خود مختيار رياستن جي فهرست

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[[File:Palais des Nations unies, à Genève.jpg|alt=A long row of flags|thumb|upright=1.2|&quot;پئليس آف نيشنز&quot;، [[جنيوا|جينيوا]]، [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]] جي سامهون لڳل [[گڏيل قومن جو عالمي ادارو|گڏيل قومن]] جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ مبصر رياستن جا جهنڊا ]]
هي '''خودمختيار رياستن جي فهرست'''، دنيا سڀ ئي رياستن، جيڪا پنهنجي خودمختياري جو دعوو ڪنديون آهن، جو هڪ جائزو پيش ڪري ٿي، جن ۾ هن رياستن جي خودمختياري ۽ ٻين ملڪن طرفان سڃاڻپ جي حيثيت متعلق ڄاڻ ڏنل آهي. 

اها 206 رياستون جيڪا فهرست ۾ شامل آهن، کي ٽن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ 193 رياستون، جيڪيون گڏيل قومن جي اداري جي مڪمل رڪن آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;unms&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Member States|url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml|publisher=United Nations|author=Press Release ORG/1469|accessdate=28 February 2011|date=3 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2 رياستون، جيڪيون گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي [[گڏيل قومن جي اداري جون مبصر رياستون|مبصر رياستون]] آھن ۽ 10 ٻيون تڪراري رياستون شامل آهن. 188 رياستون، جنهن ۾ 187 گڏيل قومن جي مڪمل رڪنيت واريون رياستون ۽ هڪ مبصر رياست شامل آهي، جي خودمختياري تي ڪو به تنازعو ناهي، جڏهن ته 15 رياستون جنهن جي خودمختياري تڪراري آهي، مان 6 گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي مڪمل رڪن رياستون، هڪ مبصر رياست، 6 ڊي فيڪٽو رياستون ۽ ٻه خاص حيثيت رکندڙ رياستون (ٻنهي نيوزيلينڊ سان آزاد لاڳاپيل ۾ آهن) شامل آهن.

==فهرست ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاء معيار==
اهڙي نوعيت جي فهرست ترتيب ڏيڻ هڪ پيچيده ۽ تڪراري عمل ٿي سگهي ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ قومن جي عالمي برادري جي سڀني ميمبرن تي پابند اهڙي ڪا هڪجهڙي تعريف موجود ناهي، جيڪا [[رياست (سياسي)|رياست]] لاءِ معيار مقرر ڪري. هن فهرست ۾ شامل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ معيارن بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ مهرباني ڪري هيٺ ڏنل ''[[شموليت جا معيار]]'' وارو حصو ڏسو. هن فهرست جو مقصد انهن ادارن  کي شامل ڪرڻ آهي، جيڪي پاڻ کي خودمختيار رياست طور ''[[ڊي فيڪٽو]]'' حيثيت سان تسليم ڪرايو ويٺا آهن؛ ۽ هن فهرست ۾ شموليت کي ڪنهن به اداري جي رياستي بابت قانوني حيثيت جي حمايت يا توثيق طور نه سمجهيو وڃي.
[[بين الاقوامي رواجي قانون]] ۾ رياست بابت غالب معيار کي [[رياست جو اعلامي نظريو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1933ع جي [[مونٽيوڊيو ڪنوينشن]] ذريعي ضابطه بند ڪيو ويو. هن ڪنوينشن موجب، بين الاقوامي قانون جي تحت هڪ رياست کي [[قانوني شخص]] ان صورت ۾ سمجهيو ويندو، جيڪڏهن اها هيٺيان شرط پوري ڪري: 
*(a) مستقل آبادي؛
*(b) مقرر ٿيل علائقو؛
*(c) حڪومت؛ ۽
*(d) ٻين رياستن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت؛
بشرطيڪه اها رياست زبردستي ذريعي حاصل نه ڪئي وئي هجي، ڇا اهو هٿيارن جي استعمال، سفارتي ڌمڪين، يا ڪنهن ٻئي اثرائتي جبر واري طريقي سان هجي&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Hersch Lauterpacht|title=Recognition in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&amp;pg=PA419|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University
Press|page=xxxv|isbn=978110760
9433}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ان ڳالهه تي به بحث موجود آهي ته [[Diplomatic recognition|سفارتي سڃاڻپ]] کي رياستيت جو لازمي معيار سمجهيو وڃي يا نه. رياستيت جو اعلامي نظريو ان ڳالهه جو حامي آهي ته رياستيت هڪ مڪمل طور تي موضوعي  حيثيت رکي ٿي، ۽ ٻين رياستن طرفان سڃاڻپ غير لاڳاپيل آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، [[رياست جو تشڪيلي نظريو]] چوي ٿو ته ڪا به رياست تڏهن ئي بين الاقوامي قانون جي تحت شخصيت حاصل ڪري ٿي، جڏهن ٻين رياستن طرفان ان کي [[خودمختياري| خودمختيار]] طور تسليم ڪيو وڃي.
هن فهرست جي مقصد لاءِ، اهي سڀئي سياسي ادارا شامل ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي پاڻ کي خودمختيار رياست سمجهن ٿا (چاهي [[آزاديءَ جي اعلان]] ذريعي يا ڪنهن ٻئي طريقي سان) ۽ گڏوگڏ هيٺين مان گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ شرط پوري ڪن:
اڪثر حالتن ۾ رياستيت جي اعلامي نظريي مطابق سمجهيا وڃن، ''يا''گهٽ ۾ گهٽ گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي هڪ [[گڏيل قومن جون رڪن رياستون|ميمبر رياست]] طرفان خودمختيار رياست طور سڃاتا وڃن. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ پهرين شرط جي تشريح بابت اختلاف موجود آهي، ۽ اهو تڪراري بڻيل آهي ته ڪو ادارو واقعي ان معيار تي پورو لهي ٿو يا نه. اهڙا منفرد سياسي ادارا، جيڪي مڪمل خودمختيار رياست جي درجي تي پورا نٿا لهن، [[نيم رياست|نيم رياستون يا ابتدائي رياستون]] (proto-states) سڏجن ٿيون&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hahn|first=Gordon|title=Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985–2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime|date=2002|page=527|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-0765800497}}{{cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Ryan|title=Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth|date=2016|pages=85, 213–242|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-&lt;/ref&gt;1107161627}}.
مٿين معيارن جي بنياد تي، هن فهرست ۾ ڪُل 205 ادارا شامل ڪيا ويا آهن:{{efn|هيٺ ڏنل نقطا ٻن معيارن ((a) يا (b)) لاءِ ذريعن جي دستيابي جي بنياد تي ترتيب ڏنل آهن. هي ترتيب ٻنهي نظريائن جي اهميت جي ڀيٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ نه آهي. وڌيڪ تفصيل هر رياست جي الڳ اندراج ۾ ڏنل آهن.[[مالٽا جو خودمختيار مليٽري آرڊر]] کي هن فهرست ۾ شامل نه ڪيو ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ⁠تہ خودمختيار حيثيت باوجود ان وٽ علائقو موجود ناهي ۽ نه ئي اها رياست جي دعويٰ ڪري ٿي. [[ننڍڙي رياست]] (micronation) طور سڃاتل ادارا به شامل ناهن ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جي دعويٰ ڪيل علائقن تي حقيقي ڪنٽرول اڪثر تڪراري هوندو آهي. ان سان گڏ، سڀئي [[غير رابطي وارا ماڻھو]] پڻ خارج ڪيا ويا آهن، جيڪي يا ته [[غير رياستي سماج م|اهڙين سماجن]] ۾ رهن ٿا جن کي رياست نٿو چئي سگهجي، يا جن جي حيثيت قطعي طور معلوم ناهي.
203 رياستون جيڪي گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ ميمبر رياست طرفان تسليم ٿيل آهن
هڪ رياست جيڪا رياستيت جي اعلامي نظريي تي پوري لهي ٿي ۽ رڳو غير گڏيل قومن جي ميمبر رياستن طرفان سڃاتي وڃي ٿي
هڪ رياست جيڪا رياستيت جي اعلامي نظريي تي پوري لهي ٿي پر ڪنهن به ٻي رياست طرفان سڃاتي نه وئي آهي
ٽيبل جي ساڄي پاسي واري ڪالم ۾ اهي ادارا نشان لڳايل آهن، جيڪي يا ته مڪمل خودمختيار رياستون ناهن يا ڪنهن ٻي خودمختيار رياست سان ويجهڙي لاڳاپي ۾ آهن. ان ۾ اهي ذيلي قومي علائقا به شامل آهن، جتي نالي واري رياست جي خودمختياري ڪنهن بين الاقوامي معاهدي سبب محدود ٿيل آهي. گڏيل طور تي، انهن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن:
اهي ادارا جيڪي ڪنهن ٻي رياست سان [[آزاد وابستگي واري رياست]] (associated state) جي لاڳاپي ۾ آهن
پاڪستان جي ڪنٽرول هيٺ ٻه ادارا، جيڪي نه خودمختيار رياستون آهن، نه ماتحت علائقا، ۽ نه ئي ڪنهن ٻي رياست جو حصو آهن: [[آزاد ڪشمير]] ۽ [[گلگت بلتستان]] ڪنهن ٻي رياست جا ماتحت علائقا، يا اهڙا علائقا جيڪي [[ماتحت علائقو| ماتحت علائقا]] واري صفحي مطابق ماتحت علائقن جون گهڻيون خاصيتون رکن ٿا
اهي ذيلي قومي ادارا، جيڪي بين الاقوامي معاهدن تحت قائم ڪيا ويا آهن
{{col-begin|width=760px}} گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي نظام ۾ رڪنيت واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ:

{{col-begin|width=760px}}
گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي نظام ۾ رڪنيت واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ: 
# {{legend|white|گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جون مڪمل رڪنيت واري رياستون}}
# {{legend|#ddf|گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي مبصر رياستون}}&lt;br&gt;محدود سڃاڻپ واري رياستن جي فهرست واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ:
# {{legend|white|غير متنازع خودمختياري}}
# {{legend|#fcc|تڪراري خودمختياري}}
{{col-end}}

==رياستن جي فهرست==

===گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي مڪمل رڪن ۽ مبصر رياستن جي فهرست===
{{col-begin|width=760px}}
گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جي نظام ۾ رڪنيت واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ: 
* {{legend|white|گڏيل قومن جي تنظيم جون مڪمل رڪنيت واري رياستون}}
* {{legend|#ddf|گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي مبصر رياستون}}&lt;br&gt;محدود سڃاڻپ واري رياستن جي فهرست واري ڪالم جي ليجنڊ:
* {{legend|white|غير متنازع خودمختياري}}
* {{legend|#fcc|تڪراري خودمختياري}}
{{col-end}}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable sticky-header&quot; text-align:right;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:150pt;&quot;|عام ۽ رسمي نالا
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;| گڏيل قومن ۾ رڪنيت؟
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;|خودمختياري تڪرار
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|راڄڌاني ۽ وڏا شهر
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Afghanistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Afghanistan}}'''، &lt;small&gt;سرڪاري نالو، '''امارت اسلامي افغانستان'''&lt;/small&gt;
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي. 
|'''ڪو به نا'''
&lt;small&gt;امارت اسلامي افغانستان جي حڪومت کي گڏيل قومن يا ڪنهن ٻئي رياست ([[روس]] کان سواءِ) تسليم نه ڪيو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-becomes-first-country-recognise-taliban-government-afghanistan-2025-07-03/|title=Russia becomes first country to recognise Taliban government of Afghanistan|last=Trevelyan|first=Mark|date=2025-07-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-07-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته ختم ٿيل اڳوڻي حڪومت، اڃا تائين اداري پاران تسليم ٿيل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;akhund2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|archive-date=7 September 2021|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Seats_Denied&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 December 2021|title=U.N. Seats Denied, for Now, to Afghanistan's Taliban and Myanmar's Junta|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/americas/united-nations-taliban-myanmar.html|archive-date=28 December 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/americas/united-nations-taliban-myanmar.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|[[ڪابل]] (راڄڌاني)&lt;br&gt;[[غزني]]&lt;br&gt;[[ھرات]]
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Albania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
'''{{flag|Albania}}'''، &lt;small&gt; سرڪاري نالو، '''جمهوريه البانيه'''&lt;/small&gt;
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي.
|'''ڪو به نا'''
|[[تيرانا]] (راڄڌاني)&lt;br&gt;دريس&lt;br&gt;ويلوري 
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Algeria&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
'''{{flag|Algeria}}'''، &lt;small&gt;سرڪاري نالو، '''عوامي جمهوري جمهوريه الجزائر'''&lt;/small&gt;
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي.
|'''ڪو به نا'''
|[[الجزائر شھر]] (راڄڌاني)&lt;br&gt;وهران&lt;br&gt;قسطنطينه  
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;انڊورا&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Andorra}}'''&amp;nbsp;–   انڊورا جي پرنسيپلٽي 
|رياست تنظيم جي رڪن آهي.
|'''ڪو به نا'''
{{extent}}انڊورا هڪ [[Coregency#Andorra|مشترڪ پرنسپلٽي]] آهي، جنهن ۾ سربراههءِ رياست جو عهدو سرڪاري حيثيت سان گڏيل طور تي [[President of France|فرانس جي صدر]] ۽ رومن ڪيٿولڪ [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell|ڊائيوسيس آف ارگيل]] جي بشپ وٽ هوندو آهي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |title=Andorra country profile |work=BBC News |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215064605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/992562.stm#leaders |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن کي پاڻ [[Holy See]] جي منظوري سان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Angola&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Angola}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Angola
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Antigua and Barbuda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Antigua and Barbuda is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;|Commonwealth realm refers to any member state of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] whose head of state is King [[Charles III]]. Each realm is separate, independent, and a sovereign state; see [[Commonwealth realm#Interrelationship|Commonwealth realm interrelationship]].}} with one autonomous region, [[Barbuda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |title=Chapter 44: The Barbuda Local Government Act |work=Laws of Antigua and Barbuda |url=http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706071022/http://www.laws.gov.ag/acts/chapters/cap-44.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;|For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy, see [[List of autonomous areas by country]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Argentina&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Argentina}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Argentine Republic{{efn|The [[Constitution of Argentina|Argentine Constitution]] (Art. 35) recognises the following denominations for Argentina: &quot;United Provinces of the Río de la Plata&quot;, &quot;Argentine Republic&quot; and &quot;Argentine Confederation&quot;; furthermore, it establishes the usage of &quot;Argentine Nation&quot; for purposes of legislation.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Argentina is a [[federation]] of [[Provinces of Argentina|23 provinces and one autonomous city]].{{efn|name=&quot;ArgentineAntarctica&quot;|Argentina's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of ''[[Argentine Antarctica]]'' (''Antártida Argentina'') is one of five constituent [[Departments of Argentina|departments]] of the province [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.patagonia-argentina.com/en/tierradelfuego/|title=Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica|website=Patagonia-Argentina|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329190125/https://www.patagonia-argentina.com/en/tierradelfuego/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Armenia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Armenia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Armenia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot;|Not recognised by [[#Pakistan|Pakistan]]
{{extent}}Armenia is [[Armenia–Pakistan relations|not recognised]] by Pakistan due to [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|the dispute]] over [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|title=Pakistan Worldview, Report 21, Visit to Azerbaijan|publisher=Senate of Pakistan Foreign Relations Committee|date=2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219074354/http://foreignaffairscommittee.org/includes/content_files/Report%2021%20-%20Visit%20to%20Azerbaijan.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nilufer Bakhtiyar: &quot;For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country&quot;|url=http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html|date=13 September 2006|access-date=11 June 2023 |website=Today.az |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813064453/http://www.today.az/news/politics/30102.html |archive-date=13 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|title=Pakistan the only country not recognising Armenia – envoy|publisher=News.Az|date=5 February 2014|access-date=17 February 2014|quote=We are the only country not recognising Armenia as a state.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223095734/http://news.az/articles/armenia/86325|archive-date=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Update inline|date=December 2024|reason=There appears to have been an offensive in 2023, which may have changed the status of this; sources are from long before then}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Australia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Australia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of Australia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Australia is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and a [[federation]] of both [[States and territories of Australia|states and territories]]. There are six states, three internal territories, six external territories and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic external territory. The external territories of Australia are:

* {{noflag|[[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]}}
* {{flag|Christmas Island}}
* {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}}
* {{noflag|[[Coral Sea Islands Territory]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]}}
* {{flag|Norfolk Island}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Australian Antarctic Territory]]}}''
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Austria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Austria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Austria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the [[European Union]].{{efn|The member states of the [[European Union]] have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, which is an example of [[supranational union]]. The EU has 27 member states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Country profiles|url=https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles_en|access-date=11 June 2023|website=The European Union|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426190108/https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles_en|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Austria is a [[federation]] of [[Federal states of Austria|nine states]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Azerbaijan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Azerbaijan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Azerbaijan{{efn|&quot;Azerbaijan Republic&quot; is sometimes used in an official capacity.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Azerbaijan contains one autonomous region, [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bahamas&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bahamas|name=Bahamas, The}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of The Bahamas&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bahamas, The {{!}} The Commonwealth|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bahamas|website=thecommonwealth.org|date=15 August 2013|access-date=12 March 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309082734/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/bahamas|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The Bahamas is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bahrain&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bahrain}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Bahrain
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bangladesh&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bangladesh}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Republic of Bangladesh
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Barbados&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Barbados}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Belarus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belarus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Belarus
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Many states [[International reactions to the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and protests|rescinded their recognition]] of President [[Alexander Lukashenko]] following [[2020 Belarusian presidential election|the disputed 2020 election]]. [[#Lithuania|Lithuania]] currently recognises [[Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya]]'s [[Coordination Council (Belarus)|Coordination Council]] as the legitimate government of Belarus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |author1-link=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania) |title=Lithuanian Foreign Ministry's statement on the situation in Belarus |url=https://www.mfa.lt/default/en/news/lithuanian-foreign-ministrys-statement-on-the-situation-in-belarus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703061115/https://www.mfa.lt/default/en/news/lithuanian-foreign-ministrys-statement-on-the-situation-in-belarus |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |date=23 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Belgium&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belgium}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Belgium
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Belgium is a [[federation]] of [[Communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium|three linguistic communities and three regions]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Belize&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Belize}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Belize is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Benin&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Benin}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Benin
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bhutan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bhutan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Bhutan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bolivia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bolivia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Plurinational State of Bolivia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bosnia and Herzegovina&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Bosnia and Herzegovina has two constituent ''entities'':

* {{noflag|[[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]}}
* {{flag|Republika Srpska}}

and [[Brčko District]], a self-governing administrative ''district''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stjepanović2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Dual Substate Citizenship as Institutional Innovation: The Case of Bosnia's Brčko District |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |date=2015 |pages=382–383 |first=Dejan |last=Stjepanović |volume=21 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/13537113.2015.1095043 |s2cid=146578107 |issn=1353-7113 |eissn=1557-2986 |oclc=5927465455}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Botswana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Botswana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Botswana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Brazil&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Brazil}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federative Republic of Brazil
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Brazil is a [[federation]] of [[Federative units of Brazil|26 states and one federal district]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Brunei&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Brunei}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Brunei Darussalam
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Bulgaria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Bulgaria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Bulgaria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Burkina Faso&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Burkina Faso}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Burundi&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Burundi}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Burundi
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cambodia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cambodia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Cambodia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cameroon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cameroon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cameroon
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Canada&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Canada}}'''{{efn|The legal name for Canada is the sole word; an officially sanctioned, though disused, name is Dominion of Canada (which includes its legal title); see: [[Name of Canada#Use of Dominion|Use of Dominion]], [[Dominion#Canada]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and a [[Canadian federalism|federation]] of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|10 provinces and three territories]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cape Verde&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cape Verde}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cabo Verde{{efn|The government of Cape Verde declared &quot;Cabo Verde&quot; to be the official English name of the country in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131212-maps-cabo-verde-cartography-science-cape-verde-africa/|title=Cape Verde Gets New Name: 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change|author=Tanya Basu|magazine=[[National Geographic]]|date=14 December 2013|access-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020000546/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/12/131212-maps-cabo-verde-cartography-science-cape-verde-africa/|archive-date=20 October 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Central African Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Central African Republic}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Chad&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Chad}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Chad
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Chile&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Chile}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Chile
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Chile has one special territory, [[Easter Island]].{{efn|name=&quot;ChileanAntarctic&quot;|Chile's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of the ''[[Chilean Antarctic Territory|Chilean Antarctic]]'' (''Antártica Chilena'') is a [[Communes of Chile|commune]] of the [[Antártica Chilena Province]] of the [[Magallanes Region]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;China&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|China}}'''&amp;nbsp;– People's Republic of China{{efn|name=&quot;ChinaTaiwan&quot;|The [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is commonly referred to as &quot;China&quot;, while the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) is commonly referred to as &quot;Taiwan&quot;. The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as [[Chinese Taipei]], or by other [[Chinese Taipei#Other alternative references to Taiwan|alternative names]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[Foreign relations of China#Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC|Partially unrecognised]]. {{claimedby|ROC}}
{{extent}}China contains five autonomous regions, [[Guangxi]], [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Ningxia]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], and [[Xinjiang]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} Additionally, it has sovereignty over two [[special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Regions]]:

* {{flag|Hong Kong}}
* {{flag|Macao}}

China claims, but does not control, [[#Taiwan|Taiwan]], which is governed by a rival administration (the Republic of China) that claims all of China as its territory.{{efn|name=&quot;TAI2&quot;|In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) lost the [[Chinese Civil War]] to the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) and set up a provisional capital in [[Taipei]]. The CCP established the PRC. As such, the [[political status of Taiwan|political status of the ROC and legal status of Taiwan]] (alongside the [[Taiwan Area|territories]] under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the [[China and the United Nations|China seat]] to the PRC. In the view of the United Nations, no member of the organization withdrew as a consequence of this, but the ROC representatives declared that they were withdrawing. Most states recognise the PRC to be the [[One China|sole legitimate representative]] of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as &quot;[[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|Taiwan, Province of China]]&quot;. The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates [[Taiwan independence movement|Taiwan independence]].}}

China is not recognised by [[Foreign relations of China#Countries without diplomatic relations with the PRC|{{numrec|Republic of China|link=N}}]] UN member states and [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]], which, with the exception of [[#Bhutan|Bhutan]], all recognise the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead.{{efn|See also [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China]] and [[Foreign relations of China]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Colombia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Colombia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Colombia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Comoros&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Comoros}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Union of the Comoros
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Comoros is a [[federation]] of [[Politics of the Comoros#Autonomous islands|three islands]].{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;|More information on more or less [[federation|federal]] structures can be found at [[Federation#Federal governments|Federal governments]].&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Comoros, Art. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}'''{{efn|Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Formerly referred to as [[Zaire]], its official name from 1971 to 1997.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Republic of the Congo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of the Congo|name=Congo, Republic of the}}'''{{efn|Also known as Congo-Brazzaville.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Costa Rica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Costa Rica}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Costa Rica
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Croatia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Croatia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Croatia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cuba&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cuba}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cuba
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cyprus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cyprus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Cyprus
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |Not recognised by [[#Turkey|Turkey]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|publisher=CNN|title=Cyprus is not at peace with Turkey|author=Andreas S. Kakouris|date=9 July 2010|access-date=17 May 2014|quote=Turkey stands alone in violation of the will of the international community. It is the only country to recognise the &quot;TRNC&quot; and is the only country that does not recognise the Republic of Cyprus and its government.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518074323/http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/07/07/kakouris.cyprus/|archive-date=18 May 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- and [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]]{{cn|date=17 May 2014}} --&gt;
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]].

Cyprus is not recognised by [[#Turkey|Turkey]] due to the [[Cyprus problem]], with Turkey recognising [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Czech Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Czech Republic}}'''{{efn|An official short name in English has been adopted by the Czech government, &quot;''Czechia''&quot;. This variant remains uncommon, but has been adopted by several companies and organizations including the United Nations. See [[Name of the Czech Republic]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Denmark&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kingdom of Denmark|name=Denmark}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Denmark
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The [[Danish Realm|Kingdom of Denmark]] includes two self-governing territories:
* {{flag|Faroe Islands}}
* {{flag|Greenland}}

The [[Denmark|metropolitan territory of Denmark]], the Faroe Islands and Greenland form the three constituent countries of the Kingdom.{{efn|The designation &quot;Denmark&quot; can refer either to Metropolitan Denmark or to the entire Danish Realm (e.g. in international organisations).}} The Kingdom of Denmark as a whole is a member of the EU, but [[Law of the European Union|EU law]] (in most cases) does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland. See [[Greenland and the European Union]], and [[Faroe Islands and the European Union]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.dk/_p_12710.html |title=Home Rule Act of the Faroe Islands : No. 137 of March 23, 1948 |website=Statsministeriat |location=Copenhagen |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910005827/http://www.stm.dk/_p_12710.html |archive-date=10 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stm.dk/_p_12712.html |title=The Greenland Home Rule Act : Act No. 577 of 29 November 1978 |website=Statsministeriat |location=Copenhagen |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214060548/http://www.stm.dk/_p_12712.html |archive-date=14 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Djibouti&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Djibouti}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Djibouti
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Dominica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Dominica}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Commonwealth of Dominica
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Dominican Republic&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ecuador&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ecuador}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Ecuador
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Egypt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Egypt}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Arab Republic of Egypt
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;El Salvador&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|El Salvador}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of El Salvador
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Equatorial Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Equatorial Guinea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Eritrea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Eritrea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Eritrea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Estonia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Estonia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Estonia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Eswatini&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Eswatini}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Eswatini{{efn|Formerly referred to as the Kingdom of Swaziland, its official name until 2018.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ethiopia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ethiopia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Ethiopia is a [[federation]] of [[Regions of Ethiopia|12 regions and two chartered cities]].
&lt;!--The European Union is not a sovereign state and should not be included--&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Fiji&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Fiji}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Fiji
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Fiji contains one autonomous region, [[Rotuma]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Laws of Fiji |place=Suva, Fiji |publisher=Government of Fiji |year=1927 |edition=1978 |chapter=Rotuma Act |chapter-url=http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621140255/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |archive-date=21 June 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419112327/http://www.itc.gov.fj/lawnet/fiji_act/cap122.html |date=19 April 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Government of Fiji, Office of the Prime Minister |title=Chapter 122: Rotuma Act |work=Laws of Fiji |publisher=[[University of the South Pacific]] |year=1978 |url=http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ |access-date=10 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301163146/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act/ra103/ |archive-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Finland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Finland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Finland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}

* {{flag|Åland}} is a neutral and demilitarized autonomous region of Finland.{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}{{efn|[[Åland]] was demilitarized by the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1856, which was later affirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1921, and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on [[1995 enlargement of the European Union|Finland's admission to the European Union in 1995]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;France&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|France}}'''&amp;nbsp;– French Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} France contains five [[Overseas departments and regions of France|overseas regions/departments]]; [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]], and [[Réunion]]. France also includes eight [[Overseas France|overseas territories]]:

* {{noflag|[[Clipperton Island]]}}
* {{flag|French Polynesia}}
* {{flag|New Caledonia}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Barthélemy]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]}}
* {{noflag|[[Wallis and Futuna]]}}
* {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}}{{efn|name=&quot;Adélie&quot;|France's [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic territory of ''[[Adélie Land]]'' (''Terre Adélie'') is one of five constituent districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Gabon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Gabon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Gabonese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Gambia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Gambia|name=Gambia, The}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of The Gambia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Gambia profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517|website=BBC News|access-date=12 March 2018|date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311064543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13376517|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Georgia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Georgia (country)|name=Georgia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Georgia contains two autonomous republics, [[Adjara]] and [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} In [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]], de facto states have been formed.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Germany&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Germany}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Germany
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Germany is a [[federation]] of [[States of Germany|16 states]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ghana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ghana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Ghana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Greece&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Greece}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Hellenic Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Greece contains one autonomous area, [[Mount Athos]].&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Greece, Art. 105.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Grenada&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Grenada}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Grenada is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guatemala&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guatemala}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guatemala
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guinea{{efn|Also known as Guinea-Conakry.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guinea-Bissau&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Guinea-Bissau
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Guyana&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Guyana}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Co-operative Republic of Guyana
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Haiti&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Haiti}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Haiti
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Honduras&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Honduras}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Honduras
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Hungary&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Hungary}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Iceland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iceland}}'''{{efn|name=&quot;Republic&quot;|While sometimes referred to as the &quot;Republic of Iceland&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|title=Iceland - Culture, History, &amp; People|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718220132/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf |title=Working Paper No. 54 : UNGEGN list of country names (Prepared by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names) |location=Vienna |date=May 2011 |access-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811023432/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |website=unstats.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sometimes its counterpart ''Lýðveldið Ísland'' in Icelandic, the official name of the country is simply &quot;Iceland&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=54970|title=Hvert er formlegt heiti landsins okkar?|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022935/http://visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=54970|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; One example of the former is the name of the [[Constitution of Iceland]], which in Icelandic is ''Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands'' and is translated to &quot;the Constitution of the republic of Iceland&quot;. However, in this usage, &quot;republic&quot; is not capitalized.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;India&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|India}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of India
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}India is a [[federation]] of [[States and union territories of India|28 states and eight union territories]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Indonesia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Indonesia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Indonesia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Indonesia has nine autonomous [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]]: [[Aceh]], [[Jakarta]], [[Central Papua]], [[Highland Papua]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]], [[South Papua]], [[Southwest Papua]], [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]], and [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Iran&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iran}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Iran
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Iraq&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Iraq}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Iraq
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Iraq is a [[federation]]{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518175432/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Iraqi constitution|archivedate=18 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Governorates of Iraq|19 governorates]], four of which make up the autonomous [[Kurdistan Region]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ireland}}'''{{efn|&quot;Ireland&quot; is the official name of the country in English. &quot;Republic of Ireland&quot; (the official ''description'' in English) and &quot;Éire&quot; (the official name in Irish) have sometimes been used unofficially to distinguish the state from the larger [[Ireland|island of Ireland]], however, this is officially deprecated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=46 |pages=72–90 |number=1 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies |doi=10.1086/508399 |jstor=10.1086/508399 |title=The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: &quot;A Country by Any Other Name&quot;? |last=Daly |first=Mary E. |doi-access=free |issn=0021-9371}}&lt;/ref&gt; See [[names of the Irish state]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Israel&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Israel}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Israel
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[International recognition of Israel|Partially unrecognised]]
{{extent}}Israel exerts strong control over the territory claimed by [[#Palestine|Palestine]]. It has annexed [[East Jerusalem]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm|title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel|website=www.knesset.gov.il|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905144734/http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; an act not recognised by the international community.&lt;ref name=dis&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=Disputes: International |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Israel has [[West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord|varying levels of control]] over the rest of the [[West Bank]], and although it ended its [[Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip|permanent civilian or military presence]] in the [[Gaza Strip]], it is still considered to be the occupying power under international law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Abraham |title=International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense |work=Jerusalem Issue Brief, Vol. 7, No. 29 |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=28 January 2008 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |archive-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Salih |first=Zak M. |title=Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status |publisher=[[University of Virginia School of Law]] |date=17 November 2005 |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=29 October 2004 |url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |archive-date=1 November 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=occ&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&amp;pg=PA429|page=429|first=Andrew|last=Sanger|chapter=The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla |title=Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010|volume=13|editor=M.N. Schmitt |editor2=Louise Arimatsu |editor3=Tim McCormack|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|date=2011|isbn=978-90-6704-811-8|quote=It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.|doi=10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14}}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite book|title=International Law and the Classification of Conflicts|editor=Elizabeth Wilmshurst|first=Iain|last=Scobbie|author-link=Iain Scobbie|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-19-965775-9|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&amp;pg=PA295|quote=Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.}}&lt;br /&gt;* {{cite book|title=Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships|first=Michelle|last=Gawerc|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2012|isbn=9780739166109|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&amp;pg=PA44|quote=In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Israel is not recognised as a state by [[International recognition of Israel|28 UN members]] and the [[#SADR|Sahrawi Republic]]. The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], recognised by a majority of UN member states as the representative of the Palestinian people, [[Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition|recognised Israel in 1993]].

|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Italy&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Italy}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Italian Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} [[Italy]] has five autonomous regions: [[Aosta Valley]], [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sicily]] and [[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ivory Coast&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ivory Coast}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Côte d'Ivoire{{efn|The government of Ivory Coast uses &quot;Côte d'Ivoire&quot; as the official English name of the country.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Jamaica&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Jamaica}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Jamaica is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Japan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Japan}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-

|&lt;span id=&quot;Jordan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Jordan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kazakhstan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kazakhstan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kazakhstan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kenya&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kenya}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kenya
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kiribati&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kiribati}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kiribati
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kuwait&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kuwait}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Kuwait
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kyrgyzstan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kyrgyz Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Laos&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Laos}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Lao People's Democratic Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Latvia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Latvia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Latvia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Lebanon&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lebanon}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Lebanon
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Lesotho&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lesotho}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Lesotho
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Liberia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Liberia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Liberia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Libya&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Libya}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Libya
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Liechtenstein&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Liechtenstein
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Lithuania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Lithuania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Luxembourg&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Luxembourg}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Madagascar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Madagascar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Madagascar
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Malawi&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malawi}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Malawi
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Malaysia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malaysia}}'''&amp;nbsp;
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Malaysia is a [[federation]] of [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|13 states and three federal territories]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Maldives&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Maldives}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Maldives
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mali&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mali}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mali
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Malta&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Malta}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Malta
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Marshall Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Marshall Islands}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Marshall Islands
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mauritania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mauritania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Mauritania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mauritius&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mauritius}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mauritius
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Mauritius has an autonomous island, [[Rodrigues]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mexico&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mexico}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Mexican States
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Mexico is a [[federation]] of [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|31 states and one autonomous city]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Micronesia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia, Federated States of}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]]. The Federated States of Micronesia is a [[federation]] of [[Administrative divisions of the Federated States of Micronesia|four states]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Moldova&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Moldova}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Moldova
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Moldova has two [[Administrative divisions of Moldova|autonomous territorial units]], [[Gagauzia]] and the [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Left Bank of the Dniester]]. The latter and a city, [[Bender, Moldova|Bender]] (Tighina), are under the ''de facto'' control of [[#Transnistria|Transnistria]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Monaco&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Monaco}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Principality of Monaco
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mongolia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mongolia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Montenegro&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Montenegro}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Morocco&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Morocco}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Morocco
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Part of the Moroccan-claimed [[Western Sahara]] is controlled by the partially recognised [[#SADR|Sahrawi Republic]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Mozambique&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Mozambique}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Mozambique
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Myanmar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Myanmar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Union of Myanmar{{efn|The country's official name of Myanmar, adopted in 1989, has been mixed and controversial, with the former name Burma still being used in many cases. See [[Names of Myanmar]].}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}[[Wa State]] is a de facto autonomous state within Myanmar. The United Nations has not recognised the de facto ruling government of Myanmar, the [[State Administration Council]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_Seats_Denied&quot; /&gt; &lt;!--France has only begun the process of recognising the NUG by passing a bill in the Senate--&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Namibia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Namibia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Namibia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nauru&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nauru}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Nauru
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nepal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nepal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Nepal is a [[federation]] composed of [[Provinces of Nepal|seven provinces]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Netherlands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of the Netherlands
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} The [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] includes four areas with substantial autonomy:

* {{flag|Aruba}}
* {{flag|Curaçao}}
* {{flag|Netherlands}}
* {{flag|Sint Maarten}}

The Metropolitan Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom. Three overseas parts of the Netherlands ([[Bonaire]], [[Saba (island)|Saba]] and [[Sint Eustatius]]) are [[Caribbean Netherlands|special municipalities]] of the metropolitan Netherlands.{{efn|The designation &quot;the Netherlands&quot; can refer either to the Metropolitan [[Netherlands]] or to the entire [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Kingdom]] (e.g. in international organisations).}} The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but [[Law of the European Union|EU law]] only wholly applies to parts within Europe.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;New Zealand&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|New Zealand}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}New Zealand is a [[Commonwealth realm]],{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and has one dependent territory and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territory:

* {{flag|Tokelau}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Ross Dependency]]}}''

The [[New Zealand Government]] acts for the entire [[Realm of New Zealand]] in all international contexts, which has responsibilities for (but no rights of control over) two freely [[associated state]]s:

* {{flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{flag|Niue}}

The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with {{Numrel|CK|alt2= |}} and {{Numrel|Niue|alt2= |}} UN members respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html|title=Beziehungen zu Deutschland|author=Federal Foreign Office of Germany|date=November 2009|publisher=Government of Germany|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723070259/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/de/Laenderinformationen/Cookinseln/Bilateral.html|archive-date=23 July 2010|access-date=16 July 2010|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} For more information, see [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations |title=Foreign Affairs |publisher=United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html |access-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004083335/http://www.un.int/nauru/foreignaffairs.html |archive-date=4 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; They have full treaty-making capacity in the UN,&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |title=Article 102, Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, Supplement No. 8, Volume VI (1989–1994) |website=untreaty.un.org |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403031600/http://untreaty.un.org/cod/repertory/art102/english/rep_supp8_vol6-art102_e_advance.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2012 |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are members of some [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nicaragua&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nicaragua}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Nicaragua
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Nicaragua contains two autonomous regions, [[North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|North Caribbean Coast]] and [[South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region|South Caribbean Coast]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Niger&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Niger}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Niger
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Nigeria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Nigeria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Nigeria
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Nigeria is a [[federation]] of [[States of Nigeria|36 states and one federal territory]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;North Korea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|North Korea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic People's Republic of Korea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SKOREA}}
{{extent}}North Korea is not recognised by one UN member, [[#South Korea|South Korea]], which claims to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html |date=June 22, 1965 |website=ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp |title=Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea |access-date=27 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313123054/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/docs/19650622.T1E.html |archive-date=13 March 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;North Macedonia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|North Macedonia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of North Macedonia{{efn|Formerly known constitutionally as the &quot;Republic of Macedonia&quot; from 1991 to 2019 and under the international designation of &quot;the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia&quot; (FYROM) from 1993 to 2019 due to the [[Macedonia naming dispute]] with [[Greece]]. Following the [[Prespa Agreement]] going into effect in February 2019, the country was renamed &quot;North Macedonia&quot;.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Norway&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Norway}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Norway
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Norway has two [[unincorporated area]]s in Europe:

* {{noflag|[[Svalbard]]}} is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the [[Svalbard Treaty]].
* {{noflag|[[Jan Mayen]]}} is an uninhabited island that is an integral part of Norway, although unincorporated.

