref> اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.<ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13>{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}</ref> ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.<ref>{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s |title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}</ref> ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister>{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK) |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ=== جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Dell-EMC" /> نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}</ref> آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=wsjemcdell>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}</ref> جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.<ref name="Dell-EMC" /> جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.<ref name="Yahoo Finance">{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote & History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> 1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}</ref> آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي === جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.</ref> ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔ [[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref> اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: "ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔" 23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔ 1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Tom | last = Krazit | title = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale | url = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top | work = CNET News | publisher = CBS Interactive | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = November 1, 2006 | quote = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement. }}</ref> 2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔<ref>{{cite web | first = Old Dell | last = Laptop Reviews | title = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook | url = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/ | work = Old Dell Laptop Reviews | publisher = | hq_location = | page = | pages = | doi = | date = February 24, 2018 | quote = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs. }}</ref> === ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس === 1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت "واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي" موجود هئي۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page |author=Consumer Project on Technology |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/ |archive-date = November 6, 2002 }}</ref> شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي "انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا"،<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل "پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني" بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |title = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo |author = Michael Dell |date = August 15, 2000 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf |archive-date = May 22, 2010 }}</ref> بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل "پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو"۔<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/ |title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&nbsp;&mdash; States |author=Andrew Orlowski |website=[[دي رجسٽر]] |date= March 19, 2002 }}</ref> 26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}</ref> 28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔<ref>[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&l=en&s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}</ref> 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |title = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu |author = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux) |date = April 18, 2007 |access-date = June 6, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html |archive-date = June 22, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}</ref> 24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔<ref>{{cite web | url = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx | title = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04 | first = Lionel | last = Menchaca | date = May 24, 2008 | work = Direct2Dell blog | publisher = | doi = | access-date = October 21, 2009 | quote = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook. }}</ref> == ڪارپوريٽ معاملا == === ڪاروباري رجحان === ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب) !ملازم (هزار)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> |- |2016 |50.5 |<span style="color:red;">−1.1</span> |101 |- |2017 |61.5 |<span style="color:red;">−3.6</span> |138 |- |2018 |79.1 |<span style="color:red;">−2.8</span> |145 |- |2019 |90.3 |<span style="color:red;">−2.3</span> |157 |- |2020 |91.9 |4.6 |165 |- |2021 |86.7 |2.2 |158 |- |2022 |101 |4.9 |133 |- |2023 |101 |2.4 |133 |- |2024 |88.4 |3.2 |120 |} === سينيئر قيادت === ==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ==== # [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– ) ==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ==== # مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004) # [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007) # مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور == ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا == * '''Be direct''' (1998–2001) * '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004) * '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005) * '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006) * '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007) * '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011) * '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}</ref> * '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> == حصول == {{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست |- !scope="col"| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني !scope="col"| حصول جي تاريخ !scope="col" class="unsortable"| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس !scope="col"| حوالا |- !scope="row"| [[ايلين ويئر]] |{{Date table sorting|2006}} | گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || <ref>{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}</ref><ref>WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.</ref><ref name="AW">{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]] | {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}} | [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] | {{Date table sorting|2009}} | پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || <ref name="Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]] | {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}} | ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| بومي | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}} | ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||<ref name="htanna">{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]] | {{Date table sorting|February 2011}} | هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس | {{Date table sorting|August 2011}} | هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || <ref name="reg10">{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}</ref> |- !scope="row"| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر | {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}} | ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||<ref name="Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}</ref> |} == ڊيل جون سهولتون == ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address]." Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.</ref> بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،<ref name="AS">Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013</ref> جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.<ref name="GreenHQ">Staff. "[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free]." ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.<ref>Jacobs, Janet. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,"</ref> ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.<ref name="PopeDis">Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people."</ref><ref>''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. "Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759."</ref> 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.<ref>Pope, Kyle. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum."</ref> 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.<ref name="PopeDis"/> 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان "ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين" هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994."</ref> [[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]] 1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.<ref name="HQMoving">Ladendorf, Kirk. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. "Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters."</ref> 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.<ref>Mahoney, Jerry. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex]." ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.<ref name="Subleaselascimas">"[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.<ref>Pletz, John. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]" ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Subleaselascimas"/> 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.<ref>Hudgins, Matt. "[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken]." ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.</ref> 2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.<ref name="GreenHQ"/> آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.<ref name="tech.fortune.cnn.com">{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، "2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ" تسليم ڪيو ويو. === پيداوار === پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.<ref>Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf "Market Making in the PC Industry"], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}</ref> خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.<ref>Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf "Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network"], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.</ref> ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ "برن-اِن" پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.<ref>Company Annual Reports, various years.</ref> ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: "اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون." ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ "ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي."<ref>Scheck, J: "Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs", ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.</ref> 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو "آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ" وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.<ref name="statesman1"/> اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref name="theregister.co.uk" /><ref name="bizjournals.com" /> ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.<ref name="statesman1" /> ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&nbsp;— January 8, 2009</ref> يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ<ref name="ida">IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.<ref>RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012</ref> ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&l=en&s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}</ref> ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&l=en&s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category|Dell}} <!-- ATTENTION! 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see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] e5uxgyt2py3a0f1aztv0akjivbupmdv 377186 377185 2026-05-12T12:53:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 377186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} ===Accepted French citizens=== Notwithstanding the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name=allen>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] 0o5dwou22r7lmmxhs024heu2yqsrm8t 377188 377186 2026-05-12T13:21:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 377188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} === قبول ٿيل فرانسيسي شهري === فرانس ۾ اسلامي انتهاپسندن جي دهشتگرد حملن جي باوجود، ڪجهه مطالعا اهو نتيجو ڪڍيا آهن ته فرانس هڪ اهڙو يورپي ملڪ آهي، جتي مسلمان بهترين طور تي ضم ٿين ٿا ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عقيدت محسوس ڪن ٿا ۽ اهو ته فرانسيسي مسلمان مختلف عقيدن جي پنهنجن ساٿي شهرين بابت سڀ کان وڌيڪ مثبت رايا رکن ٿا. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر آن انٽيگريشن جو سال <small>2006</small>ع جو مطالعو هڪ اهڙو ئي مطالعو آهي. يورو-اسلام (جي ايس آر ايل پيرس/سي اين آر ايس فرانس پاران اسپانسر ڪيل مغرب ۾ اسلام ۽ مسلمانن تي هڪ تقابلي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪ) ۽ هارورڊ يونيورسٽي جي مطالعي مطابق، پيرس ۽ آس پاس جي ايل-ڊي-فرانس علائقي ۾، جتي فرانسيسي مسلمان وڌيڪ تعليم يافته ۽ مذهبي هوندا آهن، وڏي اڪثريت تشدد کي رد ڪري ٿي ۽ چوي ٿي ته هنن فرانس سان وفادار آهن. ٻئي طرف، فرانسيسي روزاني لي مونڊ پاران شايع ٿيل هڪ سروي ظاهر ڪيو ته، %89 ڪيٿولڪزم کي مطابقت رکندڙ ۽ %75٪ يهوديت کي مطابقت رکندڙ جي سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ جي مقابلي ۾، صرف <small>26</small> سيڪڙو فرانسيسي جواب ڏيندڙن جو يقين هو ته اسلام فرانسيسي سماج سان مطابقت رکي ٿو. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران سال 2014ع جو هڪ سروي مان ظاهر ٿيو ته سڀني يورپين مان فرانسيسي مسلمان اقليتن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند (%72 هڪ پسنديده راءِ رکن ٿا) ڪن ٿا. === مذهبيت === سال 2020ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فرانسيس ڊي اوپينين پبلڪ جي هڪ سروي موجب، %46 مسلمانن، فرانسيسي عوام جي حصي (%17) کان ٻه ڀيرا وڌيڪ، اهو خيال ڏنو ته انهن جا مذهبي عقيدا فرانسيسي جمهوريه جي قدرن ۽ قانونن کان وڌيڪ اهم آهن. 5 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن مسلمانن ۾ هڪ وڏي اڪثريت (%74) پنهنجي مذهب کي فرانسيسي قانونن ۽ قدرن کان وڌيڪ اهم سمجهيو === LGBT قبوليت === سال 2009ع جي گيلپ پول ڏيکاريو ته %35 فرانسيسي مسلمانن جو خيال هو ته هم جنس پرستي اخلاقي طور تي قابل قبول آهي. === بيروزگاري === آڪٽوبر 2020ع ۾، مسلمانن ۾ بيروزگاري، آبادي جي %8 جي ڀيٽ ۾ %14، تمام گهڻي هئي. === تعليم === سال 2016ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ مونٽين جي هڪ سروي موجب، فرانس ۾ 15 سيڪڙو مسلمانن وٽ ڪا به تعليمي قابليت نه هئي ۽ 25 سيڪڙو وٽ ثانوي تعليم (Baccalauréat) کان گهٽ هئي. 12 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليم هئي، وڌيڪ 20 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ تعليم هئي. اهو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن ۾ مسلمان شاگرد 10 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ آهن. === امتياز === فرانس ۾ اسلاموفوبيا. سال 2010ع ۾، هڪ مطالعي جنهن جو عنوان آهي "ڇا فرانسيسي مسلمان پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ امتيازي سلوڪ جا شڪار آهن؟" اهو معلوم ٿيو ته "نوڪري جي انٽرويو جي اميد ۾ ريزيوم موڪليندڙ مسلمانن کي عيسائين جي ڀيٽ ۾، ساڳين سندن سان "انهن جي درخواستن تي مثبت جواب" سان 2.5 ڀيرا گهٽ موقعو مليو". ٻيو مثال 2004ع ۾ نابالغن لاءِ سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ نمائشي مذهبي نشانين تي فرانسيسي پابندي آهي، جنهن نوجوان مسلمان ڇوڪرين کي سرڪاري اسڪولن کان ٻاهر اسڪولن ۾ حجاب نه پائڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name="allen">{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] r0d2adl7pxu89vrxj6z2pn13s2izlz8 377189 377188 2026-05-12T13:22:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 377189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} === قبول ٿيل فرانسيسي شهري === فرانس ۾ اسلامي انتهاپسندن جي دهشتگرد حملن جي باوجود، ڪجهه مطالعا اهو نتيجو ڪڍيا آهن ته فرانس هڪ اهڙو يورپي ملڪ آهي، جتي مسلمان بهترين طور تي ضم ٿين ٿا ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عقيدت محسوس ڪن ٿا ۽ اهو ته فرانسيسي مسلمان مختلف عقيدن جي پنهنجن ساٿي شهرين بابت سڀ کان وڌيڪ مثبت رايا رکن ٿا. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر آن انٽيگريشن جو سال <small>2006</small>ع جو مطالعو هڪ اهڙو ئي مطالعو آهي. يورو-اسلام (جي ايس آر ايل پيرس/سي اين آر ايس فرانس پاران اسپانسر ڪيل مغرب ۾ اسلام ۽ مسلمانن تي هڪ تقابلي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪ) ۽ هارورڊ يونيورسٽي جي مطالعي مطابق، پيرس ۽ آس پاس جي ايل-ڊي-فرانس علائقي ۾، جتي فرانسيسي مسلمان وڌيڪ تعليم يافته ۽ مذهبي هوندا آهن، وڏي اڪثريت تشدد کي رد ڪري ٿي ۽ چوي ٿي ته هنن فرانس سان وفادار آهن. ٻئي طرف، فرانسيسي روزاني لي مونڊ پاران شايع ٿيل هڪ سروي ظاهر ڪيو ته، %89 ڪيٿولڪزم کي مطابقت رکندڙ ۽ %75٪ يهوديت کي مطابقت رکندڙ جي سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ جي مقابلي ۾، صرف <small>26</small> سيڪڙو فرانسيسي جواب ڏيندڙن جو يقين هو ته اسلام فرانسيسي سماج سان مطابقت رکي ٿو. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران سال 2014ع جو هڪ سروي مان ظاهر ٿيو ته سڀني يورپين مان فرانسيسي مسلمان اقليتن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند (%72 هڪ پسنديده راءِ رکن ٿا) ڪن ٿا. === مذهبيت === سال 2020ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فرانسيس ڊي اوپينين پبلڪ جي هڪ سروي موجب، %46 مسلمانن، فرانسيسي عوام جي حصي (%17) کان ٻه ڀيرا وڌيڪ، اهو خيال ڏنو ته انهن جا مذهبي عقيدا فرانسيسي جمهوريه جي قدرن ۽ قانونن کان وڌيڪ اهم آهن. 5 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن مسلمانن ۾ هڪ وڏي اڪثريت (%74) پنهنجي مذهب کي فرانسيسي قانونن ۽ قدرن کان وڌيڪ اهم سمجهيو === LGBT قبوليت === سال 2009ع جي گيلپ پول ڏيکاريو ته %35 فرانسيسي مسلمانن جو خيال هو ته هم جنس پرستي اخلاقي طور تي قابل قبول آهي. === بيروزگاري === آڪٽوبر 2020ع ۾، مسلمانن ۾ بيروزگاري، آبادي جي %8 جي ڀيٽ ۾ %14، تمام گهڻي هئي. === تعليم === سال 2016ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ مونٽين جي هڪ سروي موجب، فرانس ۾ 15 سيڪڙو مسلمانن وٽ ڪا به تعليمي قابليت نه هئي ۽ 25 سيڪڙو وٽ ثانوي تعليم (Baccalauréat) کان گهٽ هئي. 12 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليم هئي، وڌيڪ 20 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ تعليم هئي. اهو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن ۾ مسلمان شاگرد 10 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ آهن. the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name="allen">{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===Discrimination=== {{main|Islamophobia in France}} In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] 1re2aoagz6lflgaxdjadbjd6qk6umrs 377190 377189 2026-05-12T13:24:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 377190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} === قبول ٿيل فرانسيسي شهري === فرانس ۾ اسلامي انتهاپسندن جي دهشتگرد حملن جي باوجود، ڪجهه مطالعا اهو نتيجو ڪڍيا آهن ته فرانس هڪ اهڙو يورپي ملڪ آهي، جتي مسلمان بهترين طور تي ضم ٿين ٿا ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عقيدت محسوس ڪن ٿا ۽ اهو ته فرانسيسي مسلمان مختلف عقيدن جي پنهنجن ساٿي شهرين بابت سڀ کان وڌيڪ مثبت رايا رکن ٿا. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر آن انٽيگريشن جو سال <small>2006</small>ع جو مطالعو هڪ اهڙو ئي مطالعو آهي. يورو-اسلام (جي ايس آر ايل پيرس/سي اين آر ايس فرانس پاران اسپانسر ڪيل مغرب ۾ اسلام ۽ مسلمانن تي هڪ تقابلي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪ) ۽ هارورڊ يونيورسٽي جي مطالعي مطابق، پيرس ۽ آس پاس جي ايل-ڊي-فرانس علائقي ۾، جتي فرانسيسي مسلمان وڌيڪ تعليم يافته ۽ مذهبي هوندا آهن، وڏي اڪثريت تشدد کي رد ڪري ٿي ۽ چوي ٿي ته هنن فرانس سان وفادار آهن. ٻئي طرف، فرانسيسي روزاني لي مونڊ پاران شايع ٿيل هڪ سروي ظاهر ڪيو ته، %89 ڪيٿولڪزم کي مطابقت رکندڙ ۽ %75٪ يهوديت کي مطابقت رکندڙ جي سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ جي مقابلي ۾، صرف <small>26</small> سيڪڙو فرانسيسي جواب ڏيندڙن جو يقين هو ته اسلام فرانسيسي سماج سان مطابقت رکي ٿو. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران سال 2014ع جو هڪ سروي مان ظاهر ٿيو ته سڀني يورپين مان فرانسيسي مسلمان اقليتن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند (%72 هڪ پسنديده راءِ رکن ٿا) ڪن ٿا. === مذهبيت === سال 2020ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فرانسيس ڊي اوپينين پبلڪ جي هڪ سروي موجب، %46 مسلمانن، فرانسيسي عوام جي حصي (%17) کان ٻه ڀيرا وڌيڪ، اهو خيال ڏنو ته انهن جا مذهبي عقيدا فرانسيسي جمهوريه جي قدرن ۽ قانونن کان وڌيڪ اهم آهن. 5 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن مسلمانن ۾ هڪ وڏي اڪثريت (%74) پنهنجي مذهب کي فرانسيسي قانونن ۽ قدرن کان وڌيڪ اهم سمجهيو === LGBT قبوليت === سال 2009ع جي گيلپ پول ڏيکاريو ته %35 فرانسيسي مسلمانن جو خيال هو ته هم جنس پرستي اخلاقي طور تي قابل قبول آهي. === بيروزگاري === آڪٽوبر 2020ع ۾، مسلمانن ۾ بيروزگاري، آبادي جي %8 جي ڀيٽ ۾ %14، تمام گهڻي هئي. === تعليم === سال 2016ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ مونٽين جي هڪ سروي موجب، فرانس ۾ 15 سيڪڙو مسلمانن وٽ ڪا به تعليمي قابليت نه هئي ۽ 25 سيڪڙو وٽ ثانوي تعليم (Baccalauréat) کان گهٽ هئي. 12 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليم هئي، وڌيڪ 20 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ تعليم هئي. اهو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن ۾ مسلمان شاگرد 10 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ آهن. the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name="allen">{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===امتياز=== {{main|فرانس ۾ اسلاموفوبيا}} سال 2010ع ۾، هڪ مطالعي جنهن جو عنوان آهي "ڇا فرانسيسي مسلمان پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ امتيازي سلوڪ جا شڪار آهن؟" اهو معلوم ٿيو ته "نوڪري جي انٽرويو جي اميد ۾ ريزيوم موڪليندڙ مسلمانن کي عيسائين جي ڀيٽ ۾، ساڳين سندن سان "انهن جي درخواستن تي مثبت جواب" سان 2.5 ڀيرا گهٽ موقعو مليو". ٻيو مثال 2004ع ۾ نابالغن لاءِ سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ نمائشي مذهبي نشانين تي فرانسيسي پابندي آهي، جنهن نوجوان مسلمان ڇوڪرين کي سرڪاري اسڪولن کان ٻاهر اسڪولن ۾ حجاب نه پائڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Politics=== Formal as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] lp12qqy32hi4vgwb4q4qid7nrhg3b2v 377192 377190 2026-05-12T14:07:57Z Ibne maryam 17680 377192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Redirect|فرانس جا مسلمان|هن نالي واري تنظيم|فرانس جا مسلمان (تنظيم)}} {{Infobox religious group | group = فرانس جا مسلمان<br> French Muslims | flag = | flag_caption = | flag_size = | image = La mosquée de Paris (3695726776).jpg | image_caption = جامع مسجد، [[پيرس]] | image_size = 300px | population = انسي (INSEE) جي ڊيٽا مطابق 2019-2020 ۾ آبادي جو %10<ref name="insee.fr"/> | founder =[[محمد ﷺ|پيغمبر حضرت محمد ﷺ]] | regions = آيل-ڊي-فرانس، پروونس-الپس-ڪوٽ ڊي ازور، آورگن-رون-الپس، هاٽس-ڊي-فرانس، ميوٽ | tablehdr = | religions = {{plainlist|گهڻو ڪري [[سني اسلام]]<br />اقليتون: [[صوفي]]، [[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ عبادي اسلام}} | scriptures =[[قرآن|القرآن]] • [[Hadith]] | languages = بنيادي طور تي [[فرانسيسي ٻولي| فرانسيسي]] ان کان علاوه [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]، [[ترڪ ٻولي|ترڪ]]، امازي ۽ ٻيون ٻوليون. | related-c = | website = | notes = }} '''[[اسلام]]''' [[عيسائيت]] کان پوءِ [[فرانس]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو مذهب آهي. تازي اندازي مطابق ان جي پيروي آبادي جو تقريباً %10 ڪري ٿو (<small>INSEE</small> جي ڊيٽا مطابق سال 2019-2020ع ۾ 18 کان 59 سالن جي عمر وارا).<ref name="insee.fr" /> فرانس ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان [[سني اسلام|سني]] فرقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا ۽ پرڏيهي نسل جا آهن. [[شيعہ اسلام|شيعه]] ۽ غير فرقيوار مسلمانن جون وڏيون اقليتون پڻ موجود آهن. فرانسيسي اوورسيز علائقو, [[مئيوٽ]] ۾ اڪثريت مسلمان آبادي آهي. آبادي جو %97 اسلام جي پيروي ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web | title=Marine le Pen is winning the French election in a majority Muslim island in the Indian Ocean | date=21 April 2022 | url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/marine-le-pen-is-winning-the-french-election-in-a-majority-muslim-heartland-in-the-indian-ocean-1584572 }}</ref> سال 2024 ۾ فرانسيسي انسٽيٽيوٽ آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس جي هڪ رپورٽ. ان ۾ ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته فرانس ۾ 76 سيڪڙو مسلمان يقين رکن ٿا ته مذهب تمام اهم آهي. جڏهن ته 24 سيڪڙو چيو آهي ته مذهب انهن جي زندگي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي. <ref name="newdailycompass.com">{{Cite web |title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence |url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=newdailycompass.com |language=en}}</ref> انسي ۽ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ اسٽڊيز ان فرانس ۾ ڏٺو ويو ته 2009 کان 2020 تائين مسلمان عورتن لاءِ پردي جي استعمال ۾ 55 سيڪڙو اضافو ٿيو آهي. مسلمان عورتن جي سڀني جاگرافيائي اصلن ۾ ۽ فرانس ۾ مسلمان عورتن جي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نسل ۾ هڪ قابل ذڪر واڌارو ٿيو آهي.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus">{{cite web | title=France, immigration strengthens Muslim presence | url=https://newdailycompass.com/en/france-immigration-strengthens-muslim-presence }}</ref> هڪ سروي موجب جنهن ۾ مسلمان نسل جا 536 ماڻهو حصو ورتو. پولنگ گروپ IFOP پاران سروي ڪيل فرانس ۾ 39 سيڪڙو مسلمانن چيو ته انهن سال 2008 ۾ روزانو جون پنج نمازون پڙهيون (سال 1994 ۾ 31 سيڪڙو کان مسلسل اضافو). ڪيٿولڪ روزاني لا ڪروڪس ۾ شايع ٿيل مطالعي مطابق سال 2008 ۾, جمعي جي نماز لاءِ مسجدن ۾ حاضري, سال 1994 ۾ 16 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 23 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي وئي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite news|last=Heneghan|first=Tom|date=17 January 2008|title=French Muslims becoming more observant|website=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-muslims/french-muslims-becoming-more-observant-idUSL176050220080117|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته رمضان جي پابندي 2008 ۾ 70 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي آهي جڏهن ته 1994 ۾ 60 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>''L'Islam en France et les réactions aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Résultats détaillés,'' [[Ifop]], HV/LDV No.1-33-1, 28 September 2001</ref> شراب جو استعمال پڻ 39 سيڪڙو کان گهٽجي 34 سيڪڙو ٿي ويو.<ref name=":32" /> ==تاريخ== ===ابتدائي تاريخ=== {{main|سيپٽيمانيا|فرانسيسي-عثماني اتحاد }} [[File:Barbarossa fleet wintering in Toulon 1543.jpg|thumb|طولون ۾ خيرالدين بارباروسا جو سامونڊي ٻيڙو، 1543ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - enclos musulman 02.jpg|thumb|پيري لاچيس قبرستان جي مسلم حصي ۾ تدفين جو هڪ منظر، 1865ع]] [[File:Père-Lachaise - Division 85 - Mosquée 03.jpg|thumb|سال 1903ع ۽ 1914ع جي وچ ۾ پيري لاچيس قبرستان جو مسلم حصو ]] [[جزیرو نما آئیبیریا|آئبيريائي جزيري نما]] ۽ گال جي فتح دوران، [[اموي خلافت]] جون فوجون سڃي آئبيرين جزيري نما کي فتح ڪندي، ان کي جديد دور جي ڏکڻ فرانس سان ملائي ڇڏيو. جيتوڻيڪ اها آخرڪار 732 عيسوي ۾ پوئتي هٽي ويا، پر سيپٽيمانيا 759 تائين اموي تسلط هيٺ رهيو. بعد ۾ هڪ جنگ دوران، [[اندلس]] وارا هڪ قلعو، "فريڪسينيٽم" قائم ڪيو. سال 838ع ۾، اينالس برٽينياني رڪارڊ ڪيو ته، مسلمانن ڏکڻ فرانس ۾ مارسيل تي حملو ڪيو، مذهبي گهرن کي لُٽيو ۽ مردن ۽ عورتن ٻنهي کي قيد ڪيو، عالمن ۽ عام ماڻهن کي غلام بڻائي ورتو. سال 842ع ۾، اينالس، آرلس جي آس پاس ۾ هڪ حملي جي رپورٽ ڪئي ٿو ته سال 869ع ۾، حملي آور آرلس ڏانهن موٽي آيا ۽ آرچ بشپ، رولينڊو کي گرفتار ڪيو. انهن آرچ بشپ جي بدلي ۾ تاوان قبول ڪيو، پر جڏهن انهن کيس حوالي ڪيو ته هو اڳ ۾ ئي مري چڪو هو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott G. |last=Bruce |title=Cluny and the Muslims of La Garde-Freinet: Hagiography and the Problem of Islam in Medieval Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/clunymuslimsofla00bruc |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2016|isbn=9780801452994 |pages=22–23}}</ref> رائن علائقي تي انهن ڇاپن کانپوءِ، ڪيمارگ ۾ هڪ قلعي جي تعمير، حملي آور فوجن کي وڌيڪ اوڀر ۾ پوائنٽون آزمائڻ لاءِ مجبور ڪيو هجي.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Archibald R. Lewis |first=Archibald R. |last=Lewis |title=Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1965 |page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Belich |first=James |date=2022 |title=The World the Plague Made: The Black Death and the Rise of Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691222875 |page=22}}</ref> <ref>Manfred, W: "International Journal of Middle East Studies", pages 59–79, Vol. 12, No. 1. Middle East Studies Association of North America, 1980.</ref> فريڪسينيٽم ۾ آپريشن جو هڪ مستقل بنياد قائم ڪرڻ جي نتيجي ۾، 887ع ۾، الاندلس جي مسلمان فوجون فرانس ۾ ڪيترائي اڏا فتح ڪيا ۽ فريڪسينيٽ جي امارت قائم ڪئي ۽ آخرڪار انهن کي 975 ۾ شڪست ڏني وئي ۽ ڪڍيو ويو. سال 1543-1544ع جي سياري دوران، نيس جي محاصري کان پوءِ، طولون کي ايڊمرل هير الدين بارباروسا جي سربراهي ۾ عثماني بحري اڏي طور استعمال ڪيو ويو. عيسائي آبادي کي عارضي طور تي بيدخل ڪيو ويو ۽ طولون جي چرچ کي مختصر طور تي، عثمانين جي روانگي تائين، مسجد ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. سال 1609-1614ع ۾ اسپين مان موريسڪوس جي نيڪالي کان پوءِ، هينري لاپيري جي تحقيق موجب، لڳ ڀڳ 50,000 موريسڪوس فرانس ۾ داخل ٿيا.<ref>Henri Lapeyre. ''Geographie de l'Espagne morisque.''. EHESS, 1959</ref> === 1960–1970 جي ڏهاڪي جي مزدورن جي لڏپلاڻ === <small>1960</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۽ <small>1970</small>ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مسلمان لڏپلاڻ (گهڻو ڪري مرد) وڌيڪ هئي. اهي مهاجر گهڻو ڪري [[الجزائر|الجيريا]] ۽ [[اتر آفريڪا]] ۾ ٻين اڳوڻي فرانسيسي ڪالونين مان هئا. تنهن هوندي به، فرانس ۾ اسلام جي تاريخ، فرانسيسي جمهوريه کان سڃاڻپ جي نشاني طور، پيرس جي عظيم مسجد 1922 ۾ ٺاهڻ کان گر ٿيل مسلمان ٽيريلرز تائين، جيڪا خاص طور تي الجيريا کان، خاص طور تي وردون جي جنگ ۽ ڊوومونٽ قلعي جي قبضي ۾، آيا هئا، هڪ پراڻي تاريخ رهي آهي. === مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل === جيتوڻيڪ فرانسيسي رياست هڪ سيڪيولر آهي، تازن سالن ۾ حڪومت فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي نمائندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. سال 2002ع ۾، ان وقت جي گهرو وزير نڪولس سرڪوزي "مسلمانن جي فرانسيسي ڪائونسل" (Conseil Français du Culte Musulman - CFCM) جي قيام جي شروعات ڪئي، جيتوڻيڪ وسيع تنقيد دعويٰ ڪئي ته اهو صرف ڪميونٽيريزم کي هٿي ڏيندو. جيتوڻيڪ CFCM کي قومي حڪومت طرفان غير رسمي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي، اها هڪ خانگي غير منافع بخش تنظيم آهي. headed by the rector of the [[Paris Mosque]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]]&nbsp;– who harshly criticized the controversial [[Union of Islamic Organisations of France]] (UOIF) for involving itself in political matters during the 2005 riots. Sarkozy's views on ''[[laïcité]]'' have been widely criticized by left- and right-wing members of parliament; more specifically, he was accused, during the creation of the CFCM, of favoring the more extreme sectors of Muslim representation in the Council, in particular the UOIF. ===Second generation immigrants=== The first generation of Muslim immigrants, who are today mostly retired from the workforce, kept strong ties with their countries, where their families lived. In 1976,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |title=Avril 1976 – le droit au regroupement familial |access-date=2012-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235011/http://www.clesdusocial.com/france/fr17-histoire/fr-hist-avril76-regroupement-familial.htm |archive-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the government passed a law allowing families of these immigrants to settle in France. Thus, the spouses, children, and other family members of these immigrants also came to France. Most immigrants, realizing that they could not or did not want to return to their [[homeland]], [[nationalization|asked for French nationality]] before quietly retiring. However, many live alone in [[housing projects]], having now lost their ties with their families and friends back from their home countries.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [[Olivier Roy (professor)|Olivier Roy]] indicates that for first-generation immigrants, the fact that they are Muslims is only one element among others. Their identification with their country of origin is much stronger: they see themselves first through their descent (Algerians, [[Morocco|Moroccans]], [[Demographics of Tunisia|Tunisians]], etc.). The false claim that a third of newborns in France have Muslim parents,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Geworld Disseminated Fake Information on the Number of Muslims in Europe |url=https://mythdetector.ge/en/geworld-disseminated-fake-information-on-the-number-of-muslims-in-europe/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mythdetector.ge |language=en-US}}</ref> is brought up in sensationalist American immigration discourse.<ref>"in France, approximately one birth in three is to a Muslim family" in [[Jennifer Roback Morse]], [[Acton Institute]], [http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php 2006-01-25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625202708/http://www.acton.org/commentary/commentary_307.php |date=2009-06-25 }}; 1 out of every 3 babies born in France today is a Muslim baby." in [[Mark Steyn]], ''[[America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It]]'', Regnery ed, 2006-09-16, {{ISBN|0-89526-078-6}}, p. 47;</ref> ===Maghrebis=== According to [[Michèle Tribalat]], a researcher at [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]], people of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin in France represent 82% of the Muslim population (43.2% from [[Algeria]], 27.5% from [[Morocco]], and 11.4% from [[Tunisia]]). Others are from sub-Saharan Africa (9.3%) and [[Turkey]] (8.6%).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''L'islam en France'', p. 28</ref> She estimated that there were 3.5&nbsp;million people of Maghrebi origin (with at least one grandparent from Algeria, Morocco, or Tunisia) living in France in 2005 corresponding to 5.8% of the total French metropolitan population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005).<ref>Michèle Tribalat, [http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html "Mariages 'mixtes' et immigration en France"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914091602/http://eps.revues.org/index3657.html|date=2011-09-14}}, Espace populations sociétés [En ligne], 2009/2 | 2009, mis en ligne le 01 avril 2011</ref> Maghrebis have settled mainly in the industrial regions in France, especially in the [[Île-de-France (region)|Paris region]]. Many famous French people like [[Edith Piaf]],<ref>Carolyn Burke. ''No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 p.5] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082116/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNKhl9_rm_EC&pg=PA5 |date=2016-01-13 }}</ref> [[Isabelle Adjani]], [[Arnaud Montebourg]], [[Alain Bashung]], [[Dany Boon]], and many others have varying degrees of Maghrebi ancestry. Below is a table of the population of Maghrebi origin in France, numbers are in thousands{{update inline|date=April 2024}}: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! Country ! 1999 ! 2005 ! % 1999/2005 ! % French population (60.7&nbsp;million in 2005) |- | '''Algeria'''||'''1,577'''||'''1,865'''||'''+18.3%'''||'''3.1%''' |- | Immigrants||574||679|||| |- | Born in France||1,003||1,186|||| |- | '''Morocco'''||'''1,005'''||'''1,201'''||'''+19.5%'''||'''2.0%''' |- | Immigrants||523||625|||| |- | Born in France||482||576|||| |- | '''Tunisia'''||'''417'''||'''458'''||'''+9.8%'''||'''0.8%''' |- | Immigrants||202||222|||| |- | Born in France||215||236|||| |- | '''Total Maghreb'''||'''2,999'''||'''3,524'''||'''+17.5%'''||'''5.8%''' |- | Immigrants||1 299||1 526||||2.5% |- | Born in France||1 700||1 998||||3.3% |- |} In 2005, the percentage of young people under 18 of Maghrebi origin (at least one immigrant parent) was about 7% in [[Metropolitan France]], 12% in [[Île-de-France (region)|Greater Paris]] and above 20% in French [[Departments of France|département]] of [[Seine-Saint-Denis]].<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Revue Commentaire'', juin 2009, n°127</ref><ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''Les yeux grands fermés'', Denoël, 2010</ref> {| class="wikitable" !% in 2005 ![[Seine-Saint-Denis]] ![[Val-de-Marne]] ![[Val-d'Oise]] ![[Lyon]] !Paris !France |- |'''Total Maghreb''' | align="right" |22.0% | align="right" |13.2% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |13.0% | align="right" |12.1% | align="right" |6.9% |- |} In 2008, the French national institute of statistics, [[INSEE]], estimated that 11.8&nbsp;million foreign-born immigrants and their direct descendants (born in France) lived in France representing 19% of the country's population. About 4 million of them are of [[Maghrebis|Maghrebi]] origin.<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287 Être né en France d'un parent immigré] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703063134/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=ip1287|date=2011-07-03}}, [[Insee Première]], n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, Insee</ref><ref name="Insee_1">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026174732/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=immigrespaysnais |date=2011-10-26 }}, Insee, October 2011</ref> According to some non-scientific sources between 5 and 6 million people of Maghrebin origin live in France corresponding to about 7–9% of the total French metropolitan population.<ref>[[Robert Castel]], ''La discrimination négative'', Paris, La République des idées/Seuil, 2007</ref> ===Religious practices=== A report from the French Institute of Statistics in 2024 have reported that 76% of Muslims in France believe that religion is very important while 24% have stated religion played a somewhat important part and role in their life.<ref name="newdailycompass.com"/> The Insee and the National Institute for Demographic Studies in France found that the use of the veil for Muslim women has increased by 55% from 2009 to 2020. There has been a observable increase among all geographic origins, of Muslim women and among second and third generations of Muslim women in France.<ref name="France, immigration strengthens Mus"/> The great majority of Muslims practice their religion in the French framework of [[laïcité]], as a religious code of conduct must not infringe the public area. A study in 2008 found that 39% pray ([[salat]]) five times a day, 23% attend mosque on Fridays, 70% observe the fast of [[Ramadan]], and 66% abstain from alcohol.<ref name=":32"/> Rachel Brown shows that some Muslims in France alter some of these religious practices, particularly food practices, as a means of showing "integration" into French culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Rachel|date=2016|title=How Gelatin Becomes a Symbol of Muslim Identity: Food Practice as a Lens into the Study of Religion and Migration.|journal=Religious Studies and Theology|volume=35|issue=2|pages=185–205|doi=10.1558/rsth.32558}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-798|chapter=Muslim Integration and French Society|last=Brown|first=Rachel|title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|date=2019|publisher=Oxford Research Encyclopedia|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.798|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}</ref> According to expert [[Franck Fregosi]]: "Although fasting during Ramadan is the most popular practice, it ranks more as a sign of Muslim identity than piety, and it is more a sign of belonging to a culture and a community",<ref name=":32"/> and he added that not drinking alcohol "seems to be more a cultural behavior".<ref name=":32"/> Some Muslims (the UOIF for example) request the recognition of an [[islamism|Islamic]] community in France (which remains to be built) with an official status. Two main organizations are recognized by the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM): the "Federation of the French Muslims" (''Fédération des musulmans de France'') with a majority of Moroccan leaders, and the controversial "Union of Islamic Organisations of France" (''Union des organizations islamiques de France'') (UOIF). In 2008, there were about 2,125 Muslim [[places of worship]] in France.<ref>L'Annuaire musulman, édition 2008 Orientica</ref> ===Education=== Since publicly funded state schools in France must be secular, owing to the 1905 [[separation of Church and State#France|separation of Church and State]], Muslim parents who wish their children to be educated at a religious school often choose private (and therefore fee-paying, though heavily subsidized) Catholic schools, of which there are many. Few specifically Muslim schools have been created. There is a Muslim school in [[La Réunion]] (a French island to the east of [[Madagascar]]), and the first Muslim [[Secondary education in France|''collège'']] (a school for students aged eleven to fifteen) opened its doors in 2001 in [[Aubervilliers]] (a suburb northeast of Paris), with eleven students. Unlike most private schools in the United States and the UK, these religious schools are affordable for most parents since they may be heavily subsidized by the government (teachers' wages in particular are covered by the state). ===Radicalization=== {{See also|Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars#France}} In November 2015 in the aftermath of the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|Paris attacks]], French authorities for the first time closed three mosques with extremist activities and radicalization being given as the reason. The mosques were located in [[Lagny-sur-Marne]], [[Lyon]], and [[Gennevilliers]].<ref name=ti_2dec2015>{{cite news|title=Paris terror attacks: France shuts down three mosques in security crackdown|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 Dec 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223165049/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attacks-france-shuts-down-three-mosques-in-security-crackdown-a6757596.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim community leaders widely condemned the Paris attacks in public statements and expressed their support for the French government's attempts to oppose Islamist extremism.<ref name=ibt_25nov2015>{{cite news|title=French Muslim Leaders Want Extremist Mosques Closed, Islamic Preachers To Be Licensed, Following Paris Terror Attacks|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|access-date=7 January 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=25 Nov 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205527/http://www.ibtimes.com/french-muslim-leaders-want-extremist-mosques-closed-islamic-preachers-be-licensed-2200224|archive-date=27 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the [[November 2015 Paris attacks|deadly attacks in 2015]], France changed the character of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to constitute a societal problem. President [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against fundamental secular, enlightenment, and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36}} In 2016, French authorities reported that 120 of the 2,500 Islamic prayer halls were disseminating [[salafism|Salafist]] ideas and 20 mosques were closed due to findings of [[hate speech]].<ref name="atlantic_1aug2016">{{cite news|title=France's Disappearing Mosques|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|access-date=3 September 2016|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802200909/http://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2016/08/french-mosques-islam/493919/|archive-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, French authorities stated that {{Val|15000}} of the {{Val|20000}} individuals on the [[Fiche "S"|list of security threats]] belong to [[Islamism|Islamist movements]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|title=Qui sont les 15 000 personnes " suivies pour radicalisation " ?|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2018-08-24|language=fr-FR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823204455/https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/09/12/qui-sont-les-15-000-personnes-suivies-pour-radicalisation_4996528_4355770.html|archive-date=2018-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, EU anti-terror coordinator [[Gilles de Kerchove]] estimated there to be 17,000 radicalized Muslims and jihadists living in France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|title=El coordinador antiterrorista de la UE: "Lo de Barcelona volverá a pasar, hay 50.000 radicales en Europa"|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-09-09|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906021720/http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2017/08/31/59a70a48ca4741f7588b45e4.html|archive-date=2018-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, French intelligence services monitored around 11,000 individuals with suspected ties to radical Islamism. France has sentenced a large number of individuals for terrorist-related offenses which have increased the [[French Prison Service|prison population]].<ref name="ispi2018">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|title=DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN – Comparing Challenges and Approaches|last=Vidino|display-authors=etal|publisher=ISPI|year=2018|isbn=9788867058198|location=Milano|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824134942/https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/mediterraneo_def_web.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-24|url-status=live|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>{{rp|25}} This in turn has created an issue with radicalization in French prisons.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|25}} In February 2019, authorities in Grenoble closed the Al-Kawthar Mosque for six months due to it propagating a "radical Islamist ideology". The Al-Kawthar Mosque had about 400 regular visitors. In several of the sermons, the imam legitimized armed jihad, violence, and hatred towards followers of other religions' anti-republican values and promoted Sharia law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|title=Grenoble : la mosquée Al-Kawthar fermée sur décision du préfet|website=www.ledauphine.com|date=5 February 2019 |language=FR-fr|access-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142547/https://www.ledauphine.com/isere-sud/2019/02/05/grenoble-la-mosquee-al-kawthar-fermee-pour-ideologie-islamiste-radicale|archive-date=2019-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2019, French authorities closed cafés, schools, and mosques in about 15 neighborhoods due to them disseminating [[political Islam]] and [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-11-15 |title=Islamisme politique: écoles et lieux de culte fermés dans une quinzaine de quartiers |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125075801/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/islamisme-politique-ecoles-et-lieux-de-culte-fermes-dans-une-quinzaine-de-quartiers-20191115 |archive-date=2019-11-25 |access-date=2019-11-25 |website=Le Figaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In October 2020, President [[Emmanuel Macron]] announced a crackdown on "Islamist separatism" in Muslim communities in France, saying a bill with this objective would be sent to parliament in "early 2021." Among the measures, would be a ban on foreign [[imam]]s, restrictions on [[home schooling|homeschooling]], and the creation of an "Institute of Islamology" to tackle [[Islamic fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003082312/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-macron-separatism/macron-launches-crackdown-on-islamist-separatism-in-muslim-communities-idUKKBN26N20W?il=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 3, 2020 |title=Macron launches crackdown on 'Islamist separatism' in Muslim communities |website=Reuters |date=2 October 2020 }}</ref> His government introduced a bill that would punish with jail terms and fine any doctor who provides [[virginity]] certificates for traditional, religious marriages. [[ANCIC (organization)|ANCIC]] stated it supported the government's stand against "virginity tests" but warned that in some cases women were in "real danger" and "a ban would simply deny the existence of such community practices, without making them disappear". The association suggested that the issue be "tackled quite differently so that women and men free themselves and reject the weight of [such] traditions."<ref name=tests>{{cite news |date=5 October 2020 |title=France plans punishment for virginity tests|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54434080 |work=[[BBC]] | access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> On 16 February 2021, the law passed the lower house 347—151 with 65 abstentions.<ref>{{cite news |title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism |access-date=17 February 2021 |work=France 24 |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> === Terrorist attacks in France === {{Main||Islamic terrorism in Europe}} {{See also|November 2015 Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}} France had its first occurrences with religious extremism in the 1980s due to French involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. In the 1990s, a series of attacks on French soil were executed by the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria]] (GIA). In the 1990–2010 time span, France experienced repeated attacks linked to international jihadist movements.