Norway has one [[Dependencies of Norway|dependent territory]] and two [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territories in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]:

* {{noflag|[[Bouvet Island]]}}
* ''{{noflag|[[Peter I Island]]}}''
* ''{{noflag|[[Queen Maud Land]]}}''
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Oman&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Oman}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Sultanate of Oman
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Pakistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Pakistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Islamic Republic of Pakistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Pakistan is a [[federation]] of [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces and one capital territory]]. Pakistan exercises control over certain portions of [[Kashmir]], but has not officially annexed any of it,&lt;ref&gt;Constitution of Pakistan, Art. 1.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Aslam, Tasnim |title=Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part... |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 |newspaper=Outlook India |publisher=The Outlook Group |date=11 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213213928/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233374 |archive-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |access-date=27 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; instead regarding it as a disputed territory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Kristen P. |title=Despite nationalist conflicts: theory and practice of maintaining world peace |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYmurpH3ahsC |isbn=978-0-275-96934-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=R.K. |title=An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21st Century |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2001 |pages=120–121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yDkKDbZ3YC |isbn=978-81-261-1091-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The portions that it controls are divided into two territories, administered separately from Pakistan proper:

* {{flag|Azad Kashmir}}
* {{noflag|[[Gilgit-Baltistan]]}}

Azad Kashmir describes itself as a &quot;self-governing state under Pakistani control&quot;, while Gilgit-Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of &quot;areas&quot; with self-government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 |title=Azad Kashmir Day |access-date=2014-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812174212/http://home.ajk.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=72&amp;catid=14 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gbtribune.files.wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf |title=To Be Published In The Next Issue Of The |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905063539/http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AJ&amp;KHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ajk.gov.pk/history.php|title=AJ&amp;K History|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174235/http://www.ajk.gov.pk/history.php|archive-date=6 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign, as they do not fulfil the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood (for example, their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states). Several state functions of these territories (such as foreign affairs and defense) are performed by Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbtribune.files.wordpress.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-aRAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=azad+kashmir+gilgit+baltistan&amp;pg=PA1100|title=Political Handbook of the World 2014|access-date=5 October 2014|isbn=9781483333281|last1=Lansford|first1=Tom|date=2014-04-08|publisher=SAGE Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf# |title=The Azad Jammu And Kashmir Interim Constitution Act, 1974 |format=PDF |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013171853/http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Palau&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Palau}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Palau
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Under [[Compact of Free Association]] with the [[#United States|United States]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Palestine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Palestine}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Palestine
| style=&quot;background:#ddf;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]]; member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]&lt;!-- {{cn|date=April 2021}} -- it appears that the convention on this page is to keep details and citations to the last column, which is where the details and citations for this claim can be found --&gt;
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Partially unrecognised]]. [[Israeli-occupied territories|Occupied]] by [[#Israel|Israel]].
{{extent}}The State of Palestine, declared in 1988, is not recognised as a state by Israel but has received diplomatic recognition from {{Numrec|Palestine}} states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Palestine Liberation Organization|title=Road For Palestinian Statehood: Recognition and Admission|url=http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|publisher=Negotiations Affairs Department|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818214013/http://www.nad-plo.org/etemplate.php?id=5|archive-date=18 August 2011|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders, or effective control over much of the territory that it proclaimed.&lt;ref&gt;See the following on statehood criteria:
* {{cite web|author=Mendes, Errol|title=Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 (3) of the ICC Statute|url=http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|pages=28, 33|date=30 March 2010|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190057/http://uclalawforum.com/media/background/gaza/2010-03-30_Mendes-Memo.pdf|archive-date=31 August 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} &quot;...the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention...&quot;; &quot;...the fact that a majority of states have recognised Palestine as a State should easily fulfil the requisite state practice&quot;.
* {{cite journal|author=McKinney, Kathryn M.|title=The Legal Effects of the Israeli-PLO Declaration ofPrinciples: Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine|url=http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|journal=Seattle University Law Review|volume=18|issue=93|year=1994|page=97|publisher=Seattle University|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22|archive-date=22 July 2011|df=dmy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063030/http://lawpublications.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1438&amp;context=sulr&amp;sei-redir=1#search=%22palestine+%22constitutive+theory%22+statehood%22 |date=22 July 2011 }} &quot;It is possible, however, to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory&quot;.
* {{cite journal|author=McDonald, Avril|title=Operation Cast Lead: Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&amp;crawlid=1&amp;doctype=cite&amp;docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&amp;srctype=smi&amp;srcid=3B15&amp;key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|journal=Human Rights Brief|volume=25|date=Spring 2009|publisher=Washington College of Law, Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law|access-date=17 April 2011|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329201731/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&amp;crawlid=1&amp;doctype=cite&amp;docid=16+Hum.+Rts.+Br.+25&amp;srctype=smi&amp;srcid=3B15&amp;key=74ccae52ba220673512e7784449388f0|archive-date=29 March 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} &quot;Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood, Palestine might be considered a state.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Palestinian Authority]] is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]] that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the [[occupied Palestinian territories]]. In foreign relations, Palestine is represented by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unnms&quot;/&gt; The State of Palestine is a member state of [[UNESCO]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|title=Arab States: Palestine|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|publisher=United Nations|access-date=3 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104131813/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/palestine/|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]] and other international organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf|pages=40–41|date=18 March 2021|access-date=11 April 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513163558/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34074.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Panama&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Panama}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Panama
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Papua New Guinea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Papua New Guinea is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} with one autonomous region, [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Paraguay&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Paraguay}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Paraguay
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Peru&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Peru}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Peru
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Philippines&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Philippines}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Philippines
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The Philippines contains one autonomous region, [[Bangsamoro]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Poland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Poland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Poland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Portugal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Portugal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Portuguese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Portugal contains two autonomous regions, [[Azores|the Azores]] and [[Madeira]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Qatar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Qatar}}'''&amp;nbsp;– State of Qatar
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Romania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Romania}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Russia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Russia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Russian Federation
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Russia is a [[federation]] of 83 internationally recognised [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] (republics, oblasts, krais, autonomous okrugs, federal cities, and an autonomous oblast). Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics.{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Rwanda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Rwanda}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Rwanda
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Kitts and Nevis&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Saint Kitts and Nevis is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}} and is a [[federation]]{{efn|name=&quot;federal&quot;}} of two islands, [[Saint Kitts]] and [[Nevis]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Lucia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Lucia}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Saint Lucia is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Samoa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Samoa}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Independent State of Samoa
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;San Marino&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|San Marino}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of San Marino
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;São Tomé and Príncipe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}São Tomé and Príncipe contains one autonomous province, [[Príncipe]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Saudi Arabia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
&lt;!--Sealand is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--&gt;
&lt;!--Scotland is not a sovereign state according to the definition in the introduction of this article and should not be included--&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Senegal&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Senegal}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Senegal
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Serbia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Serbia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Serbia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Serbia contains two autonomous provinces, [[Vojvodina]] and [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo and Metohija]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} The latter is under the de facto control of [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Seychelles&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Seychelles}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Seychelles
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sierra Leone&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sierra Leone}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Sierra Leone
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Singapore&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Singapore}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Singapore
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Slovakia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Slovakia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Slovak Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Slovenia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Slovenia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Slovenia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Solomon Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Solomon Islands}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Solomon Islands is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Somalia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Somalia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Federal Republic of Somalia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Somalia is a federation of [[states and regions of Somalia|six states]]. Two, [[Puntland]] and [[Galmudug]], have self-declared autonomy, while one, [[#Somaliland|Somaliland]], is de facto independent.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Africa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Africa}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Africa
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Korea&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Korea}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Korea
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|NKOREA}}
{{extent}}South Korea has one autonomous region, [[Jeju Province]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Keun Min|title=Greetings|publisher=Jeju Special Self-Governing Province|url=http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|access-date=10 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502123553/http://english.jeju.go.kr/contents/index.php?mid=02|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
South Korea is not recognised by [[#North Korea|North Korea]], which claims to be the sole legitimate government of [[Korea]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Sudan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Sudan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Sudan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}South Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of South Sudan|10 states and three administrative areas]].

The [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] is a zone with &quot;special administrative status&quot; established by the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of South Sudan and [[#Sudan|Sudan]], but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.&lt;ref name=UNISFA2017&gt;{{cite web|url=https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei|title=Statement from UNISFA on the recent spate of attacks in Abyei|website=UNmissions.org|date=18 October 2017|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022254/https://unisfa.unmissions.org/statement-unisfa-recent-spate-attacks-abyei|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AbyeiName&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/17103/Abyei-Administration-Area-Changes-Name.aspx|title=Abyei Administration Area Changes Name|website=Gurtong.net|date=29 July 2015|access-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022037/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/17103/Abyei-Administration-Area-Changes-Name.aspx|archive-date=13 February 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Spain&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Spain}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Spain
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}} Spain is divided into [[Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities and two special autonomous cities]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}{{efn|name=&quot;Plazas&quot;|Spain holds several small overseas territories scattered along the Mediterranean coast bordering [[Morocco]], known as the [[plazas de soberanía]].}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sri Lanka&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka{{efn|Formerly known as [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] until 1972.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sudan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sudan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of the Sudan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Sudan is a [[federation]] of [[States of Sudan|18 states]].

The [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] is a zone with &quot;special administrative status&quot; established by the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] in 2005. It is de jure a condominium of [[#South Sudan|South Sudan]] and Sudan, but de facto administered by two competing administrations and the United Nations.&lt;ref name=UNISFA2017/&gt;&lt;ref name=AbyeiName/&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Suriname&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Suriname}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Suriname
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Sweden&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sweden}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Sweden
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Member of the EU.{{efn|name=&quot;EU&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Switzerland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Switzerland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Swiss Confederation
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Switzerland is a [[federation]] of [[Cantons of Switzerland|26 cantons]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Syria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Syria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Syrian Arab Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}During the [[Syrian civil war]], the [[National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces|Syrian National Coalition]] (SNC) was [[National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces#International recognition|recognised]] as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members and established an [[Syrian Interim Government|interim government]] to rule rebel-controlled territory. After the [[fall of the Assad regime]], the SNC declared its allegiance to the new government.
Syria has one self-declared autonomous region, [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tajikistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tajikistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Tajikistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Tajikistan contains one autonomous region, [[Gorno-Badakhshan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tanzania&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tanzania}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Republic of Tanzania
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Tanzania contains one autonomous region, [[Zanzibar]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Thailand&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Thailand}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Thailand
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Timor-Leste&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Timor-Leste}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste{{efn|Formerly also known as East Timor.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Togo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Togo}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Togolese Republic
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tonga&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tonga}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Kingdom of Tonga
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Trinidad and Tobago&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Trinidad and Tobago contains one autonomous region, [[Tobago]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tunisia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tunisia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Tunisia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Turkey&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Turkey}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Türkiye{{efn|Formerly the &quot;Republic of Turkey&quot;. In 2023, the United Nations recognized &quot;Türkiye&quot; as the official English name of the country after a request made by the Turkish government.}}
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Turkmenistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Turkmenistan}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Tuvalu&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Tuvalu}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Tuvalu is a [[Commonwealth realm]].{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Uganda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uganda}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Uganda
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Ukraine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Ukraine}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Ukraine contains one autonomous region, the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]],{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}} which is under the control of [[#Russia|Russia]]. Seven other areas of Ukraine are under full or partial Russian control, including [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]], [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]],&lt;!-- Eastern part of Kharkiv Oblast is still occupied by Russia --&gt; [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson]], [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]], [[Mykolaiv Oblast|Mykolaiv]],&lt;!-- The Kinburn Peninsula of Mykolaiv Oblast is still occupied by Russia --&gt; [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast|Zaporizhzhia]] oblasts and [[Sevastopol]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;United Arab Emirates&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}'''
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The United Arab Emirates is a [[federation]] of [[Emirates of the United Arab Emirates|seven emirates]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;United Kingdom&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United Kingdom}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The United Kingdom is a [[Commonwealth realm]]{{efn|name=&quot;realm&quot;||group=}} consisting of [[countries of the United Kingdom|four constituent countries]]: [[England]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]]. The United Kingdom has the following 13 [[British Overseas Territories|overseas territories]] and one [[Territorial claims in Antarctica|claimed]] Antarctic dependent territory:

* {{noflag|[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]{{Efn|There is no official flag for Akrotiri and Dhekelia; it is represented by the [[flag of the United Kingdom]], the [[Union Jack]]. See [[Flag of Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]}}}}
* {{flag|Anguilla}}
* {{flag|Bermuda}}
* {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}
* {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}
* {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
* {{flag|Falkland Islands}}
* {{flag|Gibraltar}}
* {{flag|Montserrat}}
* {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}
* {{noflag|[[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] {{Efn|There is no official flag for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; it is represented by the [[flag of the United Kingdom]], the [[Union Jack]]. However, the 3 islands that comprise it do have flags. See [[Flag of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]}}}}
* {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}}
* {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
* ''{{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}''

The [[The Crown|British monarch]] also has direct sovereignty over three self-governing [[Crown Dependencies]]:

* {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}}
* {{flag|Isle of Man}}
* {{flag|Jersey}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;United States&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|United States}}'''&amp;nbsp;– United States of America
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}The United States is a [[federation]] of [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory]] ([[Palmyra Atoll]]).

Additionally, the [[federal government of the United States]] has sovereignty over 13 [[Territories of the United States#Incorporated vs. unincorporated territories|unincorporated territories]]. Of these unincorporated territories, five are inhabited possessions:

* {{flag|American Samoa}}
* {{flag|Guam}}
* {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}}
* {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
* {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}

The United States also has sovereignty over eight uninhabited territories:

* [[Baker Island]]
* [[Howland Island]]
* [[Jarvis Island]]
* [[Johnston Atoll]]
* [[Kingman Reef]]
* [[Midway Atoll]]
* [[Navassa Island]]
* [[Wake Island]]

The United States disputes sovereignty over two territories:

* ''[[Bajo Nuevo Bank]]''
* ''[[Serranilla Bank]]''

Three sovereign states have become [[associated state]]s of the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]]:

* {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
* {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
* {{flag|Palau}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Uruguay&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uruguay}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Oriental Republic of Uruguay
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Uzbekistan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Uzbekistan
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Uzbekistan contains one autonomous region, [[Karakalpakstan]].{{efn|name=&quot;autonomous&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Vanuatu&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vanuatu}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Vanuatu
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Vatican City&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vatican City}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Vatican City State
| style=&quot;background:#ddf;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Current non-member observers|UN General Assembly observer state]] under the designation of &quot;[[Holy See]]&quot;; member of three [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Administered by the [[Holy See]], a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations to {{Numrec|Holy See|N=3||states}} (including {{Numrec|Holy See|link=N}} UN member states, the [[#Cook Islands|Cook Islands]], the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]], and [[#Palestine|Palestine]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|title=Bilateral relations of the Holy See|publisher=Holy See website|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709142833/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/rc_seg-st_20010123_holy-see-relations_en.html|archive-date=9 July 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[European Union]] and the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] maintain diplomatic relations with the Holy See. The Holy See is a member of three [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]] ([[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]], [[Universal Postal Union|UPU]], and [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]]) and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], as well as being a permanent observer of the UN (in the category of &quot;Non-member State&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;unnms&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Non-member States and Entities |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |publisher=United Nations |access-date=30 August 2010 |date=29 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509204646/http://www.un.org/en/members/nonmembers.shtml |archive-date=9 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Foreign relations of the Holy See#Participation in international organizations|multiple other UN System organizations]]. The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the [[Pope]], who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ''[[ex officio member|ex officio]]'' sovereign of Vatican City.
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Venezuela&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}Venezuela is a [[federation]] of [[States of Venezuela|23 states]], [[Administrative divisions of Venezuela|one capital district, and federal dependencies]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Vietnam&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Vietnam}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Socialist Republic of Vietnam
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Yemen&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Yemen}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Yemen
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Zambia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Zambia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Zambia
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Zimbabwe&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Zimbabwe}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Zimbabwe
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; UN member state
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None
{{extent}}
|}

===Other states===
{{col-begin|width=760px}}
{{col-2}}
'''&quot;Membership within the UN System&quot; column legend'''
{{legend|#e2efda|Member state of a UN Specialized Agency}}
{{legend|lemonchiffon|No membership}}
{{col-2}}
'''&quot;Sovereignty dispute&quot; column legend''' 
{{legend|white|Undisputed sovereignty}}
{{legend|#fcc|Disputed sovereignty}}
{{col-end}}
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable sticky-header&quot; text-align:left;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:150pt;&quot;| Common and formal names
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;| Membership within the [[United Nations System|UN System]]{{efn|name=&quot;membership&quot;}}
! style=&quot;width:90pt;&quot;| Sovereignty dispute{{efn|name=&quot;sd&quot;}}
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty{{efn|name=&quot;fi&quot;}}
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Abkhazia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Abkhazia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Abkhazia
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Georgia|Georgia]]. [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|Occupied]] by [[#Russia|Russia]].
{{extent}}[[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|Recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.&lt;ref name=ASOTREC&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|date=17 November 2006|access-date=5 June 2011|script-title=ru:Абхазия, Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же|publisher=newsru.com|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416050525/http://www.newsru.com/russia/17nov2006/aup.html|archive-date=16 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] as the [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Cook Islands&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Cook Islands}}'''
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of eight [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])&lt;/small&gt;
{{extent}}A state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[#New Zealand|New Zealand]], the Cook Islands maintains [[Foreign relations of the Cook Islands|diplomatic relations with at least 63 other states]] and is recognized as a sovereign state by a number of them. The Cook Islands is a member of [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty-making capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;/&gt; It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Kosovo&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Kosovo}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Kosovo
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of two [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SERBIA}}
{{extent}}Pursuant to [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]], Kosovo was placed under the administration of the [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|website=UN|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225015010/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/|archive-date=25 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence in 2008]], and it has {{Numrec|Kosovo|received diplomatic recognition from|UN member states}} and the [[#Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]], while 18 of those states have recognised Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/22340--18-k-sl03032020?lang=lat|title=''&quot;Sijera Leone je 18. država koja je povukla priznanje tzv. Kosova&quot;''|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130005310/http://www.mfa.gov.rs/sr/index.php/pres-servis/saopstenja/22340--18-k-sl03032020?lang=lat|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo. Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question. Kosovo is a member of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank Group]]. The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in [[North Kosovo]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Niue&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Niue}}'''
| style=&quot;background:#e2efda;&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; Member of five [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|UN specialized agencies]]
|&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;A&lt;/span&gt; None&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(See [[Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue|political status]])&lt;/small&gt;
{{extent}}A state in [[associated state|free association]] with [[#New Zealand|New Zealand]], Niue maintains [[Foreign relations of Niue|diplomatic relations with at least 28 other states]] and is recognized as a sovereign state by a number of them. Niue is a member of [[list of specialized agencies of the United Nations|multiple UN agencies]] with full treaty-making capacity.&lt;ref name=&quot;untreaty1&quot;/&gt; It shares a [[Monarchy of New Zealand|head of state]] with New Zealand as well as having [[New Zealand nationality law|shared citizenship]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Northern Cyprus&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Northern Cyprus}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Cyprus|Cyprus]]. [[Cyprus problem|Occupied]] by [[#Turkey|Turkey]].
{{extent}} [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised only by]] [[#Turkey|Turkey]]. Under the name &quot;[[Turkish Cypriot State]]&quot;, it is an observer state of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] and the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]]. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the [[#Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Cyprus|date=7 June 2023|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202203/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;SADR&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed and [[Southern Provinces|occupied]] by [[#Morocco|Morocco]].
{{extent}}The [[Polisario Front]], which administers the Sahrawi Republic, is recognized by the UN as the [[List of active national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations|legitimate representative]] of the people of [[Western Sahara]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/376/64/pdf/nr037664.pdf Question of Western Sahara] A/RES/34/37 (1979)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents.un.org/doc/resolution/gen/nr0/390/38/pdf/nr039038.pdf Question of Western Sahara] A/RES/35/19 (1980)&lt;/ref&gt; Recognised at some stage by {{Numrec|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic||UN member states}}, {{Numrec|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic|W=Y|link=N}} of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition. It is a founding member of the [[African Union]], an international organization with [[United Nations General Assembly observers|permanent observer status]] at the UN General Assembly.

The territories under its control, the so-called [[Free Zone (region)|Free Zone]], are claimed in whole by [[#Morocco|Morocco]] as part of its [[Southern Provinces]]. In turn, the Sahrawi Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the [[Moroccan Western Sahara Wall|Moroccan sand wall]] controlled by Morocco. Its government resides in exile in [[Tindouf]], [[#Algeria|Algeria]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Somaliland&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Somaliland}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of Somaliland
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |{{claimedby|SOMALIA}}
{{extent}}A de facto independent state&lt;ref name=montevideo&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States|page=53|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2012|quote=In addition to the four cases of contested statehood described above, there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognised by any states: Transnistria, Nagorny Karabakh, and Somaliland.|access-date=24 September 2013|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009041217/http://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC|archive-date=9 October 2013|url-status=live|isbn=9780199698394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FailureofStates&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|last1=Kreuter|first1=Aaron|title=Self-Determination, Sovereignty, and the Failure of States: Somaliland and the Case for Justified Secession|journal=[[Minnesota Journal of International Law]]|volume=19|pages=380–381|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Law School]]|year=2010|issue=2|quote=Considering each of these factors, Somaliland has a colorable argument that it meets the theoretical requirements of statehood. ... On these bases, Somaliland appears to have a strong claim to statehood.|access-date=24 September 2013|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082111/http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082111/http://minnjil.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/kreuterweb-pdf.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=StrangeCase&gt;{{cite journal|url=http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|last1=Arieff|first1=Alexis|title=de facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland|journal=[[Yale Journal of International Affairs]]|issue=Spring/Summer 2008|pages=1–79|publisher=International Affairs Council at Yale|access-date=17 April 2011|df=dmy-all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2011|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213214545/http://yalejournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/083206arieff.pdf |date=13 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Foreign relations of Somaliland|not formally diplomatically recognised by]] any other state{{efn|Though [[Somaliland–Taiwan relations|de facto recognized by the Republic of China (Taiwan)]].}} and claimed in whole by the [[#Somalia|Federal Republic of Somalia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Somalilandprofile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Somaliland profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115069|website=[[BBC News]]|date=14 December 2017|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423054426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14115069|archive-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;South Ossetia&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|South Ossetia}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of South Ossetia–the State of Alania
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Georgia|Georgia]]. [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|Occupied]] by [[#Russia|Russia]].
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jansen, Dinah|title=The Conflict between Self-Determination and Territorial Integrity: the South Ossetian Paradigm|url=https://es.scribd.com/document/31659924/The-Conflict-between-Self-Determination-and-Territorial-Integrity-The-South-Ossetian-Paradigm|journal=Geopolitics Vs. Global Governance: Reinterpreting International Security|pages=222–242|year=2009|publisher=Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, University of Dalhousie|isbn=978-1-896440-61-3|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819063355/https://es.scribd.com/document/31659924/The-Conflict-between-Self-Determination-and-Territorial-Integrity-The-South-Ossetian-Paradigm|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia|recognised by]] Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Syria, Venezuela, Abkhazia, and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by [[#Georgia|Georgia]] through the [[Administration of South Ossetia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cnnAbSO&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Russia condemned for recognising rebel regions|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|newspaper=CNN.com|publisher=Cable News Network|date=26 August 2008|access-date=26 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829045537/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/26/russia.vote.georgia/index.html|archive-date=29 August 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Taiwan&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Republic of China|name=Taiwan}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Republic of China{{efn|name=&quot;ChinaTaiwan&quot;}}
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; UN member state until 1971, now no membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; |[[Foreign relations of Taiwan|Partially unrecognised]]. {{claimedby|PRC}}.
{{extent}}A state competing (nominally) for recognition with the [[#China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) as the government of China since 1949. The Republic of China (ROC) controls the islands of [[geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]], [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], the [[Matsu Islands]], and [[Pratas Island]], as well as [[Taiping Island]] and [[Zhongzhou Reef]] of the [[Spratly Islands]], and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the [[Mainland China|mainland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=8 October 2008 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 |access-date=13 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213128/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/08/2003425320 |archive-date=3 June 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ROC is recognised by {{Numrec|Republic of China|alt=UN member states and the Holy See as of}} UN member states and [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]], none of which recognise the PRC. Additionally, one UN member ([[#Bhutan|Bhutan]]) has [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relations with neither the ROC nor the PRC|refrained from recognising]] either the ROC or the PRC.
 
In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&amp;s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|script-title=zh:中華民國國情介紹|date=22 March 2017|website=2.16.886.101.20003|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702041112/https://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=A88B8E342A02AD0A&amp;s=F1B6AD3B065E43D8|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; with 58 UN member states, one [[list of states with limited recognition|self-declared state]] ([[#Somaliland|Somaliland]]), three territories ([[Guam]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Macau]]), and the [[European Union]] via its [[Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office|representative offices and consulates]] under the [[One China]] principle. Taiwan has the 31st-largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=van der Wees |first1=Gerrit |title=Is Taiwan's International Space Expanding or Contracting? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/is-taiwans-international-space-expanding-or-contracting/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709172602/https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/is-taiwans-international-space-expanding-or-contracting/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by the PRC.{{efn|name=&quot;TAI2&quot;}} The ROC [[Foreign relations of Taiwan#International organizations|participates in international organizations]] under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly &quot;[[Chinese Taipei]]&quot;. In the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], the ROC has full membership under the designation of &quot;Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu&quot;. The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971, with veto power in the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]]. See [[China and the United Nations]].
|-
|&lt;span id=&quot;Transnistria&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'''{{flag|Transnistria}}'''&amp;nbsp;– Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
| style=&quot;background:LemonChiffon;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt; No membership
| style=&quot;background:#fcc;&quot; | Claimed by [[#Moldova|Moldova]]. [[Russian military presence in Transnistria|Occupied]] by [[#Russia|Russia]].
{{extent}}A de facto independent state,&lt;ref name=montevideo/&gt; [[Foreign relations of Transnistria|recognised only by]] [[#Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] and [[#South Ossetia|South Ossetia]].&lt;ref name=ASOTREC /&gt; Claimed in whole by [[#Moldova|Moldova]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=20 November 2022|title=Transnistria profile – Overview|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18286268|access-date=11 June 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405014442/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18286268|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==پڻ ڏسو==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!  style=&quot;width:35%&quot; | '''رياست جو نالو''' !!style=&quot;width:12.5%&quot; | '''[[گڏيل قومون|گڏيل قومن]] ۾ حيثيت''' !!style=&quot;width:12.5%&quot; | '''خودمختياري تي تنازعو''' !! '''حيثيت ۽ خودمختياري جي اقرار بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ'''
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Ireland.svg|50px]]  '''[[ريپبلڪ آف آئرلينڊ]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Australia.svg|50px]]  '''[[آسٽريليا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || آسٽريليا [[دولته مشترڪه]] جو ميمبر ۽ 6 رياستن جو وفاق ۽ 10 علائقن تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي. ٻاهريان علائقا هيٺ ڏيکاريل آهن. &lt;br /&gt;
* [[اشمور ۽ ڪارٽير ٻيٽ]]   
* [[آسٽريليوي انٽارڪٽيڪي علائقا]]   
* [[Image:Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg|25px]] [[ڪرسمس ٻيٽ]]
* [[ڪوڪوس (ڪيلينگ) ٻيٽ]]
* [[مرجاني ٻيٽ وارو علائقو]] 
* [[هيئرڊ ٻيٽ ۽ ميڪڊونلڊ ٻيٽ]] 
* [[Image:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg|25px]][[ نيرو فيڪا ٻيٽَ]] 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg|50px]]  '''[[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]]''' ||  ||  || 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg|50px]]  '''[[آذربائيجان]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || آذربائيجان ۾ ٻه خودمختيار رياستون [[نخجوان]] ۽ [[نگورنو ڪاراباخ]] شامل آهن.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|50px]]  '''[[آرمينيا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[پاڪستان]] آرمينيا کي آزاد ملڪ طور تسليم ناهي ڪيو.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg|50px]]  '''[[آسٽريا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو ۽ 9 رياستن تي مشتمل وفاق آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Iceland.svg|50px]]  '''[[آئس لينڊ]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Abkhazia.svg|50px]] '''[[ابخازيہ]]''' || style=&quot;background: #FFFFA4;&quot; |گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ناهي || style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |[[جارجيا]] پاران دعوا ڪيل ||  ابخازيه کي [[روس]]، [[وينزويلا]] کان سواءِ ڪو به گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ملڪ، آزاد ملڪ تسليم نٿو ڪري. هن علائقي مٿان [[جارجيا]] جي دعوا آهي ۽ جارجيا هن کي ريپبلڪ آف ابخايزه جو خودمختيار علائقو تسليم ڪري ٿو.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_East Timor.svg|50px]]  '''[[اوڀر تيمور]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_North Korea.svg|50px]]  '''[[اتر ڪوريا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |[[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] پاران دعوا ڪيل || اتر ڪوريا کي گڏيل قومن جي اداري جا ٽي رڪن، [[فرانس]]، [[جاپان]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] آزاد ملڪ تسليم نٿا ڪن.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Angola.svg|50px]] '''[[انگولا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|50px]]  '''[[اٽلي]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو آهي ۽ 5 خودمختيار رياستون شامل آهن جن کي سرڪاري طور ”خاص حيثيت وارا علائقا” چيو ويندو آهي.
* [[Image:Flag_of_Valle_d%27Aosta.svg|25px]] [[اوستا وادي]] 
* [[Image:Flag_of_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.svg|25px]] [[فريولي وينيزيا جوليا]]
* [[Image:Flag_of_the_Italian_region_Sardinia.svg|25px]] [[سرڊينيا]]
* [[Image:Flag of Sicily.svg|25px]] [[سسيله]]
* [[Image:Flag_of_Trentino-South_Tyrol.svg|25px]] [[ترينتينو ڏکڻ ٽائرول]]
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Argentina.svg|50px]]  '''[[ارجنٽائن]]''' ||  گڏيل قومن جو رڪن|| ناهي  || ارجنٽائن [[ارجنٽائن جا صوبا|23 صوبن تي مشتعمل وفاق آهي ۽ 1 شهر خودمختيار آهي]].
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Jordan.svg|50px]]  '''[[اردن]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg|50px]]  '''[[اريٽيريا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ازبڪستان]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  || ازبڪستان ۾ هڪ خودمختيار علائقو [[قراقل پاقستان]] شامل آهي.
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Equatorial Guinea.svg|50px]]  '''[[استوائي گني]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Israel.svg|50px]]  '''[[اسرائيل]]''' ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |جزوي طور خودمختياري تسليم نه ڪيل || اسرائيل جو انهن علائقن تي مظبوط اختيار آهي جن علائقن تي [[فلسطين]] جي دعوا آهي. اسرائيل [[اوڀر بيت المقدس]] کي پنهنجي رياست ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو، پر عالمي دنيا ان فيصلي کي تسليم نه ڪيو. اسرائيل جو [[اولهندو ڪنارو|اولهندي ڪناري]] تي پڻ ڪنٽرول آهي. توڙي جو [[عزا پٽي]] تي اسرائيلي شهري توڙي فوجي موجود ناهن پر خيال آهي ته عالمي قانون موجب اڄ به اسرائيل اتي قابض آهي. اسرائيل کي گڏيل قومن جي 32 رڪن ملڪن پاران تسليم ناهي ڪيو ويو.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|50px]]  '''[[اسٽونيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي  || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Spain.svg|50px]]  '''[[اسپين]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو آهي. اسپين 18 خودمختيار برادرين ۽ 2 خاص خودمختيار شهرن تي ٻڌيل ملڪ آهي.
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[افغانستان]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Albania.svg|50px]]  '''[[البانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Algeria.svg|50px]]  '''[[الجيريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Andorra.svg|50px]]  '''[[اينڊورا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || 
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg|50px]]  '''[[انڊونيشيا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || اندونيشيا 5 صوبن، [[آچي]]، [[جڪارتا]]، [[یوگیاڪارتا جو خاص علائقو|یوگیاڪارتا]]، [[پاپوا (صوبو)|پاپوا]]، [[اولهندو پاپوا (صوبو)|اولهندو پاپوا]] تي ٻڌل ملڪ آهي، اندونيشيا ۾ صوبن کي خاص قسم جي خودمختياري پڻ ڏنل آهي. 
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايٿوپيا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || اٿوپيا [[اٿوپيا جا علائقا|9 علائقن ۽ ٻن خاص شهرن]] تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Iran.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايران]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_El Salvador.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايل سيلويڊور]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Antigua and Barbuda.svg|50px]]  '''[[اينٽيگا ۽ باربوڊا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[دولته مشترڪه]] جو ميمبر ملڪ آهي. هڪ خومختيار علائقو [[باربوڊا]] پڻ شامل اٿس.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg|50px]]  '''[[ايڪواڊور]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Belarus.svg|50px]]  '''[[بيلاروس]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || بيلاروس [[روس]] سان [[گڏيل رياست]] جوڙي آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Barbados.svg|50px]]  '''[[بارباڊوس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || [[دولته مشترڪه]] جو حصو
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg|50px]]  '''[[بحرين]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|50px]]  '''[[برازيل]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || برازيل [[برازيل جون رياستون|26 رياستن ۽ 1 وفاقي صوبي]] تي مشتمل ملڪ آهي
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg|50px]]  '''[[برما]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Brunei.svg|50px]]  '''[[برونائي]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Burundi.svg|50px]]  '''[[برونڊي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Burkina Faso.svg|50px]]  '''[[برڪينا فاسو]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg|50px]]  '''[[بلغاريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg|50px]]  '''[[بنگلاديش]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو حصو || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|50px]]  '''[[بوسنيا|بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگووينا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي  || بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگووينا ٽن علائقن جو وفاق آهي.&lt;br /&gt; 
* [[Image:Flag_of_Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] [[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگووينا جو وفاق]]
* [[Image:Flag_of_Republika_Srpska.svg|25px]] [[ريپبلڪ آف سرپسڪا]]
* [[براڪو ضلعو]]، جيڪو هڪ آزاد اتنظامي علائقو آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg|50px]]  '''[[بوليويا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Botswana.svg|50px]]  '''[[بوٽسوانا]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_the Bahamas.svg|50px]]  '''[[بهاماس]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || دولت [[مشترڪه]] جو رڪن
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg|50px]]  '''[[بيلجيئم]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || [[يورپي اتحاد]] جو حصو آهي. بيلجيم هڪ وفاق آهي، جيڪو مختلف ٻولين ڳالهائڻ وارن علائقن ۾ ورهايل آهي.
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Belize.svg|50px]]  '''[[بيليز]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || دولت [[مشترڪه]] جو رڪن
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Benin.svg|50px]]  '''[[بينن]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
|[[Image:Flag of India.svg|50px]] '''[[ڀارت]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || ڀارت يا هندوستان [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ اتحادي علائقا|29 رياستن ۽ 7 اتحادي علائقن]] تي مشتعمل [[وفاق]] آهي. انڊيا سڄي [[ڪشمير]] تي دعوا رکي ٿو، پر انڊيا جي دعوا واري ڪشمير جا علائقا [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[چين]] وٽ آهن.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڀوٽان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[تاجڪستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || تاجڪستان ۾ هڪ خودمختيار علائقو [[گورنو بدخشان خودمختيار علائقو|گورنو بدخشان]] شامل آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ترڪمانستان]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Turkey.svg|50px]]  '''[[ترڪي]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg|50px]]  '''[[تنزانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي || تنزانيا ۾ هڪ خودمختيار علائقو [[زنجبار]] شامل آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|50px]]  '''[[تيونس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Taiwan.svg|50px]] '''[[تائيوان]]'''|| style=&quot;background:#FA58F4;color: white&quot; |[[چين ۽ گڏيل قومون|گڏيل قومن جو اڳوڻو رُڪن]] (ريپبلڪ آف چائينا طور 1945 کان 1971ع تائين) [[چيني تائپي]] جي نالي سان گڏيل قومن جي هڪ [[گڏيل قومن جي خاص ايجنسين جي فهرست|خاص ايجنسي جو مبصر]] || style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot; |[[چين]] پاران دعوا ڪيل ||  (رهيل)
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Thailand.svg|50px]]  '''[[ٿائي لينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tonga.svg|50px]] '''[[ٽونگا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|50px]] '''[[ٽوگو]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Transnistria_(state).svg|50px]] '''[[ٽرانس نسٽريا]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg|50px]] '''[[ٽرنيڊاڊ اينڊ ٽبيگو]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg|50px]] '''[[ٽوالو]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Palau.svg|50px]]  '''[[پالائو ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Panama.svg|50px]]  '''[[پاناما]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Papua New Guinea.svg|50px]]  '''[[پاپوا نيو گني]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg|50px]]  '''[[پاڪستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي || پاڪستان [[پاڪستان جي انتظامي ورھاست|چئن صوبن، هڪ وفاقي گادي جو هنڌ ۽ قبائلي علائقن]] تي مشتمل هڪ [[وفاق]] آهي. ڪشمير جي علائقي تي پاڪستان جو [[انڊيا]] ۽ [[چين]] سان تڪرار آهي، [[آزاد ڪشمير|ڪشمير جا ڪجهه]] حصا پاڪستان جي اثر هيٺ آهن، پر اهي سرڪاري طور پاڪستان ۾ شامل نه آهن ۽ انهن کي [[تڪراري علائقا]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ڪشمير جا جيڪي علائقا پاڪستان جي قبضي هيٺ آهن اهي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايل آهن.
* [[Image:Flag of Azad Kashmir.svg|25px]] [[آزاد ڪشمير]] 
* [[گلگت بلتستان]]
[[آزاد ڪشمير]] پاڻ کي پاڪستان جي ڪنٽرول واري خودمختيار حڪومت ڪوٺي ٿي. هي علائقا آزاد نه آهن، ڇو ته اهي علائقا پاڻ مرادو ڪنهن ملڪ سان لهه وچڙ نٿا ڪن ۽ هنن جي دفاعي فوج پڻ [[پاڪستان فوج]] آهي.
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Portugal.svg|50px]]  '''[[پورچوگال]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Poland.svg|50px]]  '''[[پولينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg|50px]]  '''[[پيراگوئي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Peru.svg|50px]]  '''[[پيرو]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|50px]]  '''[[جارجيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Japan.svg|50px]]  '''[[جاپان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg|50px]]  '''[[جبوتي]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Germany.svg|50px]] '''[[جرمني]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg|50px]]  '''[[جميڪا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Chad.svg|50px]]  '''[[چاڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Chile.svg|50px]]  '''[[چلي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg|50px]]  '''[[چين]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|50px]]  '''[[چيڪ ريپبلڪ]]'''||  گڏيل قومن جو رڪن||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_since_2004.svg|50px]]  '''[[چيچن ريپبلڪ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_South Africa.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڏکڻ آفريڪا]]'''||  گڏيل قومن جو رڪن|| ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_South Korea.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg|50px]] '''[[ڏکڻ سوڊان]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Dominica.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڊومينيڪا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڊومينيڪن ريپبلڪ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Denmark.svg|50px]] '''[[ڊينمارڪ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg|50px]]  '''[[روانڊا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Russia.svg|50px]]  '''[[رُوس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Romania.svg|50px]]  '''[[رومانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|50px]]  '''[[زمبابوي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|50px]]  '''[[زيمبيا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg|50px]]  '''[[سولومن آئلينڊز]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Oman.svg|50px]]  '''[[سلطنت عمان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg|50px]]  '''[[سائوٽام ۽ پرنسپ]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_San Marino.svg|50px]]  '''[[سان مرينو]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Serbia (national).svg|50px]]  '''[[سربيا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sri Lanka.svg|50px]]  '''[[سريلنڪا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saudi Arabia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سعودي عرب]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سلوواڪيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سلووينیا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Samoa.svg|50px]]  '''[[ساموآ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Singapore.svg|50px]]  '''[[سنگاپور]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg|50px]]  '''[[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Swaziland.svg|50px]]  '''[[سوازي لينڊ]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Suriname.svg|50px]]  '''[[سورينام]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sudan.svg|50px]]  '''[[سوڊان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|50px]]  '''[[سويڊن]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Sierra Leone.svg|50px]]    '''[[سيرا ليون]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Seychelles.svg|50px]]  '''[[سیشلز]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽرل آفريڪن ريپبلڪ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saint Lucia.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽ لوسيا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽ ونسنٽ ۽ گريناڊائنز]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينٽ ڪٽس ۽ نيوس]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Senegal.svg|50px]]  '''[[سينيگال]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Syria.svg|50px]]  '''[[شام]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|50px]]  '''[[صوماليا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Iraq.svg|50px]]  '''[[عراق]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Fiji.svg|50px]]  '''[[فجي]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_France.svg|50px]]  '''[[فرانس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image: Flag of Palestine.svg|50px]]  '''[[فلسطين]]'''|| style=&quot;background : LightSkyBlue|گڏيل قومن جو مبصر   || style=&quot;background : #DE6666;color: white &quot;|متنازعه  || اسرائيل جي قبضي ۾ 
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Philippines.svg|50px]]  '''[[فلپائن]]'''‏||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Finland.svg|50px]]  '''[[فن لينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg|50px]]  '''[[قازقستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|50px]]  '''[[قبرص]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||   style=&quot;background: #DE6666;color: white&quot;|ترڪي جي مدد سان اتر قبرص جو تنازعو|| اتر قبرص جي ترڪ آبادي ترڪي جي فوجي مدد سان پاڻمرادو خودمختياري جو اعلان ڪيو جيڪو تنازعو ھلندڙ آھي
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Qatar.svg|50px]]  '''[[قطر]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪانگو جي ڊيموڪريٽڪ ريپبلڪ]]'''||  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪانگو جي ريپبلڪ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪرغزستان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪوموروس]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪروشيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪريبتي]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪمبوڊيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي||
|-
||[[Image:Flag_of_Costa Rica.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪوسٽاريڪا]]'''  ||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Colombia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪولمبيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪويت]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيمرون]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪينيا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Canada.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيناڊا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cuba.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيوبا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Cape Verde.svg|50px]]  '''[[ڪيپ ورڊي]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Grenada.svg|50px]]  '''[[گريناڊا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guinea.svg|50px]]  '''[[گني]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|50px]]  '''[[گني بساؤ]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg|50px]]  '''[[گوئٽي مالا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Guyana.svg|50px]]  '''[[گيانا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Gabon.svg|50px]]  '''[[گيبون]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_The Gambia.svg|50px]]  '''[[گيمبيا]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|50px]]  '''[[گهانا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Liberia.svg|50px]]  '''[[لائبيریا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Laos.svg|50px]]  '''[[لائوس]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg|50px]]  '''[[لبنان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg|50px]]  '''[[لٿوينيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Latvia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ليٽويا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|50px]]  '''[[لڪسمبرگ]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Libya.svg|50px]]  '''[[ليبيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Lesotho.svg|50px]]  '''[[ليسوٿو]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg|50px]]  '''[[لڪٽنسٽائين]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Marshall Islands.svg|50px]]  '''[[مارشل آئلينڊز]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|50px]] '''[[مراڪش]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg|50px]]  '''[[مائڪرونيشيا جون فيڊريٽيڊ اسٽيٽس]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg|50px]]  '''[[موريطانيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Maldives.svg|50px]]  '''[[مالديپ]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Malta.svg|50px]]  '''[[مالٽا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Moldova.svg|50px]]  '''[[مولدووا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mali.svg|50px]]  '''[[مالي]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Egypt.svg|50px]]  '''[[مصر]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Western_Sahara.svg|50px]]  '''[[مغربي صحارا]]'''||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of the Republic of Macedonia.svg|50px]]  '''[[مقدونيا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg|50px]]  '''[[ملائيشيا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Malawi.svg|50px]]  '''[[ملاوي]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg|50px]]  '''[[منگوليا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg|50px]]  '''[[موريشس]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg|50px]]  '''[[موزمبيق]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Monaco.svg|50px]]  '''[[موناڪو]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg|50px]]  '''[[مڊگاسڪر]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|50px]]  '''[[ميڪسيڪو]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg|50px ]] '''[[نڪاراگوا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nauru.svg|50px]]  '''[[نائورو]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Niger.svg|50px]]  '''[[نائيجر]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|50px]]  '''[[نائيجيريا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Norway.svg|50px]]  '''[[ناروي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Namibia.svg|50px]]  '''[[نميبيا]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg|50px]]  '''[[نيوزي لینڊ]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Nepal.svg|50px]]  '''[[نيپال]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg|50px]]  '''[[وانوآتو]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|- 
| [[Image:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg|50px]]  '''[[ويت نام]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg|50px]]  '''[[وينزويلا]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Vatican City.svg|50px]]  '''[[ويٽيڪن سٽي]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the Netherlands.svg|50px]]  '''[[هالينڊ]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|50px]]  '''[[ھنگري]]'''||گڏيل قومن جو رڪن  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|50px]]  '''[[هنڊوراس]]'''||  || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Haiti.svg|50px]]  '''[[هيٽي]]'''||  ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the United Kingdom.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونائيٽيڊ ڪنگڊم]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونائٽيڊ اسٽيٽس آف آمريڪا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونائيٽيڊ عرب امارات]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||ناهي  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Yemen.svg|50px]]  '''[[يمن]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg|50px]]  '''[[يوراگوئي]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن || ناهي ||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Greece.svg|50px]]  '''[[يونان]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
| [[Image:Flag_of_Uganda.svg|50px]]  '''[[يوگنڊا]]'''|| گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|-
|[[Image:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|50px]]  '''[[يوڪرين]]''' || گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ||  ناهي||
|}

{|
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:360px;&quot;|'''قطار: گڏيل قومن ۾ حيثيت'''
{{legend|#F3F3F3|گڏيل قومن جو رڪن}}
{{legend|LightSkyBlue|گڏيل قومن ۾ مبصر}}
{{legend|lightgreen|گڏيل قومن جي 1 خاص اداري جو رڪن}}
{{legend|orchid|گڏيل قومن جي خاص اداري جو مبصر}}
{{legend|LemonChiffon|گڏيل قومن جو رڪن ناهي}}
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top;width:350px;&quot;|'''قطار: خودمختياري تي تنازعو'''
{{legend|#F3F3F3|غير متنازعه }}
{{legend|LightCoral|متنازعه}}
|}

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}
{{ڪچو}}
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]</text>
      <sha1>48yyzu1fmn47g9kkt3nhznvtkde14sq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ميمڻ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377435</id>
      <parentid>343665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T11:25:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8766" sha1="b3ok76mwm3sv9ggt66581ndqzgsrvle" xml:space="preserve">'''ميمڻ''' (اردو: میمن) ھڪ خاص طرز [[ثقافت]] جا ماڻھو آھن، انھن مان گهڻن جو لاڳاپو ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اترين علائقن سان آھي. ميمڻ ڪيترن ئي گروھن ۾ ورهايل آھن. [[ڪاٺياواڙ|ڪاٺياواڙي ميمڻ]] پنھنجو پاڻ کي رڳو ميمڻ جي سڃاڻپ سان متعارف ڪرندا آھن. [[سنڌي ذاتين جي فهرست|سنڌي ميمڻ]] اھي آھن جيڪي [[سنڌ]] جا رھائشي ھجن. ڪڇي ميمڻ جو تعلق [[ڪڇ|ڪڇ ڀُڄ]] سان آھي ۽ [[ڪڇي لهجو|ڪڇي]] ٻولي ڳالھائيندا آھن. [[اوکائي ميمڻ]] جو تعلق اوکا پورٽ سان آھي ۽ اھي ميمڻي ٻولي ڳالھائيندا آھن.