<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} ''[[Le Monde]]'' reported on 26 July 2016 that "Islamist Terrorism" had caused 236 dead in France in the preceding 18-month period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2016/07/26/le-terrorisme-islamiste-a-fait-236-morts-en-france-en-18-mois_4975000_4355770.html|title=Le terrorisme islamiste a fait 236 morts en France en 18 mois|date=26 July 2016|work=Le Monde|language=fr|quote=De l'attaque de « Charlie Hebdo » et de l'« Hyper casher » en janvier 2015 à la mort du père Jacques Hamel à Saint-Etienne-de-Rouvray, mardi 26 juillet, ce sont 236 personnes qui ont perdu la vie dans des attentats et attaques terroristes|access-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> In the 2015–2018 timespan in France, 249 people were killed and 928 wounded in a total of 22 terrorist attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|title=By the numbers: France's battle against terror |date=12 December 2018|first=Jonathon |last=Gatehouse |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404210321/https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/national-today-newsletter-terrorism-implant-registry-rice-1.4939071|archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2019|quote=22 — the number of terror incidents on French soil since the beginning of 2015. / 249 — the number of dead in those attacks. / 928 — the number of wounded.}}</ref> The deadly attacks in 2015 in France changed the issue of Islamist radicalization from a security threat to also constitute a social problem. Prime minister [[François Hollande]] and prime minister [[Manuel Valls]] saw the fundamental values of the French republic being challenged and called them attacks against secular, enlightenment and democratic values along with "what makes us who we are".<ref name="ispi2018" />{{rp|13–15, 24, 26, 35–36, 42–43, 48, 62–63, 69–70}} Although jihadists since 2015 have legitimized their attacks with a narrative of reprisal for France's participation in the international coalition fighting the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in France has other, deeper and older causes. The main reasons France suffers frequent attacks are, in no particular order:<ref name="FranceThreat">{{Cite web|url=https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|title=Jihadist women, a threat not to be underestimated – Publication – pdf|last=Koninkrijksrelaties|first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en|date=14 December 2017|publisher=[[AIVD]]|page=5|language=en-GB|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201181028/https://english.aivd.nl/publications/publications/2017/12/14/publication-jihadist-women-a-threat-not-to-be-underestimated|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> * France's secular domestic policies (''[[Laïcité]]'') which jihadists perceive to be hostile towards Islam. Also, France's status as an officially secular nation and jihadists label France as "the flagship of disbelief".<ref name="FranceThreat" /> * France has a strong cultural tradition in comics, which in the context of Muhammad cartoons is a question of freedom of expression.<ref name="expressen20201104">{{cite web|title=Därför är Frankrike så hårt terrordrabbat|url=https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/darfor-ar-frankrike-sa-hart-terrordrabbat/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=Expressen|date=3 November 2020 |language=sv}}</ref> * France has a large Muslim minority<ref name="expressen20201104" /> * France's foreign policy towards Muslim countries and jihadist fronts. France is seen as the spearhead directed against jihadist groups in Africa, just as the United States is seen as the main force opposing jihadist groups elsewhere. France's former foreign policies such as that as its colonization of Muslim countries is also brought up in jihadist propaganda, for example, that the influence of French education, culture and political institutions had served to erase the Muslim identity of those colonies and their inhabitants.<ref name=":7h">{{cite journal|last=Bindner|first=Laurence|year=2018|title=Jihadists' Grievance Narratives against France|url=https://icct.nl/publication/jihadists-grievance-narratives-against-france/|journal=Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Studies|pages=4–8|doi=10.19165/2018.2.01|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Jihadists consider France as a strong proponent of disbelief. For instance, [[Marianne]], the national emblem of France, is considered as "a false idol" by jihadists and the French to be "idol worshippers". France also has no law against blasphemy and an [[Anti-clericalism|anticlerical]] satirical press which is less respectful towards religion than that of the US or the United Kingdom{{dubious|date=April 2024}}. The French nation state is also perceived as an obstacle towards establishing a caliphate.<ref name=":7h" /> In 2020 two Islamic terrorist attacks were foiled by authorities, bringing the total to 33 since 2017 according to [[Laurent Nuñez]], the director of [[National Centre for Counter Terrorism|CNRLT]], who declared that Sunni Islamist terrorism was a prioritised threat. Nuñez drew parallels between the three attacks of 2020 which all were attacks on "blasphemy and the will to avenge their prophet".<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme: deux attentats islamistes déjoués en 2020, 33 depuis 2017|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/terrorisme-deux-attentats-islamistes-dejoues-en-2020-33-depuis-2017-7800949425|access-date=10 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=3 January 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === Law against Islamist extremism === {{See also|Murder of Samuel Paty}} {{#section-h:Murder of Samuel Paty|Law against Islamist extremism}} === Investigation on the Influence of Political Islam === In May 2024, the French government initiated an investigation aimed at assessing the influence of political Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood in France. The government delegated this task to two senior officials, diplomat François Gouyette and prefect Pascal Courtade. Their work is anticipated to yield a comprehensive report by the fall of 2024. According to a statement from the Ministry of Interior, this effort is in direct alignment with the context of the Les Mureaux (Yvelines) speech on separatism delivered by Emmanuel Macron in 2020, which later led to the 2021 law on the principles and values of the Republic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le gouvernement demande un rapport sur l'influence de l'islam politique en France |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4089833-20240506-gouvernement-demande-rapport-influence-islam-politique-france |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=20 Minutes |date=6 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> ==انضمام== {{See also|Social situation in the French suburbs}} === قبول ٿيل فرانسيسي شهري === فرانس ۾ اسلامي انتهاپسندن جي دهشتگرد حملن جي باوجود، ڪجهه مطالعا اهو نتيجو ڪڍيا آهن ته فرانس هڪ اهڙو يورپي ملڪ آهي، جتي مسلمان بهترين طور تي ضم ٿين ٿا ۽ پنهنجي ملڪ لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ عقيدت محسوس ڪن ٿا ۽ اهو ته فرانسيسي مسلمان مختلف عقيدن جي پنهنجن ساٿي شهرين بابت سڀ کان وڌيڪ مثبت رايا رکن ٿا. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر آن انٽيگريشن جو سال <small>2006</small>ع جو مطالعو هڪ اهڙو ئي مطالعو آهي. يورو-اسلام (جي ايس آر ايل پيرس/سي اين آر ايس فرانس پاران اسپانسر ڪيل مغرب ۾ اسلام ۽ مسلمانن تي هڪ تقابلي تحقيقي نيٽ ورڪ) ۽ هارورڊ يونيورسٽي جي مطالعي مطابق، پيرس ۽ آس پاس جي ايل-ڊي-فرانس علائقي ۾، جتي فرانسيسي مسلمان وڌيڪ تعليم يافته ۽ مذهبي هوندا آهن، وڏي اڪثريت تشدد کي رد ڪري ٿي ۽ چوي ٿي ته هنن فرانس سان وفادار آهن. ٻئي طرف، فرانسيسي روزاني لي مونڊ پاران شايع ٿيل هڪ سروي ظاهر ڪيو ته، %89 ڪيٿولڪزم کي مطابقت رکندڙ ۽ %75٪ يهوديت کي مطابقت رکندڙ جي سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ جي مقابلي ۾، صرف <small>26</small> سيڪڙو فرانسيسي جواب ڏيندڙن جو يقين هو ته اسلام فرانسيسي سماج سان مطابقت رکي ٿو. پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران سال 2014ع جو هڪ سروي مان ظاهر ٿيو ته سڀني يورپين مان فرانسيسي مسلمان اقليتن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند (%72 هڪ پسنديده راءِ رکن ٿا) ڪن ٿا. === مذهبيت === سال 2020ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ فرانسيس ڊي اوپينين پبلڪ جي هڪ سروي موجب، %46 مسلمانن، فرانسيسي عوام جي حصي (%17) کان ٻه ڀيرا وڌيڪ، اهو خيال ڏنو ته انهن جا مذهبي عقيدا فرانسيسي جمهوريه جي قدرن ۽ قانونن کان وڌيڪ اهم آهن. 5 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن مسلمانن ۾ هڪ وڏي اڪثريت (%74) پنهنجي مذهب کي فرانسيسي قانونن ۽ قدرن کان وڌيڪ اهم سمجهيو === LGBT قبوليت === سال 2009ع جي گيلپ پول ڏيکاريو ته %35 فرانسيسي مسلمانن جو خيال هو ته هم جنس پرستي اخلاقي طور تي قابل قبول آهي. === بيروزگاري === آڪٽوبر 2020ع ۾، مسلمانن ۾ بيروزگاري، آبادي جي %8 جي ڀيٽ ۾ %14، تمام گهڻي هئي. === تعليم === سال 2016ع ۾ انسٽيٽيوٽ مونٽين جي هڪ سروي موجب، فرانس ۾ 15 سيڪڙو مسلمانن وٽ ڪا به تعليمي قابليت نه هئي ۽ 25 سيڪڙو وٽ ثانوي تعليم (Baccalauréat) کان گهٽ هئي. 12 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ اعليٰ تعليم هئي، وڌيڪ 20 سيڪڙو وٽ 2 سالن کان وڌيڪ تعليم هئي. اهو اندازو لڳايو ويو آهي ته فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ اسڪولن ۾ مسلمان شاگرد 10 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ آهن. the islamist extremists' terrorist attacks in France, including the Charlie Hebdo and Nice terror attacks, some studies have concluded that France is the European country where Muslims integrate the best and feel the most for their country and that French Muslims have the most positive opinions about their fellow citizens of different faiths. A 2006 study from the [[Pew Research Center]] on Integration is one such study.<ref name="allen">{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |first=Jodie T. |last=Allen |authorlink=Jodie T. Allen |date=August 17, 2006 |title=The French-Muslim Connection |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005418/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/50/the-french-muslim-connection |archive-date=2010-06-15 }}</ref> In Paris and the surrounding [[Île-de-France]] region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|CNRS France]] and Harvard University.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |title=Islam in Paris – Euro-Islam: News and Analysis on Islam in Europe and North America |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123424/http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/city-profiles/paris/ |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |title=Sharpening Contradictions: Why al-Qaeda attacked Satirists in Paris |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109123623/http://www.juancole.com/2015/01/sharpening-contradictions-satirists.html |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, a 2013 IPSOS survey published by the French daily ''[[Le Monde]]'', indicated that only 26% of French respondents believed that Islam was compatible with French society (compared to 89% identifying Catholicism as compatible and 75% identifying Judaism as compatible).<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 Le Monde (''in French''): "La religion musulmane fait l'objet d'un profond rejet de la part des Français"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417183344/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2013/01/24/la-religion-musulmane-fait-l-objet-d-un-profond-rejet-de-la-part-des-francais_1821698_3224.html?xtmc=ipsos&xtcr=4 |date=2014-04-17 }} 24 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 European Jewish Press: "Majority of French consider Islam incompatible with French values"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131130957/http://www.ejpress.org/article/64681 |date=2013-01-31 }} 27 Jan 2013</ref> A 2014 survey by the Pew Research Center showed that out of all Europeans, the French view Muslim minorities most favorably with 72% having a favorable opinion.<ref name="jr.org">{{cite news | url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | title=France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup | access-date=2015-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026195633/http://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/conflicts/france-muslims-terrorism-and-challenges-of-integration-research-roundup | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead }} JournalistsResource.org, retrieved Jan. 12, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |title=EU Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=2015-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109114144/http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/#mixed-views-of-muslim-minorities |archive-date=2015-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Niall McCarthy, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 ''Out of All Europeans, The French View Muslim Minorities Most Favorably &#91;Infographic&#93;''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718175234/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/01/08/out-of-all-europeans-the-french-view-muslim-minorities-most-favorably-infographic/?linkId=11618733 |date=2018-07-18 }} Forbes Jan 8, 2015</ref> Other research has shown how these positive attitudes are not always reflected in popular opinion and the subject of Muslim integration in France is much more nuanced and complex.<ref name=":2" /> In April 2018 an Algerian Muslim woman refused to shake hands with an official for religious reasons at a citizenship ceremony. As an applicant must demonstrate being integrated into society as well as respect for French values, officials considered her not integrated and denied her citizenship application.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|title=Woman denied French citizenship for 'refusing to shake official's hand'|date=2018-04-19|access-date=2018-04-21|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419192738/https://www.thelocal.fr/20180419/woman-denied-french-nationality-after-refusing-to-shake-officials-hands|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religiosity === According to a poll by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] in 2020, 46% of Muslims gave the view that their religious beliefs were more important than the values and laws of the French Republic, more than twice the fraction of the French public (17%). Among Muslims under 25 years of age a large majority (74%) considered their religion more important than French laws and values.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Droit au blasphème, caricatures, liberté d'expression… Les Français sont ils encore " Charlie " ?|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/droit-au-blaspheme-caricatures-liberte-dexpression-les-francais-sont-ils-encore-charlie/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=IFOP|date=September 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> === LGBT acceptance === {{Main|LGBT in Islam}} {{Further|LGBT rights in France}} The 2009 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup poll]] showed that 35% of the French Muslims believed that homosexuality is morally acceptable.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/may/07/muslims-britain-france-germany-homosexuality | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Riazat | last=Butt | title=Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll | date=7 April 2021}}</ref> === Unemployment === In October 2020, the unemployment among Muslims was far higher at 14% than the population at large (8%).<ref>{{Cite web|first=Elizabeth|last=Bryant|website=DW.COM|date=24 October 2020|title=As France mourns slain teacher Samuel Paty, some question secular values|url=https://www.dw.com/en/samuel-paty-france-radical-islam-secularism/a-55383482|access-date=30 October 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Education === According to a poll by [[Institut Montaigne]] in 2016, 15% of Muslims in France had no academic qualification at all and 25% had less than secondary education ([[Baccalauréat]]). 12% had more than 2 years higher education, a further 20% had more than 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Un islam français est possible / Sommaire (PDF)|url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/publications/un-islam-francais-est-possible|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Institut Montaigne|language=fr}}</ref> It has been estimated that Muslim students form more than 10% of the students in the French [[Catholic schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/europe/25iht-schools.4.16488061.html|title=For French Muslims, a Catholic education|date=25 September 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ===امتياز=== {{main|فرانس ۾ اسلاموفوبيا}} سال 2010ع ۾، هڪ مطالعي جنهن جو عنوان آهي "ڇا فرانسيسي مسلمان پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ امتيازي سلوڪ جا شڪار آهن؟" اهو معلوم ٿيو ته "نوڪري جي انٽرويو جي اميد ۾ ريزيوم موڪليندڙ مسلمانن کي عيسائين جي ڀيٽ ۾، ساڳين سندن سان "انهن جي درخواستن تي مثبت جواب" سان 2.5 ڀيرا گهٽ موقعو مليو". ٻيو مثال 2004ع ۾ نابالغن لاءِ سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ نمائشي مذهبي نشانين تي فرانسيسي پابندي آهي، جنهن نوجوان مسلمان ڇوڪرين کي سرڪاري اسڪولن کان ٻاهر اسڪولن ۾ حجاب نه پائڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. In 2010, a study entitled ''Are French Muslims Discriminated Against in Their Own Country?'' found that "Muslims sending out resumes in hopes of a job interview had 2.5 times less chance than Christians" with similar credentials "of a positive response to their applications".<ref>{{cite web|title=Study shows French Muslims hit by religious bias|date=26 March 2010|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|access-date=2010-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608214301/http://www.odt.co.nz/news/world/99211/study-shows-french-muslims-hit-religious-bias|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Another example is the 2004 French ban on ostentatious religious signs in public schools for minors, which forced young girls insisting on wearing the hijab in school out of public schools.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dell’Isola |first=Davide |title=Discrimination against Muslims, the role of networks and terrorist attacks in Western Europe: the cases of United Kingdom, France, and Italy |journal=Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica |date=2022 |volume=52 |pages=118–133 |doi=10.1017/ipo.2021.22|doi-access=free }}</ref> Other examples of discrimination against Muslims include the desecration of 148 French Muslim graves near [[Arras]]. A pig's head was hung from a headstone and profanities insulting Islam and Muslims were daubed on some graves.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7333344.stm French Muslim war graves defaced], ''BBC'', 6 April 2008</ref> Destruction and vandalism of Muslim graves in France were seen as Islamophobic by a report of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html EU reports post-Sept. 11 racism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607140731/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/24/eu.violence/index.html |date=2009-06-07 }} CNN&nbsp;– 24 May 2002</ref> Several of Mosques have also been vandalized in France over the years.<ref>{{cite news|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/france/story/0,,1419719,00.html|title=Vandals target Paris mosque|date=22 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Desecration of a mosque in France|newspaper = Ennahar Online English|publisher = El Athir For the Press|date = 13 December 2009|url = http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|access-date = 16 December 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215053055/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/2612.html|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> On 14 January 2015, it was reported that 26 mosques in France had been subject to attack since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Firebombs and pigs heads thrown into mosques as anti-Muslim attacks increase after Paris shootings|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|access-date=22 January 2015|publisher=independent.co.uk|date=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121153454/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/firebombs-and-pigs-heads-thrown-into-mosques-as-antimuslim-attacks-increase-after-paris-shootings-9977423.html|archive-date=21 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 June 2017, a man who had schizophrenia attempted to ram his vehicle into a crowd of worshipers exiting a mosque in [[Créteil]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Agence France|title=8 wounded in France mosque shooting, not terrorism—prosecutor|date=3 July 2017|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|access-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093749/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/910481/8-wounded-in-france-mosque-shooting-not-terrorism-prosecutor|archive-date=2018-04-28|url-status=live}}</ref> a suburb of Paris, though no one was injured. ''[[Le Parisien]]'' claims the suspect, of [[Armenians|Armenian]] origin, wanted to "avenge the Bataclan and Champs-Elysées" attacks.<ref>Tom Batchelor. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html Paris mosque incident: Man tries to ram car into crowd of Muslim worshippers, police say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174247/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-mosque-incident-attack-car-muslims-cr-teil-man-arrested-police-a7815641.html |date=2017-08-22 }}. Independent. 29 June 2017.</ref> In 2019, the French Institute for Public Research (IFOP) conducted a study from August 29 to September 18, based on a sample of 1007 Muslims aged 15 and above.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|title=Nearly Half of France's Muslim Population Experience Discrimination|last=Guessous|first=Hamza|date=2019-11-07|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032605/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286313/france-muslim-population-discrimination/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the study, 40% of Muslims in France felt that they were discriminated against.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|title=Thousands March in Paris Against Islamophobia After Attackagency=Reuters|date=2019-11-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111023753/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2019/11/10/world/europe/10reuters-france-religion.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|title=Thousands Protest Islamophobia in France|website=Voice of America|date=10 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111012307/https://www.voanews.com/europe/thousands-protest-islamophobia-france|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|title=[Ticker] 42% of French Muslims experienced discrimination|website=EUobserver|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032604/https://euobserver.com/tickers/146535|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> More than a third of these instances were recorded in the past five years, suggesting an increase in the overall mistreatment of Muslims in France over recent years.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|title=Nearly half of French Muslims report being discriminated against based on their religionwork=The New Arab| work=alaraby |date = 8 November 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111022855/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/11/8/nearly-50-percent-of-french-muslims-have-experienced-discrimination|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The survey found that 60% of women wearing a headscarf were subject to discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|title=Muslims, Activists in France Want to March Against Islamophobia|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=2019-11-10|website=Morocco World News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111032612/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/11/286544/muslims-france-islamophobia/|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> 37% of Muslims in France have been a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The study, however, revealed that 44% of Muslim women who do not wear headscarves found themselves being a victim of verbal harassment or defamatory insults.<ref name=":02" /> The survey found that 13% of incidents of religious discrimination happened at police control points and 17% happened at job interviews.<ref name=":02" /> 14% of incidents occurred while the victims were looking to rent or buy accommodation.<ref name=":02" /> The IFOP stated that 24% of Muslims were exposed to verbal aggression during their lifetime, compared to 9% among non-Muslims.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, 7% of Muslims were physically attacked, compared to 3% of non-Muslims.<ref name=":12" /> In 2019, according to the French Ministry of Interior, 154 anti-religious acts targeted Muslims, while those targeting Jews stood at 687, and those against Christians was 1,052. Most of these acts consisted of vandalism of "property of a religious nature."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-ministres-de-l-Interieur/Archives-Laurent-Nunez/Communiques/Statistiques-2019-des-actes-antireligieux-antisemites-racistes-et-xenophobes|title = Statistiques 2019 des actes antireligieux, antisémites, racistes et xénophobes}}</ref> === Public opinion === A February 2017 poll of 10 000 people in 10 European countries by [[Chatham House]] found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in Austria, Poland, Hungary, France and Belgium. Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the center of a refugee crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310181445/https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|archive-date=2018-03-10|url-status=live}}</ref> A survey published in 2019 by the [[Pew Research Center]] found that 72% of French respondents had a favorable view of Muslims in their country, whereas 22% had an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022072452/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |archive-date=22 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Repercussions=== The [[2005 French riots]] have been controversially<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |title=The Nature of the French Riots |quote=The bulk of the rioters are second generation migrants, but, if we consider the names of the arrested people, it is more ethnically mixed than one could have expected (beyond the second generation with a Muslim background—mainly North Africans, plus some Turks and Africans—there are also many non-Muslim Africans as well as people with French, Spanish or Portuguese names). The rioters are French citizens (only around 7% of the arrested people are foreigners, usually residents). [...]the religious dimension is conspicuously absent from the riots. This is not a revolt of the Muslims. |publisher=Olivier Roy, Social Science Research Council |date=November 2005 |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720085030/http://riotsfrance.ssrc.org/Roy/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> interpreted as an illustration of the difficulty of integrating Muslims in France, and smaller-scale riots have been occurring throughout the 1980s and 1990s, first in [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] in 1979, and in [[Vénissieux]] in 1981, 1983, 1990 and 1999. Furthermore, although Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] claimed that most rioters were immigrants and already known to the police, the majority were, in fact, previously unknown to the police.<ref>''[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/societe/20051117.OBS5654/decryptage-du-profildes-emeutiers.html Les magistrats constatent après trois semaines de violences que les auteurs interpellés sont très majoritairement des primo-délinquants.]'', nouvelobs.com, 2005-11-19</ref><ref>''[http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres Sarkozy démenti par les faits un an après] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190220/http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/010164335-sarkozy-dementi-par-les-faits-un-an-apres |date=2012-09-28 }}'', liberation.fr, 2006-10-24</ref> In 2014, an analysis by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' showed that between 60 and 70% of the prison population in France are Muslim or come from Muslim backgrounds while Muslims constitute 12% of the population of France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|title=In France, Prisons Filled With Muslims|last=Moore|first=Molly|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902024913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/28/ST2008042802857.html|archive-date=2017-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref> The claims in this article have been refuted: the headline figure was based on research in 4 Paris and north regions prisons out of a total 188 by Professor Farhad Khosrovkhavar later said his best estimate was 40–50%, but that data is not recorded by French authorities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|title=Are 70% of France's prison inmates Muslims?|work=Factcheck by the Adam Smith Institute|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923235458/https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/are-70-of-frances-prison-inmates-muslims|archive-date=2018-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Statistics on ethnicity and religion are banned in France.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 2013, 18,300 (27%) of the 67,700 French prison population registered for [[Ramadan]], an indication of their religious affiliation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|title=60% of French prisoners are Muslims?|work=Factcheck by francetvinfo.fr|access-date=2018-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202153201/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-vrai-du-faux/60-des-detenus-francais-sont-musulmans_1770701.html|archive-date=2018-12-02|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Hijab=== [[File:Mannequins Béziers 02.jpg|thumb|Mannequins in the city of [[Béziers]] advertising the hijab]] {{Further|French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools|Islamic scarf controversy in France}} The wearing of ''[[hijab]]'' in France has been a very controversial issue since 1989. The debate essentially concerns whether Muslim girls who choose to wear hijab may do so in state schools. A secondary issue is how to protect the free choice and other rights of young Muslim women who do not want the veil, but who may face strong pressure from families or some traditionalists. Similar issues exist for civil servants and the acceptance of male Muslim medics in medical services. In 1994, the [[Ministry of National Education (France)|French Ministry for Education]] sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the veil in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the Institute of Labor Economics, more girls with a Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school after the 1994 restrictions were introduced. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study suggested that "public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227130642/https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-12-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Leila Babes in her book ''The Veil Demystified'', believe that wearing the veil does not derive from a Muslim religious imperative.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |title='This is my strength' – Haaretz – Israel News |access-date=2008-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127160345/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/801791.html |archive-date=2007-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French government and a large majority of public opinion are opposed to the wearing of a "conspicuous" sign of religious expression (dress or symbol), whatever the religion, as this is incompatible with the French system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December 2003, President [[Jacques Chirac]] said that it breaches the separation of church and state and would increase tensions in France's multicultural society, whose Muslim and [[History of the Jews in France|Jewish]] populations are both the biggest of their kind in Western Europe. The issue of Muslim hijabs has sparked controversy after several girls refused to uncover their heads in class, as early as 1989. In October 1989, three Muslim schoolgirls wearing the Islamic headscarf were expelled from the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in [[Creil]] (north of Paris). In November, the First [[Conseil d'État]] ruling affirmed that the wearing of the Islamic headscarf, as a symbol of [[freedom of religious expression]], in public schools was not incompatible with the French school system and the system of ''[[laïcité]]''. In December, a first ministerial circular (''circulaire Jospin'') was published, stating teachers had to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to ban the wearing of Islamic headscarves. In January 1990, three schoolgirls were expelled from the ''collège Pasteur'' in [[Noyon]], north of Paris. The parents of one expelled schoolgirl filed a defamation action against the principal of the ''collège Gabriel-Havez'' in Creil. As a result, the teachers of a ''collège'' in [[Nantua]] (eastern part of France, just to the west of Geneva, Switzerland) went on strike to protest the wearing of the Islamic headscarf in school. A second ministerial circular was published in October, to restate the need to respect the principle of ''[[laïcité]]'' in public schools. In September 1994, a third ministerial circular (''circulaire Bayrou'') was published, making a distinction between "discreet" [[symbol]]s to be tolerated in public schools, and "ostentatious" symbols, including the Islamic headscarf, to be banned from public schools. In October, some students demonstrated at the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] (northwest of Paris) to support the freedom to wear Islamic headscarves in school. In November, approximately twenty-four veiled schoolgirls were expelled from the ''lycée Saint Exupéry'' in Mantes-la-Jolie and the ''lycée Faidherbe'' in [[Lille]]. In December 2003, President Chirac decided that the law should prohibit the wearing of visible religious signs in schools, according to ''[[laïcité]]'' requirements. The law was approved by parliament in March 2004. Items prohibited by this law include hijabs, Jewish [[Kippah|yarmulkes]], or large Christian [[Cross necklace|crosses]].<ref name="georgetown1">{{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |title=France |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=2011-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=2011-02-06 }} See drop-down essay on "Contemporary Affairs"</ref> It is still permissible to wear discreet symbols of [[faith]] such as small crosses, [[Star of David|Stars of David]], or [[Hamsa|Fatima's hands]]. Two French journalists working in [[Iraq]], Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot were taken hostage by the "[[Islamic Army in Iraq]]" (an Iraqi resistance militant movement) under accusations of spying. Threats to kill the two journalists if the law on headscarves was not revoked were published on the Internet by groups claiming to be the "Islamic Army in Iraq". The two journalists were later released unharmed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Welcomes Release of French Journalists Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot |access-date=2019-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824042409/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17781%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> The arguments resurfaced when, on 22 June 2009, at the ''Congrès de Versailles'', President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] declared that the Islamic burqa is not welcome in France, claiming that the full-length, body-covering gown was a symbol of subservience that suppresses women's identities and turns them into "prisoners behind a screen." A parliamentary commission of thirty-two deputies led by [[André Gerin]] (PCF), was also formed to study the possibility of banning the public wearing of the burqa or niqab.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |title=Du voile à l'école au port de la burqa dans l'espace public, le débat a changé |access-date=2009-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703012102/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/07/02/du-voile-a-l-ecole-au-port-de-la-burqa-dans-l-espace-public-le-debat-a-change_1214388_3224.html |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=live |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=2009-07-02 }}</ref> There is suspicion, however, that Sarkozy is "playing politics in a time of economic unhappiness and social anxiety."<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html |title=Burqa Furor Scrambles French Politics |access-date=2017-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921201811/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01france.html?em |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2009-08-31 |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven }}</ref> A Muslim group spokesman expressed serious concern over the proposed legislation, noting that "even if they ban the burqa, it will not stop there," adding that "there is a permanent demand for legislating against Muslims. This could go really bad, and I'm scared of it. I feel like they're turning the screws on us."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> On 25 January 2010 it was announced that the parliamentary committee, having concluded its study, would recommend that a ban on veils covering the face in public locations such as hospitals and schools be enacted, but not in private buildings or on the street.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna35064478 | title=French panel: Ban veils in public facilities| website=[[NBC News]]| date=2010-01-26}}</ref> [[File:Hijabs sportifs France 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Foot Locker]] store in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint Denis]] with mannequins advertising [[sports hijab]] in 2022.]] In February 2019, [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], Europe's largest sports retailer, announced plans to begin selling a [[sports hijab]] in their stores in France. Decathlon had begun selling the product in [[Morocco]] the previous week, but the plan was criticized on social media, with several politicians expressing discomfort with the product being sold. Decathlon originally stood firm, arguing it was focused on "democratizing" sports. The company released a statement saying its goal was to "offer them a suitable sports product, without judging." While [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had already sold hijabs in France, Decathlon was met with much more scrutiny. Multiple salespeople were threatened physically in stores. The company also received hundreds of calls and emails in regard to the product. Decathlon was forced to backtrack and has since halted its plans to sell the sports hijab. Many throughout France were left disappointed with one Muslim entrepreneur, who didn't consider selling sport hijabs, stating, "it's a shame that Decathlon didn't stand firm."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|title=A Sports Hijab Has France Debating the Muslim Veil, Again|last1=Peltier|first1=Elian|date=2019-02-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-11|last2=Breeden|first2=Aurelien|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111021441/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/world/europe/france-sports-hijab-decathlon.html|archive-date=2019-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref> === سياست === رسمي ۽ گڏوگڏ غير رسمي مسلم تنظيمون، نئين فرانسيسي شهرين کي ضم ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪن ٿيون. "پارٽي ايگلٽي ۽ جسٽس" جهڙيون ڪيتريون ئي سياسي پارٽيون هاڻي ظاهر ٿيون آهن، انهن جون سڀ کان وڌيڪ سرگرميون گهر جي ڪم ۾ مدد ۽ عربي ۾ ٻولي جا ڪلاس آهن ۽ پنگ پانگ ۽ مسلم بحث گروپ وغيره پڻ عام آهن. بهرحال، اميگريشن جي عمل ۾ مدد ڪرڻ ۾ سرگرم سڀ کان اهم تنظيمون يا ته سيڪيولر آهن يا عيسائي آهن. * مسلمانن جو سڀ کان اهم قومي ادارو، "فرانس جي مسلمانن جي ڪونسل" (<small>Conseil Français du Culte Musulman</small>) آهي. هي ادارو، "فرانس ۾ يهودين جي ڪنسورسيم (<small>Consistoire Juif de France</small>) ۽ "فرانس ۾ پروٽسٽنٽن جي فيڊريشن" (<small>Fédération protestante de France</small>)، ٻئي نپولين جو اختراع، جي ماڊل تي ٺاهيو ويو هو. ڪونسل، CFCM جو مقصد (پنهنجي يهودي ۽ پروٽسٽنٽ هم منصبن وانگر) رياست سان مذهبي مسئلي تي بحث ڪرڻ، ڪجهه سرڪاري ادارن ۾ حصو وٺڻ ۽ فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي مذهبي زندگي کي منظم ڪرڻ آهي. <small>CFCM</small> مقامي چونڊن ذريعي فرانسيسي مسلمانن پاران چونڊي ويندي آهي. اها فرانسيسي مسلمانن جي واحد سرڪاري مثال آهي. * سال 2003ع ۾ چونڊيل <small>CFCM</small> ۾ چار تنظيمون نمائندگي ڪري رهيون هيون؛ "پيرس جي جامع مسجد" (Grande mosquée de Paris)، فرانس ۾ اسلامي تنظيمن جي يونين" (Union des organizations islamiques de France)، "فرانس جي مسلمانن جي قومي فيڊريشن" (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) ۽ "ترڪ مسلمانن جي رابطا ڪميٽي" (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). سال 2008ع ۾ هڪ نئين ڪائونسل چونڊجي وئي، جن جي فاتح، "فرانس ۾ مسلمانن جي ٻيهر تنظيم سازي" (Rasemblement des musulmans de France) هئي. ووٽن جي وڏي اڪثريت سان، ان کان پوءِ UOIF ۽ CCMTF آهن. اها هڪ تمام وسيع ۽ نوجوان تنظيم آهي ۽ اهم مسئلن تي اتفاق راءِ جي شروعات آهي. ٻيون تنظيمون موجود آهن. جهڙوڪ PCM (مسلمانن جي شرڪت ۽ روحانيت). جيڪي سياسي متحرڪيت (نسل پرستي، جنس پرستي وغيره جي خلاف) ۽ روحاني گڏجاڻين کي گڏ ڪن ٿيون. ۽ فرانسيسي سماج ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت تي زور ڏين ٿيون. تنظيمن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ سان. ووٽ ڏيڻ لاءِ رجسٽر ٿيڻ. پنهنجن ٻارن جي اسڪولن سان ڪم ڪرڻ وغيره. انهن وٽ اهڙي طرح واضح سياسي موقف نه آهن. پر فعال شهريت لاءِ زور ڏيو. اهي عملي طور تي کاٻي پاسي واري سياست ۾ مبهم آهن. * حڪومت اڃا تائين هڪ سرڪاري پاليسي تيار نه ڪئي آهي. انضمام کي آسان بڻائڻ لاءِ. جيئن مٿي ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي. فرانس ۾ اهو طئي ڪرڻ ڏکيو آهي. ڪنهن کي مسلمان سڏيو وڃي ٿو. فرانس ۾ ڪجهه مسلمان پاڻ کي "غير مشق ڪندڙ" طور بيان ڪن ٿا. گهڻا صرف رمضان ۽ ٻين بنيادي قاعدن جي پيروي ڪن ٿا. پر ٻي صورت ۾ سيڪيولر آهن. * 1872 جي هڪ قانون جي ڪري. فرانسيسي جمهوريه مردم شماري ڪرڻ کان منع ڪري ٿو. پنهنجي شهرين جي وچ ۾ فرق ڪندي. انهن جي نسل يا انهن جي عقيدن جي حوالي سان. بهرحال. اهو قانون سروي ۽ پولز سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. جيڪي جيڪڏهن چاهين ته اهي سوال پڇڻ لاءِ آزاد آهن. قانون سرڪاري ادارن لاءِ استثنا جي اجازت پڻ ڏئي ٿو. اعلان جي بنياد تي اندازا: آڪٽوبر 2010 ۾ INED ۽ INSEE جي سروي اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ته فرانس ۾ 2.1 ملين "اعلان ٿيل مسلمان" آهن. as well as informal Muslim organizations help the new French citizens to integrate. Several political parties like Parti égalité et Justice have now appeared. Their most frequent activities are homework help and language classes in Arabic, ping pong, Muslim discussion groups etc. are also common. However, most important associations active in assisting with the immigration process are either secular (GISTI, for example) or [[ecumenist]] (such as the [[protestant]]-founded [[Cimade]]). The most important national institution is the CFCM (''Conseil Français du Culte Musulman'') this institution was designed on the model of the "Consistoire Juif de France" and of the "Fédération protestante de France" both Napoleonic creations. The aim of the CFCM (like its Jewish and protestant counterparts) is to discuss religious problem with the state, participate in certain public institutions, and organize the religious life of French Muslims. The CFCM is elected by the French Muslims through local election. It is the only official instance of the French Muslims. There were four organizations represented in the CFCM elected in 2003, GMP (Grande mosquée de Paris), UOIF (Union des organizations islamiques de France), FNMF (Fédération nationale des musulmans de France) CCMTF (Comité de coordination des musulmans Turcs de France). In 2008 a new council was elected. The winner was RMF (Rassemblement des musulmans de France) with a large majority of the votes, followed by the UOIF and the CCMTF. It is a very broad and young organization and there is a beginning of consensus on major issues. Other elections took place since then, the latest was due in 2019 but is still pending. Other organizations exist, such as PCM (Muslim Participation and Spirituality), which combine political mobilization (against racism, sexism etc.) and spiritual meetings, and put emphasis on the need to get involved in French society&nbsp;– by joining organizations, registering to vote, working with your children's schools etc. They do not have clear-cut political positions as such but push for active citizenship. They are vaguely on the left in practice. The government has yet to formulate an official policy towards making integration easier. As mentioned above, it is difficult to determine in France who may be called a Muslim. Some Muslims in France describe themselves as "non-practicing". Most simply observe ''Ramadan'' and other basic rules but are otherwise secular. ==اعداد و شمار== Due to a law dating from 1872, the French Republic prohibits performing census by making distinction between its citizens regarding their race or their beliefs. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as [[Institut national d'études démographiques|INED]] or [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that the collection of such data has been authorized by the [[Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés|CNIL]] and the National Council of Statistical Information ({{Interlanguage link|Conseil national de l'information statistique|fr|3=Conseil national de l'information statistique|lt=CNIS|vertical-align=sup}}). ===Estimations based on declaration=== Surveys from INED and the INSEE in October 2010 concluded that France has 2.1&nbsp;million "declared Muslims".<ref name="plus.lefigaro.fr">Michael Cosgrove, [http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 ''How does France count its Muslim population?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074044/http://plus.lefigaro.fr/note/how-does-france-count-its-muslim-population-20110407-435643 |date=2017-10-10 }}, [[Le Figaro]], April 2011.</ref> Based on 2023 research in 2019–2020, Muslims made up 10% of the French adult population, according to INSEE.<ref name="insee.fr">{{Cite web |title=Religious diversity in France: intergenerational transmissions and practices by origins − Immigrants and descendants of immigrants {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/7342918?sommaire=7344042|date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ===Estimations based on people's geographic origin=== In 1960, there was approximately 400,000 Muslims in France, corresponding to 0.9% of the population at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waughray |first=Vernon |date=1960 |title=The French Racial Scene: North African Immigrants in France |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030639686000200105 |journal=Race |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=60–70 |doi=10.1177/030639686000200105 |issn=0033-7277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1975, the estimated number of Muslims was above 1 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=Brian R. |url=https://archive.org/details/radicalislaminwe0000farm |title=Radical Islam in the West : ideology and challenge |date=2011 |publisher=Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7864-5953-7 |quote=By 1975, the Muslim population in France was estimated to be in excess of one million persons.}}</ref> According to the [[Government of France|French Government]], which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2&nbsp;million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France rose to 10%, according to [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]].<ref name="insee.fr"/> The government counted all those people in France who migrated from countries with a dominant Muslim population, or whose parents did. The [[United States Department of State]] placed it at roughly 10%,<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm Background Note: France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525024821/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3842.htm |date=2019-05-25 }}, U.S. Department of State, December 10, 2009. See also "There are an estimated 5 million to 6 million Muslims (8 to 10 percent of the population), although estimates of how many of these are practicing vary widely." in ''[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm 2008 Report on International Religious Freedom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084151/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108446.htm |date=2019-10-17 }}'', U.S. Department of State, September 2008; {{cite book|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries|first1=Thomas F. X.