[[File:Memon Masjid 4.jpg|thumb|[[نيو ميمڻ مسجد]]]]

هيءُ به اصل هندو [[لوهاڻا]] هئا، جي پوءِ مسلمان ٿيا. پندرهين عيسوي صديءَ ۾ سيد يوسف الدين قادري [[بغداد]] مان ٺٽي آيو ۽ انهيءَ جا هُو مريد ٿيا ۽ پوءَ ڪڇ ڀُڄ ۽ [[بمبئي]]ءِ جي پاسي ڏي ويا. ڪڇي ميمڻ وڏا واپاري آهن. اُهي سُني ۽ ديندار آهن. گھڻن جي راءِ آهي ته ميمڻ اڪثر پاڻ کي قاضي ۽ آخوند سڏئيندا آهن، جو اڪثر ٻارن کي پڙهائيندا آهن ۽ مسجدن ۾ مُلا ٿي رهندا آهن ۽ واپار به ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;قديم سنڌ -ان جا مشهور شهر ۽ ماڻهو. مصنف: مرزا قليچ بيگ. ايڊيشن: چوٿون 1999ع. ڇپائيندڙ: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄام شورو&lt;/ref&gt;

== لهاڻن جو ڦري ميمڻ ٿيڻ ==
اينٿوون صاحب هڪ ڪتاب بمبئي کاتي جي قومن ۽ ذاتين بابت لکيو آهي. انهيءَ ۾ اهو لکي ٿو ته ’پيران پير دستگير‘سنه 1165ع ۾ بغداد ۾ رحلت ڪئي (گذري ويو). دنيا مان موڪلائڻ کان اڳ، پنهنجي پٽ تاج الدين کي هدايت ڪيائين ته تون هندستان ۾ وڃي رهه، اتي جي ماڻهن کي اسلام جي روشني ڏيکار (سومرا ۽ سما شايد انهيءَ وقت مسلمان ٿيا). سيد تاج الدين کان پنج پيڙهيون پوءِ، سيد يوسف الدين قادري پيدا ٿيو. تنهن کي سنه 1421ع ۾ خواب ۾ آيو، ته تون [[سنڌ]] ۾ وڃي اتي جي ماڻهن کي اسلام جي راهه ڏيکار. اهو صاحب جنهن وقت سنڌ ۾ آيو، تنهن وقت سنڌ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ٺٽو هو، ۽ اتي جو حاڪم سما گهراڻي جو '''مرڪب خان''' هو‘. اينٿوون صاحب لکي ٿو ته ’من جي صاحبي‘ 1351ع کان وٺي 1521ع تائين هلي ۽ اهو مرڪب خان، جو شايد '''ڄام رائدان''' (سنه 1454ع) هو، تنهن سيد صاحب کي ججهي عزت ڏيئي پنهنجو مهمان ڪري رهايو. انهيءَ حاڪم وٽ ماڻڪجي نالي هڪ سيٺ برک هو، جو لهاڻن جي چوراسي لکن يا برادرين جو مکي هو. ٺٽي جو حاڪم هن سيد صاحب جو مريد ٿيو، ته '''سيٺ ماڻڪجيءَ''' به پنهجي حاڪم جي پيروي ڪئي، ۽ پنهنجن ٽن پٽن مان ٻن پٽن ۽ لهاڻن جي ست سؤ آڪهين سميت شاهه صاحب جو مريد ٿيو ۽ دين اسلام اختيار ڪيائين. سيٺ ماڻڪجيءَ جو پٽ سيٺ رائجي هو، تنهن تي احمد نالو پيو. '''رائجي جا ٻه پٽ سندر جي ۽ هنسراج هئا'''، سي '''آدم ۽ تاج محمد''' سڏجڻ ۾ آيا. لهاڻن ۾ ڪي ”موٽا“ ڪوٺبا هئا، پر پوءِ لهاڻن توڙي موٽن تي نالو پيو '''”ميمڻ“''' يعني '''”مومن“''' يا ايمان آڻيندڙ (ڌڻيءَ جي وحدانيت ۾). انهيءَ وقت ٻين لهاڻن درياءَ شاهه کي پڪاريو هو ۽ درياءَ شاهه سندين پڪار اونائي هئي‘- هن مان سمجهجي ٿو ته اڏيري لال جي جنم ڌارڻ کان پنج صديون کن پوءِ جي هي ڳالهه آهي: هي موقعو ئي ٻيو پيو ڀانئجي.

اينٿوون صاحب هيئن به لکيو آهي ته '''’ڀُڄ ۾ جاڙيجو راءُ کنگهار''' 1548ع تائين حاڪم هو. هن ٺٽي جي '''ميمڻ''' کي دعوت ڏيئي ڀُڄ ۾ گهرايو، جتي هو پنهنجو پاڙو ٻڌي وڃي رهيا. اتان پوءِ ڪنهن وقت '''ڪڇي ميمڻ ڪاٺياواڙ ۽ گجرات''' ڏي ويا. '''سورت''' (Soorat) جو شهر 1580ع کان وٺي 1680ع تائين وڻج واپار ڪري برک هو، ۽ هيءُ ميمڻ اهو وقت اتي رهي ساڄا ٿي پيا هئا. سورت جي واپار جو پوءِ چلتو گهٽيو، ته ڪيترا ميمڻ بمبئيءَ ڏي ويا‘- مطلب ته '''ڪڇ ۽ بمبئيءَ وارا ميمڻ به سنڌ جي لهاڻن مان آهن'''.

== ابوالحسن طرفان ميمڻن کي اسلام ۽ مذهبي تعليم ڏيڻ لاءِ سنڌي لپيءَ ۾ ڪتاب ڇپرائڻ ==
سمن جي صاحبيءَ کان وٺي، سنڌ جا ڪيترا لهاڻا ڦري ميمڻ ٿيا ۽ اهي وڌيا ويجهيا، ته ائين مسلمانن جو انگ سترهين صديءَ ڌاري وڌي گهڻو ٿيو. ان وقت ڪن مسلمان عالمن ضرور سمجهيو، ته سنڌيءَ ۾ ڪي اهڙا ڪتاب ڪڍجن، جن جي وسيلي '''ميمڻن''' ۽ سندن اولاد کي اسلام جي عقيدن ۽ فرضن کان چڱيءَ ريت واقف ڪجي. ان وقت ٺٽي ۾ هڪ مولوي '''”ابوالحسن“''' نالي هو، جو مسلمان ٻارن کي مذهبي تعليم ڏيندو هو. سنه 1700ع ڌاري هن صاحب هڪ ڪتاب '''”مقدمة الصلوات“''' نالي لکيو، جنهن ۾ نماز پڙهڻ، وضو سارڻ، ۽ ٻين اهڙين ديني ڳالهين جو ذڪر آهي. کانئس اڳي '''قاضي قاضن'''، '''شاهه ڪريم''' ۽ ٻين شاعرن ڪي بيت جدا جدا وقتن تي چيا هئا ؛ پر هينئر هيءُ '''سنئون سولو ڪتاب مولوي ابوالحسن سنڌيءَ ۾ جوڙيو، تنهنڪري هو صاحب سنڌي علم، ادب يا ساهت (لٽريچر) جو بنياد وجهندڙ ليکجي ٿو'''، ان وقت مسلمان عالم عام طرح [[عربي]] ۽ [[فارسي]]ءَ ۾ ڪتاب لکندا هئا. اهي بزرگ گهڻو ڪري ٺٽي، [[سيوهڻ]] ۽ ٻين هنڌن جا هئا. انهن مان [[سنڌي]]ءَ ۾ جن ڪو ڪتاب لکيو، تن جي سنڌيءَ کي، بلڪ سندن ڪتابن کي، انهن جي سنڌي سڏيندا هئا. مولوي ابوالحسن جا عربيءَ ۾ لکيل ڪي ڪتاب اڳي ئي هئا، پر هينئر جو هيءُ ڪتاب پهريون گهمرو سنڌي شعر ۾ لکيائين، ته اها ”ابوالحسن جي سنڌي“ سڏجڻ ۾ آئي. ان وقت کان وٺي ٻيا به ڪي مسلمان عالم اهڙا ديني ڪتاب لکڻ لڳا ۽ سندين سنڌي سندن نالن پٺيان سڏجڻ ۾ آئي. اهڙيءَ طرح جملي پنجاهه کن ڪتاب ابوالحسن جي سنڌيءَ جي نوني، آڳاٽي صورتخطيءَ ۾ لکيل موجود آهن، جي هينئر سڀڪو آسانيءَ سان پڙهي ڪين سگهندو. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/Catalogue/Lasaniyat/Book1/Book_page12.html#باب_ٻارهون سنڌي ٻوليءَ جي تاريخ، پهريون ڇاپو 1956ع, باب ٻارهون، صفحو 12، ليکڪ؛ ڀيرو مل مهرچند آڏواڻي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017204311/http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Lasaniyat/Book1/Book_page12.html#باب_ٻارهون |date=2017-10-17 }} پاران سنڌي ادبي بورڊ&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;مسٽر محمد صديق ميمڻ: ”سنڌ جي ادبي تاريخ“، صفحو 4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ڏسو، ڪئپٽن ولبر فورس بيل جي جوڙيل ”ڪاٺياواڙ جي تاريخ“&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; R.E. Emihoun. The tribes and Castes of Bombay” Vol:ii&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ميمڻ]]
[[زمرو:لوهاڻا]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ذاتيون]]
[[زمرو:مهاجر برادريون]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:سلجھائپ صفحا]]</text>
      <sha1>b3ok76mwm3sv9ggt66581ndqzgsrvle</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>فرانس</title>
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      <text bytes="73338" sha1="cfxytf7iw082t3jfrndljz4foxk3y7o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ 
| common_name = فرانس
| native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]])
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}&quot;
| englishmotto = &quot;آزادي، برابري، برادري&quot;
| national_anthem = &quot;[[La Marseillaise]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;لا مارسيليس''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل
| image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg
| map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}}
| capital = [[پيرس]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[پيرس]]
| regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون
| languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي&lt;br/&gt; قومي ٻولي
| languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}}
|data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي 
 &lt;br&gt; ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9%  پناھگير&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;([[يورپي]] •  [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}}
}}
| religion_year = 2025
| religion = &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1%    &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا
| demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] 
| leader_title1 = [[صدر]]
| leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون
| leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]
| leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو
| leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر
| leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر
| leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ
| legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ
| upper_house = [[سينيٽ]]
| lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]]
| sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ
| established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام 
| established_date1 = 486 عيسوي
| established_event2 = وردن معاھدو
| established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع
| established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو
| established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع
| established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي     |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع
| established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}}
| established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع
| area_km2 = 6,40,679
| area_footnote = &lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 42هون
| area_sq_mi = 2,48,600
| area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي
| area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس
| area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&amp;nbsp;km² (0.386&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi or 247&amp;nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021ع
| population_estimate_rank = 21هون
| population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح
| population_data2 = 109
| population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو
| population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]])
| population_density_km2 = 116
| population_density_sq_mi = 301
| pop_den_footnote =
| population_density_rank = 89جون
| GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون
| GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع
| GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون
| Gini = 30.1&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013ع
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.897&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 21هون
| currency = {{ubl
|[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) &lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}}
|سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}}
}}
| time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;
| DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on = ساڄي پاسي
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}}
| cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}}
| footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
}}

[[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]]
'''فرانس''' (&lt;small&gt;'''France'''&lt;/small&gt;؛ فرانسيسي: &lt;small&gt;'''French'''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;'''Republic)'''&lt;/small&gt;، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو &lt;small&gt;'''6,43,801'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;'''2,48,573'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري &lt;small&gt;'''2024ع'''&lt;/small&gt; تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي.

فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾  مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن.

فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. 
== نالو ==
فرانس جو نالو &quot;فرانڪس&quot;، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان &quot;هيوڪيپٽ&quot; جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverfrance.net&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&amp;hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو &quot;فرانس&quot; لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرانسيا&quot; (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرينڪس&quot; (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه.
==تاريخ==
{{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}}
===ماقبل تاريخ===
{{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}}
هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot;&gt;Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. &quot; Histoire &quot;, Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نيندرٿل (&lt;small&gt;Neanderthal&lt;/small&gt;) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (&lt;small&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي &lt;small&gt;35,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل &lt;small&gt;(Homosapein)&lt;/small&gt; ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt;   جيڪو تقريباً &lt;small&gt;18,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (&lt;small&gt;10,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt; لڳ ڀڳ &lt;small&gt;7,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا.  

چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.&lt;/ref&gt; فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ &quot;ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ&quot; (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي.

===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 
600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&amp;pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19&lt;/ref&gt; پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|&quot;ميسون ڪيري&quot; گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]]
سال &lt;small&gt;125&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي &quot;پرووينشيا نوسٽرا&quot; (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ &lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt; ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt; گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot;&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot; /&gt; سال &lt;small&gt;250-290&lt;/small&gt; عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;c77&quot;&gt;Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77&lt;/ref&gt; صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.&lt;/ref&gt; سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) ===
قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي (برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو.

سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان &quot;چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ&quot; جو لقب ڏنو ويو ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي &quot;فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو ويو.

In [[late antiquity]], Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. [[Celtic Britons]], fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]], settled in west [[Armorica]]; the Armorican peninsula was renamed [[Brittany]], and [[Celts|Celtic culture]] was revived.

The first leader to unite all Franks was [[Clovis I]], who began his reign as king of the [[Salian Franks]] in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the [[Visigothic Kingdom]], which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis [[Franco-Visigothic Wars|regained the southwest from the Visigoths]] and was baptised in 508. Clovis was the first [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] conqueror after the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title &quot;Eldest daughter of the Church&quot; by the papacy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&amp;nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and French kings were called &quot;the Most Christian Kings of France&quot;.

[[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]]
The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' (&quot;Land of the Franks&quot;). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]].

Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;georgetown1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on &quot;Religion and Politics until the French Revolution&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added &quot;King of England&quot; to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)===
{{See also|France in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]]

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of France&amp;nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as &quot;kings of France&quot; rather than &quot;kings of the Franks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]].

The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (&quot;Frankish language&quot;) of the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;/&gt; The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an &quot;empire&quot; from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets.

[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;/&gt; Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&amp;nbsp;million population died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&amp;pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early modern period (15th century–1789)===
{{Main|France in the early modern period}}

The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.&lt;ref name=c&gt;Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established &quot;the royal monopoly of force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tilly, Charles (1985). &quot;War making and state making as organized crime,&quot; in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, &amp; T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the &quot;Sun King&quot;, was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]]

During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joel Colton-1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The &quot;Sun King&quot; made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language and Diplomacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)===
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]]
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &amp;#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)===
{{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}}

[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;/&gt; After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

===Colonial empire===

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;

[[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lexington Books-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&amp;nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].

===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)===
{{Main|History of France (1900–present)}}

[[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]]
France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]).

In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&amp;nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].&lt;ref&gt;Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system.

===1946–present===
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]]
A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Macqueen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&amp;nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&amp;pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;google4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&amp;pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]].

During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of &quot;national independence&quot; towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;superficy&quot; /&gt; and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]]
Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;&gt;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, &quot;France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations&quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&amp;pg=PA160 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;/&gt; to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.&lt;ref&gt;Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, &quot;The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?&quot; ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants.

Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&amp;nbsp;million people,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي== 
==سياست==
==معيشت== 
==آباديات==
==ثقافت==
==گيلري==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب.
File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]].
File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى.
File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب..
File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا.
File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]].
File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي.
File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]].
File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]].
File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]].
File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]].
File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو== 
{{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}}
* [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] 
* [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]]
* [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==وڌيڪ پڙهن==

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:فرانس]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريتون]]
[[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="72327" sha1="e18fe4uu0uizbx7b8etd76dqvtxpvjz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ 
| common_name = فرانس
| native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]])
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}&quot;
| englishmotto = &quot;آزادي، برابري، برادري&quot;
| national_anthem = &quot;[[La Marseillaise]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;لا مارسيليس''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل
| image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg
| map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}}
| capital = [[پيرس]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[پيرس]]
| regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون
| languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي&lt;br/&gt; قومي ٻولي
| languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}}
|data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي 
 &lt;br&gt; ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9%  پناھگير&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;([[يورپي]] •  [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}}
}}
| religion_year = 2025
| religion = &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1%    &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا
| demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] 
| leader_title1 = [[صدر]]
| leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون
| leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]
| leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو
| leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر
| leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر
| leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ
| legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ
| upper_house = [[سينيٽ]]
| lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]]
| sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ
| established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام 
| established_date1 = 486 عيسوي
| established_event2 = وردن معاھدو
| established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع
| established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو
| established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع
| established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي     |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع
| established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}}
| established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع
| area_km2 = 6,40,679
| area_footnote = &lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 42هون
| area_sq_mi = 2,48,600
| area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي
| area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس
| area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&amp;nbsp;km² (0.386&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi or 247&amp;nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021ع
| population_estimate_rank = 21هون
| population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح
| population_data2 = 109
| population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو
| population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]])
| population_density_km2 = 116
| population_density_sq_mi = 301
| pop_den_footnote =
| population_density_rank = 89جون
| GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون
| GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع
| GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون
| Gini = 30.1&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013ع
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.897&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 21هون
| currency = {{ubl
|[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) &lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}}
|سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}}
}}
| time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;
| DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on = ساڄي پاسي
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}}
| cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}}
| footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
}}

[[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]]
'''فرانس''' (&lt;small&gt;'''France'''&lt;/small&gt;؛ فرانسيسي: &lt;small&gt;'''French'''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;'''Republic)'''&lt;/small&gt;، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو &lt;small&gt;'''6,43,801'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;'''2,48,573'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري &lt;small&gt;'''2024ع'''&lt;/small&gt; تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي.

فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾  مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن.

فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. 
== نالو ==
فرانس جو نالو &quot;فرانڪس&quot;، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان &quot;هيوڪيپٽ&quot; جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverfrance.net&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&amp;hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو &quot;فرانس&quot; لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرانسيا&quot; (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرينڪس&quot; (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه.
==تاريخ==
{{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}}
===ماقبل تاريخ===
{{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}}
هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot;&gt;Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. &quot; Histoire &quot;, Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نيندرٿل (&lt;small&gt;Neanderthal&lt;/small&gt;) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (&lt;small&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي &lt;small&gt;35,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل &lt;small&gt;(Homosapein)&lt;/small&gt; ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt;   جيڪو تقريباً &lt;small&gt;18,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (&lt;small&gt;10,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt; لڳ ڀڳ &lt;small&gt;7,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا.  

چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.&lt;/ref&gt; فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ &quot;ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ&quot; (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي.

===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 
600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&amp;pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19&lt;/ref&gt; پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|&quot;ميسون ڪيري&quot; گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]]
سال &lt;small&gt;125&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي &quot;پرووينشيا نوسٽرا&quot; (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ &lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt; ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt; گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot;&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot; /&gt; سال &lt;small&gt;250-290&lt;/small&gt; عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;c77&quot;&gt;Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77&lt;/ref&gt; صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.&lt;/ref&gt; سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) ===
قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي, برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو.

سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان &quot;چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ&quot; جو لقب ڏنو ويو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&amp;nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي &quot;فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو ويو.

[[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|With [[Clovis I|Clovis]]'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the [[List of Frankish kings|Frankish monarchy]], [[Elective monarchy|elective]] and [[Secular state|secular]] until then, became [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary]] and of [[Divine right of kings|divine right]].]]
The Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' (&quot;Land of the Franks&quot;). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]].

Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;georgetown1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on &quot;Religion and Politics until the French Revolution&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added &quot;King of England&quot; to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)===
{{See also|France in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]]

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of France&amp;nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as &quot;kings of France&quot; rather than &quot;kings of the Franks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]].

The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (&quot;Frankish language&quot;) of the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;/&gt; The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an &quot;empire&quot; from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets.

[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;/&gt; Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&amp;nbsp;million population died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&amp;pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early modern period (15th century–1789)===
{{Main|France in the early modern period}}

The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.&lt;ref name=c&gt;Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established &quot;the royal monopoly of force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tilly, Charles (1985). &quot;War making and state making as organized crime,&quot; in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, &amp; T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the &quot;Sun King&quot;, was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]]

During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joel Colton-1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The &quot;Sun King&quot; made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language and Diplomacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)===
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]]
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &amp;#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)===
{{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}}

[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;/&gt; After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

===Colonial empire===

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;

[[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lexington Books-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&amp;nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].

===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)===
{{Main|History of France (1900–present)}}

[[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]]
France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]).

In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&amp;nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].&lt;ref&gt;Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system.

===1946–present===
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]]
A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Macqueen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&amp;nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&amp;pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;google4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&amp;pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]].

During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of &quot;national independence&quot; towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;superficy&quot; /&gt; and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]]
Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;&gt;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, &quot;France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations&quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&amp;pg=PA160 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;/&gt; to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.&lt;ref&gt;Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, &quot;The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?&quot; ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants.

Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&amp;nbsp;million people,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي== 
==سياست==
==معيشت== 
==آباديات==
==ثقافت==
==گيلري==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب.
File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]].
File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى.
File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب..
File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا.
File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]].
File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي.
File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]].
File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]].
File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]].
File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]].
File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو== 
{{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}}
* [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] 
* [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]]
* [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==وڌيڪ پڙهن==

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:فرانس]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريتون]]
[[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="75253" sha1="ao81rso1hu6jsnbkge0jhkx4es0jv08" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ 
| common_name = فرانس
| native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]])
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}&quot;
| englishmotto = &quot;آزادي، برابري، برادري&quot;
| national_anthem = &quot;[[La Marseillaise]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;لا مارسيليس''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل
| image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg
| map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}}
| capital = [[پيرس]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[پيرس]]
| regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون
| languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي&lt;br/&gt; قومي ٻولي
| languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}}
|data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي 
 &lt;br&gt; ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9%  پناھگير&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;([[يورپي]] •  [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}}
}}
| religion_year = 2025
| religion = &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1%    &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا
| demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] 
| leader_title1 = [[صدر]]
| leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون
| leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]
| leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو
| leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر
| leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر
| leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ
| legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ
| upper_house = [[سينيٽ]]
| lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]]
| sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ
| established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام 
| established_date1 = 486 عيسوي
| established_event2 = وردن معاھدو
| established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع
| established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو
| established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع
| established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي     |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع
| established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}}
| established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع
| area_km2 = 6,40,679
| area_footnote = &lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 42هون
| area_sq_mi = 2,48,600
| area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي
| area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس
| area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&amp;nbsp;km² (0.386&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi or 247&amp;nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021ع
| population_estimate_rank = 21هون
| population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح
| population_data2 = 109
| population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو
| population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]])
| population_density_km2 = 116
| population_density_sq_mi = 301
| pop_den_footnote =
| population_density_rank = 89جون
| GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون
| GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع
| GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون
| Gini = 30.1&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013ع
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.897&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 21هون
| currency = {{ubl
|[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) &lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}}
|سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}}
}}
| time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;
| DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on = ساڄي پاسي
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}}
| cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}}
| footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
}}

[[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]]
'''فرانس''' (&lt;small&gt;'''France'''&lt;/small&gt;؛ فرانسيسي: &lt;small&gt;'''French'''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;'''Republic)'''&lt;/small&gt;، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو &lt;small&gt;'''6,43,801'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;'''2,48,573'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري &lt;small&gt;'''2024ع'''&lt;/small&gt; تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي.

فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾  مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن.

فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. 
== نالو ==
فرانس جو نالو &quot;فرانڪس&quot;، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان &quot;هيوڪيپٽ&quot; جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverfrance.net&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&amp;hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو &quot;فرانس&quot; لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرانسيا&quot; (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرينڪس&quot; (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه.
==تاريخ==
{{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}}
===ماقبل تاريخ===
{{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}}
هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot;&gt;Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. &quot; Histoire &quot;, Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نيندرٿل (&lt;small&gt;Neanderthal&lt;/small&gt;) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (&lt;small&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي &lt;small&gt;35,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل &lt;small&gt;(Homosapein)&lt;/small&gt; ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt;   جيڪو تقريباً &lt;small&gt;18,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (&lt;small&gt;10,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt; لڳ ڀڳ &lt;small&gt;7,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا.  

چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.&lt;/ref&gt; فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ &quot;ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ&quot; (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي.

===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 
600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&amp;pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19&lt;/ref&gt; پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|&quot;ميسون ڪيري&quot; گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]]
سال &lt;small&gt;125&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي &quot;پرووينشيا نوسٽرا&quot; (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ &lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt; ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt; گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot;&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot; /&gt; سال &lt;small&gt;250-290&lt;/small&gt; عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;c77&quot;&gt;Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77&lt;/ref&gt; صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.&lt;/ref&gt; سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) ===
قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي, برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو.

سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان &quot;چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ&quot; جو لقب ڏنو ويو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&amp;nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي &quot;فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو ويو.

[[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|سال 498 عيسوي ۾ ڪلووِس جي ڪيٿولڪ مذهب ۾ تبديليءَ سان, فرينڪ بادشاهت (ان وقت تائين چونڊيل ۽ سيڪيولر) موروثي ۽ خدائي حق جي بڻجي وئي. ]]
فرينڪن عيسائي گيلو-رومن ڪلچر کي قبول ڪيو ۽ گال جو نالو فرانسيا (&quot;فرينڪن جي سرزمين&quot;) رکيو ويو. جرمن فرينڪن رومن ٻوليون اختيار ڪيون. ڪلووِس پيرس کي پنهنجو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو. ۽ ميرووِنگين خاندان قائم ڪيو. پر سندس بادشاهت سندس موت تائين نه رهي. فرينڪن زمين کي ذاتي ملڪيت سمجهيو. ۽ ان کي پنهنجن وارثن ۾ ورهايو. تنهن ڪري ڪلووِس مان چار بادشاهتون وجود ۾ آيون. پيرس، اورلين، سوئيسن ۽ ريمس. آخري ميرووِنگين بادشاهن محل جي پنهنجن ميئرن (گهر جي سربراهه) کان طاقت وڃائي ڇڏي. محل جي هڪ ميئر، چارلس مارٽيل، 732 ۾ ٽورز جي جنگ ۾ اموي حملي کي شڪست ڏني. سندس پٽ، پيپن دي شارٽ، ڪمزور ميرووِنگين کان فرانسيا جو تاج کسي ورتو ۽ ڪيرولِنگين خاندان جي بنياد رکي. پيپن جي پٽ چارليمين فرينڪ بادشاهتن کي ٻيهر گڏ ڪيو ۽ مغربي ۽ وچ يورپ ۾ هڪ سلطنت ٺاهي. * پوپ ليو III پاران پاڪ رومن شهنشاهه جو اعلان ڪيو ويو. ۽ اهڙي طرح ڪيٿولڪ چرچ سان فرانسيسي حڪومت جي ڊگهي تاريخي وابستگي قائم ڪئي. چارليمين مغربي رومن سلطنت کي بحال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. ۽ ان جي ثقافتي شان. چارليمين جي پٽ لوئس پهرين سلطنت کي متحد رکيو. بهرحال 843 ۾ اهو لوئس جي ٽن پٽن جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو. اوڀر فرانسيا، وچ فرانسيا ۽ اولهه فرانسيا ۾. اولهه فرانسيا جديد فرانس جي قبضي واري علائقي جي ويجهو هو. ۽ اهو ان جو اڳوڻو هو. * 9 هين ۽ 10 هين صدي دوران. وائڪنگ جي حملي کان خطرو. فرانس هڪ غير مرڪزي رياست بڻجي ويو. اميرن جا لقب ۽ زمينون موروثي بڻجي ويون. ۽ بادشاهه جو اختيار سيڪيولر کان وڌيڪ مذهبي ٿي ويو. ۽ تنهن ڪري گهٽ اثرائتو ۽ اميرن پاران چئلينج ڪيو ويو. اهڙي طرح فرانس ۾ جاگيرداري قائم ڪئي وئي. ڪجهه بادشاهه جا واسل تمام طاقتور ٿي ويا. اهي بادشاهه لاءِ خطرو بڻيا. 1066ع ۾ هيسٽنگز جي جنگ کان پوءِ. وليم فاتح پنهنجي لقبن ۾ &quot;انگلينڊ جو بادشاهه&quot; شامل ڪيو. فرانس جي بادشاهه جي برابر ۽ جاگيردار بڻجي ويو. بار بار تڪرار پيدا ڪيو. * وڏي ۽ آخري وچين دور (10هين-15هين صدي):


Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' (&quot;Land of the Franks&quot;). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]].

Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;georgetown1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on &quot;Religion and Politics until the French Revolution&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added &quot;King of England&quot; to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

===High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)===
{{See also|France in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]]

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of France&amp;nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as &quot;kings of France&quot; rather than &quot;kings of the Franks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]].

The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (&quot;Frankish language&quot;) of the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;/&gt; The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an &quot;empire&quot; from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets.

[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;/&gt; Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&amp;nbsp;million population died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&amp;pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early modern period (15th century–1789)===
{{Main|France in the early modern period}}

The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.&lt;ref name=c&gt;Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established &quot;the royal monopoly of force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tilly, Charles (1985). &quot;War making and state making as organized crime,&quot; in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, &amp; T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the &quot;Sun King&quot;, was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]]

During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joel Colton-1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The &quot;Sun King&quot; made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language and Diplomacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)===
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]]
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &amp;#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)===
{{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}}

[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;/&gt; After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

===Colonial empire===

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;

[[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lexington Books-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&amp;nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].

===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)===
{{Main|History of France (1900–present)}}

[[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]]
France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]).

In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&amp;nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].&lt;ref&gt;Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system.

===1946–present===
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]]
A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Macqueen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&amp;nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&amp;pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;google4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&amp;pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]].

During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of &quot;national independence&quot; towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;superficy&quot; /&gt; and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]]
Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;&gt;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, &quot;France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations&quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&amp;pg=PA160 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;/&gt; to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.&lt;ref&gt;Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, &quot;The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?&quot; ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants.

Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&amp;nbsp;million people,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي== 
==سياست==
==معيشت== 
==آباديات==
==ثقافت==
==گيلري==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب.
File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]].
File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى.
File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب..
File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا.
File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]].
File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي.
File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]].
File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]].
File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]].
File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]].
File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو== 
{{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}}
* [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] 
* [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]]
* [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==وڌيڪ پڙهن==

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:فرانس]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريتون]]
[[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="75259" sha1="bxb79j5vniclrwrrvxuul0hrrs51qcd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ 
| common_name = فرانس
| native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]])
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}&quot;
| englishmotto = &quot;آزادي، برابري، برادري&quot;
| national_anthem = &quot;[[La Marseillaise]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;لا مارسيليس''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل
| image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg
| map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}}
| capital = [[پيرس]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[پيرس]]
| regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون
| languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي&lt;br/&gt; قومي ٻولي
| languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}}
|data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي 
 &lt;br&gt; ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9%  پناھگير&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;([[يورپي]] •  [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}}
}}
| religion_year = 2025
| religion = &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1%    &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا
| demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] 
| leader_title1 = [[صدر]]
| leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون
| leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]
| leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو
| leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر
| leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر
| leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ
| legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ
| upper_house = [[سينيٽ]]
| lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]]
| sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ
| established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام 
| established_date1 = 486 عيسوي
| established_event2 = وردن معاھدو
| established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع
| established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو
| established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع
| established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي     |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع
| established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}}
| established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع
| area_km2 = 6,40,679
| area_footnote = &lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 42هون
| area_sq_mi = 2,48,600
| area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي
| area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس
| area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&amp;nbsp;km² (0.386&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi or 247&amp;nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021ع
| population_estimate_rank = 21هون
| population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح
| population_data2 = 109
| population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو
| population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]])
| population_density_km2 = 116
| population_density_sq_mi = 301
| pop_den_footnote =
| population_density_rank = 89جون
| GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون
| GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع
| GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون
| Gini = 30.1&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013ع
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.897&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 21هون
| currency = {{ubl
|[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) &lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}}
|سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}}
}}
| time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;
| DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on = ساڄي پاسي
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}}
| cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}}
| footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
}}

[[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]]
'''فرانس''' (&lt;small&gt;'''France'''&lt;/small&gt;؛ فرانسيسي: &lt;small&gt;'''French'''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;'''Republic)'''&lt;/small&gt;، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو &lt;small&gt;'''6,43,801'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;'''2,48,573'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري &lt;small&gt;'''2024ع'''&lt;/small&gt; تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي.

فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾  مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن.

فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. 
== نالو ==
فرانس جو نالو &quot;فرانڪس&quot;، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان &quot;هيوڪيپٽ&quot; جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverfrance.net&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&amp;hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو &quot;فرانس&quot; لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرانسيا&quot; (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرينڪس&quot; (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه.
==تاريخ==
{{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}}
===ماقبل تاريخ===
{{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}}
هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot;&gt;Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. &quot; Histoire &quot;, Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نيندرٿل (&lt;small&gt;Neanderthal&lt;/small&gt;) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (&lt;small&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي &lt;small&gt;35,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل &lt;small&gt;(Homosapein)&lt;/small&gt; ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt;   جيڪو تقريباً &lt;small&gt;18,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (&lt;small&gt;10,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt; لڳ ڀڳ &lt;small&gt;7,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا.  

چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.&lt;/ref&gt; فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ &quot;ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ&quot; (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي.

===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 
600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&amp;pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19&lt;/ref&gt; پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|&quot;ميسون ڪيري&quot; گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]]
سال &lt;small&gt;125&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي &quot;پرووينشيا نوسٽرا&quot; (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ &lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt; ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt; گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot;&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot; /&gt; سال &lt;small&gt;250-290&lt;/small&gt; عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;c77&quot;&gt;Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77&lt;/ref&gt; صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.&lt;/ref&gt; سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) ===
قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي, برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو.

سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان &quot;چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ&quot; جو لقب ڏنو ويو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&amp;nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي &quot;فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو ويو.

[[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|سال 498 عيسوي ۾ ڪلووِس جي ڪيٿولڪ مذهب ۾ تبديليءَ سان, فرينڪ بادشاهت (ان وقت تائين چونڊيل ۽ سيڪيولر) موروثي ۽ خدائي حق جي بڻجي وئي. ]]
فرينڪن عيسائي گيلو-رومن ڪلچر کي قبول ڪيو ۽ گال جو نالو فرانسيا (&quot;فرينڪن جي سرزمين&quot;) رکيو ويو. جرمن فرينڪن رومن ٻوليون اختيار ڪيون. ڪلووِس پيرس کي پنهنجو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو. ۽ ميرووِنگين خاندان قائم ڪيو. پر سندس بادشاهت سندس موت تائين نه رهي. فرينڪن زمين کي ذاتي ملڪيت سمجهيو. ۽ ان کي پنهنجن وارثن ۾ ورهايو. تنهن ڪري ڪلووِس مان چار بادشاهتون وجود ۾ آيون. پيرس، اورلين، سوئيسن ۽ ريمس. آخري ميرووِنگين بادشاهن محل جي پنهنجن ميئرن (گهر جي سربراهه) کان طاقت وڃائي ڇڏي. محل جي هڪ ميئر، چارلس مارٽيل، 732 ۾ ٽورز جي جنگ ۾ اموي حملي کي شڪست ڏني. سندس پٽ، پيپن دي شارٽ، ڪمزور ميرووِنگين کان فرانسيا جو تاج کسي ورتو ۽ ڪيرولِنگين خاندان جي بنياد رکي. پيپن جي پٽ چارليمين فرينڪ بادشاهتن کي ٻيهر گڏ ڪيو ۽ مغربي ۽ وچ يورپ ۾ هڪ سلطنت ٺاهي. * پوپ ليو III پاران پاڪ رومن شهنشاهه جو اعلان ڪيو ويو. ۽ اهڙي طرح ڪيٿولڪ چرچ سان فرانسيسي حڪومت جي ڊگهي تاريخي وابستگي قائم ڪئي. چارليمين مغربي رومن سلطنت کي بحال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. ۽ ان جي ثقافتي شان. چارليمين جي پٽ لوئس پهرين سلطنت کي متحد رکيو. بهرحال 843 ۾ اهو لوئس جي ٽن پٽن جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو. اوڀر فرانسيا، وچ فرانسيا ۽ اولهه فرانسيا ۾. اولهه فرانسيا جديد فرانس جي قبضي واري علائقي جي ويجهو هو. ۽ اهو ان جو اڳوڻو هو. * 9 هين ۽ 10 هين صدي دوران. وائڪنگ جي حملي کان خطرو. فرانس هڪ غير مرڪزي رياست بڻجي ويو. اميرن جا لقب ۽ زمينون موروثي بڻجي ويون. ۽ بادشاهه جو اختيار سيڪيولر کان وڌيڪ مذهبي ٿي ويو. ۽ تنهن ڪري گهٽ اثرائتو ۽ اميرن پاران چئلينج ڪيو ويو. اهڙي طرح فرانس ۾ جاگيرداري قائم ڪئي وئي. ڪجهه بادشاهه جا واسل تمام طاقتور ٿي ويا. اهي بادشاهه لاءِ خطرو بڻيا. 1066ع ۾ هيسٽنگز جي جنگ کان پوءِ. وليم فاتح پنهنجي لقبن ۾ &quot;انگلينڊ جو بادشاهه&quot; شامل ڪيو. فرانس جي بادشاهه جي برابر ۽ جاگيردار بڻجي ويو. بار بار تڪرار پيدا ڪيو. * وڏي ۽ آخري وچين دور (10هين-15هين صدي):


Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' (&quot;Land of the Franks&quot;). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]].

Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;georgetown1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on &quot;Religion and Politics until the French Revolution&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added &quot;King of England&quot; to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

=== آخري وچين دور (10هين-15هين صدي) ===
{{See also|France in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Joan of Arc]] led the [[French Army]] to several important victories during the [[Hundred Years' War]] (1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory.]]

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of France&amp;nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as &quot;kings of France&quot; rather than &quot;kings of the Franks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]].

The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (&quot;Frankish language&quot;) of the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;/&gt; The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an &quot;empire&quot; from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets.

[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;/&gt; Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&amp;nbsp;million population died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&amp;pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early modern period (15th century–1789)===
{{Main|France in the early modern period}}

The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.&lt;ref name=c&gt;Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established &quot;the royal monopoly of force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tilly, Charles (1985). &quot;War making and state making as organized crime,&quot; in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, &amp; T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the &quot;Sun King&quot;, was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]]

During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joel Colton-1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The &quot;Sun King&quot; made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language and Diplomacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)===
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]]
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &amp;#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)===
{{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}}

[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;/&gt; After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

===Colonial empire===

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;

[[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lexington Books-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&amp;nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].

===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)===
{{Main|History of France (1900–present)}}

[[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]]
France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]).

In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&amp;nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].&lt;ref&gt;Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system.

===1946–present===
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]]
A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Macqueen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&amp;nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&amp;pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;google4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&amp;pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]].

During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of &quot;national independence&quot; towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;superficy&quot; /&gt; and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]]
Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;&gt;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, &quot;France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations&quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&amp;pg=PA160 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;/&gt; to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.&lt;ref&gt;Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, &quot;The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?&quot; ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants.

Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&amp;nbsp;million people,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي== 
==سياست==
==معيشت== 
==آباديات==
==ثقافت==
==گيلري==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب.
File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]].
File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى.
File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب..
File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا.
File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]].
File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي.
File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]].
File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]].
File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]].
File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]].
File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو== 
{{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}}
* [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] 
* [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]]
* [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==وڌيڪ پڙهن==

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:فرانس]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريتون]]
[[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="78647" sha1="lc8my9pm72uvjkpqdqhy4dwlfj9uhbu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ 
| common_name = فرانس
| native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]])
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}&quot;
| englishmotto = &quot;آزادي، برابري، برادري&quot;
| national_anthem = &quot;[[La Marseillaise]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;لا مارسيليس''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل
| image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg
| map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}}
| capital = [[پيرس]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[پيرس]]
| regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون
| languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي&lt;br/&gt; قومي ٻولي
| languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}}
|data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي 
 &lt;br&gt; ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9%  پناھگير&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;([[يورپي]] •  [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}}
}}
| religion_year = 2025
| religion = &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1%    &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا
| demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] 
| leader_title1 = [[صدر]]
| leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون
| leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]
| leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو
| leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر
| leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر
| leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ
| legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ
| upper_house = [[سينيٽ]]
| lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]]
| sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ
| established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام 
| established_date1 = 486 عيسوي
| established_event2 = وردن معاھدو
| established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع
| established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو
| established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع
| established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي     |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع
| established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}}
| established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع
| area_km2 = 6,40,679
| area_footnote = &lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 42هون
| area_sq_mi = 2,48,600
| area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي
| area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس
| area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&amp;nbsp;km² (0.386&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi or 247&amp;nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021ع
| population_estimate_rank = 21هون
| population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح
| population_data2 = 109
| population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو
| population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]])
| population_density_km2 = 116
| population_density_sq_mi = 301
| pop_den_footnote =
| population_density_rank = 89جون
| GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون
| GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع
| GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون
| Gini = 30.1&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013ع
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.897&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 21هون
| currency = {{ubl
|[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) &lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}}
|سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}}
}}
| time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;
| DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on = ساڄي پاسي
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}}
| cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}}
| footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
}}

[[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]]
'''فرانس''' (&lt;small&gt;'''France'''&lt;/small&gt;؛ فرانسيسي: &lt;small&gt;'''French'''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;'''Republic)'''&lt;/small&gt;، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو &lt;small&gt;'''6,43,801'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;'''2,48,573'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري &lt;small&gt;'''2024ع'''&lt;/small&gt; تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي.

فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾  مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن.

فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. 
== نالو ==
فرانس جو نالو &quot;فرانڪس&quot;، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان &quot;هيوڪيپٽ&quot; جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverfrance.net&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&amp;hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو &quot;فرانس&quot; لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرانسيا&quot; (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرينڪس&quot; (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه.
==تاريخ==
{{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}}
===ماقبل تاريخ===
{{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}}
هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot;&gt;Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. &quot; Histoire &quot;, Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نيندرٿل (&lt;small&gt;Neanderthal&lt;/small&gt;) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (&lt;small&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي &lt;small&gt;35,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل &lt;small&gt;(Homosapein)&lt;/small&gt; ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt;   جيڪو تقريباً &lt;small&gt;18,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (&lt;small&gt;10,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt; لڳ ڀڳ &lt;small&gt;7,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا.  

چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.&lt;/ref&gt; فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ &quot;ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ&quot; (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي.

===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 
600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&amp;pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19&lt;/ref&gt; پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|&quot;ميسون ڪيري&quot; گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]]
سال &lt;small&gt;125&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي &quot;پرووينشيا نوسٽرا&quot; (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ &lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt; ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt; گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot;&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot; /&gt; سال &lt;small&gt;250-290&lt;/small&gt; عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;c77&quot;&gt;Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77&lt;/ref&gt; صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.&lt;/ref&gt; سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) ===
قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي, برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو.

سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان &quot;چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ&quot; جو لقب ڏنو ويو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&amp;nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي &quot;فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو ويو.

[[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|سال 498 عيسوي ۾ ڪلووِس جي ڪيٿولڪ مذهب ۾ تبديليءَ سان, فرينڪ بادشاهت (ان وقت تائين چونڊيل ۽ سيڪيولر) موروثي ۽ خدائي حق جي بڻجي وئي. ]]
فرينڪن عيسائي گيلو-رومن ڪلچر کي قبول ڪيو ۽ گال جو نالو فرانسيا (&quot;فرينڪن جي سرزمين&quot;) رکيو ويو. جرمن فرينڪن رومن ٻوليون اختيار ڪيون. ڪلووِس پيرس کي پنهنجو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو. ۽ ميرووِنگين خاندان قائم ڪيو. پر سندس بادشاهت سندس موت تائين نه رهي. فرينڪن زمين کي ذاتي ملڪيت سمجهيو. ۽ ان کي پنهنجن وارثن ۾ ورهايو. تنهن ڪري ڪلووِس مان چار بادشاهتون وجود ۾ آيون. پيرس، اورلين، سوئيسن ۽ ريمس. آخري ميرووِنگين بادشاهن محل جي پنهنجن ميئرن (گهر جي سربراهه) کان طاقت وڃائي ڇڏي. محل جي هڪ ميئر، چارلس مارٽيل، 732 ۾ ٽورز جي جنگ ۾ اموي حملي کي شڪست ڏني. سندس پٽ، پيپن دي شارٽ، ڪمزور ميرووِنگين کان فرانسيا جو تاج کسي ورتو ۽ ڪيرولِنگين خاندان جي بنياد رکي. پيپن جي پٽ چارليمين فرينڪ بادشاهتن کي ٻيهر گڏ ڪيو ۽ مغربي ۽ وچ يورپ ۾ هڪ سلطنت ٺاهي. * پوپ ليو III پاران پاڪ رومن شهنشاهه جو اعلان ڪيو ويو. ۽ اهڙي طرح ڪيٿولڪ چرچ سان فرانسيسي حڪومت جي ڊگهي تاريخي وابستگي قائم ڪئي. چارليمين مغربي رومن سلطنت کي بحال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. ۽ ان جي ثقافتي شان. چارليمين جي پٽ لوئس پهرين سلطنت کي متحد رکيو. بهرحال 843 ۾ اهو لوئس جي ٽن پٽن جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو. اوڀر فرانسيا، وچ فرانسيا ۽ اولهه فرانسيا ۾. اولهه فرانسيا جديد فرانس جي قبضي واري علائقي جي ويجهو هو. ۽ اهو ان جو اڳوڻو هو. * 9 هين ۽ 10 هين صدي دوران. وائڪنگ جي حملي کان خطرو. فرانس هڪ غير مرڪزي رياست بڻجي ويو. اميرن جا لقب ۽ زمينون موروثي بڻجي ويون. ۽ بادشاهه جو اختيار سيڪيولر کان وڌيڪ مذهبي ٿي ويو. ۽ تنهن ڪري گهٽ اثرائتو ۽ اميرن پاران چئلينج ڪيو ويو. اهڙي طرح فرانس ۾ جاگيرداري قائم ڪئي وئي. ڪجهه بادشاهه جا واسل تمام طاقتور ٿي ويا. اهي بادشاهه لاءِ خطرو بڻيا. 1066ع ۾ هيسٽنگز جي جنگ کان پوءِ. وليم فاتح پنهنجي لقبن ۾ &quot;انگلينڊ جو بادشاهه&quot; شامل ڪيو. فرانس جي بادشاهه جي برابر ۽ جاگيردار بڻجي ويو. بار بار تڪرار پيدا ڪيو. * وڏي ۽ آخري وچين دور (10هين-15هين صدي):


Franks embraced the Christian [[Gallo-Roman culture]], and Gaul was renamed ''[[Francia]]'' (&quot;Land of the Franks&quot;). The Germanic Franks adopted [[Romance languages|Romanic languages]]. Clovis made [[Paris]] his capital and established the [[Merovingian dynasty]], but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, [[Orléans]], [[Soissons]], and [[Reims|Rheims]]. The [[Roi fainéant|last Merovingian kings]] [[Power behind the throne|lost power]] to their [[Mayor of the palace|mayors of the palace]] (head of household). One mayor of the palace, [[Charles Martel]], defeated an [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] invasion at the [[Battle of Tours]] in 732.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; His son, [[Pepin the Short]], seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the [[Carolingian dynasty]]. Pepin's son [[Charlemagne]] reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across Western and [[Central Europe]].

Proclaimed [[Holy Roman Emperor]] by [[Pope Leo III]] and thus establishing the French government's longtime [[History of the Catholic Church in France|historical association]] with the [[Catholic Church]],&lt;ref name=&quot;georgetown1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on &quot;Religion and Politics until the French Revolution&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Charlemagne tried to revive the [[Western Roman Empire]] and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son [[Louis the Pious|Louis I]] kept the empire united, however in 843 it was divided between Louis' three sons into [[East Francia]], [[Middle Francia]] and [[West Francia]]. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by [[Viking expansion|Viking invasions]], France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the king became more religious than secular and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established [[feudalism]] in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066, [[William the Conqueror]] added &quot;King of England&quot; to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

=== آخري وچين دور (10هين-15هين صدي) ===
{{See also|France in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|جون آف آرڪ, سو سالن جي جنگ (1337-1453) دوران   فرانسيسي فوج کي ڪيترن ئي اهم فتحن تائين پهچايو, جنهن آخري فتح لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.]]

ڪيرولنگين خاندان 987 تائين فرانس تي حڪومت ڪئي. جڏهن هيو ڪيپٽ کي فرينڪس جو بادشاهه بڻايو ويو. سندس اولاد جنگين ۽ ورثي ذريعي ملڪ کي متحد ڪيو. 1190 کان. ڪيپيٽين حڪمرانن کي &quot;فرينڪس جا بادشاهه&quot; جي بدران &quot;فرانس جا بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ بادشاهن 15 صدي تائين جديد فرانس جي اڌ کان وڌيڪ حصي کي ڍڪڻ لاءِ پنهنجي سڌي طرح قبضي واري ڊومين رائل کي وڌايو. شاهي اختيار وڌيڪ زوردار ٿي ويو. هڪ درجي بندي واري تصور ڪيل سماج تي مرڪز. اميرن، پادرين ۽ عام ماڻهن کي فرق ڪرڻ. * 

شرافت (Nobility) صليبي جنگن ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. پاڪ سرزمين تائين عيسائي رسائي بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ. فرانسيسي نائيٽس صليبي جنگن جي 200 سالن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوطي ٺاهي. اهڙي طرح. ته عربن صليبي جنگين کي فرنگي سڏيو. فرانسيسي صليبي جنگين فرانسيسي کي ليونٽ ۾ درآمد ڪيو. پراڻي فرينچ کي صليبي رياستن جي لنگوا فرينڪا (&quot;فرينڪ ٻولي&quot;) جو بنياد بڻائڻ. البيگينسين صليبي جنگ 1209 ۾ شروع ڪئي وئي ته جيئن جديد فرانس جي ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ بدعتي ڪيٿرن کي ختم ڪري سگهجي. * 11 صدي کان. هائوس آف پلانٽيجينيٽ (انجو ڪائونٽي جا حڪمران) مين ۽ ٽورين جي آس پاس جي صوبن تي پنهنجو تسلط قائم ڪيو. پوءِ انگلينڊ کان پيرينيس تائين هڪ &quot;سلطنت&quot; ٺاهي. جديد فرانس جي اڌ حصي کي ڍڪي ڇڏيو. فرانس ۽ پلانٽيجينيٽ سلطنت جي وچ ۾ تڪرار هڪ سو سال تائين رهندو. جيستائين فرانس جي فلپ II (1202 ۽ 1214 جي وچ ۾) سلطنت جي اڪثر براعظمي ملڪيتن کي فتح نه ڪيو. انگلينڊ ۽ اڪيوٽين پلانٽيجينٽس کي ڇڏي ڏنو. * چارلس IV فيئر 1328 ۾ وارث کان سواءِ فوت ٿي ويو. تاج ايڊورڊ پلانٽيجينيٽ جي بدران فلپ آف ويلوئس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيو. جيڪو گذريل سال انگلينڊ جو ايڊورڊ III بڻجي چڪو هو. فلپ جي دور ۾. بادشاهت پنهنجي وچئين دور جي طاقت جي عروج تي پهتي. ايڊورڊ 1337 ۾ فلپ جي تخت تي مقابلو ڪيو. انگلينڊ ۽ فرانس جي وچ ۾ وقفي وقفي سان سو سالن جي جنگ شروع ٿي. حدون تبديل ٿي ويون. پر فرانس اندر انگريزي بادشاهن جي زمينداري ڏهاڪن تائين وسيع رهي. جون آف آرڪ جهڙن ڪرشماتي اڳواڻن سان. فرانسيسي جوابي حملي گهڻا انگريزي براعظمي علائقا واپس کٽي ورتا. فرانس کي ڪاري موت جو شڪار ڪيو ويو. جنهن مان 17 ملين آبادي جو اڌ حصو مري ويو. * ابتدائي جديد دور (15 صدي - 1789):

Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of France&amp;nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as &quot;kings of France&quot; rather than &quot;kings of the Franks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]].

The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (&quot;Frankish language&quot;) of the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;/&gt; The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an &quot;empire&quot; from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets.

[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;/&gt; Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&amp;nbsp;million population died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&amp;pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early modern period (15th century–1789)===
{{Main|France in the early modern period}}

The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.&lt;ref name=c&gt;Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established &quot;the royal monopoly of force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tilly, Charles (1985). &quot;War making and state making as organized crime,&quot; in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, &amp; T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the &quot;Sun King&quot;, was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]]

During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joel Colton-1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The &quot;Sun King&quot; made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language and Diplomacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)===
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]]
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &amp;#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)===
{{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}}

[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;/&gt; After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

===Colonial empire===

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;

[[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lexington Books-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&amp;nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].

===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)===
{{Main|History of France (1900–present)}}

[[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]]
France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]).

In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&amp;nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].&lt;ref&gt;Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system.

===1946–present===
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]]
A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Macqueen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&amp;nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&amp;pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;google4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&amp;pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]].

During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of &quot;national independence&quot; towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;superficy&quot; /&gt; and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]]
Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;&gt;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, &quot;France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations&quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&amp;pg=PA160 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;/&gt; to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.&lt;ref&gt;Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, &quot;The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?&quot; ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants.

Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&amp;nbsp;million people,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي== 
==سياست==
==معيشت== 
==آباديات==
==ثقافت==
==گيلري==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب.
File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]].
File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى.
File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب..
File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا.
File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]].
File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي.
File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]].
File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]].
File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]].
File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]].
File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو== 
{{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}}
* [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] 
* [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]]
* [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==وڌيڪ پڙهن==

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:فرانس]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريتون]]
[[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="76368" sha1="ttegokb9drwt2c2s3gblv1em92xb4dj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name =فرينچ ريپبلڪ 
| common_name = فرانس
| native_name = République française ([[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرينچ]])
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = Armoiries république française.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_motto = &quot;{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}&quot;
| englishmotto = &quot;آزادي، برابري، برادري&quot;
| national_anthem = &quot;[[La Marseillaise]]&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&quot;لا مارسيليس''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[فائل:La Marseillaise.ogg|alt=sound clip of the Marseillaise French national anthem]]&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[فائل:EU-France.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|[[فائل:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|default=1}}
| map_caption =فرانس ۽ ان جا علائقا ڳاڙهي رنگ سان ڏيکاريل
| image_map2 = فائل:France in the World (+Antarctica claims).svg
| map_caption2 = {{ubl |ليبل ٿيل نقشو|گلوب ڏيکاريو|يورپ ۾ ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس (فرانس جو يورپي حصو) ميٽروپوليٽن فرانس ۽ ان جا پاڙيسري|فرانس، ان جا ٻاهرين علائقا ۽ ان جا خاص اقتصادي زون ڏيکاريو|سڀ ڏيکاريو}}
| capital = [[پيرس]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|N|2|21|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = [[پيرس]]
| regional_languages = ڏسو: فرانس جون ٻوليون
| languages_type = سرڪاري ٻولي&lt;br/&gt; قومي ٻولي
| languages = [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]]{{efn-ur|name=one|For information about regional languages see فرانس جون ٻوليون.}}{{infobox|child=yes
|label1 = قوميت {{nobold|(2010)}}
|data1 = {{ubl |89.4% فرانسيسي 
 &lt;br&gt; ڌاريا (فرانس ۾ پيدا ٿيڻ ڪري)%4.4 |8.9%  پناھگير&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |title=Résultats de la recherche |publisher=Insee |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405142506/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&amp;ref_id=NATTEF02131 |archivedate=5 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;([[يورپي]] •  [[آفريڪي]] • [[ٻيا يورپي]] • [[ايشيائي]] • [[ترڪ]] • [[آمريڪي]])}}
}}
| religion_year = 2025
| religion = &lt;nowiki&gt;{{ubl |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |51.1%    &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[عيسائيت]] {{!}}39.6% [[لامذھب]] {{!}}5.6% [[مسلمان]] {{!}}0.8% [[يھودي]] {{!}} 2.5% ۽ ٻيا
| demonym = فرينچ يا فرانسيسي
| government_type = [[وحداني رياست|وحداني نيم صدارتي جمهوريه]] 
| leader_title1 = [[صدر]]
| leader_name1 = ايمانوئل ميڪرون
| leader_title2 = [[وزير اعظم|وزيراعظم]]
| leader_name2 = سيبسٽين ليڪورنو
| leader_title3 = سينيٽ جو صدر
| leader_name3 = جيرارد لارچر
| leader_title4 = قومي اسيمبلي جو صدر
| leader_name4 = يال برائون-پيوٽ
| legislature = فرينچ پارليامينٽ
| upper_house = [[سينيٽ]]
| lower_house = [[قومي اسيمبلي]]
| sovereignty_type = فرانس جي تاريخ
| established_event1 = فرانس جو انضمام 
| established_date1 = 486 عيسوي
| established_event2 = وردن معاھدو
| established_date2 = آگسٽ، 843ع
| established_event3 = بادشاھت جو خاتمو
| established_date3 = 22 سيپٽمبر، 1792ع
| established_event4 = يورپين ايڪانامڪ ڪميونٽي ۾ بنيادي ميمبر طور شموليت جيڪا پوءِ يورپي يونين ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي     |يورپي اقتصادي برادري ۾ شموليت| established_date4 = 1 جنوري، 1958ع
| established_event5 = فرانس جو موجوده آئين{{efn-ur|Established the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]]}}
| established_date5 = 4 آڪٽوبر، 1958ع
| area_km2 = 6,40,679
| area_footnote = &lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook |chapter=Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |year=2012 |accessdate=4 September 2017 |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_rank = 42هون
| area_sq_mi = 2,48,600
| area_label2 =ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جي ايراضي
| area_data2 = {{convert|551695|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=three|French [[Institut Géographique National|National Geographic Institute]] data, which includes bodies of water.}} ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| area_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس
| area_data3 = {{convert|543940.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=four|French [[Land registration|Land Register]] data, which exclude lakes, ponds and [[glacier]]s larger than 1&amp;nbsp;km² (0.386&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi or 247&amp;nbsp;acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |title=France Métropolitaine |publisher=INSEE |year=2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828051307/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1 |archivedate=28 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by area|50th]])
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 6,72,01,000
| population_estimate_year = 2021ع
| population_estimate_rank = 21هون
| population_label2 = ڳتيل آبادي جي شرح
| population_data2 = 109
| population_label3 = ميٽروپولٽين فرانس جو تخمينو
| population_data3 = {{increase}} 6,50,58,000
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/serie/000436387 |title=Demography – Population at the beginning of the month – Metropolitan France |date=3 January 2018 |website=Insee |access-date=7 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|22nd]])
| population_density_km2 = 116
| population_density_sq_mi = 301
| pop_den_footnote =
| population_density_rank = 89جون
| GDP_PPP = 4.734 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026ع
| GDP_PPP_rank = 9هون
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = 52,083  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 22هون
| GDP_nominal = 3.596 ٽريلين [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026ع
| GDP_nominal_rank = 7هون
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = 68,567  [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 25هون
| Gini = 30.1&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| Gini_year = 2013ع
| Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| Gini_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Field Listing :: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.897&lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;HDI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 21هون
| currency = {{ubl
|[[يورو]] (€) (EUR) &lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=six|Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.}}
|سي ايف پي فرينڪ (ايڪس پي ايف)&lt;wbr/&gt;{{efn-ur|name=seven|French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.}}
}}
| time_zone = وچ يورپي معياري وقت
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = وچ يورپي اونهاري جو وقت{{efn-ur|name=eight|Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] only.}}&lt;wbr/&gt;
| DST_note = {{smaller|Note: various other time zones are observed in overseas France.}}{{efn-ur|name=nine|Time zones across the French Republic span from UTC-10 ([[French Polynesia]]) to UTC+12 ([[Wallis and Futuna]]).}}
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&amp;nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])
| drives_on = ساڄي پاسي
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in France|+33]]{{efn-ur|name=eleven|The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the [[French telephone numbering plan]], but have their own country calling codes: [[Guadeloupe]] +590; [[Martinique]] +596; [[French Guiana]] +594, [[Réunion]] and [[Mayotte]] +262; [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: [[New Caledonia]] +687, [[French Polynesia]] +689; [[Wallis and Futuna]] +681.}}
| cctld = [[.fr]]{{efn-ur|name=ten|In addition to [[.fr]], several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas ''départements'' and territories: [[.re]], [[.mq]], [[.gp]], [[.tf]], [[.nc]], [[.pf]], [[.wf]], [[.pm]], [[.gf]] and [[.yt]]. France also uses [[.eu]], shared with other members of the European Union. The [[.cat]] domain is used in [[Catalan Countries|Catalan-speaking territories]].}}
| footnotes = Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).
}}

[[فائل:Flag of France.svg|thumb|فرانس جو جھنڊو]]
'''فرانس''' (&lt;small&gt;'''France'''&lt;/small&gt;؛ فرانسيسي: &lt;small&gt;'''French'''&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;'''Republic)'''&lt;/small&gt;، سرڪاري طور تي فرانسيسي جمهوريه، [[يورپ]] جو هڪ وڏو ملڪ آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي اولهه يورپ ۾ واقع آهي. ان ۾، ائٽلانٽڪ، هندي سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ ۽ آمريڪا ۾ ٻاهريان علائقا پڻ شامل آهن، جيڪا ان کي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ڌار ڌار اقتصادي علائقن واري ملڪن مان هڪ بنائي ٿو. فرانس جي اتر ۾ [[بيلجيم]] ۽ [[لڪسمبرگ|لگزمبرگ]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[جرمني]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سوئيزرلينڊ|سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، ڏکڻ اوڀر ۾ [[اٽلي]] ۽ [[موناڪو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[انڊورا|اندورا]] ۽ [[اسپين]] ۽ اتر اولهه ۾ [[گڏيل بادشاھت|برطانيه]] سان هڪ سامونڊي سرحد آهي. ان جو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو رائن کان [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] تائين ۽ [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] کان انگلش چينل ۽ [[اتر سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي. هن جي ٻاهرين علائقن ۾ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ [[مئيوٽ]] ۽ ري يونين، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ [[فرينچ گيانا]]، اتر ائٽلانٽڪ ۾ سينٽ پيئر ۽ مگيلن، فرينچ ويسٽ انڊيز ۽ [[اوشينيا]] ۽ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۾ ڪيترائي ٻيٽ شامل آهن. هن جا ارڙهن مربوط علائقا، جن مان پنج اوورسيز آهن، سان گڏيل علائقو &lt;small&gt;'''6,43,801'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;'''2,48,573'''&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) تي مشتمل آهي ۽ جنوري &lt;small&gt;'''2024ع'''&lt;/small&gt; تائين ان جي ڪل آبادي 6 ڪروڙ 84 لک آهي. فرانس جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]] آهي.

فرانس هڪ واحد نيم صدارتي جمهوريه آهي. جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[پيرس|پئرس]]، ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ مکيه ثقافتي ۽ تجارتي مرڪز آهي. ٻين وڏن شهري علائقن ۾  مارسيل، ليون، ٽولوز، ليلي، بورڊيو، اسٽراسبرگ، نينٽس ۽ نيس شامل آهن.

فرانس صدين کان پنهنجي [[فن]]، [[سائنس]]، [[کاڌو|کاڌي]] ۽ [[فلسفو|فلسفي]] جي عالمي مرڪز جي حيثيت سان حيثيت برقرار رکي ٿو. اهو [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ|يونيسڪو جي عالمي ورثي جي جڳهن]] جي چوٿين نمبر تي آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪل 54 جڳهون آهن ۽ دنيا جو معروف سياحتي مقام آهي، جنهن کي 2025 ۾ 102 ملين پرڏيهي سياح مليا آهن. هڪ ترقي يافته ملڪ، فرانس جي عالمي سطح تي هڪ اعليٰ نامياتي في ماڻهو آمدني آهي ۽ ان جي [[معيشت]] نامياتي GDP ۽ PPP-ايڊجسٽ ٿيل GDP ٻنهي جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿي. اهو هڪ عظيم طاقت آهي، [[گڏيل قومن جي سيڪيورٽي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد 1999|گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي پنجن مستقل ميمبرن مان هڪ ۽ هڪ سرڪاري ايٽمي هٿيارن واري رياست آهي. ملڪ ڪيترن ئي بين الاقوامي تنظيمن ۽ فورمن جو حصو آهي. 
== نالو ==
فرانس جو نالو &quot;فرانڪس&quot;، هڪ اولهه جرمن ماڻهن جو گروپ جيڪو اتر کان لڏي آيو ۽ هاڻي جي فرانس ۾ آباد ٿيو، مان نڪتل آهي. رومي سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ ۽ سڄي وچين دور ۾، اهو موجوده فرانس کي گهيريل زمين جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان &quot;هيوڪيپٽ&quot; جي تاجپوشي سان ان کي فرانسيا جي بادشاهت ۽ پوءِ سرڪاري طور تي فلپ آگسٽس جي سربراهي ۾ فرانس سڏيو ويو. اهو اڄ به فرانس جي نالي سان مشهور آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;discoverfrance.net&quot;&gt;{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml |عنوان=History of France |ناشر=Discoverfrance.net |تاريخ الوصول=17 July 2011| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023041426/http://www.discoverfrance.net:80/France/History/DF_history.shtml | تاريخ أرشيف = 23 أكتوبر 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{استشهاد بكتاب |مؤلف2-الأخير=Blair |مؤلف2-الأول=Claude |مؤلف1-الأخير=Tarassuk |مؤلف1-الأول=Leonid |مسار= https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ |سنة=1982 |عنوان=The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations |صفحة=186 |ناشر=[[سايمون وشوستر]] |ردمك=0-671-42257-X |تاريخ الوصول=5 July 2011|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200618022951/https://books.google.com/books?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ&amp;hl=en|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اصل ۾ پوري فرينڪ سلطنت تي لاڳو ڪيو ويو، نالو &quot;فرانس&quot; لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرانسيا&quot; (فرينڪس جو دائرو) مان آيو آهي. فرينڪس جو نالو انگريزي لفظ &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. بعد وارو لفظ پراڻي فرانسيسي جي &quot;فرينڪ&quot; (آزاد، عظيم، مخلص) مان نڪتل آهي ۽ آخرڪار وچين دور جي لاطيني لفظ &quot;فرينڪس&quot; (آزاد، خدمت کان مستثنيٰ؛ هڪ آزاد ماڻهو، هڪ فرينڪ) مان نڪتل آهي. قبائلي نالي جو هڪ عام ڪرڻ، جيڪو ٻيهر تعمير ٿيل فرينڪ اينڊنام فرينڪ جي پوء واري لاطيني قرض جي طور تي اڀريو، تجويز ڪيو ويو آهي ته 'آزاد' جي معنيٰ اختيار ڪئي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته گال جي فتح کان پوءِ، صرف فرينڪس ٽيڪس کان آزاد هئا يا وڌيڪ عام طور تي ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي نوڪرن يا غلامن جي برعڪس آزاد ماڻهن جي حيثيت حاصل هئي. فرينڪ جي اشتقاق غير يقيني آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي پروٽو-جرمنڪ لفظ فرينڪون مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو 'جيولين' يا 'لانس' جي طور تي ترجمو ڪري ٿو (فرينڪس جي اڇلائيندڙ ڪهاڙي کي فرانسسڪا سڏيو ويندو هو)، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هٿيار شايد فرينڪس پاران انهن جي استعمال جي ڪري نالو رکيا ويا هجن. ٻئي طريقي سان نه.
==تاريخ==
{{Main|فرانس جي تاريخ}}
===ماقبل تاريخ===
{{Main|فرانس جي قديم تاريخ}}
هاڻي فرانس ۾ قديم انسانن جا سڀ کان پراڻا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 18 لک سال اڳ جا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot;&gt;Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. &quot; Histoire &quot;, Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17. {{ISBN|978-2-02-010879-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; نيندرٿل (&lt;small&gt;Neanderthal&lt;/small&gt;) هن علائقي تي مٿين قديم پٿر جي دور (&lt;small&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/small&gt;) ۾ قبضو ڪيو پر آهستي آهستي &lt;small&gt;35,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ موجوده انساني شڪل &lt;small&gt;(Homosapein)&lt;/small&gt; ۾ تبديل ٿيا. هن دور ۾ ڊورڊوگن ۽ پيرينيز ۾ غار جي نقاشي جو ظهور ٿيو، جنهن ۾ لاسڪئيو شامل آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt;   جيڪو تقريباً &lt;small&gt;18,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جو آهي. آخري برفاني دور (&lt;small&gt;10,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م) جي آخر ۾، آبهوا نرم ٿي وئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jean Carpentier 1987 p.17&quot; /&gt; لڳ ڀڳ &lt;small&gt;7,000&lt;/small&gt; ق.م کان اولهه يورپ جو هي حصو جديد پٿر جي دور ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ان جا رهواسي هتي وسي ويا.  

چوٿين ۽ ٽئين هزار سال قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ آبادي ۽ زرعي ترقي کان پوءِ، شروعات ۾ سون، ٽامي ۽ ڪانسي تي ۽ پوءِ لوهه تي ڪم ڪرڻ سان ڌاتو سازي جي ابتدا ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 20–24.&lt;/ref&gt; فرانس ۾ جديد پٿر جي دور کان ڪيترائي ميگاليٿڪ ماڳ موجود آهن، جن ۾ &quot;ڪارنڪ پٿر جو ماڳ&quot; (لڳ ڀڳ 3,300 ق.م) شامل آهي.

===قديم دور (600 ق.م - 500 عيسوي)=== 
600 ق.م ۾، فوقايا کان آيل آيوني يوناني ماساليا &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA754 |title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-08691-2 |page=754 |access-date=23 January 2011}}; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&amp;pg=PA62|title=A history of ancient Greece|author=Claude Orrieux|page=62|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=1999|access-date=23 January 2011|isbn=978-0-631-20309-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; (هاڻوڪي مارسيلئ) جي ڪالوني قائم ڪيا. ڪيلٽڪ قبيلا اوڀر ۽ اتر فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ داخل ٿيا. پنجين ۽ ٽين صدي قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ملڪ جي باقي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ويا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 29.&lt;/ref&gt; 390 ق.م جي لڳ ڀڳ، گيلڪ سردار برينس ۽ سندس فوج رومن اٽلي ڏانهن روانا ٿي، ايليا جي جنگ ۾ رومن کي شڪست ڏنو ۽ روم جو گهيرو ڪيو ۽ تاوان ورتو. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0080:book=2:chapter=91 |website=perseus.tufts.edu |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512112050/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0080%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D91 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ان ڪري روم ڪمزور ٿي ويو ۽ گال 345 ق.م تائين علائقي کي تنگ ڪندا رهيا، جڏهن اهي امن معاهدي ۾ داخل ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19&lt;/ref&gt; پر رومي ۽ گال صديون تائين هڪ ٻئي جا مخالف رهيا.&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|alt=Maison Carrée temple in Nemausus Corinthian columns and portico|&quot;ميسون ڪيري&quot; گيلو-رومن شهر نيماؤسس (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن نميس) جو هڪ مندر هو ۽ اها ڪٿي به بهترين محفوظ ڪيل رومن مندرن مان هڪ آهي.]]
سال &lt;small&gt;125&lt;/small&gt; ق.م. جي آس پاس، گال جي ڏکڻ کي رومن فتح ڪيا. جيڪي هن علائقي کي &quot;پرووينشيا نوسٽرا&quot; (اسان جو صوبو) سڏيندا هئا، جيڪو فرانسيسي ۾ پروونس ۾ تبديل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=13 July 1953 |title=Provence in Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA77 |magazine=Life |page=77 |access-date=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[جوليس سيزر]] گال جي باقي حصي کي فتح ڪيو ۽ &lt;small&gt;52&lt;/small&gt; ق.م ۾ گيلڪ سردار ورسنگٽورس جي بغاوت تي قابو پاتو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 44–45.&lt;/ref&gt; گال کي آگسٽس صوبن ۾ ورهايو&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot;&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 53–55.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ گالو-رومن دور ۾ ڪيترا ئي شهر قائم ڪيا ويا، جنهن ۾ لوگڊونم (هاڻوڪي ڏينهن ليون)، گال جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، شامل آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;c53&quot; /&gt; سال &lt;small&gt;250-290&lt;/small&gt; عيسوي ۾، رومن گال کي هڪ بحران جو سامنا ٿيو جنهن جي مضبوط حدن تي باربيرن پاران حملو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;c77&quot;&gt;Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77&lt;/ref&gt; صورتحال چوٿين صدي جي پهرين اڌ ۾ بهتر ٿي، جن کي بحالي ۽ خوشحالي جو دور سڏيو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 79–82.&lt;/ref&gt; سال 312ع ۾، رومن شهنشاهه قسطنطين اول عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. عيسائي، جيڪا اڃا تائين ستايا ويندا هئا، وڌيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; پر 5هين صدي کان، باربيرن جا حملا ٻيهر شروع ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; ٽيوٽوني قبيلا، ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ آباد ٿيندڙ ويزيگوٿ، رائن وادي سان گڏ برگنڊي ۽ اتر ۾ فرينڪس علائقي تي حملا ڪيا.&lt;ref&gt;Carpentier ''et al.'' 2000, pp. 84–88.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== شروعاتي وچين دور (5 هين-10 هين صدي) ===
قديم دور جي آخر ۾، گال جرمن بادشاهتن ۾ ورهايل هو ۽ باقي گالو-رومن علائقن ۾ ڪيلٽڪ برطانوي, برطانيه جي اينگلو-سيڪسن آبادڪاري کان ڀڄي، اولهه آرموريڪا ۾ آباد ٿيا. آرموريڪن جزيري نما جو نالو برٽاني رکيو ويو ۽ ڪيلٽڪ ڪلچر بحال ٿيو.

سڀني فرينڪس کي متحد ڪرڻ وارو پهريون اڳواڻ ڪلووس اول هو. جنهن سال 481ع ۾ سالين فرينڪس جي بادشاهه جي حيثيت سان پنهنجي حڪومت شروع ڪئي. سال 486ع ۾ رومن گورنرن جي آخري فوجن کي شڪست ڏنو. ڪلووس چيو ته ويزيگوٿڪ بادشاهت جي خلاف فتح جي صورت ۾ هو عيسائي طور بپتسما وٺندو، جنهن لاءِ چيو ويندو هو ته جنگ جي ضمانت ڏني هئي. ڪلووس ويزيگوٿن کان ڏکڻ اولهه واپس حاصل ڪيو ۽ سال 508ع ۾ هن کي بپتسما ڏنو ويو. ڪلووِس، اولهائين رومن سلطنت جي زوال کان پوءِ، پهريون جرمن فاتح هو، جنهن ڪيٿولڪ عيسائيت اختيار ڪئي. اهڙيءَ طرح فرانس کي پوپ جي عهد نامي طرفان &quot;چرچ جي وڏي ڌيءَ&quot; جو لقب ڏنو ويو&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Faith of the Eldest Daughter&amp;nbsp;– Can France retain her Catholic heritage? |url=http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722112834/http://www.wf-f.org/03-1-France.html |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=Wf-f.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ فرانسيسي بادشاهن کي &quot;فرانس جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ عيسائي بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو ويو.

[[File:Chlodwigs taufe.jpg|thumb|alt=painting of Clovis I conversion to Catholicism in 498, a king being baptised in a tub in a cathedral surrounded by bishop and monks|سال 498 عيسوي ۾ ڪلووِس جي ڪيٿولڪ مذهب ۾ تبديليءَ سان, فرينڪ بادشاهت (ان وقت تائين چونڊيل ۽ سيڪيولر) موروثي ۽ خدائي حق جي بڻجي وئي. ]]
فرينڪن عيسائي گيلو-رومن ڪلچر کي قبول ڪيو ۽ گال جو نالو فرانسيا (&quot;فرينڪن جي سرزمين&quot;) رکيو ويو. جرمن فرينڪن رومن ٻوليون اختيار ڪيون. ڪلووِس [[پيرس]] کي پنهنجو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بڻايو ۽ ميرووِنگين خاندان قائم ڪيو. پر سندس بادشاهت سندس موت تائين نه رهي. فرينڪن زمين کي ذاتي ملڪيت سمجهيو ۽ ان کي پنهنجن وارثن ۾ ورهايو. تنهن ڪري ڪلووِس بادشاهت مان چار بادشاهتون وجود ۾ آيون. پيرس، اورلين، سوئيسن ۽ ريمس. آخري ميرووِنگين بادشاهن محل جي پنهنجن ميئرن (گهر جي سربراهه) کان طاقت وڃائي ڇڏي. محل جي هڪ ميئر، چارلس مارٽيل، 732 ۾ ٽورز جي جنگ ۾ اموي حملي کي شڪست ڏني. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ray |first=Michael |title=Battle of Tours |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=13 June 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |access-date=10 April 2025 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922103238/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Tours-732 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; سندس پٽ، پيپن دي شارٽ، ڪمزور ميرووِنگن کان فرانسيا جو تاج کسي ورتو ۽ ڪيرولِنگن خاندان جي بنياد رکي. پيپن جو پٽ شارليمين, فرينڪ بادشاهتن کي ٻيهر گڏ ڪيو ۽ مغربي ۽ وچ يورپ ۾ هڪ سلطنت ٺاهي. 