|last1=Noble|first2=Barry|last2=Strauss|first3=Duane J.|last3=Osheim|first4=Kristen B.|last4=Neuschel|first5=Elinor A.|last5=Accampo|first6=David D.|last6=Roberts|first7=William B.|last7=Cohen|author-link2=Barry S. Strauss|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-90072-6|location=Boston|year=2009|edition=6th|page=?}}</ref> while two 2007 polls estimated it at about 3% of the total population.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 Ifop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910203255/http://www.ifop.com/europe/docs/religions_geo.pdf#page=7 |date=2008-09-10 }}, [http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm Sofres]( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126122828/http://www.tns-sofres.com/etudes/pol/050407_religion.htm |date=2008-11-26 }}), [http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php Croyants et athées, où habitent-ils en France?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302170827/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2007/02/28/20070228-actualite-france-Croyants-et-athees-ou-habitent-ils-en-France.php |date=2007-03-02 }}</ref> The [[CIA World Factbook]] places it at 7–9%.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260112203628/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/france/ CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– France] .</ref> A [[Pew Forum]] study, published in January 2011, estimated 4.7&nbsp;million Muslims in France in 2010 (and forecasted 6.9&nbsp;million in 2030).<ref name="Pew2011">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=2011-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723032443/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The French polling company [[IFOP]] estimated in 2016 that French Muslims number between 3 and 4 million and criticized suggestions of a significant demographic religious slide (the so-called [[Great Replacement conspiracy theory]], {{langx|fr|grand remplacement|link=no}}). IFOP claims that they make up 5.6% of those older than 15, and 10% of those younger than 25.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |title=Religion, famille, société : Qui sont vraiment les musulmans de France |access-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919133551/http://www.lejdd.fr/Societe/Religion/Religion-famille-societe-qui-sont-vraiment-les-musulmans-de-France-810217 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an IFOP survey for the newspaper ''La Croix'' in 2011, based on a combination of previous surveys, 75% of people from families ''"of Muslim origin"'' {{sic}} said they were believers. This is more than the previous study in 2007 (71%) but less than the one before 2001 (78%). This variation, caused by the declarative aspect of the survey, illustrates the difficulty of establishing precisely the number of believers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-01-21|title=Quel est le poids de l'islam en France ?|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/01/21/que-pese-l-islam-en-france_4559859_4355770.html|access-date=2020-08-27}}</ref> According to the same survey 155 of those surveyed who had at-least one Muslim parent 84.8% identified as Muslims, 3.4% identified as Christians, 10.0% identified as [[not religious]] and 1.3% belonged to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|title=A French Islam is possible|date=2016|publisher=Institut Montaigne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915201551/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/res/files/publications/a-french-islam-is-possible-report.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2017|page=13}}</ref> An [[Interior ministry]] source in ''l'Islam dans la République'' published the following estimated distribution of Muslims by Alain Boyer by affiliated countries in 1999:<ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml L'Islam dans la République – La Documentation française] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228010738/http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/rapports-publics/014000017/index.shtml |date=2013-02-28 }}, Haut conseil à l'intégration, 2000, p. 26</ref> {| class=wikitable style="margin-left: 3em" |- | [[Algeria]] || align=right | 1,550,000 |- | [[Moroccan diaspora|Morocco]] || align=right | 1,000,000 |- | [[Tunisia]] || align=right | 350,000 |- | [[Turkey]] || align=right | 315,000 |- | [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] || align=right | 250,000 |- | Middle East || align=right | 100,000 |- | remaining Asia (mostly [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) || align=right | 100,000 |- | [[Religious conversion#Islam|Convert]]s || align=right | 40,000 |- | [[Illegal immigrants]] or awaiting regularization|| align=right | 350,000 |- | Other || align=right | 100,000 |- | Total || align=right | '''4,155,000''' |} In 2008, thirty-nine percent of Muslims surveyed by the polling group IFOP said they observed Islam's five prayers daily, a steady rise from 31 percent in 1994, according to the study published in the Catholic daily La Croix.<ref name=":32"/> Mosque attendance for Friday prayers has risen to 23 percent, in 2008 up from 16 percent in 1994, while in 2008 Ramadan observance has reached 70 percent compared to 60 percent in 1994, it said. Drinking alcohol, which Islam forbids, has also declined to 34 percent from 39 percent in 1994, according to the survey of 537 people of Muslim origin.<ref name=":32"/> A 2015 study found that up to 12,000 French Muslims [[converted to Christianity]], but cited that this number may be underestimated, and it may include only Protestant converts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnstone|first1=Patrick|last2=Miller|first2=Duane Alexander|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|date=2015|volume=11|page=8|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|access-date=30 October 2015}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Michèle Tribalat|fr}}, a researcher at [[INED]], an acceptance of 5 to 6 million Muslims in France in 1999 was overestimated. Her work has shown that there were 3.7&nbsp;million people of "possible Muslim faith" in France in 1999 (6.3% of the total population of [[Metropolitan France]]).<ref name="express">{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 Les vrais chiffres] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107205505/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/societe/dossier/mosquees/dossier.asp?ida=415633 |date=2006-01-07 }} by Gilbert Charles and Besma Lahouri, [[L'Express (France)|L'Express]], 2003-04-12; see also {{in lang|en}} Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml Counting France's Numbers—Deflating the Numbers Inflation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830080337/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc1402/article_1210_printer.shtml |date=2008-08-30 }}'', [[The Social Contract Press|The Social Contract Journal]], vol. 14.2, Winter 2003–2004</ref> In 2009, she estimated that the number of people of the Muslim faith in France was about 4.5&nbsp;million.<ref>Michèle Tribalat, ''[http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html Michèle Tribalat : "L'islam reste une menace"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105623/http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/10/13/l-islam-reste-une-menace_1587160_3232.html|date=2011-11-15}}'', [[Le Monde]], 13 octobre 2011</ref> فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ (INED) جي هڪ محقق، مشيل ٽرائبلاٽ جي مطابق، 5 جي قبوليت جين پال گوريويچ جي مطابق، 2017 ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۾ 8.5 ملين مسلمان نسل (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 1/8) هئا.<ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les véritables enjeux des migrations'', Éditions du Rocher, 2017, {{p.|111}}</ref><ref>Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''La croisade islamiste'', Pascal Galodé, 2011, p. 136</ref><ref name="Jean-Paul Gourévitch p.362">Jean-Paul Gourévitch, ''Les migrations en Europe'' p.362, Acropole, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7357-0267-1}}; see also [[National Front (France)|Front National]]'s estimate of 6 to 8 million Muslims quoted in Jonathan Laurence and [[Justin Vaïsse]], ''Intégrer l'Islam'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 p.35] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222427/https://books.google.com/books?id=jYZJHyMe9yEC&pg=PA35 |date=2016-04-26 }}, Odile Jacob, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-7381-1900-1}}</ref> سال 2017ع ۾، INSEE ۾ پاپوليشن سروي برانچ جي اڳوڻي سربراهه ۽ سال 1999ع ۽ 2009ع جي وچ ۾ INED (فرينچ نيشنل انسٽيٽيوٽ فار ڊيموگرافڪ ريسرچ) جي ڊائريڪٽر، فرانسوا هيران چيو ته سال 2017ع ۾ فرانسيسي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ اٺون حصو (84 لک) مسلمان نسل جو هو.<ref>Fançois Héran, ''Avec l'immigration: Mesurer, débattre, agir'', La Découverte, 2017, p. 20</ref> تازو اسپيشل يوروباروميٽر 493 (2019) جي مطابق فرانس ۾ مسلمان آبادي جو اندازو %5 يا 33 لک 50 هزار جو آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite web |title=Eurobarometer |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251}}</ref> پيو ريسرچ سينٽر اڳڪٿي ڪري ٿو ته <small>2050</small>ع ۾ مسلمان آبادي 86 لک يا ملڪ جو 12.7 سيڪڙو تائين وڌي ويندي جتي ڪا به اميگريشن نه هوندي ۽ هڪ ڪروڙ 32 لک يا 18.0 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي، جئين ته لڏپلاڻ کي نه روڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20171201/how-frances-muslim-population-will-grow-in-the-future|first=Evie|last=Burrows-Taylor|title=How France's Muslim population will grow in the future|date=1 December 2017|website=www.thelocal.fr|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> <small>INED-INSEE</small> جي سال 2023ع جي رپورٽ موجب، فرانس ۾ مسلمان خاندانن ۾ پرورش پائيندڙ 91 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پنهنجي والدين جي ساڳئي مذهب ۽ عقيدي جي پيروي ڪندا آهن.<ref name="newdailycompass.com" /> === اسلام قبول ڪندڙ === سال <small>2013</small>ع ۾، دي [[دي نيو يارڪ ٽائمز|نيو يارڪ ٽائمز]] برنارڊ گوڊارڊ، جيڪو هڪ اڳوڻو فرانسيسي انٽيليجنس آفيسر، اسلامي معاملن ۾ ماهر ۽ ان وقت ملڪ جي گهرو وزارت سان لاڳاپيل هو، جو حوالو ڏنو. جن اندازو لڳايو ته فرانس جي ڪل مسلمان آبادي <small>60</small> لک آهي جنهن مان <small>1</small><small>,00,000</small> فرانسيسي نسل جا مسلمان هئا، جيڪا پنهنجو مذهب تبديل ڪيا (سال <small>1986</small>ع ۾ <small>50,000</small> جي مقابلي ۾)، جڏهن ته مسلم تنظيمون هي تعداد <small>2,00,000</small> تائين ٻڏائڻ ٿيون.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=de la Baume |first=Maïa |date=3 February 2013 |title=More in France Are Turning to Islam, Challenging a Nation's Idea of Itself |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622011846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/04/world/europe/rise-of-islamic-converts-challenges-france.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> سال <small>2025ع</small> ۾، [[سماجيات]] جي ماهر فرينڪ فريگوسي، "گوورنر ايل اسلام اين فرانس" (فرانس ۾ اسلام جي حڪومت) جي ليکڪ، جي "لي پيريسين رپورٽ" جو اندازو آهي ته فرانس ۾ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ <small>5</small><small>,000</small> ماڻهو اسلام قبول ڪندا آهن، اهو انگ مرڪزي رڪارڊن جي بدران سماجي مشاهدي مان نڪتل آهي، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته رجحان گذريل ڏهاڪن جي مقابلي ۾ وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poupeau |first=Thomas |date=2025-05-06 |title=Regain de spiritualité, recherche d’une communauté, mariage… Les principales raisons de la conversion à l’islam |trans-title=Renewed spirituality, search for a community, marriage… The main reasons for conversion to Islam |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/religions/regain-de-spiritualite-recherche-dune-communaute-mariage-les-principales-raisons-de-la-conversion-a-lislam-06-05-2025-NTV6HIE27JCL3GEYY5H6YRJ2AY.php |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=[[Le Parisien]] |language=fr-FR |quote=Il n’existe pas de données précises sur les conversions à l’islam en France, mais les spécialistes avancent un chiffre : 5 000 par an. Les raisons sont variées. |trans-quote=There are no precise data on conversions to Islam in France, but specialists put forward an estimate: about 5,000 per year. The reasons vary.}}</ref> === مسلمانن ۽ يهودين جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا === سال <small>2006</small>ع ۾ [[جرمني]]، [[فرانس]]، [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۾ پيو ريسرچ سينٽر پاران ڪيل هڪ سروي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو ته %71 فرانسيسي مسلمان، انهن جي ساٿي يهودي شهرين بابت مثبت خيال رکندا هئا. اها مثبت جذبات جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ سيڪڙو ۽ يورپ ۾ پول ڪيل سڀني يورپي مسلمانن طرفان واحد مثبت طور تي اظهار هو. اڪثر فرانس جي مسلمان (%<small>46</small> منفي جواب جي مقابلي ۾ <small>44</small> سيڪڙو مثبت جواب "ڇا [[حماس]] جي فتح فلسطينين لاءِ سٺي آهي؟") پڻ حماس جي حمايت نه ڪئي ۽ 71 سيڪڙو جواب ڏيندڙن [[ايران]] جي [[نيوڪليئر تجربو|ايٽمي هٿيار]] حاصل ڪرڻ جي منظوري نه ڏني. فرانس ۾ هي مسلم-يهودي اتحاد جزوي طور تي هن حقيقت سان بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو ته ٻنهي آبادي جو هڪ وڏو سيڪڙو يورپ ۾ پيدا ٿيو آهي ۽ فرانسيسي "لايسيٽي جا اثر" (vivre-ensemble) يعني "گڏجي گڏ رهڻ" تي ​​گڏيل سول ادارتي جڳهن ۾ مذهبي ۽ سياسي طور تي سڀني لاءِ غير جانبدار رهن ٿا.<ref name="allen" /> ==فرانسيسي مسلمان== {{main category|فرانسيسي مسلمان}} ===رانديگر=== [[File:Zinedine Zidane by Tasnim 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[زين الدين زيدان]]، فٽبال رانديگر، فرانس جي فٽبال ٽيم جو اڳوڻو ڪپتان ]] [[File:Franck Ribery 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[فرينڪ ريبيري]]، فٽبال رانديگر، (اسلام قبول ڪيو)]] * * نڪولس انيلڪا، فٽبال رانديگر. (اسلام قبول ڪيو) * حاتم بن عرفا، فٽبال رانديگر. * * ڪريم بينزيما، فٽبال رانديگر. * * وِسام بن يدر، فٽبال رانديگر * * اينگولو ڪانٽي، فٽبال رانديگر. * * هشام آور، فٽبال رانديگر * * نبيل فيڪير، فٽبال رانديگر. * محمد حوث، بين الاقوامي رگبي رانديگر. * سمير ناصري، فٽبال رانديگر. * پال پوگبا، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * عادل رامي، فٽبال رانديگر. * سوان ريبيڊجئ، بين الاقوامي رگبي يونين رانديگر. * فرانڪ ريبيري، فٽبال رانديگر، مسلمان ٿيو. * مامدو ساخو، فٽبال رانديگر. * موسيٰ سيسوڪو، فٽبال رانديگر. * رباح سليماني، اسٽيڊ فرانسيس لاءِ رگبي پليئر ۽ فرانسيسي قومي رگبي يونين ٽيم ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاوضو وٺندڙ فرانسيسي پليئر.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |title=French magazine unveils the HIGHEST earners in the Top 14 |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921123905/https://www.ruck.co.uk/magazine-unveils-highest-earners-top-14/ |archive-date=2018-09-21 |url-status=live |date=2017-05-02 }}</ref> * زين الدين زيدان، فٽبال پليئر * عثمان ڊيمبيلي، فٽبال پليئر * بينجمن مينڊي، فٽبال پليئر * بڪاري ساگنا، فٽبال پليئر * جبريل سيديبي، فٽبال پليئر * سيڊرڪ ڊومبي، ايم ايم اي فائٽر، مسلمان ٿيو. * اسحاق هيجر، فارمولا 1 ڊرائيور ==== فنڪار ==== * نصرالدين ڊينيٽ، مصور، اسلام قبول ڪيو. * ليلا بختي، ايوارڊ يافته فلم ۽ ٽيليويزن اداڪاره، لورال سفير * اسد بواب، ڪال مائي ايجنٽ! فيم جو فرانسيسي-مراڪشي اداڪار * سميع بواجلا، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار، ٻه سيزر ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ * رچيدا برڪني، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪاره، ڪاميڊي فرانسيس ميمبر، ايريڪ ڪينٽونا جي زال * جميل ڊيبوز، ايوارڊ يافته اداڪار ۽ اسٽينڊ اپ ڪاميڊين، پروڊيوسر، انسان دوست، ٽي وي صحافي ۽ پروڊيوسر ميليسا ٿيوريو جو مڙس * خيرون، ايراني ڄاول فرانسيسي ڪاميڊين، اداڪار ۽ فلم ڊائريڪٽر * سبرينا اوازاني، دي هُڪ اپ پلان ۽ گيمز آف لو اينڊ چانس فيم جي اداڪاره * [[Tahar Rahim]], multiple [[César Award]]-winning actor, [[Oscars]], [[BAFTA]] and [[Golden Globe]] nominee * [[Omar Sy]], award-winning actor, first ever Black winner of the [[César Award for Best Actor]] in 2012 * [[Roschdy Zem]], award-winning actor and director ====Singers==== [[File:Kery James - Rennes 2008.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] artist [[Kery James]]]] * [[Kery James]], Guadeloupe-born hip hop artist, convert * [[Soprano (rapper)|Soprano]] * [[Médine (rapper)|Médine]] * [[Booba]] * [[Kaaris]], convert * [[Sadek (rapper)|Sadek]], convert ===Politicians=== * [[Fadela Amara]], social worker and feminist activist, former government minister * [[Kader Arif]], politician, former government minister and current member of the [[European Parliament]] * [[Azouz Begag]], [[Légion d'Honneur]] recipient, researcher in economics and sociology, former government minister * [[Rachida Dati]], lawyer, former Minister of Justice, current Minister of Culture * [[Mounir Mahjoubi]], technologist, businessman, current Secretary of State for Digital Affairs (came out as gay in 2018). * [[Rama Yade]], politician, former government minister. ===Academics and writers=== * [[Yasmine Belkaid]], immunologist, current president of the [[Pasteur Institute]] * [[Ghaleb Bencheikh]], scientist * [[Jean-Louis Michon]], writer, translator, convert * [[Louis du Couret]], explorer, military officer, writer, convert * [[René Guénon]], author, intellectual, convert * [[Roger Garaudy]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Christian Bonaud]], author, philosopher, convert * [[Éric Geoffroy]], Islamologist, author, convert * [[Denis Gril]], Islamologist, writer, convert * [[Michel Chodkiewicz]], Islamogist, writer, convert * [[Eva de Vitray-Meyerovitch]], Islamologist, writer, convert ===Business people=== * [[Mohed Altrad]], businessman, rugby chairman and writer. * [[Mourad Boudjellal]], businessman, founder of [[Soleil Productions]] comic publishing and [[Sport management|sport manager]]. ===Religious figures=== * [[Kahina Bahloul]] French [[imam]] (first female imam in France) and [[Islamic studies|Islamic academic]], advocate for [[Islamic modernism|modernist reforms in Islam]]. * [[Dalil Boubakeur]], physician, rector of [[Great Mosque of Paris]] * [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], founder of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], WW2 resistant, interfaith helper and candidate to official title of [[Righteous among the Nations]]. ===Television=== * [[Rachid Arhab]], journalist, member of [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|اسلام|فرانس}} * فرانس جي آباديات * فرانس ۾ مذهب * فرانس ۾ مذهب جي آزادي * مارسيلي ۾ اسلام * بيسانڪون ۾ اسلام * فرانڪو-عثماني اتحاد * فرانس ۾ ترڪ * بيسانڪون ڏانهن هجرت * [[Religion in Europe]] * [[Freedom of religion in Europe]] *[[Islam in Europe]] *[[Religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom]] *[[Islam in the United Kingdom]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * Davidson, Naomi. ''Only Muslim: Embodying Islam in Twentieth-Century France'' (Cornell University Press, 2012) * Katz, Ethan B. ''The Burdens of Brotherhood: Jews and Muslims from North Africa to France'' (Harvard University Press, 2015) * Mandel, Maud S. ''Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict'' (Princeton University Press; 2014) 253 pages; scholarly history of conflicts since 1948; special attention to Marseilles and to the impact of French decolonization in North Africa. * Motadel, David. "The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939." in by Götz Nordbruch and Umar Ryad, eds., ''Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers'' (2014) ch 1. * Murray-Miller, Gavin. "A Conflicted Sense of Nationality: Napoleon III's Arab Kingdom and the Paradoxes of French Multiculturalism." ''French Colonial History'' 15#1 (2014): 1–37. * Rootham, Esther. "Embodying Islam and laïcité: young French Muslim women at work." ''Gender, Place & Culture'' (2014): 1–16. * Scheck, Raffael. ''French Colonial Soldiers in German Captivity During World War II'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) * Zwilling, Anne-Laure. "A century of mosques in France: building religious pluralism." ''International Review of Sociology'' 25#2 (2015): 333–340. *{{cite news|last1=Ragazzi|first1=Francesco|last2=Tawfik|first2=Amal|last3=Perret|first3=Sarah|last4=Davidshofer|first4=Stephan|title="Séparatisme": et si la politique antiterroriste faisait fausse route ?|url=https://theconversation.com/separatisme-et-si-la-politique-antiterroriste-faisait-fausse-route-149078|agency=The Conversation|date=9 November 2020|access-date=30 January 2021|df=dmy-all}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} *[http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=153 French Muslims, Government Grapple With Integration Pains] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20010926110902/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,176139,00.html Fighting Terrorism: Lessons From France] * [http://www.euro-islam.info/2013/01/23/the-numbers-of-french-muslims-and-muslims-in-france-are-exaggerated/ ''The numbers of French Muslims and Muslims in France are exaggerated''] euro-islam.info 12 January 2013 * [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20121220.OBS3294/on-exagere-deliberement-le-nombre-de-musulmans-en-france.html] *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20100526-sarkozy-and-burka France's burka bill&nbsp;– background], [[Radio France Internationale]] in English {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ اسلام]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ مذهب]] [[زمرو:اسلام بلحاظ ملڪ|فرانس]] kequxfriz1oxnxg9k4uxr3jhqchz72a 10 96526 377247 377175 2026-05-12T21:51:02Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377247 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/consumer-price-index ارجنٽينا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-AR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/austria/consumer-price-index آسٽريا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-AT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BD"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/belgium/consumer-price-index بيلجيم – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/brazil/consumer-price-index برازيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name="inflation-CA"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/switzerland/consumer-price-index سوئٽزرلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/chile/consumer-price-index چلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/china/consumer-price-index چين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | DK = {{#tag:ref|ڊينمارڪ جي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Abildgren, Kim (2009)، ''Consumer prices in Denmark 1502-2007''، Danmarks Nationalbank Working Papers، Issue 60، ۽ Statistics Denmark جي [https://www.statbank.dk/pris8 Consumer price index, annual average] تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-DK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/egypt/consumer-price-index مصر – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-EG"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ES = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/spain/consumer-price-index اسپين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ES"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EU = {{#tag:ref|يورو علائقي لاءِ صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي ڊيٽا جي بنياد تي [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيل]] وڌايل قدر.|name="inflation-EU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FI = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/finland/consumer-price-index فنلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-FI"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/france/consumer-price-index فرانس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-FR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | GR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/greece/consumer-price-index يونان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-GR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | HK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/hong-kong/consumer-price-index هانگ ڪانگ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-HK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ID = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indonesia/consumer-price-index انڊونيشيا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ID"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/israel/consumer-price-index اسرائيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-IN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iran/consumer-price-index ايران – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IS = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iceland/consumer-price-index آئس لينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IS"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/italy/consumer-price-index اٽلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018|name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | MX = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/mexico/consumer-price-index ميڪسيڪو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-MX"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/netherlands/consumer-price-index نيدرلينڊز – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NO = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/norway/consumer-price-index ناروي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NO"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NZ = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/new-zealand/consumer-price-index نيوزيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NZ"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/peru/consumer-price-index پيرو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name="inflation-PH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/consumer-price-index پولينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/portugal/consumer-price-index پرتگال – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | RU = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/consumer-price-index روس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-RU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | SE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/sweden/consumer-price-index سويڊن – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-SE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | SG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/consumer-price-index سنگاپور – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-SG"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/consumer-price-index ٿائيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/turkey/consumer-price-index ترڪي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TW = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/taiwan/consumer-price-index تائيوان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first=Gregory |last=Clark |year=2017 |url=https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title=The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work=MeasuringWorth |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | UKGDP | UK-GDP | UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title=Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date={{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019|January 2, 2019}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US"|group={{{group|}}}}} | USGDP | US-GDP | US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} |postscript={{#ifeq:{{{mode|}}}|cs2|.}}<!-- ضروري هجي ته آخري نقطو مقرر ڪري ٿو --> }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-USGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | VN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/vietnam/consumer-price-index ويٽنام – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-VN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ZAR"|group={{{group|}}}}} |UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} |USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} |postscript={{#ifeq:{{{mode|}}}|cs2|.}} }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-USGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} |none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn"|group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> mb80t5zanj6gql2cws2zev85iy9s4zv 377248 377247 2026-05-12T22:01:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377248 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{index|{{{1|none}}}}}} <!-- *** جڏهن هن ۾ تبديلي ڪئي وڃي، تڏهن [[سانچو:Inflation]] لاءِ ڊيٽا سيٽ ۽ [[سانچو:Inflation-year]] ۾ تازو سال پڻ اپڊيٽ ڪريو! *** --> | AR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/argentina/consumer-price-index ارجنٽينا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-AR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/austria/consumer-price-index آسٽريا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-AT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AU = {{#tag:ref|آسٽريليا جي صارف قيمت مهانگائي جا انگ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) جي مهيا ڪيل Long Term Linked Series تي ٻڌل آهن، ''6461.0 – Consumer Price Index: Concepts, Sources and Methods, 2011''، جيئن §§3.10–3.11 ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هن سيريز ۾ "1901 کان 1914 تائين A Series Retail Price Index؛ 1914 کان 1946–47 تائين C Series Retail Price Index؛ 1946–47 کان 1948–49 تائين C Series Index (ڪرائي کان سواءِ) ۽ CPI جي هائوسنگ گروپ جو گڏيل استعمال؛ ۽ 1948–49 کان پوءِ CPI" شامل آهي. (3.10). حاصل ڪيل: 4 مئي 2015|name="inflation-AU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | AU-road = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]] آهن، "3101 Road and bridge construction Australia" سيريز استعمال ڪندي، جيڪا Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) پاران مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي، ''[http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/6427.0Main+Features1Mar%202014 6427.0 – Producer Price Indexes, Australia, Mar 2014]''، جدول 17: تعميراتي صنعتن، ذيلي ورهاست ۽ درجي وار اشاري انگ. حاصل ڪيل: 14 جون 2014.|name="inflation-AU-road"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BD = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/consumer-price-index بنگلاديش – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BD"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/belgium/consumer-price-index بيلجيم – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | BR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/brazil/consumer-price-index برازيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-BR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CA = {{#tag:ref|ڪينيڊين مهانگائي جا انگ Statistics Canada جي ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ46a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, historical summary |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} CANSIM، جدول 326-0021 ۽ Catalogue نمبر 62-001-X، 62-010-X ۽ 62-557-X. ۽ {{cite web |publisher=Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/cpis01a-eng.htm |title=Consumer Price Index, by province (monthly) (Canada) |accessdate=April 26, 2018}} |name="inflation-CA"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/switzerland/consumer-price-index سوئٽزرلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/chile/consumer-price-index چلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | CN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/china/consumer-price-index چين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-CN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | DE = {{#tag:ref|جرمن مهانگائي جا انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن جيڪا [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707170154/https://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/LangeReihen/LebensunterhaltKonsum/Content100/lrleb02a,templateId=renderPrint.psml {{lang|de|ڊيوئچس اسٽيٽسٽشس بُنڊس اَمٽ|italic=no|nocat=y}}] تان دستياب آهي.|name="inflation-DE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | DK = {{#tag:ref|ڊينمارڪ جي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Abildgren, Kim (2009)، ''Consumer prices in Denmark 1502-2007''، Danmarks Nationalbank Working Papers، Issue 60، ۽ Statistics Denmark جي [https://www.statbank.dk/pris8 Consumer price index, annual average] تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-DK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/egypt/consumer-price-index مصر – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-EG"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ES = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/spain/consumer-price-index اسپين – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ES"|group={{{group|}}}}} | EU = {{#tag:ref|يورو علائقي لاءِ صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي ڊيٽا جي بنياد تي [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيل]] وڌايل قدر.|name="inflation-EU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FI = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/finland/consumer-price-index فنلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-FI"|group={{{group|}}}}} | FR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/france/consumer-price-index فرانس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-FR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | GR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/greece/consumer-price-index يونان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-GR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | HK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/hong-kong/consumer-price-index هانگ ڪانگ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-HK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ID = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indonesia/consumer-price-index انڊونيشيا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ID"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/israel/consumer-price-index اسرائيل – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IN = {{#tag:ref|{{Citation|title=Historic inflation India – CPI inflation|publisher=Inflation.eu|url=http://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/india/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-india.aspx|accessdate=24 January 2017|mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-IN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iran/consumer-price-index ايران – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IS = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/iceland/consumer-price-index آئس لينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IS"|group={{{group|}}}}} | IT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/italy/consumer-price-index اٽلي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-IT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | JP = {{#tag:ref|جاپاني تاريخي صارف قيمت اشاريا جا انگ Japanese Statistics Bureau جي دستياب ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن. [http://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi Japan Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) – 1970 to 2014] حاصل ڪيل: 30 جولاءِ 2014. 1946 ۽ 1970 جي وچ واري عرصي لاءِ {{cite web|url=http://shouwashi.com/transition-consumerprice.html|title=昭和戦後史|accessdate=2015-01-24}} مان.|name="inflation-JP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | KRW = {{#tag:ref|صارف قيمت اشاريو [[Statistics Korea]] مان. [http://www.index.go.kr/potal/stts/idxMain/selectPoSttsIdxSearch.do?idx_cd=2909 سال وار صارف قيمت اشاريو]. حاصل ڪيل: 3 اپريل 2018|name="inflation-KRW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | MX = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/mexico/consumer-price-index ميڪسيڪو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-MX"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/netherlands/consumer-price-index نيدرلينڊز – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NO = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/norway/consumer-price-index ناروي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NO"|group={{{group|}}}}} | NZ = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/new-zealand/consumer-price-index نيوزيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-NZ"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/peru/consumer-price-index پيرو – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/spei_new/tab33_cpi.htm صارف قيمت اشاريو، مهانگائي شرح ۽ Peso جي خريداري قوت] (قومي اوسط)|name="inflation-PH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PK = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/pakistan/consumer-price-index پاڪستان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PK"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PL = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/poland/consumer-price-index پولينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PL"|group={{{group|}}}}} | PT = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/portugal/consumer-price-index پرتگال – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-PT"|group={{{group|}}}}} | RU = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/russia/consumer-price-index روس – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-RU"|group={{{group|}}}}} | SE = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/sweden/consumer-price-index سويڊن – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-SE"|group={{{group|}}}}} | SG = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/singapore/consumer-price-index سنگاپور – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-SG"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TH = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/thailand/consumer-price-index ٿائيلينڊ – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TH"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/turkey/consumer-price-index ترڪي – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | TW = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/taiwan/consumer-price-index تائيوان – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-TW"|group={{{group|}}}}} | VN = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/vietnam/consumer-price-index ويٽنام – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-VN"|group={{{group|}}}}} | ZAR = {{#tag:ref|[http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/south-africa/consumer-price-index ڏکڻ آفريڪا – صارف قيمت اشاريو]، International Monetary Fund، International Financial Statistics ۽ data files.{{dubious|date=September 2016}} |name="inflation-ZAR"|group={{{group|}}}}} | UK = {{#tag:ref|برطانيا جا [[Retail Price Index]] مهانگائي انگ هن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل آهن: {{cite web |first=Gregory |last=Clark |year=2017 |url=https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ |title=The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series) |work=MeasuringWorth |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|27 January 2019|January 27, 2019}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-UK"|group={{{group|}}}}} |UKGDP|UK-GDP|UK-CAP = {{#tag:ref|گڏيل بادشاهت جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' جي "consistent series" تي ٻڌل آهن، جيڪا {{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.K. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/ukgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }} ۾ مهيا ڪئي وئي آهي.|name="inflation-UKGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} | US = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |author=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project |url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/community/financial-and-economic-education/cpi-calculator-information/consumer-price-index-1800 |title=Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800– |publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |access-date={{#if:{{{df|}}}|2 January 2019|January 2, 2019}} |mode={{{mode|}}} }}|name="inflation-US"|group={{{group|}}}}} |USGDP|US-GDP|US-CAP = {{#tag:ref|{{cite web |first1=Ryland |last1=Thomas |first2=Samuel H. |last2=Williamson |title=What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/ |work=MeasuringWorth |year=2018 |accessdate={{#if:{{{df|}}}|5 January 2018|January 5, 2018}} |mode={{{mode|}}} |postscript={{#ifeq:{{{mode|}}}|cs2|.}} }} گڏيل رياستن جا [[Gross Domestic Product deflator]] انگ ''Measuring Worth'' سيريز تي ٻڌل آهن.|name="inflation-USGDP"|group={{{group|}}}}} |none = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|ڪو اشاريو مقرر نه ڪيو ويو|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn"|group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} |#default = {{#tag:ref|وڌايل قدر [[سانچو:Inflation|پاڻمرادو ڳڻيا ويا]]. {{Citation error|اڻڄاتل اشاريو "{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|Inflation/fn}}|name="inflation/fn-{{{index|{{{1}}}}}}"|group={{{group|}}}{{main other|[[زمرو:مهانگائي سانچي ۾ غلطي وارا صفحا]]}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> bbezvdzi0obisj558r338d0g4hhe2al 10 96535 377246 377159 2026-05-12T21:36:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377246 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#iferror:{{ #ifexpr:({{{1}}} >= 1E+27) | {{formatnum:{{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+27}}}}}}&nbsp;آڪٽيلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+24) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+27)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+24}}}}&nbsp;سيپٽيلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+21) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+24)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+21}}}}&nbsp;سيڪسٽيلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+18) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+21)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+18}}}}&nbsp;ڪوانٽيلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+15) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+18)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+15}}}}&nbsp;ڪواڊريلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+12) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+15)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+12}}}}&nbsp;ٽريلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+9) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+12)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+9}}}}&nbsp;بلين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+6) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+9)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+6}}}}&nbsp;ملين}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 1E+3) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+6)) | {{Format price/digits|{{#expr:{{{1}}} / 1E+3}}}}&nbsp;هزار}}{{ #ifexpr:(({{{1}}} >= 0) and ({{{1}}} < 1E+3)) | {{formatnum:{{#expr:{{{1}}} round {{{2|2}}}}}}}{{#ifexpr:(({{{2|2}}} = 1) or ({{{2|2}}} = 2))|{{#ifexpr:(((({{{1}}} round {{{2|2}}})*100) mod 100) = 0)|.00|{{#ifexpr:(((({{{1}}} round {{{2|2}}})*100) mod 10) = 0)|0}}}}}}}}{{ #ifexpr:({{{1}}} < 0)|[[NaN]]}}|[[NaN]]}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> truo3pmqu332xl444ophtuj31t2hntb 10 96542 377195 2026-05-12T14:55:48Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: 1864<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> 377195 wikitext text/x-wiki 1864<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> 6bhuv3tb634uaz8bodnzpa9995seloc 10 96543 377197 2026-05-12T14:59:41Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو پنهنجي لاڳاپيل [[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|مهانگائي جدول]] ۾ موجود پهريون سال (سِٽ) محفوظ ڪري ٿو. اهو بنيادي طور {{tl|Inflation}} سانچي ۾ حد کان ٻاهر وارن قدرن جي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، ۽ ان کي سڌي طرح استعمال ڪرڻ جو مقصد ناهي. البت جيڪڏهن توهان لاڳاپ... 377197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو پنهنجي لاڳاپيل [[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|مهانگائي جدول]] ۾ موجود پهريون سال (سِٽ) محفوظ ڪري ٿو. اهو بنيادي طور {{tl|Inflation}} سانچي ۾ حد کان ٻاهر وارن قدرن جي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، ۽ ان کي سڌي طرح استعمال ڪرڻ جو مقصد ناهي. البت جيڪڏهن توهان لاڳاپيل مهانگائي جدول واري ذيلي سانچي کي پنهنجي ڪنهن سانچي ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ٿا، ته هي ڪارآمد ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. === استعمال === {{tlx|{{PAGENAME}}}} === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} <includeonly> [[زمرو:معاشيات جي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] </includeonly> h3ailvafk6wkxlv7bhug95u6sn7oc86 10 96544 377198 2026-05-12T15:02:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{#switch:{{{1}}} | 1634 = 89.84088 | 1635 = 0 | 1636 = 160.4301 | 1637 = 138.1388 | 1638 = 72.61575 | 1639 = 118.8871 | 1640 = 103.0130 | 1641 = 69.23827 | 1642 = 104.0262 | 1643 = 150.2977 | 1644 = 108.0792 | 1645 = 95.24484 | 1646 = 58.76809 | 1647 = 44.58269 | 1648 = 78.69521 | 1649 = 115.5097 | 1650 = 61.13233 | 1651 = 81.73494 | 1652 = 64.50980 | 1653 = 83.76142 | 1654 = 84.09917 | 1655 = 81.39719 | 1656 = 79.37070 | 1657 = 64.84755 | 1658 = 41.54296 | 1659 = 46.946... 377198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1}}} | 1634 = 89.84088 | 1635 = 0 | 1636 = 160.4301 | 1637 = 138.1388 | 1638 = 72.61575 | 1639 = 118.8871 | 1640 = 103.0130 | 1641 = 69.23827 | 1642 = 104.0262 | 1643 = 150.2977 | 1644 = 108.0792 | 1645 = 95.24484 | 1646 = 58.76809 | 1647 = 44.58269 | 1648 = 78.69521 | 1649 = 115.5097 | 1650 = 61.13233 | 1651 = 81.73494 | 1652 = 64.50980 | 1653 = 83.76142 | 1654 = 84.09917 | 1655 = 81.39719 | 1656 = 79.37070 | 1657 = 64.84755 | 1658 = 41.54296 | 1659 = 46.94692 | 1660 = 54.03963 | 1661 = 45.25819 | 1662 = 48.97341 | 1663 = 48.97341 | 1664 = 48.97341 | 1665 = 42.21846 | 1666 = 42.21846 | 1667 = 45.25819 | 1668 = 46.94692 | 1669 = 43.56945 | 1670 = 42.89395 | 1671 = 43.56945 | 1672 = 43.23170 | 1673 = 41.20521 | 1674 = 44.58269 | 1675 = 41.20521 | 1676 = 41.54296 | 1677 = 41.54296 | 1678 = 40.86747 | 1679 = 40.52972 | 1680 = 46.60918 | 1681 = 47.62242 | 1682 = 38.84098 | 1683 = 38.84098 | 1684 = 38.84098 | 1685 = 42.21846 | 1686 = 39.51648 | 1687 = 39.17873 | 1688 = 35.80125 | 1689 = 37.15224 | 1690 = 37.48999 | 1691 = 38.50323 | 1692 = 37.48999 | 1693 = 35.12576 | 1694 = 37.15224 | 1695 = 34.45026 | 1696 = 40.52972 | 1697 = 39.17873 | 1698 = 37.48999 | 1699 = 40.86747 | 1700 = 43.9072 | 1701 = 47.6225 | 1702 = 45.9337 | 1703 = 39.8543 | 1704 = 36.476 | 1705 = 35.1258 | 1706 = 37.4900 | 1707 = 40.1920 | 1708 = 42.5562 | 1709 = 39.1788 | 1710 = 33.7748 | 1711 = 35.4635 | 1712 = 40.1920 | 1713 = 43.2317 | 1714 = 43.2317 | 1715 = 29.7218 | 1716 = 24.317 | 1717 = 25.6688 | 1718 = 29.7218 | 1719 = 31.0728 | 1720 = 25.6688 | 1721 = 23.9801 | 1722 = 25.3311 | 1723 = 25.6688 | 1724 = 27.0198 | 1725 = 32.0860 | 1726 = 31.0728 | 1727 = 29.0463 | 1728 = 27.3576 | 1729 = 27.0198 | 1730 = 27.0198 | 1731 = 23.9801 | 1732 = 22.6291 | 1733 = 22.2913 | 1734 = 22.6291 | 1735 = 22.9668 | 1736 = 21.953 | 1737 = 22.2913 | 1738 = 23.9801 | 1739 = 21.2781 | 1740 = 22.2913 | 1741 = 30.7350 | 1742 = 27.3576 | 1743 = 23.9801 | 1744 = 22.2913 | 1745 = 21.6158 | 1746 = 21.953 | 1747 = 23.9801 | 1748 = 27.6953 | 1749 = 28.3708 | 1750 = 28.3708 | 1751 = 28.7086 | 1752 = 29.3841 | 1753 = 28.3708 | 1754 = 27.3576 | 1755 = 26.682 | 1756 = 26.0066 | 1757 = 27.3576 | 1758 = 29.3841 | 1759 = 33.4370 | 1760 = 32.4238 | 1761 = 30.3973 | 1762 = 32.0860 | 1763 = 32.0860 | 1764 = 29.7218 | 1765 = 30.0596 | 1766 = 33.0993 | 1767 = 32.0860 | 1768 = 30.3973 | 1769 = 31.4105 | 1770 = 33.7748 | 1771 = 32.4238 | 1772 = 36.8145 | 1773 = 34.1125 | 1774 = 32.7615 | 1775 = 31.0728 | 1776 = 35.4635 | 1777 = 43.2317 | 1778 = 56.0662 | 1779 = 49.6490 | 1780 = 55.728 | 1781 = 44.9205 | 1782 = 49.3112 | 1783 = 43.2317 | 1784 = 41.5430 | 1785 = 39.5165 | 1786 = 38.5033 | 1787 = 37.8278 | 1788 = 36.1390 | 1789 = 35.8013 | 1790 = 37.1523 | 1791 = 38.1655 | 1792 = 38.841 | 1793 = 40.1920 | 1794 = 44.5827 | 1795 = 51 | 1796 = 53.7019 | 1797 = 51.6754 | 1798 = 49.9867 | 1799 = 49.9867 | 1800 = 51 | 1801 = 50 | 1802 = 43 | 1803 = 45 | 1804 = 45 | 1805 = 45 | 1806 = 47 | 1807 = 44 | 1808 = 48 | 1809 = 47 | 1810 = 47 | 1811 = 50 | 1812 = 51 | 1813 = 58 | 1814 = 63 | 1815 = 55 | 1816 = 51 | 1817 = 48 | 1818 = 46 | 1819 = 46 | 1820 = 42 | 1821 = 40 | 1822 = 40 | 1823 = 36 | 1824 = 33 | 1825 = 34 | 1826 = 34 | 1827 = 34 | 1828 = 33 | 1829 = 32 | 1830 = 32 | 1831 = 32 | 1832 = 30 | 1833 = 29 | 1834 = 30 | 1835 = 31 | 1836 = 33 | 1837 = 34 | 1838 = 32 | 1839 = 32 | 1840 = 30 | 1841 = 31 | 1842 = 29 | 1843 = 28 | 1844 = 28 | 1845 = 28 | 1846 = 27 | 1847 = 28 | 1848 = 26 | 1849 = 25 | 1850 = 25 | 1851 = 25 | 1852 = 25 | 1853 = 25 | 1854 = 27 | 1855 = 28 | 1856 = 27 | 1857 = 28 | 1858 = 26 | 1859 = 27 | 1860 = 27 | 1861 = 27 | 1862 = 30 | 1863 = 37 | 1864 = 47 | 1865 = 46 | 1866 = 44 | 1867 = 42 | 1868 = 40 | 1869 = 40 | 1870 = 38 | 1871 = 36 | 1872 = 36 | 1873 = 36 | 1874 = 34 | 1875 = 33 | 1876 = 32 | 1877 = 32 | 1878 = 29 | 1879 = 28 | 1880 = 29 | 1881 = 29 | 1882 = 29 | 1883 = 28 | 1884 = 27 | 1885 = 27 | 1886 = 27 | 1887 = 27 | 1888 = 27 | 1889 = 27 | 1890 = 27 | 1891 = 27 | 1892 = 27 | 1893 = 27 | 1894 = 26 | 1895 = 25 | 1896 = 25 | 1897 = 25 | 1898 = 25 | 1899 = 25 | 1900 = 25 | 1901 = 25 | 1902 = 26 | 1903 = 27 | 1904 = 27 | 1905 = 27 | 1906 = 27 | 1907 = 28 | 1908 = 27 | 1909 = 27 | 1910 = 28 | 1911 = 28 | 1912 = 29 | 1913 = 29.7 | 1914 = 30.1 | 1915 = 30.4 | 1916 = 32.7 | 1917 = 38.5 | 1918 = 45.2 | 1919 = 52.1 | 1920 = 60.2 | 1921 = 53.6 | 1922 = 50.3 | 1923 = 51.2 | 1924 = 51.5 | 1925 = 52.7 | 1926 = 53.2 | 1927 = 52.2 | 1928 = 51.6 | 1929 = 51.6 | 1930 = 50.2 | 1931 = 45.7 | 1932 = 41.0 | 1933 = 38.9 | 1934 = 40.2 | 1935 = 41.2 | 1936 = 41.7 | 1937 = 43.2 | 1938 = 42.3 | 1939 = 41.8 | 1940 = 42.1 | 1941 = 44.2 | 1942 = 49.1 | 1943 = 52.0 | 1944 = 52.9 | 1945 = 54.1 | 1946 = 58.6 | 1947 = 67.1 | 1948 = 72.2 | 1949 = 71.5 | 1950 = 72.3 | 1951 = 78.0 | 1952 = 79.8 | 1953 = 80.4 | 1954 = 80.7 | 1955 = 80.5 | 1956 = 81.7 | 1957 = 84.4 | 1958 = 86.7 | 1959 = 87.6 | 1960 = 88.9 | 1961 = 89.8 | 1962 = 90.9 | 1963 = 92.0 | 1964 = 93.2 | 1965 = 94.7 | 1966 = 97.5 | 1967 = 100.2 | 1968 = 104.5 | 1969 = 110.2 | 1970 = 116.7 | 1971 = 121.7 | 1972 = 125.7 | 1973 = 133.4 | 1974 = 148.2 | 1975 = 161.7 | 1976 = 171.0 | 1977 = 182.1 | 1978 = 196.0 | 1979 = 218.1 | 1980 = 247.6 | 1981 = 273.2 | 1982 = 290.0 | 1983 = 299.3 | 1984 = 312.2 | 1985 = 323.2 | 1986 = 329.4 | 1987 = 341.4 | 1988 = 355.4 | 1989 = 372.5 | 1990 = 392.6 | 1991 = 409.3 | 1992 = 421.7 | 1993 = 434.1 | 1994 = 445.4 | 1995 = 457.9 | 1996 = 471.3 | 1997 = 482.4 | 1998 = 489.8 | 1999 = 500.6 | 2000 = 517.5 | 2001 = 532.1 | 2002 = 540.5 | 2003 = 552.8 | 2004 = 567.6 | 2005 = 586.9 | 2006 = 605.8 | 2007 = 623.1 | 2008 = 647.0 | 2009 = 644.7 | 2010 = 655.3 | 2011 = 676.0 | 2012 = 689.9 | 2013 = 700.0 | 2014 = 711.4 | 2015 = 712.3 | 2016 = 721.2 | 2017 = 736.6 | 2018 = 754.6 | 2019 = 768.3 | 2020 = 777.7 | 2021 |#default = 814.3 <!