پوپ ليو III پاران پاڪ رومن شهنشاهه جو اعلان ڪيو ويو ۽ اهڙي طرح ڪيٿولڪ چرچ سان فرانسيسي حڪومت جي ڊگهي تاريخي وابستگي قائم ڪئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;georgetown1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=France |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france |archive-date=6 February 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]}} See drop-down essay on &quot;Religion and Politics until the French Revolution&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; شارليمين مغربي رومن سلطنت ۽ ان جي ثقافتي شان کي بحال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. شارليمين جي پٽ لوئس پهرين سلطنت کي متحد رکيو. بهرحال 843 ۾ اهو لوئس جي ٽن پٽن جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو. اوڀر فرانسيا، وچ فرانسيا ۽ اولهه فرانسيا ۾. اولهه فرانسيا جديد فرانس جي قبضي واري علائقي جي ويجهو  آهي ۽ ان جو اڳواڻ آهي. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 February 2008 |title=Treaty of Verdun |url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=History.howstuffworks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

9 هين ۽ 10 هين صدي دوران, وائڪنگ جي حملي جي خطري کان,    فرانس هڪ غير مرڪزي رياست بڻجي ويو. اميرن جا لقب ۽ زمينون موروثي بڻجي ويون ۽ بادشاهه جو اختيار سيڪيولر کان وڌيڪ مذهبي ٿي ويو ۽ تنهن ڪري گهٽ اثرائتو ۽ اميرن پاران چئلينج ڪيو ويو. اهڙي طرح فرانس ۾ جاگيرداري قائم ڪئي وئي. ڪجهه بادشاهه جا واسل تمام طاقتور ٿي ويا. اهي بادشاهه لاءِ خطرو بڻيا. 1066ع ۾ هيسٽنگز جي جنگ کان پوءِ وليم فاتح پنهنجي لقبن ۾ &quot;انگلينڊ جو بادشاهه&quot;, فرانس جي بادشاهه جي برابر, شامل ڪيو جيڪو بار بار تڪرار پيدا ڪيو.

=== آخري وچين دور (10هين-15هين صدي) ===
{{See also|France in the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|جون آف آرڪ, سو سالن جي جنگ (1337-1453) دوران   فرانسيسي فوج کي ڪيترن ئي اهم فتحن تائين پهچايو, جنهن آخري فتح لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.]]

ڪيرولنگين خاندان 987 تائين فرانس تي حڪومت ڪئي. جڏهن هيو ڪيپٽ کي فرينڪس جو بادشاهه بڻايو ويو. سندس اولاد جنگين ۽ ورثي ذريعي ملڪ کي متحد ڪيو. 1190 کان. ڪيپيٽين حڪمرانن کي &quot;فرينڪس جا بادشاهه&quot; جي بدران &quot;فرانس جا بادشاهه&quot; سڏيو ويندو هو. بعد ۾ بادشاهن 15 صدي تائين جديد فرانس جي اڌ کان وڌيڪ حصي کي ڍڪڻ لاءِ پنهنجي سڌي طرح قبضي واري ڊومين رائل کي وڌايو. شاهي اختيار وڌيڪ زوردار ٿي ويو. هڪ درجي بندي واري تصور ڪيل سماج تي مرڪز. اميرن، پادرين ۽ عام ماڻهن کي فرق ڪرڻ. * 

شرافت (Nobility) صليبي جنگن ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. پاڪ سرزمين تائين عيسائي رسائي بحال ڪرڻ لاءِ. فرانسيسي نائيٽس صليبي جنگن جي 200 سالن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مضبوطي ٺاهي. اهڙي طرح. ته عربن صليبي جنگين کي فرنگي سڏيو. فرانسيسي صليبي جنگين فرانسيسي کي ليونٽ ۾ درآمد ڪيو. پراڻي فرينچ کي صليبي رياستن جي لنگوا فرينڪا (&quot;فرينڪ ٻولي&quot;) جو بنياد بڻائڻ. البيگينسين صليبي جنگ 1209 ۾ شروع ڪئي وئي ته جيئن جديد فرانس جي ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ بدعتي ڪيٿرن کي ختم ڪري سگهجي. * 11 صدي کان. هائوس آف پلانٽيجينيٽ (انجو ڪائونٽي جا حڪمران) مين ۽ ٽورين جي آس پاس جي صوبن تي پنهنجو تسلط قائم ڪيو. پوءِ انگلينڊ کان پيرينيس تائين هڪ &quot;سلطنت&quot; ٺاهي. جديد فرانس جي اڌ حصي کي ڍڪي ڇڏيو. فرانس ۽ پلانٽيجينيٽ سلطنت جي وچ ۾ تڪرار هڪ سو سال تائين رهندو. جيستائين فرانس جي فلپ II (1202 ۽ 1214 جي وچ ۾) سلطنت جي اڪثر براعظمي ملڪيتن کي فتح نه ڪيو. انگلينڊ ۽ اڪيوٽين پلانٽيجينٽس کي ڇڏي ڏنو. * چارلس IV فيئر 1328 ۾ وارث کان سواءِ فوت ٿي ويو. تاج ايڊورڊ پلانٽيجينيٽ جي بدران فلپ آف ويلوئس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيو. جيڪو گذريل سال انگلينڊ جو ايڊورڊ III بڻجي چڪو هو. فلپ جي دور ۾. بادشاهت پنهنجي وچئين دور جي طاقت جي عروج تي پهتي. ايڊورڊ 1337 ۾ فلپ جي تخت تي مقابلو ڪيو. انگلينڊ ۽ فرانس جي وچ ۾ وقفي وقفي سان سو سالن جي جنگ شروع ٿي. حدون تبديل ٿي ويون. پر فرانس اندر انگريزي بادشاهن جي زمينداري ڏهاڪن تائين وسيع رهي. جون آف آرڪ جهڙن ڪرشماتي اڳواڻن سان. فرانسيسي جوابي حملي گهڻا انگريزي براعظمي علائقا واپس کٽي ورتا. فرانس کي ڪاري موت جو شڪار ڪيو ويو. جنهن مان 17 ملين آبادي جو اڌ حصو مري ويو. * ابتدائي جديد دور (15 صدي - 1789):

Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when [[Hugh Capet]] was crowned [[List of French monarchs|king of the Franks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of France&amp;nbsp;– The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328 |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&amp;HistoryID=ab03&amp;gtrack=pthc |archive-date=6 August 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian rulers]] began to be referred as &quot;kings of France&quot; rather than &quot;kings of the Franks&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Babbitt |first=Susan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39 |title=Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V |date=1985 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=978-0-871-69751-6 |page=39 |ol=2874232M |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175213/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyALAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA39#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later kings expanded their directly possessed [[Crown lands of France|''domaine royal'']] to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a [[Estates of the realm|hierarchically conceived society]] distinguishing [[French nobility|nobility]], clergy, and [[Estates General (France)|commoners]].

The nobility played a prominent role in [[Crusades]] to restore Christian access to the [[Holy Land]]. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as ''Franj''.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Jean-Benoit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34 |title=The Story of French |last2=Barlow |first2=Julie |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0 |page=34ff |author-link=Jean-Benoît Nadeau |author-link2=Julie Barlow |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&amp;pg=PT34#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; French Crusaders imported French into the [[Levant]], making [[Old French]] the base of the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (&quot;Frankish language&quot;) of the [[Crusader states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;google.fr&quot;/&gt; The [[Albigensian Crusade]] was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical [[Catharism|Cathars]] in the southwest of modern-day France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=28 April 1961 |title=Massacre of the Pure |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120172908/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,897752-2,00.html |archive-date=20 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the 11th century, the [[House of Plantagenet]], rulers of the [[County of Anjou]], established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of [[Maine (province)|Maine]] and [[Touraine]], then built an &quot;empire&quot; from England to the [[Pyrenees]], covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the [[Angevin Empire|Plantagenet empire]] would last a hundred years, until [[Philip II of France]] conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and [[Aquitaine]] to the Plantagenets.

[[Charles IV of France|Charles IV the Fair]] died without an heir in 1328.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Guerard |first=Albert |title=France: A Modern History |date=1959 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |pages=100, 101 |author-link=Albert Léon Guérard}}&lt;/ref&gt; The crown passed to [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]] rather than Edward Plantagenet, who had become [[Edward III]] of England the previous year. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.&lt;ref name=&quot;guerard&quot;/&gt; Edward contested Philip's throne in 1337, beginning the intermittent [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Templeman |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Templeman |date=1952 |title=Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=2 |pages=69–88 |doi=10.2307/3678784|jstor=3678784 |s2cid=161389883 | issn=0080-4401}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders such as [[Joan of Arc]], French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the [[Black Death]], from which half of the 17&amp;nbsp;million population died.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Le Roy Ladurie |first=Emmanuel |title=The French peasantry, 1450–1660 |date=1987 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05523-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frenchpeasantry10000lero/page/32 32] |author-link=Emmanuel}}; {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Turchin |author-link=Peter Turchin |date=2003 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&amp;pg=PA179 179] |title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11669-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Early modern period (15th century–1789)===
{{Main|France in the early modern period}}

The [[French Renaissance]] saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the [[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts|official language of France]] and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the [[House of Habsburg]] during the [[Italian Wars]], which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the [[French colonial empire]]. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the [[French Wars of Religion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |access-date=21 July 2011 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504150458/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; This forced [[Huguenots]] to flee to Protestant regions such as the [[British Isles]] and [[Switzerland]]. The wars were ended by [[Henry IV of France|Henri IV's]] [[Edict of Nantes]], which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rex |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302 |title=Tudors: The Illustrated History |year=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4403-5 |via=Google Books |access-date=6 March 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175344/https://books.google.com/books?id=uSVVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT302#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] cost France 300,000 casualties; total deaths on both sides were 200,000.&lt;ref name=c&gt;Micheal Clodfelter, ''Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015'' (McFarland, 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;

Under [[Louis XIII]], [[Cardinal Richelieu]] promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established &quot;the royal monopoly of force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tilly, Charles (1985). &quot;War making and state making as organized crime,&quot; in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, &amp; T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p. 174.&lt;/ref&gt; France fought in the [[Thirty Years' War]], supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name = &quot;BNF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | author = Cécil Vidal | date = May 2021 | url = https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | website = bnf.fr | title = Slave trade | language = en | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124165612/https://heritage.bnf.fr/france-ameriques/en/slave-trade-article | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Louis XIV of France.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Louis XIV of France standing in plate armour and blue sash facing left holding baton|[[Louis XIV]], the &quot;Sun King&quot;, was the [[Absolute monarchy in France|absolute monarch of France]] who made the country the [[leading power]] in Europe.]]

During [[Louis XIV]]'s minority, trouble known as [[The Fronde]] occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and [[Parliament|sovereign courts]] as a reaction to the [[Absolutism (European history)|royal absolute power]]. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV, during which France further increased its influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joel Colton-1978&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=R.R. Palmer |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm |title=A History of the Modern World |last2=Joel Colton |year=1978 |edition=5th |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw00palm/page/161 161] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; By turning lords into [[courtier]]s at the [[Palace of Versailles]], his command of the military went unchallenged. The &quot;Sun King&quot; made France the leading European power. France became the [[Demographics of France|most populous European country]] and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, [[Languages of science|science]], and literature until the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Language and Diplomacy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Language and Diplomacy |url=http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070018/http://www.nakedtranslations.com/en/2004/language-and-diplomacy/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Nakedtranslations.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revoked the Edict of Nantes]], forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the ''[[Code Noir]]'' providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | journal = Louisiana Law Review | title = The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir | author = Vernon Valentine Palmer | url = https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5 | year = 1996 | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | access-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-date = 24 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230124174315/https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol56/iss2/5/ | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under the wars of [[Louis XV]], France lost [[New France]] and most [[French India|Indian possessions]] after its defeat in the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763). [[Metropolitan France|Its European territory]] kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as [[Lorraine]] and [[Corsica]]. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml |url-status=live }}; {{Cite web|url=http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|title=Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)|access-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Louis XVI]] [[France in the American Revolutionary War|supported America with money, fleets and armies]], helping them win [[American Revolutionary War|independence from Great Britain]]. France gained revenge but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the [[Antoine Lavoisier|naming of oxygen]] and the first [[Montgolfier brothers|hot air balloon carrying passengers]], were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration|voyages of scientific exploration]] through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which [[Rationalism|reason]] is advocated as the primary source of [[Political legitimacy|legitimacy]], undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution.

===Revolutionary France (1789–1799)===
[[File:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|alt=drawing of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, smoke of gunfire enveloping stone castle|The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the [[French Revolution]].]]
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the [[Estates General of 1789]], and ended with the [[coup of 18 Brumaire]] in 1799 and the formation of the [[French Consulate]]. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of [[liberal democracy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Livesey |first=James |title=Making Democracy in the French Revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-6740-0624-9|page=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Fehér |first=Ferenc |url=https://archive.org/details/frenchrevolution0000unse_a4w7 |title=The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity |date=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5200-7120-9 |edition=1992|pages=117–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Causes of the French Revolution|Its causes]] were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the {{lang|fr|[[Ancien Régime]]}} proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the [[convocation]] of the [[Estates General of 1789|Estates General]], which was converted into a [[National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]] in June. The [[Storming of the Bastille]] on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the [[Abolition of feudalism in France|abolition of feudalism]], state control over the [[Catholic Church in France]], and a [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|declaration of rights]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |title=The Consequences of Radical Reform: The French Revolution |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Caroni |first2=Davide |last3=Johnson |first3=Simon |last4=Robinson |first4=James A. |date=April 2009 |series=NBER Working Paper Series |number=Working Paper 14831 |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |access-date=23 July 2025 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722000838/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/jr_consequeces_frenchrev.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The next three years were dominated by a struggle for political control, exacerbated by [[economic depression]]. Military defeats following the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] in April 1792 resulted in the [[insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. The [[Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|monarchy was abolished]] and replaced by the [[French First Republic]] in September, while [[execution of Louis XVI|Louis XVI was executed]] in January 1793.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2023 |title=The death of Louis XVI |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/the-death-of-louis-xvi-france-1793 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After another [[Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793|revolt in June 1793]], the constitution was suspended and power passed from the [[National Convention]] to the [[Committee of Public Safety]]. About 16,000 people were executed in a [[Reign of Terror]], which [[Thermidorian Reaction|ended in July 1794]]. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the [[French Directory|Directory]]. Four years later in 1799, the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] seized power in [[Coup of 18 Brumaire|a coup]] led by [[Napoleon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | title=HIST 202 - Lecture 24 - the Collapse of Communism and Global Challenges &amp;#124; Open Yale Courses | access-date=13 June 2025 | archive-date=13 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613094454/https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-202/lecture-24 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Napoleonic France (1799–1815)===
{{Main|France in the long nineteenth century}}

[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=painting of Napoleon in 1806 standing with hand in vest attended by staff and Imperial guard regiment|[[Napoleon]], [[Emperor of the French]], built [[First French Empire|a vast empire across Europe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Frank W. |last=Thackeray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |title=Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-313-29076-3 |page=6 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0ktX_xI1fYC&amp;pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Napoleon]] became [[French Consulate|First Consul]] in 1799 and later [[Constitution of the Year XII|Emperor]] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. Changing sets of [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|European coalitions]] declared [[Napoleonic Wars|wars on Napoleon's empire]]. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt|battles of Jena-Auerstadt]] and [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]]. Members of the [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blanning |first=Tim |author-link=T. C. W. Blanning|date=April 1998 |title=Napoleon and German identity |volume=48 |work=[[History Today]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the [[metric system]], [[Napoleonic Code]] and [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]. In 1812 Napoleon [[French invasion of Russia|attacked Russia]], reaching [[Moscow]]. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing [[War of the Sixth Coalition|uprising of European monarchies]] against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen [[Napoleonic Wars casualties|died during the Napoleonic Wars]], including 306,000 killed.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blanning&quot;/&gt; After his [[Hundred Days|brief return]] from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], and the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon monarchy was restored]] with new constitutional limitations.

===Colonial empire===

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, which established the constitutional [[July Monarchy]]; French troops began the [[French conquest of Algeria|conquest of Algeria]]. Unrest led to the [[French Revolution of 1848]] and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic, [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]], Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]], as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in [[Crimean War|Crimea]], [[Second French intervention in Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Second Italian War of Independence|Italy]]. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kiernan2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Ben |last=Kiernan |url=https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326 |title=Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374 374] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; France suffered an estimated 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded across all colonial campaigns.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; A few thousand died in Mexico or [[French conquest of Vietnam|Vietnam]], but the vast majority perished in Algeria. Disease claimed an even heavier toll; one estimate puts total French and [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]] deaths from battle and disease for the entire 19th century at 110,000.&lt;ref name=c/&gt;

[[File:EmpireFrench.png|thumb|[[French colonial empire]]s: {{legend|#118cb4|First}} {{legend|#002c74|Second}}]]

France had [[French colonial empire|colonial possessions]] since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its empire extended greatly and became [[List of largest empires|the second-largest]] behind the [[British Empire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lexington Books-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5 |editor-last=Hargreaves, Alan G. |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13&amp;nbsp;million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the ''[[Belle Époque]]'', the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, [[Secular state|state secularism]] was [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State|officially established]].

===Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)===
{{Main|History of France (1900–present)}}

[[File:El 114 de infantería, en París, el 14 de julio de 1917, León Gimpel.jpg|thumb|French [[Poilu]]s posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I]]
France was [[French entry into World War I|invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain]] at the start of [[World War I]] in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] emerged victorious against the [[Central Powers]] at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 January 2008 |title=France's oldest WWI veteran dies |publisher=BBC News |location=London |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Spencer C. Tucker]], Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25 Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175903/https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&amp;pg=PR25|date=18 May 2024}}''. ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-420-2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, France suffered 4,266,000 wounded.&lt;ref name=c/&gt; Interwar was marked by [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|intense international tensions]] and social reforms introduced by the [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front government]] (e.g., [[annual leave]], [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour workdays]], [[women in government]]).

In 1940, France was [[Battle of France|invaded and quickly defeated]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. France was divided into a [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation zone]] in the north, an [[Italian occupation of France|Italian occupation zone]] and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of southern France and the French empire. The [[Vichy France|Vichy government]], an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. [[Free France]], the government-in-exile led by&amp;nbsp;[[Charles de Gaulle]], was set up in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Crémieux-Brilhac |first=Jean-Louis |title=La France libre |publisher=Gallimard |year=1996 |isbn=2-07-073032-8 |location=Paris |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around [[The Holocaust in France|75,000 Jews]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml|url-status=live}}; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|title=France|access-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075910/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429|archive-date=6 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; were deported to [[Extermination camp|death]] and [[Internment|concentration camps]].&lt;ref&gt;Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=14 October 2014}} (French)&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 June 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded Normandy]], and in August they [[Operation Dragoon|invaded Provence]]. The Allies and [[French Resistance]] emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to [[Western Allied invasion of Germany|wage war against Germany]] and to [[Épuration légale|purge collaborators from office]]. It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a [[Social security in France|social security]] system.

===1946–present===
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Charles de Gaulle seated in uniform looking left with folded arms|[[Charles de Gaulle]], a hero of World War I, leader of the [[Free French Forces|Free French]] during [[World War II]], and [[President of France]]]]
A new constitution resulted in the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]] (1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth (''les [[Trente Glorieuses]]''). France was a founding member of [[NATO]] and attempted to [[First Indochina War|regain control of French Indochina]], but was defeated by the [[Viet Minh]] in 1954. France faced another [[anti-colonialist]] [[Algerian War|conflict in Algeria]], then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ([[Pied-Noir]]). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Macqueen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first=Norrie |last=Macqueen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131 |title=Colonialism |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86480-6 |page=131 |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181347/https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YSBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA131#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|title=In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War|first=Michael|last=Kimmelman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 March 2009|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090303/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crozier |first1=Brian |last2=Mansell, Gerard |date=July 1960 |title=France and Algeria |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=310–321 |doi=10.2307/2610008 |jstor=2610008|s2cid=153591784 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[May 1958 crisis in France|May 1958 crisis]], the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the [[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]], which included a strengthened presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From Fourth to Fifth Republic |url=http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Sunderland]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The war concluded with the [[Évian Accords]] in 1962 which led to [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|Algerian independence]], at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2&amp;nbsp;million internally-displaced Algerians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika |date=2009 |publisher=Springer |page=75}}; {{Cite book|author=David P Forsythe|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights|year=2009|publisher=OUP US|isbn=978-0-19-533402-9|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&amp;pg=PA37 37]}}; {{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Schmidt|title=Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-31065-0|page=46|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518181228/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCMgAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around one million Pied-Noirs and [[Harki]]s fled from Algeria to France.&lt;ref name=&quot;google4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Cutts, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&amp;pg=PA38 |title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action |last2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199241040 |page=38 |access-date=13 January 2017}} Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. ''Algeria: France's Undeclared War''. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; A vestige of the empire is the [[Overseas France|French overseas departments and territories]].

During the [[Cold War]], de Gaulle pursued a policy of &quot;national independence&quot; towards the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern blocs]]. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a [[Force de dissuasion|nuclear development programme]] and made France the [[France and weapons of mass destruction|fourth nuclear power]]. He [[Élysée Treaty|restored]] cordial [[France–Germany relations|Franco-German relations]] to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a [[Supranational union|supranational Europe]], favouring [[Sovereign state|sovereign nations]]. The revolt of [[May 68|May 1968]] had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Bourg, ''From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|economies in the world]] but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational [[European Union]], notably by signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992, establishing the [[eurozone]] in 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;superficy&quot; /&gt; and signing the [[Treaty of Lisbon]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council |url=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html |archive-date=25 October 2005 |access-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=Elysee.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=France and NATO |url=http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509044211/http://www.rpfrance-otan.org/France-and-NATO |archive-date=9 May 2014 |website=La France à l'Otan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Overview of Calais Jungle.jpg|thumb|[[Calais Jungle]]]]
Since the 19th century, France has [[Immigration to France|received many immigrants]], often male [[foreign worker]]s from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;&gt;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, &quot;France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations&quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?id=cVa46Q7oMlcC&amp;pg=PA160 p. 160]&lt;/ref&gt; During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the [[Maghreb]], in northwest Africa)&lt;ref name=&quot;Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop&quot;/&gt; to permanently [[Family reunification|settle in France with their families]] and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates.&lt;ref&gt;Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, &quot;The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?&quot; ''International Migration'' (2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34.&lt;/ref&gt; The government had a policy of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=French Government Revives Assimilation Policy |first=Sylvia|last= Zappi|publisher=Migration Policy Institute|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130222428/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/french-government-revives-assimilation-policy |archive-date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the 2000s, France experienced continued immigration from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. In addition, [[Migrants around Calais|Calais]] became a transit area for migrants.

Since the [[1995 France bombings|1995 public transport bombings]], France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks|''Charlie Hebdo'' attack]] in 2015 which provoked the [[Republican marches|largest public rallies]] in French history, gathering 4.4&amp;nbsp;million people,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Hinnant |first1=Lori |last2=Adamson |first2=Thomas |date=11 January 2015 |title=Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History |agency=Associated Press |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}; {{Cite news|title=Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|access-date=12 January 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=12 January 2015|archive-date=18 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118000629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 November 2015 |title=Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119045510/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help |url-status=live }}; {{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|title=Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers|first=Nafeesa|last=Syeed|newspaper=The Irish Independent|date=15 November 2015|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120093545/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the deadliest in the European Union since the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings in 2004]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 November 2015 |title=Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |access-date=19 November 2015 |archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322235013/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Opération Chammal]], France's military efforts to contain [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]], killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=French policies provoke terrorist attacks |url=http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks |website=The Matador |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922230329/http://thematadorsghs.us/index.php/2015/12/14/french-policies-provoke-terrorist-attacks/ |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |editor-first=Gabriel |editor-last=Goodliffe |editor-first2=Riccardo |editor-last2=Brizzi |title=France After 2012 |publisher=Berghahn Books |date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==جاگرافي== 
==سياست==
==معيشت== 
==آباديات==
==ثقافت==
==گيلري==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains - Mt-Blanc JPG01.jpg|مرتفعات مونت بلاك بجبال الألب.
File:Pointe du van.jpg|بوانت دو فان، في الطرف الغربي من [[برطانية (فرنسا)|بريتاني]].
File:Usson JPG01.jpg|قرية أوسون، المرتفعات الوسطى.
File:Sainte Anne Plage.JPG|شاطئ سانت آن، جواديلوب..
File:Montpinchon bocage.jpg|[[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Cliffs etretat.jpg|منحدرات إتريت، [[نرمندية|نورماندي]].
File:Etang de Sologne.jpeg|أحواض وغابات سولونيا.
File:Châtenois 040.JPG|[[تشاتينويس]]، [[ألزس|ألزاس]].
File:Crocq pâturages.jpg|مراعي, [[كروز (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Bora Bora - Mt Otemanu.jpg|[[بورا بورا]] ومناخها الاستوائي.
File:Lavender field.jpg|حقل الخزامى [[بروفنس]].
File:Chalou Moulineux (19).jpg|حقل الحبوب في [[إسون|إيسون (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Cirque-de-Gavarnie.jpg|سيرك دي جافارني, [[البرانس]].
File:Lac Vert de Fontanalbe.jpg|بحيرة فونتانالب الخضراء، [[الألب البحرية (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:Weinberg Cote de Nuits.jpg|[[Vignoble de la côte de Beaune]]، [[برغونية|بورغندي]].
File:Aiguille du Dru 3.jpg|قمة درو، [[سافوا العليا (إقليم فرنسي)]].
File:04 Calanche Piana.jpg|[[Calanques de Piana]]، [[كورسيكا]].
File:Logonna-Daoulas, Vaches Limousine.JPG|أبقار ليموزان، [[ليموزان]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو== 
{{Portal|يورپ|يورپي يونين|فرانس|جاگرافي|ملڪ}}
* [[فرانس ۾ اسلام]] 
* [[فرانسيسي انقلاب]]
* [[فرانسيسي ٻولي]] 
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==وڌيڪ پڙهن==

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:فرانس]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:جمهوريتون]]
[[زمرو:اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:ڏکڻ اولهائين يورپ جا ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي اتحاد جا رڪن ملڪ]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي ڪائونسل جون ڀاتي رياستون]]
[[زمرو:فرانسيسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]
[[زمرو:فرينچ سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7700" sha1="aeyqoctwjg6acu9txdkvokzwhutgnn0" xml:space="preserve">'''سنڌي''' (Sindhi) هڪ هند-آريائي نسلي گروهه آهي جيڪا سنڌ (موجوده پاڪستان جو هڪ علائقو) مان نڪتل ۽ اتي آباد آهن جيڪا هڪ عام سنڌي ثقافت، تاريخ، نسب ۽ ٻولي شيئر ڪن ٿا. سنڌين جو تاريخي وطن ڏکڻ اوڀر بلوچستان، پنجاب جو بهاولپور علائقو، راجستان جو مارواڙ علائقو ۽ گجرات جو ڪڇ علائقو سان لڳل آهي.
{|table id=&quot;toc&quot; style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:130%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#FBCEB1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot; color=black&gt;سنڌي لوڪَ&lt;font&gt;'''
|-
|-style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:100%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid #D3D3D3;&quot; | [[فائل:Sindhi Musician.JPG|250px]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F7E7CE&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=black&gt;سنڌين جي ڳڻپ&lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=gray&gt;؟ &lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|53,410,910: || [[پاڪستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of Pakistan.svg|30px]]
|-
|5890،000: || [[هندستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of India.svg|30px]]
|-
|[[ٻولي]]: || [[سنڌي ٻولي]] 
|-
|}
سنڌي ماڻھو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ آباد ماڻھن جو هڪ نسلي گروھ آهي جيڪو دراوڙ، آريائي ۽ سامي نسلن سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻھو [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[ڀارت]] ۾ وڏي تعداد ۾ رهن ٿا. پاڪستان جو سنڌ صوبو انھن جي نالي سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻهو سنڌي ٻولي کي مادري ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن ۽ اردو يا هندي کي ٻي درجي جي ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن.

هندستان جي ورهاڱي کانپوء مسلمان سنڌي نئين ملڪ پاڪستان ۽ هندو سنڌي هندستان هليا ويا. سنڌي ماڻهن جي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي ۽ مھاڻا ملاح ھزارن سالن کان سري لنڪا ۾ واپار لائي ويندا رھيا آھن جڏھن تہ ڀارت کان پوء سري لنڪا مين سنڌي وڏي تعداد ۾ رھندا آھن. هندو مذهب جي مڃيندڙن جو به وڏو انگ آهي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين مذهبن جا پيروڪار آهن.&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; padding:2px; border: 1px solid #BBB; text-align:center; font-size:90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot; |سنڌي رهڻي ڪهڻي
|-
| [[فائل:Ralli is Sindhi-Pakistani quilt.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi shoes.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi Chabba.JPG|150px]]
|-
|}

== نالو ==
لفظ ”سنڌ“ يا ”سنڌو” سنسڪرت ٻولي مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب ”وڏو درياھ“  آهي ۽ سنڌو درياھ جي ڪپن کي پهريون دفعو آباد ڪندڙن کي سنڌين جو نالو ڏنو ويو۔

== ٻولي ==
سنڌين جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي، جيڪا ھڪ قديم ھند-آريائي ٻولي آھي جيڪا سنڌ جي تاريخي خطي ۾ سنڌي ماڻھن پاران ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي۔ سنڌي پاڪستان جي صوبي سنڌ جي سرڪاري ٻولي آھي۔ انڊيا ۾، سنڌي وفاقي سرڪار پاران مڃتا حاصل ڪيل ٻولين يعني شيڊيولڊ ٻولين مان ھڪ آھي۔

== قومون ==
سنڌي ماڻھن جي اڪثريت سماٽ ۽ ٻروچ قومن سان تعلق رکي ٿي۔ ان کان علاوہ عرب ۽ درواڙ نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌي به چڱي تعداد ۾ موجود آھن۔ پٺاڻ، پنجابي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين قومن سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌين جي ھڪ قليل تعداد موجود آھي۔ انھن سڀني جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي۔

== بڻ بنياد ==
سنڌي نالو [[سنسڪرت]] لفظ &quot;''سنڌو&quot;'' مان نڪتل آهي، جنھن جو ترجمو &quot;درياھ&quot; يا &quot;سمنڊ جو جسم&quot; آهي؛ يونانين &quot;انڊوس&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/sindhi.pdf|title=Sindhi Manual: Language and Culture|access-date=16 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; جو اصطلاح [[سنڌو درياھ|سنڌو درياءَ]] ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو، جتي سنڌي ڳالهائي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Linguistics|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تاريخي ھجي &quot;Sind&quot; ([[فارسي عربي لکت|فارسي-عربي]] سند مان) 1988 ۾ [[سنڌ صوبائي اسيمبلي|سنڌ اسيمبلي]] ۾ منظور ٿيل ھڪ ترميم ذريعي بند ڪئي وئي، ۽ ھاڻي &quot;Sindh&quot; ھجي ڪئي وئي آهي. تنھن ڪري، &quot;سندي&quot; اصطلاح کي &quot;سنڌي&quot; جي جاءِ تي پڻ متعارف ڪرايو ويو.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[وڪيپيڊيا:حوالو گھربل|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;حوالو گهربل&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; سنڌين جو يورپ ۾ سنٽي ماڻهن سان ھڪ تاريخي تعلق آھي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Malkani|first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal|title=The Sindh Story|date=4 July 1997|publisher=Sani Hussain Panhwar|location=New-Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[بلوچي ٻولي|بلوچي ٻوليءَ]] ۾، سنڌين لاءِ روايتي اصطلاح ''جدگال'' ۽ ''[[ڄاموٽ]]'' آهن. اهي ''[[جاٽ (ذات)|جٽ]]'' اڳياڙي مان نڪتل آهن جيڪو ان نالي سان قبيلي جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو، ۽ ''گال'' جي اڳياڙيءَ مان نڪتل آهن جنھن جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;تقرير&quot;. تنھنڪري، اھو ڪنھن اھڙي شخص کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو جيڪو جٽن جي ٻولي ڳالهائيندو ھجي، يعني هڪ جٽ. ''جٽ جي'' اصطلاح ۾ تاريخي طور تي سنڌين ۽ [[پنجابي ماڻھو|پنجابين]] کي شامل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ [[برطانوي ھندوستان جا پرڳڻا ۽ صوبا|انگريزن]] پاران انهن جي مردم شماري جي رڪارڊ ۾ سنڌين لاءِ اڪثر استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Westphal-Hellbusch|first1=Sigrid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ|title=The Jat of Pakistan|last2=Westphal|first2=Heinz|date=1986|publisher=Lok Virsa|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jahani|first1=Carina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ|title=The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan|last2=Korn|first2=Agnes|date=2008|publisher=Reichert Verlag|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|ساڄو|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|سنڌين جي آبادي جي عالمي ورڇ]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آمريڪا ۾ سنڌين جون تنظيمون]]&lt;br/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو|سنڌي ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ذاتيون]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ثقافت]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7925" sha1="h1aclcvwkstxfnp3solqomj2ymgv1s2" xml:space="preserve">'''سنڌي''' (Sindhi) هڪ [[هند-آريائي ٻوليون|هند-آريائي نسلي گروهه]] آهي جيڪا [[سنڌ]] (موجوده [[پاڪستان]] جو هڪ علائقو) مان نڪتل ۽ اتي آباد آهن جيڪا هڪ عام [[سنڌي سڀيتا|سنڌي ثقافت]]، [[سنڌ جي تاريخ|تاريخ]]، [[سنڌ جي تاريخ|نسب]] ۽ [[سنڌي ٻولي|ٻولي]] شيئر ڪن ٿا. سنڌين جو تاريخي وطن ڏکڻ اوڀر [[بلوچستان]]، [[پنجاب]] جو [[بهاولپور ڊويزن|بهاولپور]] علائقو، [[راجستان]] جو [[مارواڙي ٻولي|مارواڙ]] علائقو ۽ [[گجرات]] جو [[ڪڇ]] علائقو سان لڳل آهي.
{|table id=&quot;toc&quot; style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:130%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#FBCEB1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot; color=black&gt;سنڌي لوڪَ&lt;font&gt;'''
|-
|-style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:100%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid #D3D3D3;&quot; | [[فائل:Sindhi Musician.JPG|250px]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F7E7CE&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=black&gt;سنڌين جي ڳڻپ&lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=gray&gt;؟ &lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|53,410,910: || [[پاڪستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of Pakistan.svg|30px]]
|-
|5890،000: || [[هندستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of India.svg|30px]]
|-
|[[ٻولي]]: || [[سنڌي ٻولي]] 
|-
|}
سنڌي ماڻھو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ آباد ماڻھن جو هڪ نسلي گروھ آهي جيڪو دراوڙ، آريائي ۽ سامي نسلن سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻھو [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[ڀارت]] ۾ وڏي تعداد ۾ رهن ٿا. پاڪستان جو سنڌ صوبو انھن جي نالي سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻهو سنڌي ٻولي کي مادري ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن ۽ اردو يا هندي کي ٻي درجي جي ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن.

هندستان جي ورهاڱي کانپوء مسلمان سنڌي نئين ملڪ پاڪستان ۽ هندو سنڌي هندستان هليا ويا. سنڌي ماڻهن جي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي ۽ مھاڻا ملاح ھزارن سالن کان سري لنڪا ۾ واپار لائي ويندا رھيا آھن جڏھن تہ ڀارت کان پوء سري لنڪا مين سنڌي وڏي تعداد ۾ رھندا آھن. هندو مذهب جي مڃيندڙن جو به وڏو انگ آهي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين مذهبن جا پيروڪار آهن.&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; padding:2px; border: 1px solid #BBB; text-align:center; font-size:90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot; |سنڌي رهڻي ڪهڻي
|-
| [[فائل:Ralli is Sindhi-Pakistani quilt.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi shoes.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi Chabba.JPG|150px]]
|-
|}

== نالو ==
لفظ ”سنڌ“ يا ”سنڌو” سنسڪرت ٻولي مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب ”وڏو درياھ“  آهي ۽ سنڌو درياھ جي ڪپن کي پهريون دفعو آباد ڪندڙن کي سنڌين جو نالو ڏنو ويو۔

== ٻولي ==
سنڌين جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي، جيڪا ھڪ قديم ھند-آريائي ٻولي آھي جيڪا سنڌ جي تاريخي خطي ۾ سنڌي ماڻھن پاران ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي۔ سنڌي پاڪستان جي صوبي سنڌ جي سرڪاري ٻولي آھي۔ انڊيا ۾، سنڌي وفاقي سرڪار پاران مڃتا حاصل ڪيل ٻولين يعني شيڊيولڊ ٻولين مان ھڪ آھي۔

== قومون ==
سنڌي ماڻھن جي اڪثريت سماٽ ۽ ٻروچ قومن سان تعلق رکي ٿي۔ ان کان علاوہ عرب ۽ درواڙ نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌي به چڱي تعداد ۾ موجود آھن۔ پٺاڻ، پنجابي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين قومن سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌين جي ھڪ قليل تعداد موجود آھي۔ انھن سڀني جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي۔

== بڻ بنياد ==
سنڌي نالو [[سنسڪرت]] لفظ &quot;''سنڌو&quot;'' مان نڪتل آهي، جنھن جو ترجمو &quot;درياھ&quot; يا &quot;سمنڊ جو جسم&quot; آهي؛ يونانين &quot;انڊوس&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/sindhi.pdf|title=Sindhi Manual: Language and Culture|access-date=16 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; جو اصطلاح [[سنڌو درياھ|سنڌو درياءَ]] ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو، جتي سنڌي ڳالهائي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Linguistics|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تاريخي ھجي &quot;Sind&quot; ([[فارسي عربي لکت|فارسي-عربي]] سند مان) 1988 ۾ [[سنڌ صوبائي اسيمبلي|سنڌ اسيمبلي]] ۾ منظور ٿيل ھڪ ترميم ذريعي بند ڪئي وئي، ۽ ھاڻي &quot;Sindh&quot; ھجي ڪئي وئي آهي. تنھن ڪري، &quot;سندي&quot; اصطلاح کي &quot;سنڌي&quot; جي جاءِ تي پڻ متعارف ڪرايو ويو.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[وڪيپيڊيا:حوالو گھربل|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;حوالو گهربل&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; سنڌين جو يورپ ۾ سنٽي ماڻهن سان ھڪ تاريخي تعلق آھي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Malkani|first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal|title=The Sindh Story|date=4 July 1997|publisher=Sani Hussain Panhwar|location=New-Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[بلوچي ٻولي|بلوچي ٻوليءَ]] ۾، سنڌين لاءِ روايتي اصطلاح ''جدگال'' ۽ ''[[ڄاموٽ]]'' آهن. اهي ''[[جاٽ (ذات)|جٽ]]'' اڳياڙي مان نڪتل آهن جيڪو ان نالي سان قبيلي جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو، ۽ ''گال'' جي اڳياڙيءَ مان نڪتل آهن جنھن جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;تقرير&quot;. تنھنڪري، اھو ڪنھن اھڙي شخص کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو جيڪو جٽن جي ٻولي ڳالهائيندو ھجي، يعني هڪ جٽ. ''جٽ جي'' اصطلاح ۾ تاريخي طور تي سنڌين ۽ [[پنجابي ماڻھو|پنجابين]] کي شامل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ [[برطانوي ھندوستان جا پرڳڻا ۽ صوبا|انگريزن]] پاران انهن جي مردم شماري جي رڪارڊ ۾ سنڌين لاءِ اڪثر استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Westphal-Hellbusch|first1=Sigrid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ|title=The Jat of Pakistan|last2=Westphal|first2=Heinz|date=1986|publisher=Lok Virsa|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jahani|first1=Carina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ|title=The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan|last2=Korn|first2=Agnes|date=2008|publisher=Reichert Verlag|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|ساڄو|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|سنڌين جي آبادي جي عالمي ورڇ]]

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[آمريڪا ۾ سنڌين جون تنظيمون]]&lt;br/&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو|سنڌي ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ذاتيون]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ثقافت]]</text>
      <sha1>h1aclcvwkstxfnp3solqomj2ymgv1s2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377430</id>
      <parentid>377429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T11:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377430</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19418" sha1="r253qows4wws5491kl5d8rtvsvuzii9" xml:space="preserve">'''سنڌي''' (Sindhi) هڪ [[هند-آريائي ٻوليون|هند-آريائي نسلي گروهه]] آهي جيڪا [[سنڌ]] (موجوده [[پاڪستان]] جو هڪ علائقو) مان نڪتل ۽ اتي آباد آهن جيڪا هڪ عام [[سنڌي سڀيتا|سنڌي ثقافت]]، [[سنڌ جي تاريخ|تاريخ]]، [[سنڌ جي تاريخ|نسب]] ۽ [[سنڌي ٻولي|ٻولي]] شيئر ڪن ٿا. سنڌين جو تاريخي وطن ڏکڻ اوڀر [[بلوچستان]]، [[پنجاب]] جو [[بهاولپور ڊويزن|بهاولپور]] علائقو، [[راجستان]] جو [[مارواڙي ٻولي|مارواڙ]] علائقو ۽ [[گجرات]] جو [[ڪڇ]] علائقو سان لڳل آهي.
{|table id=&quot;toc&quot; style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:130%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#FBCEB1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot; color=black&gt;سنڌي لوڪَ&lt;font&gt;'''
|-
|-style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:100%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid #D3D3D3;&quot; | [[فائل:Sindhi Musician.JPG|250px]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F7E7CE&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=black&gt;سنڌين جي ڳڻپ&lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=gray&gt;؟ &lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|53,410,910: || [[پاڪستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of Pakistan.svg|30px]]
|-
|5890،000: || [[هندستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of India.svg|30px]]
|-
|[[ٻولي]]: || [[سنڌي ٻولي]] 
|-
|}
سنڌي ماڻھو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ آباد ماڻھن جو هڪ نسلي گروھ آهي جيڪو دراوڙ، آريائي ۽ سامي نسلن سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻھو [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[ڀارت]] ۾ وڏي تعداد ۾ رهن ٿا. پاڪستان جو سنڌ صوبو انھن جي نالي سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻهو سنڌي ٻولي کي مادري ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن ۽ اردو يا هندي کي ٻي درجي جي ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن.