-- *** When changing this, also update the reference in [[Template:Inflation-fn]] and the latest year in [[Template:Inflation-year]]! *** --> }}<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/cpi}}</noinclude> gdqjgrbgas2uixygz4ejhdku3bngtw1 377204 377198 2026-05-12T15:12:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1}}} | 1634 = 89.84088 | 1635 = 0 | 1636 = 160.4301 | 1637 = 138.1388 | 1638 = 72.61575 | 1639 = 118.8871 | 1640 = 103.0130 | 1641 = 69.23827 | 1642 = 104.0262 | 1643 = 150.2977 | 1644 = 108.0792 | 1645 = 95.24484 | 1646 = 58.76809 | 1647 = 44.58269 | 1648 = 78.69521 | 1649 = 115.5097 | 1650 = 61.13233 | 1651 = 81.73494 | 1652 = 64.50980 | 1653 = 83.76142 | 1654 = 84.09917 | 1655 = 81.39719 | 1656 = 79.37070 | 1657 = 64.84755 | 1658 = 41.54296 | 1659 = 46.94692 | 1660 = 54.03963 | 1661 = 45.25819 | 1662 = 48.97341 | 1663 = 48.97341 | 1664 = 48.97341 | 1665 = 42.21846 | 1666 = 42.21846 | 1667 = 45.25819 | 1668 = 46.94692 | 1669 = 43.56945 | 1670 = 42.89395 | 1671 = 43.56945 | 1672 = 43.23170 | 1673 = 41.20521 | 1674 = 44.58269 | 1675 = 41.20521 | 1676 = 41.54296 | 1677 = 41.54296 | 1678 = 40.86747 | 1679 = 40.52972 | 1680 = 46.60918 | 1681 = 47.62242 | 1682 = 38.84098 | 1683 = 38.84098 | 1684 = 38.84098 | 1685 = 42.21846 | 1686 = 39.51648 | 1687 = 39.17873 | 1688 = 35.80125 | 1689 = 37.15224 | 1690 = 37.48999 | 1691 = 38.50323 | 1692 = 37.48999 | 1693 = 35.12576 | 1694 = 37.15224 | 1695 = 34.45026 | 1696 = 40.52972 | 1697 = 39.17873 | 1698 = 37.48999 | 1699 = 40.86747 | 1700 = 43.9072 | 1701 = 47.6225 | 1702 = 45.9337 | 1703 = 39.8543 | 1704 = 36.476 | 1705 = 35.1258 | 1706 = 37.4900 | 1707 = 40.1920 | 1708 = 42.5562 | 1709 = 39.1788 | 1710 = 33.7748 | 1711 = 35.4635 | 1712 = 40.1920 | 1713 = 43.2317 | 1714 = 43.2317 | 1715 = 29.7218 | 1716 = 24.317 | 1717 = 25.6688 | 1718 = 29.7218 | 1719 = 31.0728 | 1720 = 25.6688 | 1721 = 23.9801 | 1722 = 25.3311 | 1723 = 25.6688 | 1724 = 27.0198 | 1725 = 32.0860 | 1726 = 31.0728 | 1727 = 29.0463 | 1728 = 27.3576 | 1729 = 27.0198 | 1730 = 27.0198 | 1731 = 23.9801 | 1732 = 22.6291 | 1733 = 22.2913 | 1734 = 22.6291 | 1735 = 22.9668 | 1736 = 21.953 | 1737 = 22.2913 | 1738 = 23.9801 | 1739 = 21.2781 | 1740 = 22.2913 | 1741 = 30.7350 | 1742 = 27.3576 | 1743 = 23.9801 | 1744 = 22.2913 | 1745 = 21.6158 | 1746 = 21.953 | 1747 = 23.9801 | 1748 = 27.6953 | 1749 = 28.3708 | 1750 = 28.3708 | 1751 = 28.7086 | 1752 = 29.3841 | 1753 = 28.3708 | 1754 = 27.3576 | 1755 = 26.682 | 1756 = 26.0066 | 1757 = 27.3576 | 1758 = 29.3841 | 1759 = 33.4370 | 1760 = 32.4238 | 1761 = 30.3973 | 1762 = 32.0860 | 1763 = 32.0860 | 1764 = 29.7218 | 1765 = 30.0596 | 1766 = 33.0993 | 1767 = 32.0860 | 1768 = 30.3973 | 1769 = 31.4105 | 1770 = 33.7748 | 1771 = 32.4238 | 1772 = 36.8145 | 1773 = 34.1125 | 1774 = 32.7615 | 1775 = 31.0728 | 1776 = 35.4635 | 1777 = 43.2317 | 1778 = 56.0662 | 1779 = 49.6490 | 1780 = 55.728 | 1781 = 44.9205 | 1782 = 49.3112 | 1783 = 43.2317 | 1784 = 41.5430 | 1785 = 39.5165 | 1786 = 38.5033 | 1787 = 37.8278 | 1788 = 36.1390 | 1789 = 35.8013 | 1790 = 37.1523 | 1791 = 38.1655 | 1792 = 38.841 | 1793 = 40.1920 | 1794 = 44.5827 | 1795 = 51 | 1796 = 53.7019 | 1797 = 51.6754 | 1798 = 49.9867 | 1799 = 49.9867 | 1800 = 51 | 1801 = 50 | 1802 = 43 | 1803 = 45 | 1804 = 45 | 1805 = 45 | 1806 = 47 | 1807 = 44 | 1808 = 48 | 1809 = 47 | 1810 = 47 | 1811 = 50 | 1812 = 51 | 1813 = 58 | 1814 = 63 | 1815 = 55 | 1816 = 51 | 1817 = 48 | 1818 = 46 | 1819 = 46 | 1820 = 42 | 1821 = 40 | 1822 = 40 | 1823 = 36 | 1824 = 33 | 1825 = 34 | 1826 = 34 | 1827 = 34 | 1828 = 33 | 1829 = 32 | 1830 = 32 | 1831 = 32 | 1832 = 30 | 1833 = 29 | 1834 = 30 | 1835 = 31 | 1836 = 33 | 1837 = 34 | 1838 = 32 | 1839 = 32 | 1840 = 30 | 1841 = 31 | 1842 = 29 | 1843 = 28 | 1844 = 28 | 1845 = 28 | 1846 = 27 | 1847 = 28 | 1848 = 26 | 1849 = 25 | 1850 = 25 | 1851 = 25 | 1852 = 25 | 1853 = 25 | 1854 = 27 | 1855 = 28 | 1856 = 27 | 1857 = 28 | 1858 = 26 | 1859 = 27 | 1860 = 27 | 1861 = 27 | 1862 = 30 | 1863 = 37 | 1864 = 47 | 1865 = 46 | 1866 = 44 | 1867 = 42 | 1868 = 40 | 1869 = 40 | 1870 = 38 | 1871 = 36 | 1872 = 36 | 1873 = 36 | 1874 = 34 | 1875 = 33 | 1876 = 32 | 1877 = 32 | 1878 = 29 | 1879 = 28 | 1880 = 29 | 1881 = 29 | 1882 = 29 | 1883 = 28 | 1884 = 27 | 1885 = 27 | 1886 = 27 | 1887 = 27 | 1888 = 27 | 1889 = 27 | 1890 = 27 | 1891 = 27 | 1892 = 27 | 1893 = 27 | 1894 = 26 | 1895 = 25 | 1896 = 25 | 1897 = 25 | 1898 = 25 | 1899 = 25 | 1900 = 25 | 1901 = 25 | 1902 = 26 | 1903 = 27 | 1904 = 27 | 1905 = 27 | 1906 = 27 | 1907 = 28 | 1908 = 27 | 1909 = 27 | 1910 = 28 | 1911 = 28 | 1912 = 29 | 1913 = 29.7 | 1914 = 30.1 | 1915 = 30.4 | 1916 = 32.7 | 1917 = 38.5 | 1918 = 45.2 | 1919 = 52.1 | 1920 = 60.2 | 1921 = 53.6 | 1922 = 50.3 | 1923 = 51.2 | 1924 = 51.5 | 1925 = 52.7 | 1926 = 53.2 | 1927 = 52.2 | 1928 = 51.6 | 1929 = 51.6 | 1930 = 50.2 | 1931 = 45.7 | 1932 = 41.0 | 1933 = 38.9 | 1934 = 40.2 | 1935 = 41.2 | 1936 = 41.7 | 1937 = 43.2 | 1938 = 42.3 | 1939 = 41.8 | 1940 = 42.1 | 1941 = 44.2 | 1942 = 49.1 | 1943 = 52.0 | 1944 = 52.9 | 1945 = 54.1 | 1946 = 58.6 | 1947 = 67.1 | 1948 = 72.2 | 1949 = 71.5 | 1950 = 72.3 | 1951 = 78.0 | 1952 = 79.8 | 1953 = 80.4 | 1954 = 80.7 | 1955 = 80.5 | 1956 = 81.7 | 1957 = 84.4 | 1958 = 86.7 | 1959 = 87.6 | 1960 = 88.9 | 1961 = 89.8 | 1962 = 90.9 | 1963 = 92.0 | 1964 = 93.2 | 1965 = 94.7 | 1966 = 97.5 | 1967 = 100.2 | 1968 = 104.5 | 1969 = 110.2 | 1970 = 116.7 | 1971 = 121.7 | 1972 = 125.7 | 1973 = 133.4 | 1974 = 148.2 | 1975 = 161.7 | 1976 = 171.0 | 1977 = 182.1 | 1978 = 196.0 | 1979 = 218.1 | 1980 = 247.6 | 1981 = 273.2 | 1982 = 290.0 | 1983 = 299.3 | 1984 = 312.2 | 1985 = 323.2 | 1986 = 329.4 | 1987 = 341.4 | 1988 = 355.4 | 1989 = 372.5 | 1990 = 392.6 | 1991 = 409.3 | 1992 = 421.7 | 1993 = 434.1 | 1994 = 445.4 | 1995 = 457.9 | 1996 = 471.3 | 1997 = 482.4 | 1998 = 489.8 | 1999 = 500.6 | 2000 = 517.5 | 2001 = 532.1 | 2002 = 540.5 | 2003 = 552.8 | 2004 = 567.6 | 2005 = 586.9 | 2006 = 605.8 | 2007 = 623.1 | 2008 = 647.0 | 2009 = 644.7 | 2010 = 655.3 | 2011 = 676.0 | 2012 = 689.9 | 2013 = 700.0 | 2014 = 711.4 | 2015 = 712.3 | 2016 = 721.2 | 2017 = 736.6 | 2018 = 754.6 | 2019 = 768.3 | 2020 = 777.7 | 2021 |#default = 814.3 <!-- *** When changing this, also update the reference in [[سانچو:Inflation-fn]] and the latest year in [[سانچو:Inflation-year]]! *** --> }}<noinclude>{{documentation|سانچو:Inflation/doc/cpi}}</noinclude> 63rwq97ofy9615nfgs7dky0x0i9984k 10 96545 377200 2026-05-12T15:08:22Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو ڪنهن مخصوص سال لاءِ لاڳاپيل ملڪ جو [[صارف قيمت اشاريو]] (CPI) واپس ڪري ٿو. اهو {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} پاران ٻن ڏنل سالن جي وچ ۾ مهانگائي جي شرح ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي وري {{tl|Inflation}} وڌايل قيمتون ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري ٿو. عام طور هن کي سڌي طرح... 377200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو ڪنهن مخصوص سال لاءِ لاڳاپيل ملڪ جو [[صارف قيمت اشاريو]] (CPI) واپس ڪري ٿو. اهو {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} پاران ٻن ڏنل سالن جي وچ ۾ مهانگائي جي شرح ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن کي وري {{tl|Inflation}} وڌايل قيمتون ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري ٿو. عام طور هن کي سڌي طرح استعمال ڪرڻ جو مقصد ناهي. هن ڊيٽا سيٽ ۾ معلومات 1634 کان 1699 تائين ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171338 Inflation and Deflation in Early America, 1634-1860: Patterns of Change in the British American Economy]''، 1700 کان 1799 تائين ''[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States]''، ۽ [https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800- Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–]، Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis مان هٿ سان داخل ڪئي وئي آهي. === استعمال === {{tlx|{{PAGENAME}}|year}} جيڪڏهن ڪو به پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي يا غلط پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي، ته "ڊفالٽ" CPI واپس ٿيندو، جيڪو عام طور تازو ترين CPI هوندو آهي. === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} <includeonly> [[زمرو:معاشيات جي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا]] </includeonly> jwjwpwqtth28aughsqdxfqlsyush10v 14 96546 377203 2026-05-12T15:12:38Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين]] 377203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ٻاهرين علائقا]] [[زمرو:يورپي يونين]] tu6bffp8cjq9eqszop65musufmpluk1 14 96547 377205 2026-05-12T15:13:16Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:علائقا]] 377205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:علائقا]] qige5lcl77rkzn5u5l10dp2c8xdax7g 14 96548 377206 2026-05-12T15:14:25Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ٻاهرين علائقا]] 377206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ٻاهرين علائقا]] ma3qd5lwzktngnhm6ouqaslbwpd3605 10 96549 377207 2026-05-12T15:17:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: 1440<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> 377207 wikitext text/x-wiki 1440<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> thzsbylj0edzatazxhbg3vu95j8t1oc 10 96550 377209 2026-05-12T15:18:49Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>*{{#expr:{{Inflation/AT/dataset|{{{2}}}}}/{{Inflation/AT/dataset|{{{1}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/table}}</noinclude> 377209 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>*{{#expr:{{Inflation/AT/dataset|{{{2}}}}}/{{Inflation/AT/dataset|{{{1}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/table}}</noinclude> k1vbdpak7hrz4tfe1b18b3ov1uniqpb 10 96551 377211 2026-05-12T15:21:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:High-use|num|x}}|many||{{High-use}}}} هي ذيلي سانچو يا ته ڪنهن ملڪ/علائقي جي مهانگائي واري جدول تي مشتمل هوندو آهي يا وري ٻئي ذيلي سانچي ۾ موجود اهڙي جدول کي سڏي ٿو. ان جو نتيجو {{tl|Inflation}} سانچي ۽ ممڪن طور ٻين سانچن پاران استعمال ٿيندو آهي. ان کي سڌي طرح استعم... 377211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:High-use|num|x}}|many||{{High-use}}}} هي ذيلي سانچو يا ته ڪنهن ملڪ/علائقي جي مهانگائي واري جدول تي مشتمل هوندو آهي يا وري ٻئي ذيلي سانچي ۾ موجود اهڙي جدول کي سڏي ٿو. ان جو نتيجو {{tl|Inflation}} سانچي ۽ ممڪن طور ٻين سانچن پاران استعمال ٿيندو آهي. ان کي سڌي طرح استعمال ڪرڻ جو مقصد ناهي، پر جيڪڏهن توهان ائين ڪندا، ته اهو هڪ يا وڌيڪ سِٽون پيدا ڪندو، جن مان هر هڪ ۾ عدد کان اڳ تارو (*) لڳل هوندو، جيڪو {{mono|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[m:Help:ParserFunctions#.23expr:|#expr:]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}} ۽ لاڳاپيل [[m:Help:ParserFunctions|پارسر فنڪشنن]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي: * 1.020 * 0.999 * 1.002 == استعمال == {{tlx|{{PAGENAME}}|year1|year2}} جتي '''year1''' ۽ '''year2''' انهن "''n سان ضرب ڏيو''" وارين سِٽن جي حد مقرر ڪن ٿا، جيڪي واپس ڪيون وينديون. جيڪڏهن هڪ يا ٻئي پيراميٽر مهيا نه ڪيا وڃن، يا ''year2''، ''year1'' کان ننڍو هجي، يا ''year1'' ۽ ''year2'' ٻئي جدول ۾ موجود گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سال کان به گهٽ يا وڌ ۾ وڌ سال کان به وڌيڪ هجن، ته اهو اڻ مقرر عمل هوندو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته "* 1" يا خالي لکت واپس ٿيندي؛ اهو ڊيٽا سيٽ جي جوڙجڪ تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. اهڙي طرح جيڪڏهن ''year1'' جدول جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ سال کان گهٽ ۽ ''year2'' وڌ ۾ وڌ سال کان وڌيڪ هجي، ته يا ته "* 1" يا مڪمل جدول واپس ٿيندو. جيڪڏهن ڪو غير عددي پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي، ته هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڳاڙهيون غلطيون ظاهر ٿينديون، جن کي {{mono|<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[m:Help:ParserFunctions#.23iferror:|#iferror:]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}} پارسر فنڪشن سان سنڀالڻ گهرجي. == پڻ ڏسو == * هن صفحي جو [[/dataset]] ذيلي صفحو * هن صفحي جو [[/startyear]] ذيلي صفحو * {{tl|Inflation}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[زمرو:معاشيات جي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> gd76mdaqs84l2nr9ipilpdyoxa94tjc 14 96552 377213 2026-05-12T15:22:53Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:هندي وڏو سمنڊ]] 377213 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ٻيٽ وارا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:هندي وڏو سمنڊ]] 037ro8ler99zc3dbuhcp7fetg7ev10m 10 96553 377216 2026-05-12T15:30:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{High-use}} {{cascade-protected template}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{lua|Module:Delink}} <!-- زمرا هيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪيڊيٽا ۾ وڃن ٿيون. --> هي سانچو وڪي متن مان ڳنڍڻيون هٽائي ٿو. اهو وڪي ڳنڍڻين ۽ URL ڳنڍڻين کي غير ڳنڍيل بڻائي ٿو، HTML تبصرا هٽائي ٿو، ۽ خالي جڳهن کي معياري بڻائي ٿو. اهو اڪثر وڪي... 377216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{High-use}} {{cascade-protected template}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{lua|Module:Delink}} <!-- زمرا هيٺ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪيڊيٽا ۾ وڃن ٿيون. --> هي سانچو وڪي متن مان ڳنڍڻيون هٽائي ٿو. اهو وڪي ڳنڍڻين ۽ URL ڳنڍڻين کي غير ڳنڍيل بڻائي ٿو، HTML تبصرا هٽائي ٿو، ۽ خالي جڳهن کي معياري بڻائي ٿو. اهو اڪثر وڪي متن کي صحيح نموني سنڀالي ٿو، جنهن ۾ زمري جون ڳنڍڻيون، [[مدد:ڪولون واريون ٽرڪون|ڪولن ٽرڪ]]، [[مدد:پائپ ٽرڪ|پائپ ٽرڪ]] (عام ۽ اُلٽو)، اندروني وڪي ڳنڍڻيون، ۽ غلط ڳنڍڻي اکر شامل آهن. ==استعمال== * بنيادي استعمال *: {{tlx|delink|''text''}} * سڀئي پيراميٽر *: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{delink | 1 = | wikilinks = no | urls = no | comments = no | whitespace = no | refs = yes }} </syntaxhighlight> ==پيراميٽر== *<code>1</code> – اهو متن جيڪو غير ڳنڍيل بڻائڻو هجي. *<code>wikilinks</code> *: – جيڪڏهن "no"، "n"، "فالس"، يا "0" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته وڪي ڳنڍڻيون غير ڳنڍيل نه ٿينديون. *: – جيڪڏهن "ٽارگيٽ" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته وڪي ڳنڍڻيون صرف ڳنڍڻي جي حدف واري حصي تائين محدود ڪيون وينديون ({{elc|{{vr|{{var|target}}}}|{{vr|{{var|label}}}}}} → {{samp|{{vr|{{var|target}}}}}}) *<code>urls</code> – جيڪڏهن "no"، "n"، "false"، يا "0" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته URL ڳنڍڻيون غير ڳنڍيل نه ٿينديون. *<code>comments</code> – جيڪڏهن "نہ"، "n"، "فالس"، يا "0" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته HTML تبصرا نه هٽايا ويندا. *<code>whitespace</code> – جيڪڏهن "no"، "n"، "فالس"، يا "0" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته خالي جڳهن کي معياري نه بڻايو ويندو. معياري بڻائڻ سان نتيجي وارو متن اهڙو نظر ايندو ڄڻ ميڊيا وڪي پارسر مان گذريو هجي. مثال طور، هڪ نئين سٽ کي هڪ خالي جاءِ ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو، جڏهن ته ٻه نيون سٽون جيئن جو تيئن رهنديون. *<code>refs</code> – (تجرباتي) جيڪڏهن "ھا"، "y"، "ٽرو"، يا "1" تي مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته حوالا هٽايا ويندا. اهو سفارش ٿيل ناهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صرف ^[1]، ^[2] وغيره جا نشان هٽندا — جڏهن⁠تہ حوالا پاڻ صفحي جي آخر ۾ ظاهر ٿيندا رهندا. اپريل 2014 تائين هن مسئلي جو ڪو معلوم حل موجود ناهي. ==مثال== {| class="wikitable" ! ڪوڊ ! نتيجو |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|[[Foo]]}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|[[Foo]]}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|[[Foo|Bar]]}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|[[Foo|Bar]]}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|[[Foo|Bar]]|wikilinks=target}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|[[Foo|Bar]]|wikilinks=target}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|[[Foo]], [[bar]], and [[baz]].}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|[[Foo]], [[bar]], and [[baz]].}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|I visited [https://www.example.com example.com].}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|I visited [https://www.example.com example.com].}} |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|Foo}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|Foo}} |} ==غير مثال== {| class="wikitable" ! ڪوڊ ! نتيجو |- | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{delink|https://www.example.com}}</syntaxhighlight> | {{delink|https://www.example.com}} |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *{{tl|trim brackets}} *{{tl|delink question hyphen-minus}} * {{tl|Linked}} – جيڪڏهن اڳ ۾ ڳنڍيل نه هجي ته ڳنڍي ٿو {{String-handling templates|delink}} <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هتي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪيڊيٽا ۾ وڃن ٿيون. --> [[زمرو:لکت سنڀاليندڙ سانچا]] }}</includeonly> 9hbvrkyp6822zetq3reqea69er7uwpf 828 96554 377218 2026-05-12T15:33:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{module rating|protected}} {{cascade-protected template|page=module}} {{used in system}} هي ماڊيول {{tl|delink}} سانچي کي لاڳو ڪري ٿو. دستاويزن لاءِ مهرباني ڪري سانچي وارو صفحو ڏسو. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:اسٽرپ مارڪر چيڪ ڪندڙ ماڊيول]] }}<... 377218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{module rating|protected}} {{cascade-protected template|page=module}} {{used in system}} هي ماڊيول {{tl|delink}} سانچي کي لاڳو ڪري ٿو. دستاويزن لاءِ مهرباني ڪري سانچي وارو صفحو ڏسو. <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | <!-- زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻيون وڪيڊيٽا ۾ --> [[زمرو:اسٽرپ مارڪر چيڪ ڪندڙ ماڊيول]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[زمرو:ماڊيول دستاويزي صفحا]] </noinclude> quulxoz2q1u0jizxx7719bv8ia8t0ez 10 96555 377221 2026-05-12T15:44:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:Template:Module rating/protected]] کي [[سانچو:Module rating/protected]] ڏانھن چوريو 377221 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[سانچو:Module rating/protected]] pz9en545tos9e7xuiqpp0v9g6igtzoe 10 96556 377225 2026-05-12T15:51:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي سانچو [[:زمرو:Modules subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk templates|تمام نمايان سانچو]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻي ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ت... 377225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي سانچو [[:زمرو:Modules subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk templates|تمام نمايان سانچو]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻي ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو:Modules subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> bw7lvz3zv9us1xwipmwbnj8bo0spkao 377227 377225 2026-05-12T15:55:05Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي سانچو [[:زمرو:Templates subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk templates|تمام نمايان سانچو]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻي ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو: Templates subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jkzc9vnw0osr5hpdagpg6640ih8bggy 377228 377227 2026-05-12T15:57:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox | type = notice | image = [[File:Full-protection-shackle.svg|40x40px|link=|alt=محفوظ]] | text = هي سانچو [[:زمرو:Templates subject to page protection|صفحي جي حفاظت هيٺ]] آهي۔ هي هڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:High-risk templates|تمام نمايان سانچو]] آهي، جيڪو وڏي تعداد ۾ صفحن تي استعمال ٿئي ٿو يا تمام گهڻا ڀيرا بدلي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ تخريب يا غلطيون ڪيترن ئي صفحن کي متاثر ڪري سگهن ٿيون، تنهنڪري هن کي ترميم کان محفوظ ڪيو ويو آهي۔ }}<includeonly>[[زمرو: Templates subject to page protection]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> puiuhk5wp773g586z20xv3atb12ochq 10 96557 377230 2026-05-12T15:59:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[سانچو:Module rating/protected]]" هتي منتقل ٿئي ٿو. ان کي هن سانچي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو آهي.}} == استعمال == {{tl|Template rating}} پاران استعمال ٿيندو آهي. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو --> }}</includeonly> 377230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{hatnote|"[[سانچو:Module rating/protected]]" هتي منتقل ٿئي ٿو. ان کي هن سانچي ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو آهي.}} == استعمال == {{tl|Template rating}} پاران استعمال ٿيندو آهي. <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو --> }}</includeonly> 2zs2i6ur3hcajmk4gh313dny1z6kwz4 10 96558 377236 2026-05-12T17:48:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Navbox musical artist | name = دي بينر | title = [[دي بينر (بينڊ)|دي بينر]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | above = * '''جوئي سائوٿ سائيڊ''' * '''پيٽ آگسٽ''' * '''جو ڪينٽاميسا''' * '''پال ڪلائن''' | group1 = اسٽوڊيو البم | list1 = * ''[[يُور مرڊر مڪس ٽيپ]]'' (2003) * ''[[ايچ بريٿ هانٽيڊ]]'' (2005)... 377236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = دي بينر | title = [[دي بينر (بينڊ)|دي بينر]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = group_or_band | above = * '''جوئي سائوٿ سائيڊ''' * '''پيٽ آگسٽ''' * '''جو ڪينٽاميسا''' * '''پال ڪلائن''' | group1 = اسٽوڊيو البم | list1 = * ''[[يُور مرڊر مڪس ٽيپ]]'' (2003) * ''[[ايچ بريٿ هانٽيڊ]]'' (2005) * ''[[فريئلٽي (دي بينر البم)|فريئلٽي]]'' (2008) * ''[[گريئنگ (دي بينر البم)|گريئنگ]]'' (2014) | group10 = اي پي | list10 = * ''[[پوسٽهيومس (اي پي)|پوسٽهيومس]]'' (2003) | group19 = لاڳاپيل | list19 = * [[بيونيٽ (بينڊ)|بيونيٽ]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} {{DEFAULTSORT:بينر، دي}} [[زمرو:آمريڪا جي پنڪ راڪ گروپن جا نيويگيشن سانچا]] </noinclude> jdjigps5lewaot8uxqh5bb9g3bbho6l 10 96559 377237 2026-05-12T17:50:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <!-- مهرباني ڪري پهرين بحث کانسواءِ ترميم نه ڪريو، ڇو ته هي هڪ تمام پيچيده سانچو آهي۔ -->{{Navbox |name = {{{name}}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |navbar = {{{navbar|}}} |title = {{{title|}}} |border = {{{border|}}} |titlestyle = background: {{Navbox musical artist/color|{{{background|}}}}}; |bodystyle = {{{bodystyle|}}} |liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}} |groupstyle = background: #EEEEEE; {{{groupstyle|}}... 377237 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- مهرباني ڪري پهرين بحث کانسواءِ ترميم نه ڪريو، ڇو ته هي هڪ تمام پيچيده سانچو آهي۔ -->{{Navbox |name = {{{name}}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |navbar = {{{navbar|}}} |title = {{{title|}}} |border = {{{border|}}} |titlestyle = background: {{Navbox musical artist/color|{{{background|}}}}}; |bodystyle = {{{bodystyle|}}} |liststyle = {{{liststyle|}}} |groupstyle = background: #EEEEEE; {{{groupstyle|}}} |abovestyle = background: #EEEEEE; {{{abovestyle|}}} |belowstyle = background: #EEEEEE; {{{belowstyle|}}} |groupwidth = {{{groupwidth|}}} |evenodd = {{{evenodd|}}} |bodyclass = vcard {{{bodyclass|}}} |titleclass = {{Infobox musical artist/hCard class|{{{background|}}}}} |listclass = {{{listclass|}}} |aboveclass = {{{aboveclass|}}} |belowclass = {{{belowclass|}}} |above = {{{above|}}} |group1 = {{{group1|}}} |list1 = {{{list1|}}} |group2 = {{{group2|}}} |list2 = {{{list2|}}} |group3 = {{{group3|}}} |list3 = {{{list3|}}} |group4 = {{{group4|}}} |list4 = {{{list4|}}} |group5 = {{{group5|}}} |list5 = {{{list5|}}} |group6 = {{{group6|}}} |list6 = {{{list6|}}} |group7 = {{{group7|}}} |list7 = {{{list7|}}} |group8 = {{{group8|}}} |list8 = {{{list8|}}} |group9 = {{{group9|}}} |list9 = {{{list9|}}} |group10 = {{{group10|}}} |list10 = {{{list10|}}} |group11 = {{{group11|}}} |list11 = {{{list11|}}} |group12 = {{{group12|}}} |list12 = {{{list12|}}} |group13 = {{{group13|}}} |list13 = {{{list13|}}} |group14 = {{{group14|}}} |list14 = {{{list14|}}} |group15 = {{{group15|}}} |list15 = {{{list15|}}} |group16 = {{{group16|}}} |list16 = {{{list16|}}} |group17 = {{{group17|}}} |list17 = {{{list17|}}} |group18 = {{{group18|}}} |list18 = {{{list18|}}} |group19 = {{{group19|}}} |list19 = {{{list19|}}} |group20 = {{{group20|}}} |list20 = {{{list20|}}} |below = {{{below|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> pcoocsjeb8z442kclvyp5001rbaxoea 10 96560 377238 2026-05-12T17:55:42Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|سانچو:Navbox musical artist/styles.css}} '''{{Tl|Navbox musical artist}}''' [[موسيقار]]ن سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن لاءِ معياري [[وڪيپيڊيا:نيويگيشن سانچو|رهنمائي سانچو]] آهي، ۽ اهو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي پراجيڪٽ موسيقار|وڪي منصوبا: موسيقار]] جي دائري ۾ اچي ٿو۔ وڏي تبديلي ڪرڻ کان... 377238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|سانچو:Navbox musical artist/styles.css}} '''{{Tl|Navbox musical artist}}''' [[موسيقار]]ن سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن لاءِ معياري [[وڪيپيڊيا:نيويگيشن سانچو|رهنمائي سانچو]] آهي، ۽ اهو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي پراجيڪٽ موسيقار|وڪي منصوبا: موسيقار]] جي دائري ۾ اچي ٿو۔ وڏي تبديلي ڪرڻ کان اڳ مهرباني ڪري {{Talk|2=ڳالھ صفحي}} تي بحث ڪريو۔ وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي پراجيڪٽ موسيقار/نيوباڪس]] پڻ ڏسو۔ == استعمال == مهرباني ڪري جيڪي پيراميٽر خالي ڇڏيل هجن، تن کي هٽايو وڃي۔ <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext">{{Navbox musical artist | name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} | state = | title = | background = **لازمي** ھيٺين مان ھڪ استعمال ڪريو: solo_singer، non_vocal_instrumentalist، non_performing_personnel، group_or_band، classical_ensemble، يا temporary | bodyclass = hlist | above = | group1 = | list1 = | group2 = | list2 = ... | group20 = | list20 = | below = }}</syntaxhighlight> == پيراميٽر == === لازمي === ; ''name'' : سانچي جو نالو، جيڪو "v{{·}} t{{·}} e" ("ڏسو{{·}}ڳالھ{{·}}سنواريو") ڳنڍڻن کي صحيح نموني ڪم ڪرائڻ لاءِ ضروري آهي انهن سڀني صفحن تي جتي هي سانچو استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ هن قيمت لاءِ شارٽ ڪٽ طور <code><nowiki>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</nowiki></code> داخل ڪري سگهو ٿا۔ ; ''title'' : اهو متن جيڪو جدول جي مٿئين قطار ۾ وچ تي ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي۔ عام طور تي اهو سانچي جو موضوع هوندو آهي، يعني اندروني مواد جي مختصر وضاحت۔ هي هڪ ئي سٽ ۾ هجڻ گهرجي، پر جيڪڏهن ٻي سٽ جي ضرورت هجي ته صحيح وچ ترتيب لاءِ <code><nowiki>{{-}}</nowiki></code> استعمال ڪريو۔ ; ''list_n'' : (يعني ''list1''، ''list2'' وغيره، وڌ ۾ وڌ ''list20'' تائين) سانچي جو بنيادي مواد، جيڪو اڪثر ڳنڍڻن جي فهرست هوندو آهي۔ بناوت inline هوندي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ متن الڳ سٽن ۾ به داخل ڪري سگهجي ٿو جيڪڏهن سڄي فهرست <code><nowiki> </nowiki></code> جي اندر رکيل هجي۔ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ ''list'' پيراميٽر لازمي آهي؛ هر اضافي ''list'' جدول جي الڳ قطار ۾ ڏيکاري ويندي۔ جيڪڏهن ڏنو وڃي ته هر ''list_n'' کان اڳ ساڳيو ''group_n'' پيراميٽر پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو (هيٺ ڏسو)۔ ; ''background'' : ھيٺين ست درجن مان ھڪ استعمال ڪريو: {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! ڪوڊ !! ڏيک |-class="navbox-musical-artist-solo" | solo_singer | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |-class="navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal" | non_vocal_instrumentalist | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |-class="navbox-musical-artist-non-perform" | non_performing_personnel | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |-class="navbox-musical-artist-group" | group_or_band | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |-class="navbox-musical-artist-cover" | cover_band | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |-class="navbox-musical-artist-classical" | classical_ensemble | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |-class="navbox-musical-artist-temp" | temporary | class="navbox-title" style="font-size:90%;" | پسمنظر جو رنگ |} === اختياري === ==== خانو ==== ; ''group_n'' : (يعني ''group1''، ''group2'' وغيره، وڌ ۾ وڌ ''group20'' تائين) جيڪڏهن ڏنو وڃي ته متن هڪ اهڙي خاني ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو جيڪو ''list_n'' جي کاٻي پاسي ڏيکاريو ويندو۔ انهن خانن کي ''list_n'' لاءِ ليبل مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو وڃي، جيئن "اسٽوڊيو البم"، "فلمون"، "اڳوڻا ميمبر" وغيره۔ ; ''above'' : پوري ويڪر وارو خانو جيڪو عنوان واري پٽي ۽ پهرين group/list جي وچ ۾، يعني سانچي جي بنيادي حصي (گروپن، فهرستن ۽ تصوير) کان ''مٿي'' ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي۔ جيڪڏهن سانچي ۾ تصوير نه هجي ته ''above''، ''group1'' کان سواءِ ''list1'' وانگر ڪم ڪندو آهي۔ ; ''below'' : پوري ويڪر وارو خانو جيڪو سانچي جي بنيادي حصي (گروپن، فهرستن ۽ تصوير) کان ''هيٺ'' ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي۔ ==== ٻيا ==== ; ''state'' : اڳواٽ طور <code>autocollapse</code> هوندو آهي۔ جيڪڏهن <code>collapsed</code> مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته navbox هميشه بند حالت ۾ شروع ٿيندو۔ جيڪڏهن خالي ڇڏيو وڃي يا <code>autocollapse</code> يا <code>collapsed</code> کان سواءِ ڪجهه ٻيو ڏنو وڃي ته navbox هميشه کليل حالت ۾ شروع ٿيندو۔ اهڙو navbox جنهن ۾ <code>autocollapse</code> هجي، اهو بند حالت ۾ شروع ٿيندو جيڪڏهن ساڳئي صفحي تي ٻه يا وڌيڪ جدولون <code>collapsible</code> استعمال ڪن ٿيون۔ فني ڄاڻ لاءِ [[MediaWiki:Common.js]] ڏسو۔ ; ''navbar'' : اڳواٽ طور <code>Navbar</code> هوندو آهي۔ جيڪڏهن <code>plain</code> مقرر ڪيو وڃي ته عنوان واري پٽي جي کاٻي پاسي موجود {{Navbar|Navbox|mini=1}} ڳنڍڻا ڏيکاريا نه ويندا۔ == مثال == {{Tl|Navbox}} هن سانچي جي تعمير لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي۔ {{Tl|Navbox}}، {{Tl|Nowraplinks}} CSS class استعمال ڪندو آهي، تنهنڪري هن سانچي ۾ ڳنڍڻا سٽ نه ٽوڙيندا۔ جيڪڏهن اهڙو متن هجي جيڪو ڳنڍيل نه هجي پر ان جي سٽ بندي کي سنڀالڻ ضروري هجي ته <code>hlist</code> class استعمال ڪريو (ڏسو [[WP:HLIST]])۔ جيڪڏهن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ٿوري خالي جاءِ گهربل هجي ته انهن جي وچ ۾ هڪ خالي سٽ ڇڏيو۔ === بينڊ === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> ... </syntaxhighlight> === موسيقار === <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="overflow: auto;"> ... </syntaxhighlight> == ٽريڪنگ زمرو == * [[:Category:Navbox musical artist without a background]] == پڻ ڏسو == * [[WP:HLIST]]، جيڪو {{mono|hlist}} class جي استعمال جي وضاحت ڪري ٿو۔ * {{tl|Navbox}}، معياري Navbox۔ * [[وڪيپيڊيا:Line-break handling]]، جيڪو وڪيپيڊيا تي لفظن جي سٽ ٽوڙڻ (line-breaks) بابت رهنمائي ڏئي ٿو{{spndash}}جهڙوڪ navbox اندر ڳنڍڻن جون فهرستون۔ {{Navigation templates}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other| | <!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا هن سٽ کان هيٺ شامل ڪريو: --> [[زمرو:موسيقار رهنمائي سانچا| ]] [[زمرو:رهنمائي خاني جا wrapper سانچا|Musical artist]] [[زمرو:موضوع وار وڪيپيڊيا meta سانچا|Musical artist]] [[زمرو:وڪي منصوبا موسيقار سانچا]] }}</includeonly> 87ylh2zr2rwio16vx7hz3ivtoz8n31j 10 96561 377239 2026-05-12T17:58:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template}} */ @media screen { .navbox-musical-artist-solo .navbox-title { background-color: #f0e68c; /* khaki */ } .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title { background-color: #f4bf92; /* pale orange */ } .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title { background-color: #bfe0bf; /* pale green */ } .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title { background-color: #b0c4de; /* light steel blue */ } .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-t... 377239 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ @media screen { .navbox-musical-artist-solo .navbox-title { background-color: #f0e68c; /* khaki */ } .navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal .navbox-title { background-color: #f4bf92; /* pale orange */ } .navbox-musical-artist-non-perform .navbox-title { background-color: #bfe0bf; /* pale green */ } .navbox-musical-artist-group .navbox-title { background-color: #b0c4de; /* light steel blue */ } .navbox-musical-artist-cover .navbox-title { background-color: #d8bfd8; /* thistle */ } .navbox-musical-artist-classical .navbox-title { background-color: #b0e0e6; /* powder blue */ } .navbox-musical-artist-temp .navbox-title { background-color: #d3d3d3; /* grey */ } .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-group, .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-abovebelow { background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); } /* in the event we ever remove the hacks from upstream */ html.skin-theme-clienpref-night .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title { background-color: inherit; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title { background-color: inherit; } } gav9tluu5sqsq3btvwmy85dltr0e9um 10 96562 377240 2026-05-12T18:06:13Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Sidebar | name = بينر شيل سان لاڳاپيل | title = بينر شيل | contentclass = hlist | content1 = ; [[ماڊيول:Banner shell|ماڊيول]] : [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/sandbox|سينڊباڪس]] : {{Diffsandbox|ماڊيول:Banner shell}} : [[ماڊيول بحث:Banner shell/testcases|جاچ ڪيس]] : [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/doc|دستاويز]] | content2 = ; [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/config|ترتيب]] : ماڊيول:Banner shell/co... 377240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sidebar | name = بينر شيل سان لاڳاپيل | title = بينر شيل | contentclass = hlist | content1 = ; [[ماڊيول:Banner shell|ماڊيول]] : [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/sandbox|سينڊباڪس]] : {{Diffsandbox|ماڊيول:Banner shell}} : [[ماڊيول بحث:Banner shell/testcases|جاچ ڪيس]] : [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/doc|دستاويز]] | content2 = ; [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/config|ترتيب]] : [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/config/sandbox|سينڊباڪس]] : {{Diffsandbox|Module:Banner shell/config}} | content3 = ; [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/styles.css|اسٽائل]] : [[ماڊيول:Banner shell/sandbox/styles.css|سينڊباڪس]] : {{Compare pages|ماڊيول:Banner shell/styles.css|ماڊيول:WikiProject banner/sandbox/styles.css|diff}} | content4 = ; {{tl|WikiProject banner shell}} : [[سانچو بحث:WikiProject banner shell|ڳالھ]] : [[سانچو:WikiProject banner shell/sandbox|سينڊباڪس]] : {{Diffsandbox|سانچو:WikiProject banner shell}} : [[سانچو:WikiProject banner shell/testcases|جاچ ڪيس]] : [[سانچو:WikiProject banner shell/doc|دستاويز]] | content5 = ; {{tl|Banner holder}} : [[سانچو بحث:Banner holder|ڳالھ]] : [[سانچو:Banner holder/sandbox|سينڊباڪس]] : {{Diffsandbox|سانچو:Banner holder}} : [[سانچو:Banner holder/testcases|جاچ ڪيس]] : [[سانچو:Banner holder/doc|دستاويز]] | content6 = ; [[:زمرو:Pages using WikiProject banner shell needing attention|ڌيان گهرندڙ]] }}<noinclude> [[زمرو:وڪي منصوبا بينر سانچا]] </noinclude> fvrx23l6d4sp20l4r4iayi51ta2webm 828 96563 377242 2026-05-12T18:37:36Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: /* {{pp-template|small=yes}} */ @media (min-width: 720px) { .article-history { min-width: 80%; } } 377242 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template|small=yes}} */ @media (min-width: 720px) { .article-history { min-width: 80%; } } e6dzqf76784ydguuq4fdyysa5bqwwsc 0 96564 377244 2026-05-12T20:33:52Z مومن خان ڏاهري 6813 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352939339|K. Sindhu]]" کي ترجمو ڪري سرجيل 377244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ڪي. سنڌو''' (پيدائش 1989) [[تمل ناڊو|تامل ناڊو]] جي هڪ هندستاني سياستدان آهي. <ref name=":0">{{حوالو ويب|quote=2026-05-05}}</ref> هوءَ گڊياٿم اسيمبلي حلقي مان قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي ميمبر آهي جيڪا ويلور ضلعي ۾ شيڊولڊ ڪاسٽ برادري لاءِ مخصوص آهي ۽ تاملگا ويٽري ڪزگم جي نمائندگي ڪري ٿي. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=2026-05-05}}</ref> سنڌو ويلور، [[تمل ناڊو|تامل ناڊو]] جي رهاڪن آهي. هوءَ پوسٽ گريجوئيٽ آهي ۽ [[سنڌي ميوزڪ اينڊ ڊانس]] اڪيڊمي هلائي ٿي. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=K.Sindu, GUDIYATTAM (SC) constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/k-sindu-1083/|access-date=2026-05-05|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> سنڌو 2026 جي [[تمل ناڊو|تامل ناڊو]] قانون ساز اسيمبلي جي چونڊ کٽي گڊياٿم اسيمبلي تڪ مان تامل ويتري ڪزگم جي نمائندگي ڪندي ايم ايل اي بڻجي وئي. هن 82,858 ووٽ حاصل ڪيا ۽ پنهنجي ويجهي حريف ، ديسيا مرپوڪو دراوڙي ڪزگم جي ڪي بي پردپ کي 10,097 ووٽن جي فرق سان شڪست ڏني. <ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2246.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-05|title=Gudiyatham Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: TVK's K.Sindu leads with 7,140-vote margin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/gudiyatham-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-aiadmks-g-paritha-purushothaman-and-tvks-k-sindhu-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130700646.cms|access-date=2026-05-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gudiyattam Election Results 2026 LIVE: Gudiyattam Assembly Election Results, Winner, Runner-Up & Vote Share – Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/gudiyattam-assembly-elections-tn-46/|access-date=2026-05-05|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref> == حوالا == [[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:1989ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:هندستاني سياستدان]] hsilos9vot553ez5kspenz03zsslgcm 10 96565 377245 2026-05-12T21:33:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 صفحي کي [[سانچو:Formatprice/digits]] ڏانھن چوريو 377245 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو[[سانچو:Formatprice/digits]] dwcokp60baa6nxz42iv6i83m4m2xe2t 10 96566 377249 2026-05-12T22:05:43Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: <includeonly>* {{#expr:{{Inflation/US-GDP/dataset|{{{2}}}}}/{{Inflation/US-GDP/dataset|{{{1}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/table}}</noinclude> 377249 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>* {{#expr:{{Inflation/US-GDP/dataset|{{{2}}}}}/{{Inflation/US-GDP/dataset|{{{1}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/table}}</noinclude> 0mqpocrd25qwwdf6tqspblsgpibuf2m 10 96567 377250 2026-05-12T22:08:30Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: 1790<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> 377250 wikitext text/x-wiki 1790<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> du5km269hzzw9qlcctrt2n70wn63jww 377251 377250 2026-05-12T22:13:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377251 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>1790</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/startyear}}</noinclude> 1xo3eew4jhh16tgdpd5cys8mtf4e9b4 10 96568 377252 2026-05-12T22:17:20Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{#switch:{{{1}}} | 1790 = 4.14 | 1791 = 4.25 | 1792 = 4.33 | 1793 = 4.47 | 1794 = 4.96 | 1795 = 5.67 | 1796 = 5.98 | 1797 = 5.75 | 1798 = 5.57 | 1799 = 5.57 | 1800 = 5.72 | 1801 = 5.84 | 1802 = 4.97 | 1803 = 5.27 | 1804 = 5.56 | 1805 = 5.55 | 1806 = 5.83 | 1807 = 5.56 | 1808 = 6.09 | 1809 = 6.01 | 1810 = 5.86 | 1811 = 6.09 | 1812 = 6.00 | 1813 = 7.00 | 1814 = 7.47 | 1815 = 6.36 | 1816 = 5.63 | 1817 = 5.17 | 1818 =... 377252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1}}} | 1790 = 4.14 | 1791 = 4.25 | 1792 = 4.33 | 1793 = 4.47 | 1794 = 4.96 | 1795 = 5.67 | 1796 = 5.98 | 1797 = 5.75 | 1798 = 5.57 | 1799 = 5.57 | 1800 = 5.72 | 1801 = 5.84 | 1802 = 4.97 | 1803 = 5.27 | 1804 = 5.56 | 1805 = 5.55 | 1806 = 5.83 | 1807 = 5.56 | 1808 = 6.09 | 1809 = 6.01 | 1810 = 5.86 | 1811 = 6.09 | 1812 = 6.00 | 1813 = 7.00 | 1814 = 7.47 | 1815 = 6.36 | 1816 = 5.63 | 1817 = 5.17 | 1818 = 4.78 | 1819 = 4.62 | 1820 = 4.34 | 1821 = 4.27 | 1822 = 4.50 | 1823 = 4.10 | 1824 = 3.84 | 1825 = 4.01 | 1826 = 4.08 | 1827 = 4.19 | 1828 = 4.04 | 1829 = 4.04 | 1830 = 4.06 | 1831 = 3.87 | 1832 = 3.89 | 1833 = 3.87 | 1834 = 4.00 | 1835 = 4.18 | 1836 = 4.48 | 1837 = 4.66 | 1838 = 4.60 | 1839 = 4.67 | 1840 = 4.41 | 1841 = 4.53 | 1842 = 4.30 | 1843 = 3.97 | 1844 = 4.07 | 1845 = 4.19 | 1846 = 4.30 | 1847 = 4.70 | 1848 = 4.58 | 1849 = 4.50 | 1850 = 4.59 | 1851 = 4.48 | 1852 = 4.52 | 1853 = 4.51 | 1854 = 4.89 | 1855 = 5.03 | 1856 = 4.92 | 1857 = 5.06 | 1858 = 4.76 | 1859 = 4.80 | 1860 = 4.71 | 1861 = 4.90 | 1862 = 5.48 | 1863 = 6.71 | 1864 = 8.23 | 1865 = 8.36 | 1866 = 7.97 | 1867 = 7.27 | 1868 = 6.83 | 1869 = 6.40 | 1870 = 6.13 | 1871 = 5.74 | 1872 = 5.75 | 1873 = 5.63 | 1874 = 5.36 | 1875 = 5.17 | 1876 = 5.05 | 1877 = 4.93 | 1878 = 4.70 | 1879 = 4.70 | 1880 = 4.81 | 1881 = 4.80 | 1882 = 4.78 | 1883 = 4.69 | 1884 = 4.57 | 1885 = 4.48 | 1886 = 4.35 | 1887 = 4.38 | 1888 = 4.37 | 1889 = 4.24 | 1890 = 4.21 | 1891 = 4.25 | 1892 = 4.29 | 1893 = 4.29 | 1894 = 4.13 | 1895 = 4.09 | 1896 = 4.13 | 1897 = 4.13 | 1898 = 4.17 | 1899 = 4.21 | 1900 = 4.33 | 1901 = 4.45 | 1902 = 4.57 | 1903 = 4.79 | 1904 = 4.92 | 1905 = 4.95 | 1906 = 5.13 | 1907 = 5.46 | 1908 = 5.45 | 1909 = 5.43 | 1910 = 5.57 | 1911 = 5.55 | 1912 = 5.77 | 1913 = 5.81 | 1914 = 5.86 | 1915 = 6.05 | 1916 = 6.82 | 1917 = 8.41 | 1918 = 9.80 | 1919 = 10.04 | 1920 = 11.44 | 1921 = 9.75 | 1922 = 9.21 | 1923 = 9.47 | 1924 = 9.35 | 1925 = 9.52 | 1926 = 9.56 | 1927 = 9.34 | 1928 = 9.41 | 1929 = 9.42 | 1930 = 9.07 | 1931 = 8.14 | 1932 = 7.19 | 1933 = 6.99 | 1934 = 7.37 | 1935 = 7.52 | 1936 = 7.62 | 1937 = 7.94 | 1938 = 7.71 | 1939 = 7.64 | 1940 = 7.73 | 1941 = 8.25 | 1942 = 8.91 | 1943 = 9.32 | 1944 = 9.54 | 1945 = 9.79 | 1946 = 11.05 | 1947 = 12.26 | 1948 = 12.95 | 1949 = 12.93 | 1950 = 13.09 | 1951 = 14.01 | 1952 = 14.26 | 1953 = 14.43 | 1954 = 14.56 | 1955 = 14.81 | 1956 = 15.31 | 1957 = 15.82 | 1958 = 16.18 | 1959 = 16.40 | 1960 = 16.63 | 1961 = 16.80 | 1962 = 17.01 | 1963 = 17.20 | 1964 = 17.47 | 1965 = 17.79 | 1966 = 18.28 | 1967 = 18.82 | 1968 = 19.62 | 1969 = 20.58 | 1970 = 21.66 | 1971 = 22.76 | 1972 = 23.75 | 1973 = 25.05 | 1974 = 27.30 | 1975 = 29.83 | 1976 = 31.47 | 1977 = 33.43 | 1978 = 35.78 | 1979 = 38.75 | 1980 = 42.25 | 1981 = 46.24 | 1982 = 49.10 | 1983 = 51.02 | 1984 = 52.86 | 1985 = 54.54 | 1986 = 55.63 | 1987 = 57.01 | 1988 = 59.02 | 1989 = 61.34 | 1990 = 63.63 | 1991 = 65.78 | 1992 = 67.28 | 1993 = 68.88 | 1994 = 70.35 | 1995 = 71.82 | 1996 = 73.14 | 1997 = 74.40 | 1998 = 75.24 | 1999 = 76.30 | 2000 = 78.03 | 2001 = 79.78 | 2002 = 81.03 | 2003 = 82.63 | 2004 = 84.84 | 2005 = 87.50 | 2006 = 90.20 | 2007 = 92.64 | 2008 = 94.42 | 2009 = 95.02 | 2010 = 96.17 | 2011 = 98.16 | 2012 = 100.00 | 2013 = 101.75 | 2014 = 103.65 | 2015 = 104.69 | 2016 = 105.74 | 2017 = 107.75 | 2018 = 110.32 | 2019 = 112.29 | 2020 = 113.65 | 2021 |#default = 118.37 <!-- *** When changing this also update the reference in [[Template:Inflation-fn]] and the latest year in [[Template:Inflation-year]]! *** --> }}<noinclude>{{documentation| Template:Inflation/doc/USGDP}}</noinclude> gfsa17wn027bcxohzksmcjoidk4k3ij 377254 377252 2026-05-12T22:26:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 377254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1}}} | 1790 = 4.14 | 1791 = 4.25 | 1792 = 4.33 | 1793 = 4.47 | 1794 = 4.96 | 1795 = 5.67 | 1796 = 5.98 | 1797 = 5.75 | 1798 = 5.57 | 1799 = 5.57 | 1800 = 5.72 | 1801 = 5.84 | 1802 = 4.97 | 1803 = 5.27 | 1804 = 5.56 | 1805 = 5.55 | 1806 = 5.83 | 1807 = 5.56 | 1808 = 6.09 | 1809 = 6.01 | 1810 = 5.86 | 1811 = 6.09 | 1812 = 6.00 | 1813 = 7.00 | 1814 = 7.47 | 1815 = 6.36 | 1816 = 5.63 | 1817 = 5.17 | 1818 = 4.78 | 1819 = 4.62 | 1820 = 4.34 | 1821 = 4.27 | 1822 = 4.50 | 1823 = 4.10 | 1824 = 3.84 | 1825 = 4.01 | 1826 = 4.08 | 1827 = 4.19 | 1828 = 4.04 | 1829 = 4.04 | 1830 = 4.06 | 1831 = 3.87 | 1832 = 3.89 | 1833 = 3.87 | 1834 = 4.00 | 1835 = 4.18 | 1836 = 4.48 | 1837 = 4.66 | 1838 = 4.60 | 1839 = 4.67 | 1840 = 4.41 | 1841 = 4.53 | 1842 = 4.30 | 1843 = 3.97 | 1844 = 4.07 | 1845 = 4.19 | 1846 = 4.30 | 1847 = 4.70 | 1848 = 4.58 | 1849 = 4.50 | 1850 = 4.59 | 1851 = 4.48 | 1852 = 4.52 | 1853 = 4.51 | 1854 = 4.89 | 1855 = 5.03 | 1856 = 4.92 | 1857 = 5.06 | 1858 = 4.76 | 1859 = 4.80 | 1860 = 4.71 | 1861 = 4.90 | 1862 = 5.48 | 1863 = 6.71 | 1864 = 8.23 | 1865 = 8.36 | 1866 = 7.97 | 1867 = 7.27 | 1868 = 6.83 | 1869 = 6.40 | 1870 = 6.13 | 1871 = 5.74 | 1872 = 5.75 | 1873 = 5.63 | 1874 = 5.36 | 1875 = 5.17 | 1876 = 5.05 | 1877 = 4.93 | 1878 = 4.70 | 1879 = 4.70 | 1880 = 4.81 | 1881 = 4.80 | 1882 = 4.78 | 1883 = 4.69 | 1884 = 4.57 | 1885 = 4.48 | 1886 = 4.35 | 1887 = 4.38 | 1888 = 4.37 | 1889 = 4.24 | 1890 = 4.21 | 1891 = 4.25 | 1892 = 4.29 | 1893 = 4.29 | 1894 = 4.13 | 1895 = 4.09 | 1896 = 4.13 | 1897 = 4.13 | 1898 = 4.17 | 1899 = 4.21 | 1900 = 4.33 | 1901 = 4.45 | 1902 = 4.57 | 1903 = 4.79 | 1904 = 4.92 | 1905 = 4.95 | 1906 = 5.13 | 1907 = 5.46 | 1908 = 5.45 | 1909 = 5.43 | 1910 = 5.57 | 1911 = 5.55 | 1912 = 5.77 | 1913 = 5.81 | 1914 = 5.86 | 1915 = 6.05 | 1916 = 6.82 | 1917 = 8.41 | 1918 = 9.80 | 1919 = 10.04 | 1920 = 11.44 | 1921 = 9.75 | 1922 = 9.21 | 1923 = 9.47 | 1924 = 9.35 | 1925 = 9.52 | 1926 = 9.56 | 1927 = 9.34 | 1928 = 9.41 | 1929 = 9.42 | 1930 = 9.07 | 1931 = 8.14 | 1932 = 7.19 | 1933 = 6.99 | 1934 = 7.37 | 1935 = 7.52 | 1936 = 7.62 | 1937 = 7.94 | 1938 = 7.71 | 1939 = 7.64 | 1940 = 7.73 | 1941 = 8.25 | 1942 = 8.91 | 1943 = 9.32 | 1944 = 9.54 | 1945 = 9.79 | 1946 = 11.05 | 1947 = 12.26 | 1948 = 12.95 | 1949 = 12.93 | 1950 = 13.09 | 1951 = 14.01 | 1952 = 14.26 | 1953 = 14.43 | 1954 = 14.56 | 1955 = 14.81 | 1956 = 15.31 | 1957 = 15.82 | 1958 = 16.18 | 1959 = 16.40 | 1960 = 16.63 | 1961 = 16.80 | 1962 = 17.01 | 1963 = 17.20 | 1964 = 17.47 | 1965 = 17.79 | 1966 = 18.28 | 1967 = 18.82 | 1968 = 19.62 | 1969 = 20.58 | 1970 = 21.66 | 1971 = 22.76 | 1972 = 23.75 | 1973 = 25.05 | 1974 = 27.30 | 1975 = 29.83 | 1976 = 31.47 | 1977 = 33.43 | 1978 = 35.78 | 1979 = 38.75 | 1980 = 42.25 | 1981 = 46.24 | 1982 = 49.10 | 1983 = 51.02 | 1984 = 52.86 | 1985 = 54.54 | 1986 = 55.63 | 1987 = 57.01 | 1988 = 59.02 | 1989 = 61.34 | 1990 = 63.63 | 1991 = 65.78 | 1992 = 67.28 | 1993 = 68.88 | 1994 = 70.35 | 1995 = 71.82 | 1996 = 73.14 | 1997 = 74.40 | 1998 = 75.24 | 1999 = 76.30 | 2000 = 78.03 | 2001 = 79.78 | 2002 = 81.03 | 2003 = 82.63 | 2004 = 84.84 | 2005 = 87.50 | 2006 = 90.20 | 2007 = 92.64 | 2008 = 94.42 | 2009 = 95.02 | 2010 = 96.17 | 2011 = 98.16 | 2012 = 100.00 | 2013 = 101.75 | 2014 = 103.65 | 2015 = 104.69 | 2016 = 105.74 | 2017 = 107.75 | 2018 = 110.32 | 2019 = 112.29 | 2020 = 113.65 | 2021 |#default = 118.37 <!-- *** When changing this also update the reference in [[Template:Inflation-fn]] and the latest year in [[Template:Inflation-year]]! *** --> }}<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Inflation/doc/USGDP}}</noinclude> lme1j1otqa6l2wdiyj6p7p1uprfk2p4 10 96569 377253 2026-05-12T22:19:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو ڪنهن مخصوص سال لاءِ لاڳاپيل ملڪ جو [[GDP deflator]] واپس ڪري ٿو. اهو {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} پاران ٻن ڏنل سالن جي وچ ۾ مهانگائي جي شرح ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا وري {{tl|Inflation}} پاران مهانگائي موجب وڌايل قيمتون ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام ط... 377253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} هي ذيلي سانچو ڪنهن مخصوص سال لاءِ لاڳاپيل ملڪ جو [[GDP deflator]] واپس ڪري ٿو. اهو {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} پاران ٻن ڏنل سالن جي وچ ۾ مهانگائي جي شرح ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا وري {{tl|Inflation}} پاران مهانگائي موجب وڌايل قيمتون ڳڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي هن کي سڌو سنئون سڏڻ جو مقصد ناهي. هن ڊيٽا سيٽ ۾ ڏنل معلومات Samuel Williamson جي ''[[MeasuringWorth]]'' ويب سائيٽ تان ورتل آهي.<ref>{{cite web |first= Louis |last= Johnston |first2= Samuel H. |last2= Williamson |title= What Was the U.S. GDP Then? |work= [[MeasuringWorth]] |year= 2018 |url= http://www.measuringworth.com/usgdp/ }}</ref> === استعمال === {{tlx|{{PAGENAME}}|سال}} جيڪڏهن ڪو پيراميٽر نه ڏنو وڃي يا غلط پيراميٽر ڏنو وڃي، ته "ڊفالٽ" GDP deflator واپس ٿيندو، جيڪو عام طور تي تازو ترين قدر هوندو آهي. === پڻ ڏسو === * {{tl|Inflation}} * {{tl|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} === ذريعا === {{reflist}} <includeonly> [[زمرو:اقتصادي فارميٽنگ ۽ فنڪشن سانچا|{{PAGENAME}}]] </includeonly> em32ubiwsu838nved7vunbmf4cqa49n 1 96570 377293 2026-05-13T10:24:40Z ~2026-22228-65 22036 /* حقيقت پرستي */ نئون ڀاڱو 377293 wikitext text/x-wiki == حقيقت پرستي == حقيقت پرستي لاڙو [[خاص:ڀاڱيداريون/&#126;2026-22228-65|&#126;2026-22228-65]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:&#126;2026-22228-65|talk]]) 10:24, 13 مَئي 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) dkur8o9c2y568papvzohpc93edw7062