هندستان جي ورهاڱي کانپوء مسلمان سنڌي نئين ملڪ پاڪستان ۽ هندو سنڌي هندستان هليا ويا. سنڌي ماڻهن جي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي ۽ مھاڻا ملاح ھزارن سالن کان سري لنڪا ۾ واپار لائي ويندا رھيا آھن جڏھن تہ ڀارت کان پوء سري لنڪا مين سنڌي وڏي تعداد ۾ رھندا آھن. هندو مذهب جي مڃيندڙن جو به وڏو انگ آهي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين مذهبن جا پيروڪار آهن.&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; padding:2px; border: 1px solid #BBB; text-align:center; font-size:90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot; |سنڌي رهڻي ڪهڻي
|-
| [[فائل:Ralli is Sindhi-Pakistani quilt.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi shoes.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi Chabba.JPG|150px]]
|-
|}

== نالو ==
لفظ ”سنڌ“ يا ”سنڌو” سنسڪرت ٻولي مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب ”وڏو درياھ“  آهي ۽ سنڌو درياھ جي ڪپن کي پهريون دفعو آباد ڪندڙن کي سنڌين جو نالو ڏنو ويو۔

== ٻولي ==
سنڌين جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي، جيڪا ھڪ قديم ھند-آريائي ٻولي آھي جيڪا سنڌ جي تاريخي خطي ۾ سنڌي ماڻھن پاران ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي۔ سنڌي پاڪستان جي صوبي سنڌ جي سرڪاري ٻولي آھي۔ انڊيا ۾، سنڌي وفاقي سرڪار پاران مڃتا حاصل ڪيل ٻولين يعني شيڊيولڊ ٻولين مان ھڪ آھي۔

== قومون ==
سنڌي ماڻھن جي اڪثريت سماٽ ۽ ٻروچ قومن سان تعلق رکي ٿي۔ ان کان علاوہ عرب ۽ درواڙ نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌي به چڱي تعداد ۾ موجود آھن۔ پٺاڻ، پنجابي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين قومن سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌين جي ھڪ قليل تعداد موجود آھي۔ انھن سڀني جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي۔

== بڻ بنياد ==
سنڌي نالو [[سنسڪرت]] لفظ &quot;''سنڌو&quot;'' مان نڪتل آهي، جنھن جو ترجمو &quot;درياھ&quot; يا &quot;سمنڊ جو جسم&quot; آهي؛ يونانين &quot;انڊوس&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/sindhi.pdf|title=Sindhi Manual: Language and Culture|access-date=16 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; جو اصطلاح [[سنڌو درياھ|سنڌو درياءَ]] ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو، جتي سنڌي ڳالهائي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Linguistics|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تاريخي ھجي &quot;Sind&quot; ([[فارسي عربي لکت|فارسي-عربي]] سند مان) 1988 ۾ [[سنڌ صوبائي اسيمبلي|سنڌ اسيمبلي]] ۾ منظور ٿيل ھڪ ترميم ذريعي بند ڪئي وئي، ۽ ھاڻي &quot;Sindh&quot; ھجي ڪئي وئي آهي. تنھن ڪري، &quot;سندي&quot; اصطلاح کي &quot;سنڌي&quot; جي جاءِ تي پڻ متعارف ڪرايو ويو.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[وڪيپيڊيا:حوالو گھربل|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;حوالو گهربل&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; سنڌين جو يورپ ۾ سنٽي ماڻهن سان ھڪ تاريخي تعلق آھي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Malkani|first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal|title=The Sindh Story|date=4 July 1997|publisher=Sani Hussain Panhwar|location=New-Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[بلوچي ٻولي|بلوچي ٻوليءَ]] ۾، سنڌين لاءِ روايتي اصطلاح ''جدگال'' ۽ ''[[ڄاموٽ]]'' آهن. اهي ''[[جاٽ (ذات)|جٽ]]'' اڳياڙي مان نڪتل آهن جيڪو ان نالي سان قبيلي جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو، ۽ ''گال'' جي اڳياڙيءَ مان نڪتل آهن جنھن جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;تقرير&quot;. تنھنڪري، اھو ڪنھن اھڙي شخص کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو جيڪو جٽن جي ٻولي ڳالهائيندو ھجي، يعني هڪ جٽ. ''جٽ جي'' اصطلاح ۾ تاريخي طور تي سنڌين ۽ [[پنجابي ماڻھو|پنجابين]] کي شامل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ [[برطانوي ھندوستان جا پرڳڻا ۽ صوبا|انگريزن]] پاران انهن جي مردم شماري جي رڪارڊ ۾ سنڌين لاءِ اڪثر استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Westphal-Hellbusch|first1=Sigrid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ|title=The Jat of Pakistan|last2=Westphal|first2=Heinz|date=1986|publisher=Lok Virsa|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jahani|first1=Carina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ|title=The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan|last2=Korn|first2=Agnes|date=2008|publisher=Reichert Verlag|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|ساڄو|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|سنڌين جي آبادي جي عالمي ورڇ]]

==پڻ ڏسو==
* [[آمريڪا ۾ سنڌين جون تنظيمون]]

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Sindhi
| native_name      = {{lang|sd|سنڌي}}
| native_name_lang = sd
| image            = [[File:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| image_caption    = Map of Sindhi diaspora
| population       = {{circa|37 million}}&lt;ref&gt;30.26 million in Pakistan (2017 census), 1.68 million in India (2011 census).&lt;/ref&gt;
| total_source     = census
| region1          = {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sindh.svg}} [[Sindh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Balochistan.svg}} [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
| pop1             = 34,252,262&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ | title=Pakistan | date=17 August 2022 | access-date=11 August 2022 | archive-date=22 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322084620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region2          = {{flag|India}}
| pop2             = 3,810,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Includes those who speak the [[Sindhi language]]. Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.}}
| region6          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop6             = 38,760
| ref6             = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&amp;hidePreview=true | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180419/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&amp;hidePreview=true | archive-date=26 November 2020 | title=Explore Census Data }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region7          = {{flag|Philippines}}
| pop7             = 33,000
| region8          = {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| region5          = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop5             = 51,015
| ref5             = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=UK Government Web Archive|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601025526/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region4          = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop4             = 94,620
| ref4             = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101336/http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2021 |date=21 April 2021|title=Unknown| format=pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt;
| region3          = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop3             = 180,980
| ref3             = {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| region11         = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop11            = 12,065
| pop8             = 20,000
| region9          = {{flag| Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} ([[Sindhis in Afghanistan]])
| pop9             = 15,000
| region10         = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop10            = 15,000
| region12         = {{flag|Singapore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia_sindhis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sindhis |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |archive-date=7 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| pop12            = 11,860
| region13         = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| pop13            = 10,000
| region14         = {{flag|Kenya}}
| pop14            = 3,300&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14192/KE|website=Joshua Project|access-date=19 March 2023|url-status=live|title=Sindhi in Kenya people group profile &amp;#124; Joshua Project|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319095438/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14192/KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region15         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop15            = 3,168
| region16         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop16            = 2,635&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&amp;languages=sindhi&amp;topic=cultural-diversity|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.sbs.com.au|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130172527/https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&amp;languages=sindhi&amp;topic=cultural-diversity|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region17         = {{flag|Bahrain}}
| pop17            = 1,508
| region18         = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop18            = 1,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/18140/CE|title=Sindhi in Sri Lanka|access-date=2023-02-13|website=Joshua Project|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213164729/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/18140/CE|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region19         = {{flag|Saint Martin}}
| pop19            = 1,000
| region20         = {{flag|Kuwait}}
| pop20            = 825
| region21         = {{flag|Oman}}
| pop21            = 700&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14192/MU|title=Sindhi in Oman group profile|website=Joshua Project|date=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region22         = {{flag|Tanzania}}
| pop22            = 616
| region23         = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop23            = 600
| region24         = {{flag|Gibraltar}}
| pop24            = 500&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinducommunity.gi/about|title=About &amp;#124; The Hindu Community of Gibraltar|website=Hindu Community Gib|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113152536/https://www.hinducommunity.gi/about|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region25         = {{flag|Mozambique}}
| pop25            = 266
| region26         = {{flag|Mauritius}}
| pop26            = 200
| region27         = {{flag|Madagascar}}
| pop27            = 116
| region28         = {{flag|Belize}}
| pop28            = 100
| region29         = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop29            = 91
| region30         = {{flag|Fiji}}
| pop30            = 86
| region31         = {{flag|Yemen}}
| pop31            = 66
| region32         = {{flag|Qatar}}
| pop32            = 41
| region33         = {{flag|Malawi}}
| pop33            = 21
| languages        = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{smaller|[[English language|English]], [[Hindi–Urdu]] ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Qur'anic Arabic|Arabic]] as [[Liturgy|liturgical languages]]) and numerous other languages widely spoken within the [[Sindhi diaspora]]}}
| rels             = '''Majority''':&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]: 80{{nbsp}}% &lt;br /&gt; 
'''Minority''': &lt;br /&gt; {{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (incl. [[Nanakpanthi]]s): 20{{nbsp}}%, {{nowrap|[[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]}}, &lt;br&gt;[[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]] [[Buddhism]], [[File:Christian_cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnologue Kashmiri&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|title = Kashmiri: A language of India|publisher = Ethnologue|access-date = 2 June 2007|archive-date = 11 January 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111080322/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| related_groups   = Other [[Indo-Aryan people]]
}}

'''Sindhis''' ({{lang-sd|سنڌي}}; Sindhī) are an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]] originating from and native to [[Sindh]], a region of [[Pakistan]], who share a common [[#Religion|Sindhi culture]], [[#Religion|history]], [[#Religion|ancestry]], and [[Sindhi language|language]]. Today Sindhis mostly practice [[Islam]], but historically they practised [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] also a large minority of them still do today. The original inhabitants of ancient [[Sindh]] were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] around 3000 BC. This population then mixed with the [[Aryan|Aryans]] that arrived later on which created the modern Sindhi ethnic group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/9580/baloch-and-sindhis-share-historic-ties/ | title=Baloch and Sindhis share historic ties | date=26 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26609161|title=Buddhist-Muslim Encounter in Sind During the Eighth Century|author=SARAO, K. T. S.|year=2017|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|volume=77|pages=75–94|jstor=26609161 |via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sindh.gov.pk/history |title=Sindh History - Government of Sindh |access-date=2024-01-09 |archive-date=2018-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507035158/http://sindh.gov.pk/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the book Kitab-ul-Hind, the [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (Al-Beruni) declared that even before the advent of [[Islam]] into [[Sindh]] (711 A.D.), the Sindhi language was prevalent in [[Sindh]].

==Religion==
Sindh was the first place in the [[Indian subcontinent]] to be conquered by a Muslim state and the first to have a significant Muslim population.  [[Islam]] arrived in [[Sindh]] after the [[Umayyad]] conquest and annexation of Sindh in the year 711 AD led by the Arab general [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]].  [[Sindh]] became the easternmost province of the Muslim Caliphate. The second significant religion of the Sindhis is [[Hinduism]] which is the historical religion of Sindhi people as it was practised before the Muslim conquest.  Today, Sindhi Hindus make up about 20% of the total ethnic Sindhi population worldwide.  Sindhi Hindus also revere the [[Sikh]] gurus and especially the first Sikh guru, [[Guru Nanak]]. 

Every year for 30 years during the early 20th century, Sikh [[missionary]] groups were sent to work among Sindhis.  Because of this, the number of Sindhi Sikhs increased from 1000 in 1901 to over 39,000 in 1941.  During the [[Partition of India|Partition]] of former British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs left for [[India]].  They settled in Mumbai, New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat.  Later, a small number of them decided to settle in the Punjab State of India.  Their main centers of pilgrimage are Sadhu Bela, an Udasi sect shrine built in 1823 in Sukkur District.  They also visit the Sikh shrines of Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib, and Dehra Sahib in Punjab Province of Pakistan.  Today, there is still a large Sindhi Hindu minority in the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. However, the majority of Sindhi Hindus live in [[India]] as their forefathers migrated there during partition.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو|سنڌي ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ذاتيون]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ثقافت]]</text>
      <sha1>r253qows4wws5491kl5d8rtvsvuzii9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377431</id>
      <parentid>377430</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T11:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
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      <origin>377431</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19461" sha1="rty7q6e3atqedclofy3v9y1fz4u5p4w" xml:space="preserve">'''سنڌي''' (Sindhi) هڪ [[هند-آريائي ٻوليون|هند-آريائي نسلي گروهه]] آهي جيڪا [[سنڌ]] (موجوده [[پاڪستان]] جو هڪ علائقو) مان نڪتل ۽ اتي آباد آهن جيڪا هڪ عام [[سنڌي سڀيتا|سنڌي ثقافت]]، [[سنڌ جي تاريخ|تاريخ]]، [[سنڌ جي تاريخ|نسب]] ۽ [[سنڌي ٻولي|ٻولي]] شيئر ڪن ٿا. سنڌين جو تاريخي وطن ڏکڻ اوڀر [[بلوچستان]]، [[پنجاب]] جو [[بهاولپور ڊويزن|بهاولپور]] علائقو، [[راجستان]] جو [[مارواڙي ٻولي|مارواڙ]] علائقو ۽ [[گجرات]] جو [[ڪڇ]] علائقو سان لڳل آهي.
{|table id=&quot;toc&quot; style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:130%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot;
| style=&quot;background:#FBCEB1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot; color=black&gt;سنڌي لوڪَ&lt;font&gt;'''
|-
|-style=&quot;margin:0;background:#ccccff&quot;;width:100%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px solid #D3D3D3;&quot; | [[فائل:Sindhi Musician.JPG|250px]]
|-
| style=&quot;background:#F7E7CE&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=black&gt;سنڌين جي ڳڻپ&lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;background:white&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;130px&quot; colspan=2 |'''&lt;font size=&quot;1&quot; 
 color=gray&gt;؟ &lt;font&gt;'''
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
|53,410,910: || [[پاڪستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of Pakistan.svg|30px]]
|-
|5890،000: || [[هندستان]]{{·}}[[فائل:Flag of India.svg|30px]]
|-
|[[ٻولي]]: || [[سنڌي ٻولي]] 
|-
|}
سنڌي ماڻھو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ آباد ماڻھن جو هڪ نسلي گروھ آهي جيڪو دراوڙ، آريائي ۽ سامي نسلن سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻھو [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[ڀارت]] ۾ وڏي تعداد ۾ رهن ٿا. پاڪستان جو سنڌ صوبو انھن جي نالي سان تعلق رکي ٿو. سنڌي ماڻهو سنڌي ٻولي کي مادري ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن ۽ اردو يا هندي کي ٻي درجي جي ٻولي طور ڳالهائيندا آهن.

هندستان جي ورهاڱي کانپوء مسلمان سنڌي نئين ملڪ پاڪستان ۽ هندو سنڌي هندستان هليا ويا. سنڌي ماڻهن جي اڪثريت مسلمان آهي ۽ مھاڻا ملاح ھزارن سالن کان سري لنڪا ۾ واپار لائي ويندا رھيا آھن جڏھن تہ ڀارت کان پوء سري لنڪا مين سنڌي وڏي تعداد ۾ رھندا آھن. هندو مذهب جي مڃيندڙن جو به وڏو انگ آهي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين مذهبن جا پيروڪار آهن.&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;99&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

{| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; padding:2px; border: 1px solid #BBB; text-align:center; font-size:90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFFACD&quot; |سنڌي رهڻي ڪهڻي
|-
| [[فائل:Ralli is Sindhi-Pakistani quilt.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi shoes.jpg|150px]]
| [[فائل:Sindhi Chabba.JPG|150px]]
|-
|}

== نالو ==
لفظ ”سنڌ“ يا ”سنڌو” سنسڪرت ٻولي مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب ”وڏو درياھ“  آهي ۽ سنڌو درياھ جي ڪپن کي پهريون دفعو آباد ڪندڙن کي سنڌين جو نالو ڏنو ويو۔

== ٻولي ==
سنڌين جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي، جيڪا ھڪ قديم ھند-آريائي ٻولي آھي جيڪا سنڌ جي تاريخي خطي ۾ سنڌي ماڻھن پاران ڳالھائي وڃي ٿي۔ سنڌي پاڪستان جي صوبي سنڌ جي سرڪاري ٻولي آھي۔ انڊيا ۾، سنڌي وفاقي سرڪار پاران مڃتا حاصل ڪيل ٻولين يعني شيڊيولڊ ٻولين مان ھڪ آھي۔

== قومون ==
سنڌي ماڻھن جي اڪثريت سماٽ ۽ ٻروچ قومن سان تعلق رکي ٿي۔ ان کان علاوہ عرب ۽ درواڙ نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌي به چڱي تعداد ۾ موجود آھن۔ پٺاڻ، پنجابي ۽ ڪجهه ٻين قومن سان تعلق رکندڙ سنڌين جي ھڪ قليل تعداد موجود آھي۔ انھن سڀني جي مادري ٻولي سنڌي آھي۔

== بڻ بنياد ==
سنڌي نالو [[سنسڪرت]] لفظ &quot;''سنڌو&quot;'' مان نڪتل آهي، جنھن جو ترجمو &quot;درياھ&quot; يا &quot;سمنڊ جو جسم&quot; آهي؛ يونانين &quot;انڊوس&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/sindhi.pdf|title=Sindhi Manual: Language and Culture|access-date=16 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; جو اصطلاح [[سنڌو درياھ|سنڌو درياءَ]] ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو، جتي سنڌي ڳالهائي ويندي آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Language &amp; Linguistics|date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

تاريخي ھجي &quot;Sind&quot; ([[فارسي عربي لکت|فارسي-عربي]] سند مان) 1988 ۾ [[سنڌ صوبائي اسيمبلي|سنڌ اسيمبلي]] ۾ منظور ٿيل ھڪ ترميم ذريعي بند ڪئي وئي، ۽ ھاڻي &quot;Sindh&quot; ھجي ڪئي وئي آهي. تنھن ڪري، &quot;سندي&quot; اصطلاح کي &quot;سنڌي&quot; جي جاءِ تي پڻ متعارف ڪرايو ويو.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[وڪيپيڊيا:حوالو گھربل|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;حوالو گهربل&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; سنڌين جو يورپ ۾ سنٽي ماڻهن سان ھڪ تاريخي تعلق آھي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Malkani|first=Dada Kewalram Ratanmal|title=The Sindh Story|date=4 July 1997|publisher=Sani Hussain Panhwar|location=New-Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[بلوچي ٻولي|بلوچي ٻوليءَ]] ۾، سنڌين لاءِ روايتي اصطلاح ''جدگال'' ۽ ''[[ڄاموٽ]]'' آهن. اهي ''[[جاٽ (ذات)|جٽ]]'' اڳياڙي مان نڪتل آهن جيڪو ان نالي سان قبيلي جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو، ۽ ''گال'' جي اڳياڙيءَ مان نڪتل آهن جنھن جي معنيٰ آهي &quot;تقرير&quot;. تنھنڪري، اھو ڪنھن اھڙي شخص کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو جيڪو جٽن جي ٻولي ڳالهائيندو ھجي، يعني هڪ جٽ. ''جٽ جي'' اصطلاح ۾ تاريخي طور تي سنڌين ۽ [[پنجابي ماڻھو|پنجابين]] کي شامل ڪيو ويو هو، ۽ [[برطانوي ھندوستان جا پرڳڻا ۽ صوبا|انگريزن]] پاران انهن جي مردم شماري جي رڪارڊ ۾ سنڌين لاءِ اڪثر استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Westphal-Hellbusch|first1=Sigrid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ|title=The Jat of Pakistan|last2=Westphal|first2=Heinz|date=1986|publisher=Lok Virsa|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jahani|first1=Carina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ|title=The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan|last2=Korn|first2=Agnes|date=2008|publisher=Reichert Verlag|language=en|access-date=25 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[فائل:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|ساڄو|thumb|300x300 عڪسلون|سنڌين جي آبادي جي عالمي ورڇ]]

==پڻ ڏسو==
* [[آمريڪا ۾ سنڌين جون تنظيمون]]

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Sindhi
| native_name      = {{lang|sd|سنڌي}}
| native_name_lang = sd
| image            = [[File:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| image_caption    = Map of Sindhi diaspora
| population       = {{circa|37 million}}&lt;ref&gt;30.26 million in Pakistan (2017 census), 1.68 million in India (2011 census).&lt;/ref&gt;
| total_source     = census
| region1          = {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Sindh.svg}} [[Sindh]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Balochistan.svg}} [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
| pop1             = 34,252,262&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ | title=Pakistan | date=17 August 2022 | access-date=11 August 2022 | archive-date=22 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322084620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region2          = {{flag|India}}
| pop2             = 3,810,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date=29 June 2018|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Includes those who speak the [[Sindhi language]]. Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.}}
| region6          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop6             = 38,760
| ref6             = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&amp;hidePreview=true | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180419/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&amp;tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&amp;hidePreview=true | archive-date=26 November 2020 | title=Explore Census Data }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region7          = {{flag|Philippines}}
| pop7             = 33,000
| region8          = {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| region5          = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop5             = 51,015
| ref5             = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=UK Government Web Archive|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601025526/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region4          = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop4             = 94,620
| ref4             = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101336/http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf|archive-date=21 April 2021 |date=21 April 2021|title=Unknown| format=pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt;
| region3          = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop3             = 180,980
| ref3             = {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| region11         = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop11            = 12,065
| pop8             = 20,000
| region9          = {{flag| Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} ([[Sindhis in Afghanistan]])
| pop9             = 15,000
| region10         = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop10            = 15,000
| region12         = {{flag|Singapore}}&lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia_sindhis&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sindhis |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis |archive-date=7 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| pop12            = 11,860
| region13         = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| pop13            = 10,000
| region14         = {{flag|Kenya}}
| pop14            = 3,300&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14192/KE|website=Joshua Project|access-date=19 March 2023|url-status=live|title=Sindhi in Kenya people group profile &amp;#124; Joshua Project|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319095438/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14192/KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region15         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop15            = 3,168
| region16         = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop16            = 2,635&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&amp;languages=sindhi&amp;topic=cultural-diversity|access-date=2023-01-30|website=www.sbs.com.au|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130172527/https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&amp;languages=sindhi&amp;topic=cultural-diversity|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region17         = {{flag|Bahrain}}
| pop17            = 1,508
| region18         = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop18            = 1,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/18140/CE|title=Sindhi in Sri Lanka|access-date=2023-02-13|website=Joshua Project|archive-date=13 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213164729/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/18140/CE|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region19         = {{flag|Saint Martin}}
| pop19            = 1,000
| region20         = {{flag|Kuwait}}
| pop20            = 825
| region21         = {{flag|Oman}}
| pop21            = 700&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14192/MU|title=Sindhi in Oman group profile|website=Joshua Project|date=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region22         = {{flag|Tanzania}}
| pop22            = 616
| region23         = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| pop23            = 600
| region24         = {{flag|Gibraltar}}
| pop24            = 500&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinducommunity.gi/about|title=About &amp;#124; The Hindu Community of Gibraltar|website=Hindu Community Gib|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=13 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113152536/https://www.hinducommunity.gi/about|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region25         = {{flag|Mozambique}}
| pop25            = 266
| region26         = {{flag|Mauritius}}
| pop26            = 200
| region27         = {{flag|Madagascar}}
| pop27            = 116
| region28         = {{flag|Belize}}
| pop28            = 100
| region29         = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop29            = 91
| region30         = {{flag|Fiji}}
| pop30            = 86
| region31         = {{flag|Yemen}}
| pop31            = 66
| region32         = {{flag|Qatar}}
| pop32            = 41
| region33         = {{flag|Malawi}}
| pop33            = 21
| languages        = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{smaller|[[English language|English]], [[Hindi–Urdu]] ([[Sanskrit]]/[[Qur'anic Arabic|Arabic]] as [[Liturgy|liturgical languages]]) and numerous other languages widely spoken within the [[Sindhi diaspora]]}}
| rels             = '''Majority''':&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Allah-green.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]: 80{{nbsp}}% &lt;br /&gt; 
'''Minority''': &lt;br /&gt; {{hlist|[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] (incl. [[Nanakpanthi]]s): 20{{nbsp}}%, {{nowrap|[[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]}}, &lt;br&gt;[[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]] [[Buddhism]], [[File:Christian_cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ethnologue Kashmiri&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|title = Kashmiri: A language of India|publisher = Ethnologue|access-date = 2 June 2007|archive-date = 11 January 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120111080322/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kas|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| related_groups   = Other [[Indo-Aryan people]]
}}

'''Sindhis''' ({{lang-sd|سنڌي}}; Sindhī) are an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]] originating from and native to [[Sindh]], a region of [[Pakistan]], who share a common [[#Religion|Sindhi culture]], [[#Religion|history]], [[#Religion|ancestry]], and [[Sindhi language|language]]. Today Sindhis mostly practice [[Islam]], but historically they practised [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] also a large minority of them still do today. The original inhabitants of ancient [[Sindh]] were believed to be aboriginal tribes speaking languages of the [[Indus Valley civilization]] around 3000 BC. This population then mixed with the [[Aryan|Aryans]] that arrived later on which created the modern Sindhi ethnic group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/9580/baloch-and-sindhis-share-historic-ties/ | title=Baloch and Sindhis share historic ties | date=26 May 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26609161|title=Buddhist-Muslim Encounter in Sind During the Eighth Century|author=SARAO, K. T. S.|year=2017|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|volume=77|pages=75–94|jstor=26609161 |via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.sindh.gov.pk/history |title=Sindh History - Government of Sindh |access-date=2024-01-09 |archive-date=2018-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507035158/http://sindh.gov.pk/history |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the book Kitab-ul-Hind, the [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (Al-Beruni) declared that even before the advent of [[Islam]] into [[Sindh]] (711 A.D.), the Sindhi language was prevalent in [[Sindh]].

==Religion==
Sindh was the first place in the [[Indian subcontinent]] to be conquered by a Muslim state and the first to have a significant Muslim population.  [[Islam]] arrived in [[Sindh]] after the [[Umayyad]] conquest and annexation of Sindh in the year 711 AD led by the Arab general [[Muhammad ibn Qasim]].  [[Sindh]] became the easternmost province of the Muslim Caliphate. The second significant religion of the Sindhis is [[Hinduism]] which is the historical religion of Sindhi people as it was practised before the Muslim conquest.  Today, Sindhi Hindus make up about 20% of the total ethnic Sindhi population worldwide.  Sindhi Hindus also revere the [[Sikh]] gurus and especially the first Sikh guru, [[Guru Nanak]]. 

Every year for 30 years during the early 20th century, Sikh [[missionary]] groups were sent to work among Sindhis.  Because of this, the number of Sindhi Sikhs increased from 1000 in 1901 to over 39,000 in 1941.  During the [[Partition of India|Partition]] of former British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs left for [[India]].  They settled in Mumbai, New Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat.  Later, a small number of them decided to settle in the Punjab State of India.  Their main centers of pilgrimage are Sadhu Bela, an Udasi sect shrine built in 1823 in Sukkur District.  They also visit the Sikh shrines of Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib, and Dehra Sahib in Punjab Province of Pakistan.  Today, there is still a large Sindhi Hindu minority in the [[Sindh]] province of [[Pakistan]]. However, the majority of Sindhi Hindus live in [[India]] as their forefathers migrated there during partition.

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ماڻھو|سنڌي ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ذاتيون]]
[[زمرو:سنڌي ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]</text>
      <sha1>rty7q6e3atqedclofy3v9y1fz4u5p4w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Convert/data</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>14765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377351</id>
      <parentid>370870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T00:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377351</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="170768" sha1="f97jr76pchm3k1udwyuy3tsxps7unei" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو
-- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي.
-- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو.
--
-- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن:
--   all_units           ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت
--   default_exceptions  ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن)
--   link_exceptions     ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن)
--
-- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو
-- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي --
-- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو).                 --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local all_units = {
    [&quot;Gy&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gray&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Gy&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;absorbed radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;rad&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gray (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rad&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rad&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;rad&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;absorbed radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;Gy&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rad (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per second squared&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per second squared&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;ft/s2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gal (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g0&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard gravity&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard gravities&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''g''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-force&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;''g''&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''g''&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;g-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/hs&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per hour per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per hour per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per hour per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per hour per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/(h⋅s)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per second squared&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per second squared&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/s2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per second squared&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per second squared&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per second squared&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per second squared&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ft/s2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mph/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per hour per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per hour per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
	scale    = 0.44704,
	default  = &quot;km/hs&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/h/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km/hs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;standard gravity&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;g0&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;1000sqft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand square feet&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand square feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;1000&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 92.90304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;a&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;are&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare#Are&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;acre&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 4046.8564224,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;rood&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;ha&quot; }, [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = { 160, default = &quot;ha&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;acre-sing&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;arpent&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;arpent&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3418.89,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cda&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cuerda&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cda&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3930.395625,
	default  = &quot;ha acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;daa&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;daa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dunam&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;dunam&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dunum&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;dunum&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dunam&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hectare&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Irish acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Irish acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Irish&amp;nbsp;acres&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 6555.2385024,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre (Irish)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m2&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;square metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;square meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	prefix_position= 8,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 2,
	default  = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pondemaat&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pond&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3674.363358816,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;:nl:pondemaat&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pyeong&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;pyeong&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pyeong&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3057851239669422,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rai&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;rai&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rai&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1600,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rai (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rood&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;rood&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1011.7141056,
	default  = &quot;sqft m2&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = { 40, default = &quot;m2&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Rood (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqfoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.09290304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.09290304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00064516,
	default  = &quot;cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 2589988.110336,
	default  = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3429904,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;perches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;perch&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 25.29285264,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)#Area and volume&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqverst&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;square verst&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1138062.24,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Verst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.83612736,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tsubo&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tsubo&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tsubo&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3057851239669422,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;are&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;decare&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;daa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqfoot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqmi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million acre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million acres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million hectares&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;nmi2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqnmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pond&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sq arp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;arpent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqkm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;square verst&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqverst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;verst2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqverst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqyd&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m2/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square metre per hectare&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;square meter per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square metres per hectare&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;square meters per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;sqft/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Basal area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqft/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square feet per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 2.295684113865932e-5,
	default  = &quot;m2/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Basal area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cent&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;¢&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;cent&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cent&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cent (currency)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;¢&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;A.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ampere hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;A⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;coulomb&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;C&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;e&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;e&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;elementary charge&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''e''&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176634e-19,
	default  = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;mol&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;mol&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgCO2/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;co2 per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lbCO2/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbCO2/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbCO2/US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;co2 per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kgCO2/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/lb&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	default  = &quot;mg/kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/kg&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mg&quot;, &quot;kg&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/dm3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/mL&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per millilitre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per milliliter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per millilitre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per milliliter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/mL&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/ml&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per millilitre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per milliliter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per millilitre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per milliliter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/ml&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/dm3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/l&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per cubic metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per cubic meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per cubic metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per cubic meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 16.018463373960142,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic yard&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.5932764212577829,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/impgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per imperial gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per imperial gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/imp&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 99.776372663101697,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/in3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;thinsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per U.S. gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/USbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US bushel&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/US&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 12.871859780974471,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbm/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound mass per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds mass per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbm/cu&amp;thinsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;milligram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;milligrams per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mg/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz/cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1729.9940443876951,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/cm3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;cm3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mg/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Mg&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mg&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μg/dL&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;μg&quot;, &quot;dL&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μg/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;μg&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/ft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/yd3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbm/in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbm/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcg/dL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/dL&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ug/dL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/dL&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ug/l&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/l&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;B.O.T.U.&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Board of Trade Unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;B.O.T.U.&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bboe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bboe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6117863200,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BOE&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BOE&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6117863200,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-39F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (39°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (39°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;39°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1059.67,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-39F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (39°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (39°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;39°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1059.67,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-59F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (59°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (59°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;59°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.804,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-59F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (59°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (59°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;59°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.804,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-60F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (60°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (60°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;60°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.68,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-60F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (60°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (60°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;60°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.68,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-63F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (63°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (63°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;63°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.6,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-63F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (63°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (63°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;63°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.6,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-ISO&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (ISO)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (ISO)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;ISO&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.056,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-ISO&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU-ISO&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (IT)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (IT)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (IT)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (IT)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-mean&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (mean)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (mean)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;mean&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.87,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-mean&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (mean)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (mean)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;mean&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.87,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.35026444,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.35026444,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1858,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CHU-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Celsius heat unit (International Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Celsius heat units (International Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;CHU&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1899.100534716,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cufootnaturalgas&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055.85262,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet of natural gas&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055.85262,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Eh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Hartree&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''E''&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.35974417e-18,
	default  = &quot;eV&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;erg&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;erg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000001,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;eV&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;electronvolt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176634e-19,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;aJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foe&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;foe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1e44,
	default  = &quot;YJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foe (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftpdl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-poundal&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅pdl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0421401100938048,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;grams of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gram of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gtoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigatonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gigatonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gtoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e19,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;gigatons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gigaton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;gigatonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gigatonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hph&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2684519.537696172792,
	default  = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inoz-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-ounce force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-ounces force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅oz&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00706155181422604375,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inozf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-ounce force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-ounces force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅ozf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00706155181422604375,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;J&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;joule&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;J&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;cal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Joule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kBOE&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilo barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilo barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kBOE&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6.1178632e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kerg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kerg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilograms of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilogram of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kt(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kiloton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ktoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e13,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktonTNT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloton of TNT&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilotons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilotonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.004184,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0041858,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0041868,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.004184,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Merg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Merg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;merg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millierg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;merg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000001,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MMBtu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million British thermal units&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million British thermal units&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MMBtu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055852.62,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mt(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megaton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mtoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mtoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e16,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaton of TNT&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megatons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;millitons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;milliton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megatonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;millitonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;millitonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PSh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Pferdestärkenstunde&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PSh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2647795.5,
	default  = &quot;kWh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;quad&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;quadrillion British thermal units&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;quadrillion British thermal units&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;quad&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.054804e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quad (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ry&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;rydberg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ry&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2.1798741e-18,
	default  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rydberg constant&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;scf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2869.2044809344,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scfoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;scf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2869.2044809344,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thermie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;th&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-EC&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (EC)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (EC)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (EC)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105506000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-UK&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (UK)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (UK)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (UK)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105505585.257348,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-US&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (US)&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;therm (U.S.)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (US)&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;therms (U.S.)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (US)&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;thm (U.S.)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105480400,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;toe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;toe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 41868000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;teratons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;teraton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e21,
	default  = &quot;ZJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;teratonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;teratonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e21,
	default  = &quot;ZJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;watt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;W⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Wh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;watt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Wh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μerg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μerg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-13,
	default  = &quot;nJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0036,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0036,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-kW.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;btu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Calorie&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft.lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ftlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft·lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ftlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;GW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;GW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hartree&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Eh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hph&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.lb-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inlb-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.oz-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inoz-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.ozf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inozf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kbboe&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kBOE&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbboe&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;MW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;MW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;TW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uerg&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μerg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uW.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uWh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μWh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;W.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;eVpar&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;electronvolt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 96485.332123310014,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kcal/mol&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;eVpar&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;eVpar&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/mol&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kcal&quot;, &quot;mol&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilocalorie per mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/mol&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;mol&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kcal/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Joule per mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/100 km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h/100&amp;nbsp;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 36,
	default  = &quot;MJ/km kWh/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/100 mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 miles&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 miles&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h/100&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 22.3694,
	default  = &quot;mpge&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/100 km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megajoule per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megajoule per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megajoules per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;megajoules per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MJ/100&amp;nbsp;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 10,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpge&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&amp;#8209;e&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3263314048360777e-5,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;kWh/100 mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;v &gt; 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;-kW.h&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;MJ/km kWh/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;-kW.h&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kWh/km MJ/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MJ&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpg-e&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpge&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 2326,
	default  = &quot;kJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;J/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigajoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gigajoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1e9,
	default  = &quot;ktTNT/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;J/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;joule per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;joules per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;J/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000,
	default  = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;BTU/lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktonTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotons of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kiloton of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktTNT/t&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilotonne of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtonTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatons of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megaton of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megatonne of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terajoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;terajoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1e12,
	default  = &quot;MtTNT/MT&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/g&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;g&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/cuft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;cuft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USoz(mL)serve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USoz(mL)serve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USoz(ml)serve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USoz(ml)serve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/l&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USozserve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USozserve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/USoz&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;USoz&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/L&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;L&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/ml&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;ml&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;Cal/USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MJ&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Sv&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;sievert&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Sv&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;equivalent radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;rem&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Sievert&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rem&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rem&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;rem&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;equivalent radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;Sv&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Roentgen equivalent man&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;oz/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 6.2137119223733397e-7,
	default  = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gCO2/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;ozCO2/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 6.2137119223733397e-7,
	default  = &quot;gCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgCO2/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lbCO2/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00028184923173665794,
	default  = &quot;kg/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00028184923173665794,
	default  = &quot;kgCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1.7615576983541121e-5,
	default  = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1.7615576983541121e-5,
	default  = &quot;gCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 8.9730672142368242e-10,
	default  = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 3.2774128000000003e-7,
	default  = &quot;m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 7.8657907200000004e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00047194744319999999,
	default  = &quot;m3/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846592e-12,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cumi/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic mile per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic miles per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;mi/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 132.08171170940057,
	default  = &quot;km3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic yards per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuyd/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00021237634944000001,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic yards per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;yd/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.76455485798400002,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Goilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933836,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.2628027777777779e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5768166666666671e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;impgal/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00454609,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Imperial gallons per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km3/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic kilometre per annum&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic kilometer per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic kilometres per annum&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic kilometers per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 31.68808781402895,
	default  = &quot;cumi/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km3/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic kilometre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic kilometer per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic kilometres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic kilometers per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 11574.074074074075,
	default  = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933841e-6,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0018401307283333335,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777776e-7,
	default  = &quot;impgal/h USgal/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.6666666666666667e-5,
	default  = &quot;impgal/min USgal/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per annum&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per annum&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 3.1688087814028947e-8,
	default  = &quot;cuft/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;cuft/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;cuft/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0050380033629933837,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8401307283333335,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933841e-9,
	default  = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8401307283333336e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Toilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Tbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5038.0033629933832,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;U.S. gallon per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;U.S. gallons per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 4.3812636388888893e-8,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.0515032733333334e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;U.S. gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;U.S. gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 6.3090196400000003e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1995246102365199e-10,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 4.3812636388888893e-8,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.0515032733333334e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 6.3090196400000003e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;U.S. gallons per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;USgal/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallons per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m³/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;u.s.gal/min&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;U.S.gal/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal/min&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-LTf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LTf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-STf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;STf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;dyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00001,
	default  = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN ozf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0006354602307515,
	default  = &quot;μN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;grf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0006354602307515,
	default  = &quot;μN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilodyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lb-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/T-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/T&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/Tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/Tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb(f)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LT&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LTf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LTf&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megadyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 10,
	default  = &quot;lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millidyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000001,
	default  = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN grf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megapond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LT-f ST-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millipond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;newton&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;N&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.2780138203095378125,
	default  = &quot;mN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ozf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.2780138203095378125,
	default  = &quot;mN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;p&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;p&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pdl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;poundal&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pdl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.138254954376,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;S/T-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;S/T&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;S/Tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;S/Tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ST&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;STf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;STf&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LT-f ST-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ton-force#Tonne-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LTf STf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ton-force#Tonne-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dyne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;dyn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;newtons&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;N&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;poundal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pdl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonne-force&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;tf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;@impgal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km USgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/L&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;km&quot;, &quot;L&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;km&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;L&quot;, &quot;100km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&amp;nbsp;km]]&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ll&quot;, &quot;100km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&amp;nbsp;km]]&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;L&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ll&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/impqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;impqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/U.S.qt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;U.S.qt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/USqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;USqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/usqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;usqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgimp&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;@impgal&quot; },
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;imp&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/100 km+mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgus&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;+USgal&quot; },
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;US&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/100 km+mpgimp&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;*U.S.gal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	sp_us    = true,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km impgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;+USgal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km impgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L/100 km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;l/100 km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpg&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgU.S.&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;U.S.&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgu.s.&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;U.S.&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgUS&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/mi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;usgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa/m&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;-m-frac&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi/ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psi/ft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;psi&quot;, &quot;-ft-frac&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kPa/m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00001,
	default  = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00018939393939393939,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per nautical mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00016457883369330455,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.083333333333333329,
	default  = &quot;mm/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 1.5782828282828283e-5,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;in/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;in/ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;admi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;admiralty mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&amp;nbsp;(admiralty)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;AU&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;astronomical unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;AU&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 149597870700,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Brnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(Brit)&amp;nbsp;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bu&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;bu&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bu&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0030303030303030303,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ch&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;chain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ch&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chlk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|chain]]&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|ch]]&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chain&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;chain&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|chain]]&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dpcm&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;dot/cm&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dot/cm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;dpi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dpi&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;DPI&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;DPI&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 39.370078740157481,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;fathom&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;fathom&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8288,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;in&quot;] = { 12, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Foot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	exception= &quot;integer_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;in&quot;] = { 12, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Foot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;furlong&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;furlong&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 201.168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigalight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e24,
	default  = &quot;Mpc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigaparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e25,
	default  = &quot;Gly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hand&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hand&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	builtin  = &quot;hand&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1016,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;in cm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hand (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	exception= &quot;subunit_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inabbreviated&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;in&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilolight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e18,
	default  = &quot;pc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e19,
	default  = &quot;kly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LD&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;lunar distance&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LD&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 384403000,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Lunar distance (astronomy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;league&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;league&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 4828.032,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;League (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;light-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e15,
	default  = &quot;AU&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;v &gt; 0 and v &lt; 3 ! ftin ! ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ch&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 5280, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;furlong&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 1760, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;mil&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;mil&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thousandth of an inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megalight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e21,
	default  = &quot;kpc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e22,
	default  = &quot;Mly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;NM&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;NM&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oldUKnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oldUSnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;parsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e16,
	default  = &quot;ly&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;perch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;perches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;perch&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pitch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;μm&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;dpi&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pole&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;pole&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pre1954U.S.nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pre1954USnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;US) nautical mile&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;US) nmi&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;rod&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;royal cubit&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;royal cubit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.524,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rtkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;route kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;route kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rtmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;route mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shaku&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;shaku&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shaku&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.30303030303030304,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Shaku (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;smoot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.70180,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Smoot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;smi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;statute mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;solar radius&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;solar radius&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;solar radii&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''R''&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 695700e3,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sun&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;sun&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sun&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.030303030303030304,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thou&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;thou&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thou&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thousandth of an inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;verst&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;verst&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1066.8,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.9144,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 3, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;μin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microinch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;microinches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μin&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000254,
	default  = &quot;nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;SI prefix#Non-metric units&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Å&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ångström&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Å&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000001,
	default  = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hz&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;hertz&quot;,
	_name2   = &quot;hertz&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Hz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3356409519815204e-9,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hertz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rpm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;revolution per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;revolutions per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rpm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.5594015866358675e-11,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;Hz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Revolutions per minute&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-ft-frac&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fracture gradient&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-in-stiff&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Stiffness&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-m-frac&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fracture gradient&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-m-stiff&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Stiffness&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;100mi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;100miles&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;miles&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;admiralty nmi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;oldUKnmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;angstrom&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Å&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;au&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;AU&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;au&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hands&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hand&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inch&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inches&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;light-year&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ly&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;meter&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;meters&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;metre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;metres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;micrometre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;micron&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μm&quot;,
	default  = &quot;μin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mile&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
    },
    [&quot;miles&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
    },
    [&quot;parsec&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pc&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rod&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;rd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;smoot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uin&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yard&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yards&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yds&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dtex&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decitex&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;decitex&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dtex&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-7,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Units of textile measurement#Units&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/cm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/cm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4881639435695539,
	default  = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/yd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per yard&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.49605464785651798,
	default  = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;G&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gauss&quot;,
	_name2   = &quot;gauss&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;G&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetic field strength&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;T&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gauss (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;T&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;tesla&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;T&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetic field strength&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;G&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tesla (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;A/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;ampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;amperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;amperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;A/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;Oe&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kA/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kiloampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kiloamperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kiloamperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kA/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;kOe&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ampere per metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MA/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megaampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megaamperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;megaamperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MA/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1e6,
	default  = &quot;kOe&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ampere per metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Oe&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;oersted&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Oe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 79.5774715,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kA/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Oersted&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-Lcwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-Scwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-ST&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ST&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;carat&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;carat&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0002,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Carat (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Da&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;dalton&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Da&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.66053906892e-27,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dalton (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;drachm&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;dram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;drachm&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001771845195,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dram (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dram&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;drachm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pennyweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00155517384,
	default  = &quot;oz g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;DWton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;deadweight ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;DWtonne&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Deadweight tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;DWtonne&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;deadweight metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;deadweight tonne&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;~deadweight metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;DWton&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Deadweight tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gram&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;oz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gram&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00006479891,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigatonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgalh2o&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon of water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons of water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.5359236999999499,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Imperial gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.45359237,
	exception= &quot;integer_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;oz&quot;] = { 16, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Pound (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Lcwt&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;qtr&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;kg&quot; }, [&quot;st&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long cwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;long&amp;nbsp;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;qtr&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;long&amp;nbsp;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 12.70058636,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Lcwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;lt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LT&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Lcwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;metric ton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028349523125,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;troy ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ozt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0311034768,
	default  = &quot;oz g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pdr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pounder&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pdr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.45359237,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 12.70058636,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;lb&quot;] = { 28, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Long quarter&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Scwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Scwt&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short cwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;short&amp;nbsp;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;short&amp;nbsp;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 11.33980925,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Scwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Scwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;shtn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sh&amp;nbsp;tn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;solar mass&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;solar mass&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;solar masses&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''M''&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.98855e30,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;st&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;stone&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;stone&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;st&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 6.35029318,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;lb&quot;] = { 14, default = &quot;kg lb&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Stone (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonne&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;shton&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;troy pound&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;troy pound&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3732417216,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Troy weight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgalh2o&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon of water&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon of water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons of water&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;U.S. gallons of water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 3.7776215836051126,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;United States customary units#Fluid volume&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;viss&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;viss&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;viss&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.632932532,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Myanmar units of measurement#Mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;billion tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grain&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;gr&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kilogram&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kilotonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbs&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;troy pound&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lcwt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Lcwt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long ton&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;LT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcg&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scwt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Scwt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short ton&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ST&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stone&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;st&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thousand tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonnes&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/kW&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per kilowatt&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per kilowatt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/kW&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/hp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/hp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00060827738784176115,
	default  = &quot;kg/kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;g-mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;gmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.011574074074074073,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 16.666666666666668,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilomole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0052499116898148141,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.12599788055555555,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5598728333333334,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0052499116898148141,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.12599788055555555,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5598728333333334,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;micromole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;micromoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;umol/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00024710538146716532,
	default  = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 100e-6,
	default  = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqcm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e4,
	default  = &quot;/sqin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square centimetre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1550.0031000062002,
	default  = &quot;/sqcm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per square kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per square kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;/sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.8610215854244582e-7,
	default  = &quot;/sqkm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00024710538146716532,
	default  = &quot;PD/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 100e-6,
	default  = &quot;PD/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/sqkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per square kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;inhabitant per square kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per square kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;inhabitants per square kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;PD/sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per square mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.8610215854244582e-7,
	default  = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/cm2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqcm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/acre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/ha&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/km²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/sqkm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/sqmi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/l&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;/usgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;/usgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 264.172052,
	default  = &quot;/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;/usgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bhp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;brake horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;brake horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bhp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Brake horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;large calorie per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;large calories per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.048425925925925928,
	default  = &quot;kJ/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;large calorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;large calories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;kJ/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0011622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;CV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-electric&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;electric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 746,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Electrical horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-electrical&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electrical horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;electrical horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 746,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Electrical horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-metric&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ihp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;indicated horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;indicated horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ihp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Indicated horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.011574074074074073,
	default  = &quot;Cal/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PS&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PS&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;shaft horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;shaft horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Shaft horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;watt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;W&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;hp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Watt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Btu&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;bhp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;btu/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;HP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-mechanical&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;IHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ihp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;SHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;shp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;whp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1643.986806,
	default  = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/LT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per long ton&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per long ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/LT&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.73392268125000004,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/ST&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per short ton&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/ST&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.821993403,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.74569987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatts per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;hp/lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatts per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;PS/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PS/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PS/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.73549875,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shp/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;shaft horsepower per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;shaft horsepower per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shp/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1643.986806,
	default  = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp/t&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/tonne&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kW/tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-lb/in2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;atm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard atmosphere&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;atm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 101325,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Atmosphere (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ba&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barye&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ba&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1,
	default  = &quot;Pa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bar&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;bar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100000,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dbar&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dbar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inHg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch of mercury&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches of mercury&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;inHg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 3386.388640341,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kBa&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilobarye&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kBa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barye&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-f/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ksi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilopounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ksi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894757.2931683613,
	default  = &quot;MPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound per square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf/in2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mbar&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mbar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mmHg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre of mercury&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter of mercury&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres of mercury&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters of mercury&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mmHg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 133.322387415,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Pa&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;pascal&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Pa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pascal (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;psf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 47.880258980335839,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound per square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;psi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Torr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;torr&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Torr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 133.32236842105263,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N/cm2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;N&quot;, &quot;cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;N&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/cm2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;g/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kg/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/1000sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;1000sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/sqyd&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;sqyd&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;LT/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;t/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;MT/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MT&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;LT/acre ST/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;oz/sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;oz/sqyd&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;sqyd&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;ST/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ST&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;t/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;t/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;t&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;LT/acre ST/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;tonne/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;tonne&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;tonne/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;tonne/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;tonne&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;tonne/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kgfpsqcm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgpsqcm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kg/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN/m2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbf/in2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;torr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Torr&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Bq&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;becquerel&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;pCi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Becquerel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ci&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;curie&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Ci&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 3.7e10,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;GBq&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Curie (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Rd&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rutherford&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Rd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 1e6,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;MBq&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rutherford (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777775e-6,
	default  = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per year&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per year&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 3.168873850681143e-10,
	default  = &quot;in/year&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00508,
	default  = &quot;m/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Feet per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Feet per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;furlong per fortnight&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;furlongs per fortnight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;furlong per fortnight&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00016630952380952381,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;FFF system&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 7.0555555555555559e-6,
	default  = &quot;cm/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	default  = &quot;cm/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 8.0489395807301024e-10,
	default  = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;isp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074074e-2,
	default  = &quot;mi/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilometres per hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mi/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;knot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.51444444444444448,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Knot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kNs/kg&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kN&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kN&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;isp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;ft/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mach&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;Mach&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mach&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	builtin  = &quot;mach&quot;,
	scale    = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mach number&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8626666666666667e-2,
	default  = &quot;km/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777781e-7,
	default  = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mph&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mph&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.44704,
	default  = &quot;km/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ns/kg&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;N&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;N&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;isp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;si tsfc&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;g/(kN⋅s)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/(kN⋅s)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 9.9999628621379242e-7,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;tsfc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thrust specific fuel consumption&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tsfc&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;lb/(lbf⋅h)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/(lbf⋅h)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.832545036049801e-5,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;si tsfc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thrust specific fuel consumption&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/y&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/y&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;knot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;knots&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kph&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mph&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/s&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mm&quot;, &quot;s&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	default  = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;C&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Celsius&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Celsius&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°C&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	offset   = -273.15,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;F&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Celsius&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Fahrenheit&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Fahrenheit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°F&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	offset   = 32-273.15*(9/5),
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;C&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fahrenheit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;K&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;kelvin&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;K&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;C F&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kelvin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;keVT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;keV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 11604518.121550081,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;MK&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;R&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Rankine&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Rankine&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°R&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;K F C&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rankine scale&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Celsius&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°C&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°F&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;F&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°R&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;R&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;C-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Celsius change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Celsius change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°C&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;F-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Celsius&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;F-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Fahrenheit change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Fahrenheit change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°F&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	default  = &quot;C-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fahrenheit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;K-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kelvin change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kelvins change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;K&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;F-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kelvin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°C-change&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C-change&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°F-change&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;F-change&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;century&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;century&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centuries&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 3155760000,
	default  = &quot;Gs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 86400,
	default  = &quot;ks&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;decade&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decade&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;daa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 315576000,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dog year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;dog year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dog yr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 220903200,
	default  = &quot;years&quot;,
	link     = &quot;List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;fortnight&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;fortnight&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 1209600,
	default  = &quot;week&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;ks&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long billion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ta&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000000,
	default  = &quot;Es&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;millennium&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millennium&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millennia&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ka&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000,
	default  = &quot;Gs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;milliard year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliard years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milliard years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ma&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000,
	default  = &quot;Ts&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 60,
	default  = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;month&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;month&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 2629800,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;months&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;month&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mo&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 2629800,
	default  = &quot;year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;s&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;second&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 7200 ! min ! h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short billion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short trillion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ta&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000000,
	default  = &quot;Es&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thousand million year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand million years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand million years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;wk&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;week&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 604800,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;years&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;byr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;short billion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;day&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;days&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dog yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;dog year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hour&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hours&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kMyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;millennium&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long byr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;long billion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;minute&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;minutes&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mth&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;month&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Myr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;myr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sec&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;second&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;seconds&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tmyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tryr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;short trillion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;millennium&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;week&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;wk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;weeks&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;wk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram force-metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram force-meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kpm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopond metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilopond meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kp⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-fft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb.ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb.in&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mN.m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbfft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m.kg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre kilogram-force&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metre kilograms-force&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meter kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m⋅kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m.kgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre kilogram-force&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metre kilograms-force&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meter kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m⋅kgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mN.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millinewton-metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millinewton-meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mN⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb.in&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton-metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Nm&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;newton-metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;newton-meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;N⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton-metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN/m&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-m-stiff&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lbf/in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf/in&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lbf&quot;, &quot;-in-stiff&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kN/m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-f.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb-fft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb.ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mkg-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m.kg-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mkgf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m.kgf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N.m&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Nm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N·m&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Nm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ton-mile&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;ton-mile&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;transportation&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4599723182105602,
	default  = &quot;tkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;tonne-kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tkm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;transportation&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ton-mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USoz(mL)serve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;mL&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USoz(ml)serve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USozserve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;mL&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-foot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;acre⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1233.48183754752,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;acre-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;acre⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1233.48183754752,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;AUtbsp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Australian tablespoon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;AU&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000020,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Bcuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;billion cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;Gl&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bdft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;board feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bd&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;board feet&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;board feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;board foot&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CID&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000016387064,
	default  = &quot;cc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic inch#Engine displacement&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cord&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;cord&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 3.624556363776,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cord (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cufoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000016387064,
	default  = &quot;cm3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cumi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 4168181825.440579584,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.764554857984,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;firkin&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;firkin&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.04091481,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Firkin (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cufoot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Goilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987294.928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr water&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grains water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000006479891,
	default  = &quot;cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gross register ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;grt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 2.8316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gross register tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.16365924,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbsh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03636872,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USdrygal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03636872,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00454609,
	default  = &quot;L USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gill&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001420653125,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gill (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impkenning&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial kenning&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kenning&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01818436,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kenning (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impoz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial fluid ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000284130625,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;imppk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial peck&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00909218,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Peck&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;imppt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00056826125,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0011365225,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
	customary= 3,
    },
    [&quot;kilderkin&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;kilderkin&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.08182962,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158.987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;litre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;liter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;litre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;liter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ll&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;cubic metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;cubic meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	prefix_position= 7,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 3,
	default  = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158.987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MMoilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MMbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987.294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987.294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MTON&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;measurement ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MTON&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1.13267386368,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MUSgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million US gallons&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;million U.S. gallons&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million US gallons&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;million U.S. gallons&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;million US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;million U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 3785.411784,
	default  = &quot;Ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.158987294928,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stere&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;stere&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tmcft&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tmcft&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tmcft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tmcft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand million cubic feet&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand million cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tmcft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tmcft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Toilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Tbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.119240471196,
	default  = &quot;L USgal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbeerbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US beer barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. beer barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.117347765304,
	default  = &quot;L USgal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbsh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US bushel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03523907016688,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US bushel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03523907016688,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrybbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.11562819898508,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrygal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00440488377086,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrypt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry pint&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0005506104713575,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pint&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdryqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001101220942715,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USflgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US fl gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gill&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001182941183,
	default  = &quot;ml impoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gill (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USkenning&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US kenning&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. kenning&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;kenning&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;kenning&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01761953508344,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kenning (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USmin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US minim&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. minim&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;min&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000000061611519921875,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Minim (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USoz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US fluid ounce&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. fluid ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000295735295625,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USpk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US peck&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. peck&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;pk&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;pk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00880976754172,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Peck&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USpt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US pint&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000473176473,
	default  = &quot;L imppt&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pint&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000946352946,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;USquart&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000946352946,
	default  = &quot;ml impoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;UStbsp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US tablespoon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. tablespoon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4786764781250001e-5,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;winecase&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;case&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.009,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Case (goods)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;*U.S.drygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;*U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;+USdrygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+usfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fluid ounce&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+USgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+USoz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;@impgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 3,
    },
    [&quot;acre feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre foot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre.foot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bushels&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cid&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;CID&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gallon&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gallons&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Impgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hm³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hm3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcum&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;liter&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;liters&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;litre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;litres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcum&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Pcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e15cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pt&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;qt&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.gal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.beerbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbeerbbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.gal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bsh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.drygal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbu&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.drygal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drybbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrybbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drypt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrypt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.dryqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdryqt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.flgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USflgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.floz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	link     = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;u.s.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	link     = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgi&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.kenning&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USkenning&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.oz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.pk&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpk&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.pt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.qt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USqt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L impqt&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;usbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbeerbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbeerbbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbsh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbu&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrybbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrybbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrypt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrypt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdryqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdryqt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USGAL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uskenning&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USkenning&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usoz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uspk&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uspt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USqt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuyd&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/sqmi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;cuft&quot;, &quot;sqmi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per hectare&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per hectare&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;USbu/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/km2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;m3&quot;, &quot;km2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;cuft/sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;U.S.gal&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbu/acre&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;US bushels per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US bushel per acre&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 8.7077638761350888e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;USgal&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;cuyd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;m3&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;cuyd/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mich&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ch&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;michlk&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;chlk&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;michainlk&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;chainlk&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;miyd&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;yd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 1760 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;miydftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mift&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 5280 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ydftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot; },
	multiple = { 12, 3 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ydft&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot; },
	multiple = { 3 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot; },
	multiple = { 12 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;footin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;foot&quot; },
	multiple = { 12 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;handin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;hand&quot; },
	multiple = { 4 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lboz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot; },
	multiple = { 16 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stlb&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stlboz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 16, 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;st and lb&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgimp&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgimp&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km mpgimp&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;l/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgimp&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgUS&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgus&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km mpgus&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;l/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgimp L/100 km&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;mpgimp&quot;, &quot;L/100 km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT ST t&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;t&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT t ST&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST LT t&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;t&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST t LT&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;lt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t LT ST&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;t&quot;, &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ton&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa kg/cm2&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;kgf/cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa lb/in2&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;-lb/in2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;floz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;impoz&quot;, &quot;USoz&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
    },
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local default_exceptions = {
	-- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit.
	-- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation).
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;e3acre&quot;] = &quot;km2&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6acre&quot;] = &quot;km2&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ha&quot;] = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
	[&quot;e6km2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqmi&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6sqft&quot;] = &quot;v * 9.290304 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2&quot;,
	[&quot;e6sqmi&quot;] = &quot;e6km2&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;acre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqmi&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;aJ&quot;] = &quot;eV&quot;,
	[&quot;e3BTU&quot;] = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	[&quot;e6BTU&quot;] = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	[&quot;EJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;eV&quot;] = &quot;aJ&quot;,
	[&quot;feV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;fJ&quot;] = &quot;keV&quot;,
	[&quot;GeV&quot;] = &quot;nJ&quot;,
	[&quot;GJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;keV&quot;] = &quot;fJ&quot;,
	[&quot;MeV&quot;] = &quot;pJ&quot;,
	[&quot;meV&quot;] = &quot;zJ&quot;,
	[&quot;MJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;neV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;PeV&quot;] = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	[&quot;peV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;PJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;pJ&quot;] = &quot;MeV&quot;,
	[&quot;TeV&quot;] = &quot;μJ&quot;,
	[&quot;TJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;YJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;yJ&quot;] = &quot;μeV&quot;,
	[&quot;ZJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;zJ&quot;] = &quot;meV&quot;,
	[&quot;μeV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3/a&quot;] = &quot;Tcuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3/d&quot;] = &quot;Tcuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e3USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e6USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;nN&quot;] = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	[&quot;μN&quot;] = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	[&quot;mN&quot;] = &quot;oz-f&quot;,
	[&quot;am&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;ft&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;e12km&quot;] = &quot;e12mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e12mi&quot;] = &quot;e12km&quot;,
	[&quot;e3AU&quot;] = &quot;ly&quot;,
	[&quot;e3km&quot;] = &quot;e3mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e3mi&quot;] = &quot;e3km&quot;,
	[&quot;e6km&quot;] = &quot;e6mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e6mi&quot;] = &quot;e6km&quot;,
	[&quot;e9km&quot;] = &quot;AU&quot;,
	[&quot;e9mi&quot;] = &quot;e9km&quot;,
	[&quot;Em&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;fm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Gm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&quot;] = &quot;ft&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Mm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;nm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Pm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;pm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Tm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;Ym&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;ym&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Zm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;zm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;μm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;e12lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! Mt ! Gt&quot;,
	[&quot;e3lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! kg ! t&quot;,
	[&quot;e3ozt&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.311034768 &lt; 10 ! kg ! t&quot;,
	[&quot;e3t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;e6carat&quot;] = &quot;t&quot;,
	[&quot;e6lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! t ! kilotonne&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ozt&quot;] = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ST&quot;] = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	[&quot;e6t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;e9lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt&quot;,
	[&quot;e9t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;Gg&quot;] = &quot;lb&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;lb&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;Mg&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;μg&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;mBq&quot;] = &quot;fCi&quot;,
	[&quot;kBq&quot;] = &quot;nCi&quot;,
	[&quot;MBq&quot;] = &quot;μCi&quot;,
	[&quot;GBq&quot;] = &quot;mCi&quot;,
	[&quot;TBq&quot;] = &quot;Ci&quot;,
	[&quot;PBq&quot;] = &quot;kCi&quot;,
	[&quot;EBq&quot;] = &quot;kCi&quot;,
	[&quot;fCi&quot;] = &quot;mBq&quot;,
	[&quot;pCi&quot;] = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	[&quot;nCi&quot;] = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	[&quot;μCi&quot;] = &quot;kBq&quot;,
	[&quot;mCi&quot;] = &quot;MBq&quot;,
	[&quot;kCi&quot;] = &quot;TBq&quot;,
	[&quot;MCi&quot;] = &quot;PBq&quot;,
	[&quot;ns&quot;] = &quot;μs&quot;,
	[&quot;μs&quot;] = &quot;ms&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;s&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;h&quot;,
	[&quot;Ms&quot;] = &quot;week&quot;,
	[&quot;Gs&quot;] = &quot;decade&quot;,
	[&quot;Ts&quot;] = &quot;millennium&quot;,
	[&quot;Ps&quot;] = &quot;million year&quot;,
	[&quot;Es&quot;] = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
	[&quot;MK&quot;] = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	[&quot;cL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;cl&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;dL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;dl&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e12impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e12U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e12USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e15cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e15m3&quot;] = &quot;Pcuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e3bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e3impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e3U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e3USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuyd&quot;] = &quot;v * 7.64554857984 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6L&quot;] = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e9impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e9U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;GL&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;Gl&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;kL&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;mL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;Ml&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;ML&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;TL&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;Tl&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;μL&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;μl&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local link_exceptions = {
	-- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit.
	-- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode).
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;kJ&quot;] = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
	[&quot;MJ&quot;] = &quot;Megajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;GJ&quot;] = &quot;Gigajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;TJ&quot;] = &quot;Terajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;fm&quot;] = &quot;Femtometre&quot;,
	[&quot;pm&quot;] = &quot;Picometre&quot;,
	[&quot;nm&quot;] = &quot;Nanometre&quot;,
	[&quot;μm&quot;] = &quot;Micrometre&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&quot;] = &quot;Millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&quot;] = &quot;Centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&quot;] = &quot;Decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;Decametre&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&quot;] = &quot;Hectometre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;Kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;Mm&quot;] = &quot;Megametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Gm&quot;] = &quot;Gigametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Tm&quot;] = &quot;Terametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Pm&quot;] = &quot;Petametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Em&quot;] = &quot;Exametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Zm&quot;] = &quot;Zettametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Ym&quot;] = &quot;Yottametre&quot;,
	[&quot;μg&quot;] = &quot;Microgram&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;Milligram&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;Kilogram&quot;,
	[&quot;Mg&quot;] = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
	[&quot;yW&quot;] = &quot;Yoctowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;zW&quot;] = &quot;Zeptowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;aW&quot;] = &quot;Attowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;fW&quot;] = &quot;Femtowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;pW&quot;] = &quot;Picowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;nW&quot;] = &quot;Nanowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;μW&quot;] = &quot;Microwatt&quot;,
	[&quot;mW&quot;] = &quot;Milliwatt&quot;,
	[&quot;kW&quot;] = &quot;Kilowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;MW&quot;] = &quot;Megawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;GW&quot;] = &quot;Gigawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;TW&quot;] = &quot;Terawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;PW&quot;] = &quot;Petawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;EW&quot;] = &quot;Exawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;ZW&quot;] = &quot;Zettawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;YW&quot;] = &quot;Yottawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;as&quot;] = &quot;Attosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;fs&quot;] = &quot;Femtosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = &quot;Picosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ns&quot;] = &quot;Nanosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;μs&quot;] = &quot;Microsecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;Millisecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;Kilosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ms&quot;] = &quot;Megasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Gs&quot;] = &quot;Gigasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ts&quot;] = &quot;Terasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ps&quot;] = &quot;Petasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Es&quot;] = &quot;Exasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Zs&quot;] = &quot;Zettasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ys&quot;] = &quot;Yottasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic decametre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;μL&quot;] = &quot;Microlitre&quot;,
	[&quot;μl&quot;] = &quot;Microlitre&quot;,
	[&quot;mL&quot;] = &quot;Millilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;Millilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;cL&quot;] = &quot;Centilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;cl&quot;] = &quot;Centilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dL&quot;] = &quot;Decilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dl&quot;] = &quot;Decilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;daL&quot;] = &quot;Decalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dal&quot;] = &quot;Decalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;hL&quot;] = &quot;Hectolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;hl&quot;] = &quot;Hectolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;kL&quot;] = &quot;Kilolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;Kilolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;ML&quot;] = &quot;Megalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Ml&quot;] = &quot;Megalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;GL&quot;] = &quot;Gigalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Gl&quot;] = &quot;Gigalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;TL&quot;] = &quot;Teralitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Tl&quot;] = &quot;Teralitre&quot;,
	[&quot;PL&quot;] = &quot;Petalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Pl&quot;] = &quot;Petalitre&quot;,
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local per_unit_fixups = {
	-- Automatically created per units of form &quot;x/y&quot; may have their unit type
	-- changed, for example, &quot;length/time&quot; is changed to &quot;speed&quot;.
	-- Other adjustments can also be specified.
	[&quot;/area&quot;] = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;/volume&quot;] = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	[&quot;area/area&quot;] = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/length&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/mass&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;power&quot;, link = &quot;Power (physics)&quot; },
	[&quot;energy/volume&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	[&quot;force/area&quot;] = { utype = &quot;pressure&quot;, link = &quot;Pressure&quot; },
	[&quot;length/length&quot;] = { utype = &quot;gradient&quot;, link = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot; },
	[&quot;length/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;speed&quot;, link = &quot;Speed&quot; },
	[&quot;length/time/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;acceleration&quot;, link = &quot;Acceleration&quot; },
	[&quot;mass/area&quot;] = { utype = &quot;pressure&quot;, multiplier = 9.80665 },
	[&quot;mass/length&quot;] = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/mass&quot;] = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/power&quot;] = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/time&quot;] = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/volume&quot;] = { utype = &quot;density&quot;, link = &quot;Density&quot; },
	[&quot;power/mass&quot;] = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	[&quot;power/volume&quot;] = { link = &quot;Power density&quot; },
	[&quot;pressure/length&quot;] = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	[&quot;speed/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;acceleration&quot;, link = &quot;Acceleration&quot; },
	[&quot;volume/area&quot;] = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;volume/length&quot;] = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	[&quot;volume/time&quot;] = &quot;flow&quot;,
}

return {
	all_units = all_units,
	default_exceptions = default_exceptions,
	link_exceptions = link_exceptions,
	per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups,
}</text>
      <sha1>f97jr76pchm3k1udwyuy3tsxps7unei</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377352</id>
      <parentid>377351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T00:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377352</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="170818" sha1="j1zx7z68bt9fg7kzi9jlq30ul8zjw2b" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Module:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ وارو ڊيٽا، جيڪو mw.loadData() استعمال ڪري ٿو
-- ھن ماڊيول تائين فقط پڙھڻ واري رسائي لاءِ، جيئن ھر صفحي تي ھي صرف ھڪ ڀيرو لوڊ ٿئي.
-- ٻي وڪي تي نقل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[:en:Template:Convert/Transwiki guide]] ڏسو.
--
-- ھيٺيان ڊيٽا ٽيبلون شامل آھن:
--   all_units           ڪنھن به يونٽ جون سڀئي خاصيتون، ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ سميت
--   default_exceptions  ڊفالٽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جا ڊفالٽ مختلف آھن)
--   link_exceptions     ڳنڍڻين جا استثنا ('kg' ۽ 'g' جون ڳنڍڻيون مختلف آھن)
--
-- ھي ٽيبلون ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿين ٿيون، جيڪو ھڪ صفحي جي وڪي متن کي پڙھي ٿو
-- جيڪو ھر يونٽ جي گھربل خاصيتن جي دستاويزڪاري ڪري ٿو؛ [[:en:Module:Convert/doc]] ڏسو.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- ھن ٽيبل جي ڊيٽا ۾ تبديلي نه ڪريو ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اھا ھڪ اسڪرپٽ ذريعي تيار ٿئي ٿي --
-- جيڪو وڪي صفحي مان وڪي متن پڙھي ٿو (مٿيون نوٽ ڏسو).                 --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local all_units = {
[&quot;Gy&quot;] = {
_name1   = &quot;گري&quot;,
_symbol  = &quot;Gy&quot;,
utype    = &quot;absorbed radiation dose&quot;,
scale    = 1,
prefixes = 1,
default  = &quot;rad&quot;,
link     = &quot;Gray (unit)&quot;,
},
[&quot;rad&quot;] = {
_name1   = &quot;ريڊ&quot;,
_symbol  = &quot;rad&quot;,
utype    = &quot;absorbed radiation dose&quot;,
scale    = 0.01,
prefixes = 1,
default  = &quot;Gy&quot;,
link     = &quot;Rad (unit)&quot;,
},
[&quot;cm/s2&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;سينٽي ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name1_us = &quot;سينٽي ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;سينٽي ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2_us = &quot;سينٽي ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;cm/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 0.01,
default  = &quot;ft/s2&quot;,
link     = &quot;Gal (unit)&quot;,
},
[&quot;ft/s2&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;فٽ في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;فٽ في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;ft/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 0.3048,
default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
},
[&quot;g0&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;معياري ڪشش ثقل&quot;,
name2    = &quot;معياري ڪشش ثقلون&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;''g''&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 9.80665,
default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
},
[&quot;g-force&quot;] = {
name2    = &quot;''g''&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;''g''&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 9.80665,
default  = &quot;m/s2&quot;,
link     = &quot;g-force&quot;,
},
[&quot;km/hs&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name1_us = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2_us = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;km/(h⋅s)&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
default  = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
},
[&quot;km/s2&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name1_us = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2_us = &quot;ڪلوميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;km/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 1000,
default  = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
},
[&quot;m/s2&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name1_us = &quot;ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2_us = &quot;ميٽر في ھم چورس سيڪنڊ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;m/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 1,
default  = &quot;ft/s2&quot;,
},
[&quot;mph/s&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;ميل في ڪلاڪ في سيڪنڊ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;mph/s&quot;,
utype    = &quot;acceleration&quot;,
scale    = 0.44704,
default  = &quot;km/hs&quot;,
link     = &quot;Acceleration&quot;,
},
[&quot;km/h/s&quot;] = {
target   = &quot;km/hs&quot;,
},
[&quot;standard gravity&quot;] = {
target   = &quot;g0&quot;,
},
[&quot;1000sqft&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ھزار ھم چورس فٽ&quot;,
name2    = &quot;ھزار ھم چورس فٽ&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;1000 sq ft&quot;,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 92.90304,
default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
link     = &quot;Square foot&quot;,
},
[&quot;a&quot;] = {
_name1   = &quot;ايراضي&quot;,
_symbol  = &quot;a&quot;,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 100,
prefixes = 1,
default  = &quot;sqft&quot;,
link     = &quot;Hectare#Are&quot;,
},
[&quot;acre&quot;] = {
symbol   = &quot;acre&quot;,
usename  = 1,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 4046.8564224,
default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
subdivs  = { [&quot;rood&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;ha&quot; }, [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = { 160, default = &quot;ha&quot; } },
},
[&quot;acre-sing&quot;] = {
target   = &quot;acre&quot;,
},
[&quot;arpent&quot;] = {
symbol   = &quot;arpent&quot;,
usename  = 1,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 3418.89,
default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
},
[&quot;cda&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ڪويردا&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;cda&quot;,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 3930.395625,
default  = &quot;ha acre&quot;,
},
[&quot;daa&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;ڊيڪر&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;daa&quot;,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 1000,
default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
},
[&quot;dunam&quot;] = {
symbol   = &quot;dunam&quot;,
usename  = 1,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 1000,
default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
},
[&quot;dunum&quot;] = {
symbol   = &quot;dunum&quot;,
usename  = 1,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 1000,
default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
link     = &quot;Dunam&quot;,
},
[&quot;ha&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;هيڪٽر&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 10000,
default  = &quot;acre&quot;,
},
[&quot;hectare&quot;] = {
name1    = &quot;هيڪٽر&quot;,
symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
usename  = 1,
utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
scale    = 10000,
default  = &quot;acre&quot;,
},
    [&quot;Irish acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;آئرش ايڪڙ&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Irish&amp;nbsp;acres&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 6555.2385024,
	default  = &quot;ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre (Irish)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m2&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;چورس ميٽر&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;چورس ميٽر&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	prefix_position= 8,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 2,
	default  = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pondemaat&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pond&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3674.363358816,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;:nl:pondemaat&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pyeong&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;pyeong&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pyeong&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3057851239669422,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rai&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;rai&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rai&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1600,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rai (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rood&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;rood&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1011.7141056,
	default  = &quot;sqft m2&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = { 40, default = &quot;m2&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Rood (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqfoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.09290304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.09290304,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00064516,
	default  = &quot;cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 2589988.110336,
	default  = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3429904,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqperch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;perches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;perch&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 25.29285264,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)#Area and volume&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqverst&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;square verst&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 1138062.24,
	default  = &quot;km2 sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Verst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.83612736,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tsubo&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tsubo&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tsubo&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3057851239669422,
	default  = &quot;m2&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;are&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;decare&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;daa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqfoot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqft&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqmi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million acre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million acres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million hectares&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;nmi2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqnmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pond&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pondemaat&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sq arp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;arpent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqkm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;square verst&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqverst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;verst2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqverst&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sqyd&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m2/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square metre per hectare&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;square meter per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square metres per hectare&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;square meters per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;sqft/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Basal area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sqft/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;square foot per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;square feet per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sq&amp;nbsp;ft/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 2.295684113865932e-5,
	default  = &quot;m2/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Basal area&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cent&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;¢&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;cent&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cent&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cent (currency)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;¢&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;A.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ampere hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;A⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;coulomb&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;C&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;e&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;e&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;elementary charge&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''e''&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;charge&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176634e-19,
	default  = &quot;coulomb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;mol&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;mol&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgCO2/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;co2 per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lbCO2/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbCO2/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbCO2/US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;co2 per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kgCO2/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/lb&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	default  = &quot;mg/kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/kg&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mg&quot;, &quot;kg&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/dm3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/mL&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per millilitre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per milliliter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per millilitre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per milliliter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/mL&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/ml&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per millilitre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per milliliter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per millilitre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per milliliter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/ml&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/dm3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per cubic decimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per cubic decimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/l&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb/USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per cubic metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per cubic meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per cubic metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per cubic meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 16.018463373960142,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/cuyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic yard&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.5932764212577829,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/impgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per imperial gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per imperial gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/imp&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 99.776372663101697,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/in3&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/cu&amp;thinsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per U.S. gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/USbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US bushel&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/US&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 12.871859780974471,
	default  = &quot;kg/m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per US gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per US gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 119.82642731689663,
	default  = &quot;kg/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbm/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound mass per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds mass per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbm/cu&amp;thinsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 27679.904710203122,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;milligram per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;milligrams per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mg/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce per cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces per cubic inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz/cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	scale    = 1729.9940443876951,
	default  = &quot;g/cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/cm3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;cm3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mg/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Mg&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mg&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μg/dL&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;μg&quot;, &quot;dL&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μg/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;μg&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;density&quot;,
	default  = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/ft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/yd3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb/cuyd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbm/in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbm/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcg/dL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/dL&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;oz/cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ug/dL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/dL&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ug/l&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg/l&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;B.O.T.U.&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Board of Trade Unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;B.O.T.U.&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bboe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bboe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6117863200,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BOE&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BOE&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6117863200,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-39F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (39°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (39°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;39°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1059.67,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-39F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (39°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (39°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;39°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1059.67,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-59F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (59°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (59°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;59°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.804,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-59F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (59°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (59°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;59°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.804,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-60F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (60°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (60°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;60°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.68,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-60F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (60°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (60°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;60°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.68,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-63F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (63°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (63°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;63°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.6,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-63F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (63°F)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (63°F)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;63°F&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.6,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-ISO&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (ISO)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (ISO)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;ISO&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.056,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-ISO&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU-ISO&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (IT)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (IT)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (IT)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (IT)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.05585262,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-mean&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (mean)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (mean)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;mean&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.87,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-mean&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (mean)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (mean)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;mean&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055.87,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.35026444,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Btu&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1054.35026444,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1858,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Calorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Calories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CHU-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Celsius heat unit (International Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;Celsius heat units (International Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;CHU&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1899.100534716,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cufootnaturalgas&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055.85262,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot of natural gas&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet of natural gas&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuftnaturalgas&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055.85262,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Eh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Hartree&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''E''&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.35974417e-18,
	default  = &quot;eV&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;erg&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;erg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000001,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;eV&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;electronvolt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.602176634e-19,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;aJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foe&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;foe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1e44,
	default  = &quot;YJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foe (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftlbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftpdl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot-poundal&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅pdl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0421401100938048,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;grams of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gram of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gtoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigatonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gigatonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gtoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e19,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;gigatons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gigaton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;gigatonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gigatonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hph&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2684519.537696172792,
	default  = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inlbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-pound force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-pounds force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inoz-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-ounce force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-ounces force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅oz&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00706155181422604375,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inozf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch-ounce force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inch-ounces force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in⋅ozf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00706155181422604375,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Foot-pound (energy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;J&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;joule&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;J&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;cal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Joule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kBOE&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilo barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilo barrels of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kBOE&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 6.1178632e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186.8,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kerg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kerg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilograms of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilogram of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kt(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kiloton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ktoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e13,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktonTNT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloton of TNT&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilotons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilotonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.004184,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4185800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-15&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (15°C)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (15°C)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;15&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0041858,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (International Steam Table)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;IT&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0041868,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megacalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megacalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcal-th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millicalorie (thermochemical)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millicalories (thermochemical)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mcal&lt;sub&gt;th&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.004184,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Merg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Merg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;merg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millierg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;merg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000001,
	default  = &quot;μJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MMBtu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million British thermal units&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million British thermal units&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MMBtu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1055055852.62,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mt(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megaton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mtoe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mtoe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.1868e16,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaton of TNT&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megatons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;millitons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;milliton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megatonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;millitonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;millitonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6,
	default  = &quot;J&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PSh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Pferdestärkenstunde&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PSh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2647795.5,
	default  = &quot;kWh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;quad&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;quadrillion British thermal units&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;quadrillion British thermal units&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;quad&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1.054804e18,
	default  = &quot;EJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quad (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ry&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;rydberg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ry&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2.1798741e-18,
	default  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rydberg constant&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;scf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2869.2044809344,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scfoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;standard cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;scf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 2869.2044809344,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t(TNT)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;th&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thermie&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;th&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4186800,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Conversion of units#Energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-EC&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (EC)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (EC)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (EC)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105506000,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-UK&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (UK)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (UK)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (UK)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105505585.257348,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thm-US&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;therm (US)&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;therm (U.S.)&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;therms (US)&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;therms (U.S.)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thm (US)&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;thm (U.S.)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 105480400,
	default  = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Therm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;toe&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne of oil equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes of oil equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;toe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 41868000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TtonTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;teratons of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;teraton of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e21,
	default  = &quot;ZJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TtTNT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;teratonnes of TNT&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;teratonne of TNT&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e21,
	default  = &quot;ZJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terawatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3.6e15,
	default  = &quot;PJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;watt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;W⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Wh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;watt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Wh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;kJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μerg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microerg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μerg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-13,
	default  = &quot;nJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Erg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μW.h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μW⋅h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0036,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μWh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microwatt-hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μWh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0036,
	default  = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-kW.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;btu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Calorie&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft.lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ftlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft·lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ftlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-cal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-kcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-Mcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Mcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mcal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mcal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;GW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;GW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hartree&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Eh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hph&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.lb-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inlb-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.lbf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inlbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.oz-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inoz-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in.ozf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;inozf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kbboe&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kBOE&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbboe&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-15&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-15&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-IT&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-IT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-cal-th&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Cal-th&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;MW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MW·h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;MW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;TW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uerg&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μerg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uW-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uW.h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μW.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uWh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μWh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W-h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;W.h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;eVpar&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;electronvolt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;eV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	scale    = 96485.332123310014,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kcal/mol&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;eVpar&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;eVpar&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/mol&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kcal&quot;, &quot;mol&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilocalorie per mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/mol&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;mol&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per chemical amount&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kcal/mol&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Joule per mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/100 km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h/100&amp;nbsp;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 36,
	default  = &quot;MJ/km kWh/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt-hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/100 mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt-hour per 100 miles&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatt-hours per 100 miles&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW⋅h/100&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 22.3694,
	default  = &quot;mpge&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/100 km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megajoule per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megajoule per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megajoules per 100 kilometres&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;megajoules per 100 kilometers&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MJ/100&amp;nbsp;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 10,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpge&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&amp;#8209;e&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3263314048360777e-5,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;kWh/100 mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;v &gt; 1525 ! M ! k ! J/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;-kW.h&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;MJ/km kWh/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kWh/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;-kW.h&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kWh/km MJ/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MJ&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpg-e&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpge&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British thermal unit per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;British thermal units per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;BTU/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 2326,
	default  = &quot;kJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;British thermal unit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184,
	default  = &quot;J/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigajoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gigajoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1e9,
	default  = &quot;ktTNT/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;J/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;joule per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;joules per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;J/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000,
	default  = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/g&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per gram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per gram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000,
	default  = &quot;kcal/g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;BTU/lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktonTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotons of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kiloton of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ktTNT/t&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kilotonnes of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kilotonne of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4184000000,
	default  = &quot;GJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtonTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatons of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megaton of TNT per metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MtTNT/MT&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;megatonnes of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;megatonne of TNT per tonne&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.184e12,
	default  = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;TNT equivalent&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;TJ/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;terajoule per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;terajoules per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;TJ/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1e12,
	default  = &quot;MtTNT/MT&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific energy&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/g&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;g&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/cuft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;cuft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USoz(mL)serve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USoz(mL)serve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USoz(ml)serve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USoz(ml)serve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/l&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/12USozserve&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;-12USozserve&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/USoz&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Cal&quot;, &quot;USoz&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kJ/ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/L&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;L&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/ml&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kJ&quot;, &quot;ml&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;Cal/USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MJ/m3&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MJ&quot;, &quot;m3&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	default  = &quot;BTU/cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Sv&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;sievert&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Sv&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;equivalent radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;rem&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Sievert&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rem&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rem&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;rem&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;equivalent radiation dose&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;Sv&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Roentgen equivalent man&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;oz/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 6.2137119223733397e-7,
	default  = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gCO2/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;ozCO2/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 6.2137119223733397e-7,
	default  = &quot;gCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgCO2/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lbCO2/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00028184923173665794,
	default  = &quot;kg/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00028184923173665794,
	default  = &quot;kgCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1.7615576983541121e-5,
	default  = &quot;g/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozCO2/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz(CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;exhaust emission&quot;,
	scale    = 1.7615576983541121e-5,
	default  = &quot;gCO2/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Exhaust gas&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 8.9730672142368242e-10,
	default  = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 3.2774128000000003e-7,
	default  = &quot;m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 7.8657907200000004e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00047194744319999999,
	default  = &quot;m3/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846592e-12,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cumi/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic mile per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic miles per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;mi/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 132.08171170940057,
	default  = &quot;km3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic yards per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cuyd/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00021237634944000001,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic yards per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;yd/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.76455485798400002,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Goilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933836,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.2628027777777779e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5768166666666671e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;impgal/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00454609,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Imperial gallons per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km3/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic kilometre per annum&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic kilometer per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic kilometres per annum&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic kilometers per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 31.68808781402895,
	default  = &quot;cumi/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km3/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic kilometre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic kilometer per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic kilometres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic kilometers per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 11574.074074074075,
	default  = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933841e-6,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0018401307283333335,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777776e-7,
	default  = &quot;impgal/h USgal/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.6666666666666667e-5,
	default  = &quot;impgal/min USgal/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;litres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;liters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per annum&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per annum&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per annum&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per annum&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 3.1688087814028947e-8,
	default  = &quot;cuft/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;cuft/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;cuft/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0050380033629933837,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8401307283333335,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0380033629933841e-9,
	default  = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;barrels per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8401307283333336e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Toilbbl/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion barrels per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion barrels per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Tbbl/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 5038.0033629933832,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel per day&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;U.S. gallon per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;U.S. gallons per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 4.3812636388888893e-8,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.0515032733333334e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;U.S. gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;U.S. gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 6.3090196400000003e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/a&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1995246102365199e-10,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 4.3812636388888893e-8,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gallon per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gallons per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 1.0515032733333334e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 6.3090196400000003e-5,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;U.S. gallons per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;USgal/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;flow&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallons per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m³/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m3/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft/a&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft/a&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft/d&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft/d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;u.s.gal/min&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;U.S.gal/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal/min&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal/min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-LTf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LTf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-STf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;STf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;dyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00001,
	default  = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN ozf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0006354602307515,
	default  = &quot;μN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;grf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0006354602307515,
	default  = &quot;μN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilodyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lb-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lbf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;N lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/T-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/T&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/Tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;L/Tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb(f)&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 4.4482216152605,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LT&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LTf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LTf&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9964.01641818352,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megadyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 10,
	default  = &quot;lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mdyn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millidyne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mdyn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000001,
	default  = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dyne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milligram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milligrams-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN grf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megapond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LT-f ST-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millipond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000980665,
	default  = &quot;μN gr-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;newton&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;N&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.2780138203095378125,
	default  = &quot;mN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;ounces-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ozf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.2780138203095378125,
	default  = &quot;mN&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (force)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;p&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pond&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;p&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00980665,
	default  = &quot;mN oz-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pdl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;poundal&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pdl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 0.138254954376,
	default  = &quot;N&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;S/T-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;S/T&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;S/Tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;S/Tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ST&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;STf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short tons-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;STf&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 8896.443230521,
	default  = &quot;kN&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LT-f ST-f&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ton-force#Tonne-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;tonnes-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
	scale    = 9806.65,
	default  = &quot;kN LTf STf&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ton-force#Tonne-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dyne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;dyn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;newtons&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;N&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;poundal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pdl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonne-force&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;tf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;@impgal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km USgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/L&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;km&quot;, &quot;L&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/l&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;km&quot;, &quot;ll&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;L&quot;, &quot;100km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|L/100&amp;nbsp;km]]&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ll&quot;, &quot;100km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|l/100&amp;nbsp;km]]&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;L&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ll&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;mpgimp mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/impqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;impqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/U.S.qt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;U.S.qt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/USqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;USqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/usqt&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;usqt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgimp&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;@impgal&quot; },
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;imp&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/100 km+mpgus&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[Imperial units|imp]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgus&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mi&quot;, &quot;+USgal&quot; },
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;US&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/100 km+mpgimp&quot;,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|US]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;*U.S.gal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	sp_us    = true,
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km impgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;+USgal&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
	invert   = 1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;L/km impgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L/100 km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;l/100 km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpg&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{mpgus%} for miles per US gallon or %{mpgimp%} for miles per imperial gallon (not %{mpg%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgU.S.&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;U.S.&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgu.s.&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mpg&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;U.S.&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	symlink  = &quot;[[Fuel economy in automobiles#Units of measure|mpg]]&lt;sub&gt;&amp;#8209;[[United States customary units|U.S.]]&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgUS&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mpgus&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/mi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;usgal/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa/m&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;-m-frac&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi/ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psi/ft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;psi&quot;, &quot;-ft-frac&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kPa/m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00001,
	default  = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00018939393939393939,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 5.28 ! c ! ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per nautical mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00016457883369330455,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 6.076 ! c ! ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.083333333333333329,
	default  = &quot;mm/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 1.5782828282828283e-5,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 0.6336 ! m ! c ! m/km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;ft/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/km&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;in/mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;gradient&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;in/ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;admi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;admiralty mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&amp;nbsp;(admiralty)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;AU&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;astronomical unit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;AU&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 149597870700,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Brnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;British nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(Brit)&amp;nbsp;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bu&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;bu&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bu&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0030303030303030303,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ch&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;chain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ch&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chlk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|chain]]&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|ch]]&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chain&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;chain&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 66, default = &quot;m&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 22, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Chain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;[[Chain (unit)|chain]]&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 20.1168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dpcm&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;dot/cm&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dot/cm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;dpi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dpi&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;DPI&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;DPI&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 39.370078740157481,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;fathom&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;fathom&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8288,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;in&quot;] = { 12, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Foot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	exception= &quot;integer_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;in&quot;] = { 12, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Foot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;furlong&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;furlong&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 201.168,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigalight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e24,
	default  = &quot;Mpc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigaparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e25,
	default  = &quot;Gly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hand&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hand&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	builtin  = &quot;hand&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1016,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;in cm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hand (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	exception= &quot;subunit_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inabbreviated&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;in&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilolight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e18,
	default  = &quot;pc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e19,
	default  = &quot;kly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Parsecs and kiloparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LD&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;lunar distance&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LD&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 384403000,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Lunar distance (astronomy)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;league&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;league&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 4828.032,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;League (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;light-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e15,
	default  = &quot;AU&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;v &gt; 0 and v &lt; 3 ! ftin ! ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ch&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;chainlk&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 5280, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;furlong&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;km&quot; }, [&quot;yd&quot;] = { 1760, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;mil&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;mil&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thousandth of an inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mly&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megalight-year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mly&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 9.4607304725808e21,
	default  = &quot;kpc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Light-year#Definitions&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mpc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaparsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mpc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e22,
	default  = &quot;Mly&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Parsec#Megaparsecs and gigaparsecs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;NM&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;NM&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1852,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oldUKnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.184,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oldUSnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;parsec&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.0856775814671916e16,
	default  = &quot;ly&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;perch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;perches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;perch&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pitch&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;μm&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;dpi&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;pitch&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dots per inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pole&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;pole&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pre1954U.S.nmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pre1954USnmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;US) nautical mile&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;(pre-1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nautical mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;US) nmi&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;(pre&amp;#8209;1954&amp;nbsp;U.S.) nmi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1853.24496,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Nautical mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;rod&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.0292,
	default  = &quot;ft m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rod (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;royal cubit&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;royal cubit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.524,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rtkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;route kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;route kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rtmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;route mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shaku&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;shaku&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shaku&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.30303030303030304,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Shaku (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;smoot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1.70180,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Smoot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;smi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;statute mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;chain&quot;] = { 80, default = &quot;km&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;solar radius&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;solar radius&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;solar radii&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''R''&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 695700e3,
	default  = &quot;km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sun&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;sun&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sun&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.030303030303030304,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Japanese units of measurement#Length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thou&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;thou&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;thou&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000254,
	default  = &quot;mm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thousandth of an inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;verst&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;verst&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 1066.8,
	default  = &quot;km mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.9144,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;ft&quot;] = { 3, default = &quot;m&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;μin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;microinch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;microinches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μin&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000254,
	default  = &quot;nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;SI prefix#Non-metric units&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Å&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ångström&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Å&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000000001,
	default  = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hz&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;hertz&quot;,
	_name2   = &quot;hertz&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Hz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 3.3356409519815204e-9,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hertz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rpm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;revolution per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;revolutions per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;rpm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
	scale    = 5.5594015866358675e-11,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;Hz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Revolutions per minute&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-ft-frac&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fracture gradient&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-in-stiff&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Stiffness&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-m-frac&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fracture gradient&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-m-stiff&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Stiffness&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;100km&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;100mi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;100miles&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;miles&quot;,
	multiplier= 100,
    },
    [&quot;admiralty nmi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;oldUKnmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;angstrom&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Å&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;au&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;AU&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;au&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hands&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hand&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inch&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inches&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;light-year&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ly&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;meter&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;meters&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;metre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;metres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;micrometre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;micron&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μm&quot;,
	default  = &quot;μin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mile&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
    },
    [&quot;miles&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mi&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
    },
    [&quot;parsec&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;pc&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;rod&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;rd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;smoot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;sm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uin&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yard&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yards&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yds&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;yd&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dtex&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decitex&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;decitex&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dtex&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-7,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Units of textile measurement#Units&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/cm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/cm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4881639435695539,
	default  = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/yd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per yard&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	scale    = 0.49605464785651798,
	default  = &quot;kg/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Linear density&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;G&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gauss&quot;,
	_name2   = &quot;gauss&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;G&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetic field strength&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;T&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gauss (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;T&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;tesla&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;T&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetic field strength&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;G&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tesla (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;A/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;ampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;amperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;amperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;A/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;Oe&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kA/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kiloampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kiloamperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kiloamperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kA/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;kOe&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ampere per metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MA/m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megaampere per metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;megaampere per meter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;megaamperes per metre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;megaamperes per meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MA/m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 1e6,
	default  = &quot;kOe&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Ampere per metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Oe&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;oersted&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Oe&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;magnetizing field&quot;,
	scale    = 79.5774715,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kA/m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Oersted&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-Lcwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-Scwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-ST&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ST&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;carat&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;carat&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0002,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Carat (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Da&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;dalton&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Da&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.66053906892e-27,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dalton (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;drachm&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;dram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;drachm&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001771845195,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Dram (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dram&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;drachm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pennyweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00155517384,
	default  = &quot;oz g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;DWton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;deadweight ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;DWtonne&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Deadweight tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;DWtonne&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;deadweight metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;deadweight tonne&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;~deadweight metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;DWton&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Deadweight tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;gram&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;g&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;oz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gram&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grain&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00006479891,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gigatonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgalh2o&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon of water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;imperial gallons of water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 4.5359236999999499,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Imperial gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilotonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.45359237,
	exception= &quot;integer_more_precision&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;oz&quot;] = { 16, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Pound (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Lcwt&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;qtr&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;kg&quot; }, [&quot;st&quot;] = { 8, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long cwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;long hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;long&amp;nbsp;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 50.80234544,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;qtr&quot;] = { 4, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;long&amp;nbsp;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 12.70058636,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Lcwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;lt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;LT&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1016.0469088,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Lcwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Lcwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;metric ton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;long ton&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;megatonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000000000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028349523125,
	default  = &quot;g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ozt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;troy ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ozt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0311034768,
	default  = &quot;oz g&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pdr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pounder&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pdr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.45359237,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound (mass)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 12.70058636,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;lb&quot;] = { 28, default = &quot;kg&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Long quarter&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Scwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Scwt&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short cwt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;short hundredweight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;short&amp;nbsp;cwt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 45.359237,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hundredweight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short qtr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short quarter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;short&amp;nbsp;qtr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 11.33980925,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;Scwt&quot;] = { 20, default = &quot;t&quot;, unit = &quot;-Scwt&quot; } },
    },
    [&quot;shtn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;sh&amp;nbsp;tn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shton&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;ton&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 907.18474,
	default  = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;solar mass&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;solar mass&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;solar masses&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;''M''&lt;sub&gt;☉&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.98855e30,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;st&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;stone&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;stone&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;st&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 6.35029318,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	subdivs  = { [&quot;lb&quot;] = { 14, default = &quot;kg lb&quot; } },
	link     = &quot;Stone (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonne&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;metric ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;shton&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;troy pound&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;troy pound&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3732417216,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Troy weight&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgalh2o&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon of water&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon of water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;US gallons of water&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;U.S. gallons of water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 3.7776215836051126,
	default  = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;United States customary units#Fluid volume&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;viss&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;viss&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;viss&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1.632932532,
	default  = &quot;kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Myanmar units of measurement#Mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;billion tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grain&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;gr&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kilogram&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kilotonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbs&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;troy pound&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lcwt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Lcwt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long ton&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;LT&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mcg&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μg&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;scwt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Scwt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short ton&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ST&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stone&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;st&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thousand tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tonnes&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;t&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/kW&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per kilowatt&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per kilowatt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/kW&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb/hp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilowatt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/hp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00060827738784176115,
	default  = &quot;kg/kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;g-mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g-mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g&amp;#8209;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;gmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gram-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;gram-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbmol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.011574074074074073,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 16.666666666666668,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilomole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilomole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilomoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0052499116898148141,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.12599788055555555,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5598728333333334,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb&amp;#8209;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0052499116898148141,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.12599788055555555,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 7.5598728333333334,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 453.59237,
	default  = &quot;kmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-mole&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074073e-5,
	default  = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00027777777777777778,
	default  = &quot;mmol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;moles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;μmol/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;micromole per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;micromoles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;molar rate&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;lb-mol/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mole (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;umol/s&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;μmol/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00024710538146716532,
	default  = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 100e-6,
	default  = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqcm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e4,
	default  = &quot;/sqin&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square centimetre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1550.0031000062002,
	default  = &quot;/sqcm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per square kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per square kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;/sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per square mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.8610215854244582e-7,
	default  = &quot;/sqkm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/acre&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per acre&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/acre&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00024710538146716532,
	default  = &quot;PD/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 100e-6,
	default  = &quot;PD/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/sqkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per square kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;inhabitant per square kilometer&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per square kilometre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;inhabitants per square kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 1e-6,
	default  = &quot;PD/sqmi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/sqmi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inhabitant per square mile&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inhabitants per square mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/sq&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 3.8610215854244582e-7,
	default  = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Square mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/cm2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqcm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/acre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/acre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/ha&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/ha&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/km2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PD/km²&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/sqkm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pd/sqmi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;PD/sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/l&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;/usgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/L&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per litre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;per liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;/usgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;/USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;per gallon&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;per gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;/gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	scale    = 264.172052,
	default  = &quot;/L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;/usgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;/USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bhp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;brake horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;brake horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bhp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Brake horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;large calorie per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;large calories per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.048425925925925928,
	default  = &quot;kJ/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Cal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;large calorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;large calories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Cal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;kJ/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;calorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;calories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0011622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CV&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;CV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-electric&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;electric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 746,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Electrical horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-electrical&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;electrical horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;electrical horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 746,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Electrical horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-metric&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ihp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;indicated horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;indicated horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ihp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Indicated horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcal/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilocalorie per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilocalories per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kcal/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1622222222222223,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Calorie&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.011574074074074073,
	default  = &quot;Cal/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kJ/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilojoule per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilojoules per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kJ/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PS&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PS&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 735.49875,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;shaft horsepower&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;shaft horsepower&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 745.69987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Horsepower#Shaft horsepower&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;W&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;watt&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;W&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;hp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Watt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BTU/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;BTU&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Btu/h&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;Btu&quot;, &quot;h&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;power&quot;,
	default  = &quot;W&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;BHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;bhp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;btu/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;BTU/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;HP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Hp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp-mechanical&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;IHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;ihp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;SHP&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;shp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;whp&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1643.986806,
	default  = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/LT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per long ton&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per long ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/LT&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.73392268125000004,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/ST&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per short ton&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per short ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/ST&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.821993403,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.74569987158227022,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/kg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt per kilogram&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatts per kilogram&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;hp/lb&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilowatt per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilowatts per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;PS/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;PS/t&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metric horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metric horsepower per tonne&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;PS/t&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 0.73549875,
	default  = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;shp/lb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;shaft horsepower per pound&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;shaft horsepower per pound&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;shp/lb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	scale    = 1643.986806,
	default  = &quot;kW/kg&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Power-to-weight ratio&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hp/tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hp/t&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;hp/tonne&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kW/tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kW/tonne&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kW/t&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kW/tonne&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-lb/in2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;atm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;standard atmosphere&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;atm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 101325,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Atmosphere (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ba&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barye&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ba&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1,
	default  = &quot;Pa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bar&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;bar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100000,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dbar&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dbar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 10000,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;inHg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch of mercury&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches of mercury&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;inHg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 3386.388640341,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kBa&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilobarye&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kBa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barye&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg-f/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf/cm2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimetre&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilograms-force per square centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 98066.5,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram-force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ksi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilopounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ksi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894757.2931683613,
	default  = &quot;MPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound per square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf/in2&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-force per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds-force per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf/in&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mb&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mb&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mbar&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millibar&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mbar&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 100,
	default  = &quot;hPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bar (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mmHg&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre of mercury&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter of mercury&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres of mercury&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters of mercury&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mmHg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 133.322387415,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Pa&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;pascal&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Pa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pascal (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;psf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 47.880258980335839,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound per square inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;psi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound per square inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pounds per square inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;psi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 6894.7572931683608,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Torr&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;torr&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Torr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	scale    = 133.32236842105263,
	default  = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N/cm2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;N&quot;, &quot;cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;N&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;psi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;g/cm2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;g/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;g&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kg/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kg/m2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kg&quot;, &quot;m2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lb/sqft&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/1000sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;1000sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;lb/sqyd&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;sqyd&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kg/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;LT/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;t/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;MT/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;MT&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;LT/acre ST/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;oz/sqft&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;sqft&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;oz/sqyd&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;sqyd&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;g/m2&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;ST/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;ST&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;t/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;t/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;t&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;LT/acre ST/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;tonne/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;tonne&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;tonne/ha&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;tonne/ha&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;tonne&quot;, &quot;ha&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
	default  = &quot;tonne/acre&quot;,
	multiplier= 9.80665,
    },
    [&quot;kgfpsqcm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kgf/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgpsqcm&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kg/cm2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN/m2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kPa&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb/in2&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbf/in2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;torr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Torr&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Bq&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;becquerel&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;pCi&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Becquerel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ci&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;curie&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Ci&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 3.7e10,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;GBq&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Curie (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Rd&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;rutherford&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;Rd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;radioactivity&quot;,
	scale    = 1e6,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;MBq&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rutherford (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777775e-6,
	default  = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01,
	default  = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;centimetre per year&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;centimeter per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centimetres per year&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;centimeters per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 3.168873850681143e-10,
	default  = &quot;in/year&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00508,
	default  = &quot;m/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Feet per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;foot per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;feet per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.3048,
	default  = &quot;m/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Feet per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;furlong per fortnight&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;furlongs per fortnight&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;furlong per fortnight&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00016630952380952381,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;FFF system&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 7.0555555555555559e-6,
	default  = &quot;cm/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0254,
	default  = &quot;cm/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Inch&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;inch per year&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;inches per year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 8.0489395807301024e-10,
	default  = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;isp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per day&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per day&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1.1574074074074074e-2,
	default  = &quot;mi/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.27777777777777779,
	default  = &quot;mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilometres per hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilometre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilometer per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kilometres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;kilometers per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;mi/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kn&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;knot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kn&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.51444444444444448,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Knot (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kNs/kg&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;kN&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kN&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1000,
	default  = &quot;isp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per minute&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per minute&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per minute&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.016666666666666666,
	default  = &quot;ft/min&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre per second&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metres per second&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meters per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ft/s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mach&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;Mach&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mach&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	builtin  = &quot;mach&quot;,
	scale    = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;km/h mph&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mach number&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per day&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi/d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1.8626666666666667e-2,
	default  = &quot;km/d&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Orders of magnitude (speed)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/s&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per second&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per second&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi/s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1609.344,
	default  = &quot;km/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millimetre per hour&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millimeter per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millimetres per hour&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;millimeters per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mm/h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.7777777777777781e-7,
	default  = &quot;in/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mph&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;mile per hour&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;miles per hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mph&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 0.44704,
	default  = &quot;km/h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Miles per hour&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Ns/kg&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;N&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;N&amp;#8209;s/kg&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;isp&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Specific impulse&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;si tsfc&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;g/(kN⋅s)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;g/(kN⋅s)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 9.9999628621379242e-7,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;tsfc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thrust specific fuel consumption&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tsfc&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;lb/(lbf⋅h)&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb/(lbf⋅h)&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	scale    = 2.832545036049801e-5,
	invert   = -1,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;si tsfc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Thrust specific fuel consumption&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/y&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cm/yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cm/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/y&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in/yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;in/year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;knot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;knots&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;kn&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kph&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km/h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi/h&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;mph&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mm/s&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;mm&quot;, &quot;s&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;speed&quot;,
	default  = &quot;in/s&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Metre per second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;C&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Celsius&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Celsius&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°C&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	offset   = -273.15,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;F&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Celsius&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;F&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Fahrenheit&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Fahrenheit&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°F&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	offset   = 32-273.15*(9/5),
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;C&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fahrenheit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;K&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;kelvin&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;K&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;C F&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kelvin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;keVT&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kiloelectronvolt&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;keV&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 11604518.121550081,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	default  = &quot;MK&quot;,
	defkey   = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	linkey   = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Electronvolt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;R&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Rankine&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Rankine&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°R&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	offset   = 0,
	iscomplex= true,
	istemperature= true,
	default  = &quot;K F C&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Rankine scale&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Celsius&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°C&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°F&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;F&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°R&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;R&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;C-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Celsius change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Celsius change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°C&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;F-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Celsius&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;F-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;degree Fahrenheit change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;degrees Fahrenheit change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;°F&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 0.55555555555555558,
	default  = &quot;C-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fahrenheit&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;K-change&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kelvin change&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;kelvins change&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;K&quot;,
	usesymbol= 1,
	utype    = &quot;temperature change&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;F-change&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kelvin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°C-change&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;C-change&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;°F-change&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;F-change&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;century&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;century&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;centuries&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 3155760000,
	default  = &quot;Gs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;d&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;day&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;d&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 86400,
	default  = &quot;ks&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;decade&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;decade&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;daa&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 315576000,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dog year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;dog year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;dog yr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 220903200,
	default  = &quot;years&quot;,
	link     = &quot;List of unusual units of measurement#Dog year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;fortnight&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;fortnight&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 1209600,
	default  = &quot;week&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;h&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;hour&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;h&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 3600,
	default  = &quot;ks&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long billion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ta&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000000,
	default  = &quot;Es&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;millennium&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millennium&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;millennia&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ka&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000,
	default  = &quot;Gs&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;milliard year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;milliard years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;milliard years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;million year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ma&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000,
	default  = &quot;Ts&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;min&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;minute&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 60,
	default  = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;month&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;month&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 2629800,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;months&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;month&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mo&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 2629800,
	default  = &quot;year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;s&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;second&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;s&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;v &lt; 7200 ! min ! h&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Second&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short billion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;short trillion year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ta&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000000,
	default  = &quot;Es&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;thousand million year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand million years&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand million years&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Ga&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600000000000,
	default  = &quot;Ps&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;wk&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;week&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 604800,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;year&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;a&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;years&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;year&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yr&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;time&quot;,
	scale    = 31557600,
	default  = &quot;Ms&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Annum&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;byr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;short billion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;day&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;days&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;d&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;dog yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;dog year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hour&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hours&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;h&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kMyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kmyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;millennium&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;long byr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;long billion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;minute&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;minutes&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;min&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mth&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;month&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Myr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;myr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;sec&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;second&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;seconds&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;s&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tmyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tryr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;short trillion year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tyr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;millennium&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;week&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;wk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;weeks&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;wk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yr&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;year&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kg.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgf.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram force-metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram force-meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kgf⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kgm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilogram metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilogram meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kg⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kpm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;kilopond metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;kilopond meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kp⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-fft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft⋅lb&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb.ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb.in&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-inch&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.1129848290276167,
	default  = &quot;mN.m&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbfft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound force-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound force-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lbf⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;pound-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;pound-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;lb⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 1.3558179483314004,
	default  = &quot;Nm&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pound-foot (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m.kg-f&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre kilogram-force&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metre kilograms-force&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meter kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m⋅kg&lt;sub&gt;f&lt;/sub&gt;&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m.kgf&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;metre kilogram-force&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;meter kilogram-force&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;metre kilograms-force&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;meter kilograms-force&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m⋅kgf&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 9.80665,
	default  = &quot;Nm lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kilogram metre (torque)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mN.m&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;millinewton-metre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;millinewton-meter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mN⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;lb.in&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton-metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Nm&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;newton-metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;newton-meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;N⋅m&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	alttype  = &quot;energy&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Newton-metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN/m&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-m-stiff&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	default  = &quot;lbf/in&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf/in&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;lbf&quot;, &quot;-in-stiff&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;torque&quot;,
	default  = &quot;kN/m&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb-f.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb-fft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lbf·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lbfft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lb·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;lb.ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mkg-f&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m.kg-f&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mkgf&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m.kgf&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N.m&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Nm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;N·m&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;Nm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ton-mile&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;ton-mile&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;transportation&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4599723182105602,
	default  = &quot;tkm&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tkm&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;tonne-kilometre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;tonne-kilometer&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tkm&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;transportation&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;ton-mile&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USoz(mL)serve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;mL) serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;mL&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USoz(ml)serve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz (355&amp;nbsp;ml) serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;-12USozserve&quot;] = {
	name1_us = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;12&amp;nbsp;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz serving&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00035488235475000004,
	default  = &quot;mL&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Beverage can#Standard sizes&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-foot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;acre⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1233.48183754752,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-ft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;acre-feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;acre⋅ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1233.48183754752,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;AUtbsp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;Australian tablespoon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;AU&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000020,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Bcuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;billion cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;Gl&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bdft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;board feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bd&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;board feet&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;board feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;board foot&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;board foot&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0023597372167,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cc&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic centimetre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic centimeter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cc&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000001,
	default  = &quot;cuin&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;CID&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000016387064,
	default  = &quot;cc&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic inch#Engine displacement&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cord&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;cord&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 3.624556363776,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cord (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cufoot&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic foot&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;ft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.028316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic inch&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic inches&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;in&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000016387064,
	default  = &quot;cm3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cumi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic mile&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;mi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 4168181825.440579584,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic yard&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;cu&amp;nbsp;yd&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.764554857984,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;firkin&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;firkin&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.04091481,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Firkin (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;foot3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cufoot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Goilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;billion barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;billion barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Gbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987294.928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gr water&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;grains water&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;grains water&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gr H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00000006479891,
	default  = &quot;cm3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Grain (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;grt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gross register ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;grt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 2.8316846592,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gross register tonnage&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.16365924,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbsh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03636872,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USdrygal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03636872,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00454609,
	default  = &quot;L USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impgi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gill&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001420653125,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gill (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impkenning&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial kenning&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kenning&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01818436,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kenning (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impoz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial fluid ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000284130625,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;imppk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial peck&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;pk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00909218,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Peck&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;imppt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00056826125,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;imperial quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;imp&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0011365225,
	default  = &quot;ml USoz&quot;,
	customary= 3,
    },
    [&quot;kilderkin&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;kilderkin&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.08182962,
	default  = &quot;L impgal USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;koilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;kbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158.987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! ! e3 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;litre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;liter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;L&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;litre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;liter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	prefixes = 1,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Litre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ll&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;litre&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;liter&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;l&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001,
	default  = &quot;impgal USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3&quot;] = {
	_name1   = &quot;cubic metre&quot;,
	_name1_us= &quot;cubic meter&quot;,
	_symbol  = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
	prefix_position= 7,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	prefixes = 3,
	default  = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Cubic metre&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158.987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MMoilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MMbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987.294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Moilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Mbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987.294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MTON&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;measurement ton&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;MTON&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1.13267386368,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MUSgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;million US gallons&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;million U.S. gallons&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;million US gallons&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;million U.S. gallons&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;million US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;million U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 3785.411784,
	default  = &quot;Ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;oilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.158987294928,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stere&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;stere&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1,
	default  = &quot;cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;tmcft&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;tmcft&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tmcft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tmcft&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;thousand million cubic feet&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;thousand million cubic feet&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;tmcft&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 28316846.592,
	default  = &quot;km3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Tmcft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Toilbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;trillion barrels&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;trillion barrels&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;Tbbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 158987294928,
	default  = &quot;v * 1.58987294928 &lt; 10 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)#Oil barrel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.119240471196,
	default  = &quot;L USgal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbeerbbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US beer barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. beer barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.117347765304,
	default  = &quot;L USgal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbsh&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US bushel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bsh&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03523907016688,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbu&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US bushel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. bushel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;bu&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.03523907016688,
	default  = &quot;L USdrygal impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrybbl&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry barrel&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry barrel&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;bbl&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.11562819898508,
	default  = &quot;m3&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Barrel (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrygal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00440488377086,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdrypt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry pint&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0005506104713575,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pint&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USdryqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US dry quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. dry quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;dry&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.001101220942715,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USflgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US fl gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US gallon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;gal&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.003785411784,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgi&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;gill&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;gi&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001182941183,
	default  = &quot;ml impoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gill (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USkenning&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US kenning&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. kenning&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;kenning&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;kenning&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.01761953508344,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Kenning (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USmin&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US minim&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. minim&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;min&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;min&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000000061611519921875,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Minim (unit)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USoz&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US fluid ounce&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. fluid ounce&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;fl&amp;nbsp;oz&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0000295735295625,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USpk&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US peck&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. peck&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;pk&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;pk&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.00880976754172,
	default  = &quot;L impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Peck&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USpt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US pint&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. pint&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;pt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000473176473,
	default  = &quot;L imppt&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Pint&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USqt&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000946352946,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;USquart&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US quart&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. quart&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;qt&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.000946352946,
	default  = &quot;ml impoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Quart&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;UStbsp&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;US tablespoon&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;U.S. tablespoon&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	sym_us   = &quot;U.S.&amp;nbsp;tbsp&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 1.4786764781250001e-5,
	default  = &quot;ml&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;winecase&quot;] = {
	symbol   = &quot;case&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
	scale    = 0.009,
	default  = &quot;L&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Case (goods)&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;*U.S.drygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;*U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;+USdrygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+usfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Fluid ounce&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+USgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;+USoz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	customary= 1,
    },
    [&quot;@impgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impgal&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Gallon&quot;,
	customary= 3,
    },
    [&quot;acre feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre foot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre-feet&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre.foot&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-foot&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre.ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;acre·ft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;acre-ft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;bushels&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cid&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;CID&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;ft&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gallon&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallon%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;gallons&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USgal%} for US gallons or %{impgal%} for imperial gallons (not %{gallons%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Gcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e9cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;impfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Impgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;in3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;in&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;hm³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;hm3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kcum&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e3m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;km³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;km3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;liter&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;liters&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;litre&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;litres&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;L&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mcum&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Mft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e6cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mi3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;mi&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m³&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;m3&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Pcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e15cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;pt&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USpt%} for US pints or %{imppt%} for imperial pints (not %{pt%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;qt&quot;] = {
	shouldbe = &quot;Use %{USqt%} for US quarts or %{impqt%} for imperial quarts (not %{qt%})&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tcuft&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;Tft3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;e12cuft&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.gal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.beerbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbeerbbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.gal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bsh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.drygal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.bu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbu&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L U.S.drygal impgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drybbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrybbl&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.drypt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrypt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.dryqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdryqt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.flgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USflgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.floz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	link     = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;u.s.gal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	link     = &quot;U.S. gallon&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgi&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.kenning&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USkenning&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.oz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.pk&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpk&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.pt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.qt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USqt&quot;,
	sp_us    = true,
	default  = &quot;L impqt&quot;,
	customary= 2,
    },
    [&quot;usbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbeerbbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbeerbbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbsh&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbsh&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usbu&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USbu&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrybbl&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrybbl&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrygal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrygal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdrypt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdrypt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usdryqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USdryqt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usfloz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USGAL&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgal&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgal&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usgi&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USgi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uskenning&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USkenning&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usoz&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USoz&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uspk&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpk&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;uspt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USpt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;usqt&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;USqt&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;yd3&quot;] = {
	target   = &quot;cuyd&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;yd&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuft/sqmi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;cuft&quot;, &quot;sqmi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/ha&quot;] = {
	name1    = &quot;cubic metre per hectare&quot;,
	name1_us = &quot;cubic meter per hectare&quot;,
	name2    = &quot;cubic metres per hectare&quot;,
	name2_us = &quot;cubic meters per hectare&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/ha&quot;,
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 0.0001,
	default  = &quot;USbu/acre&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Hectare&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/km2&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;m3&quot;, &quot;km2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;cuft/sqmi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;U.S.gal/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;U.S.gal&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USbu/acre&quot;] = {
	name2    = &quot;US bushels per acre&quot;,
	symbol   = &quot;US bushel per acre&quot;,
	usename  = 1,
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	scale    = 8.7077638761350888e-6,
	default  = &quot;m3/ha&quot;,
	link     = &quot;Bushel&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;USgal/acre&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;USgal&quot;, &quot;acre&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km2&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;cuyd/mi&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;cuyd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;m3/km&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;m3/km&quot;] = {
	per      = { &quot;m3&quot;, &quot;km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	default  = &quot;cuyd/mi&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mich&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ch&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;michlk&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;chlk&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;michainlk&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;chainlk&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 80 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;miyd&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;yd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 1760 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;miydftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 12, 3, 1760 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mift&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;mi&quot; },
	multiple = { 5280 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ydftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot; },
	multiple = { 12, 3 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ydft&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;ft&quot;, &quot;yd&quot; },
	multiple = { 3 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ftin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;ft&quot; },
	multiple = { 12 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;footin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;foot&quot; },
	multiple = { 12 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;handin&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;in&quot;, &quot;hand&quot; },
	multiple = { 4 },
	utype    = &quot;length&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;lboz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot; },
	multiple = { 16 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stlb&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;stlboz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;oz&quot;, &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 16, 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;st and lb&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lb&quot;, &quot;st&quot; },
	multiple = { 14 },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;GN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;GN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN LTf STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN STf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;MN STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;MN&quot;, &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;STf LTf&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-STf&quot;, &quot;-LTf&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;force&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgimp&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgimp&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km mpgimp&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;l/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgimp&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgUS&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;L/100 km mpgus&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;L/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;l/100 km mpgus&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;l/100 km&quot;, &quot;mpgus&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;mpgimp L/100 km&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;mpgimp&quot;, &quot;L/100 km&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;fuel efficiency&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT ST t&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;t&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;LT t ST&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST LT t&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;t&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ST t LT&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;-ST&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;lt&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;t LT ST&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;t&quot;, &quot;lt&quot;, &quot;-ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;ton&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;LT&quot;, &quot;ST&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;mass&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa kg/cm2&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;kgf/cm2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;kPa lb/in2&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;kPa&quot;, &quot;-lb/in2&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;pressure&quot;,
    },
    [&quot;floz&quot;] = {
	combination= { &quot;impoz&quot;, &quot;USoz&quot; },
	utype    = &quot;volume&quot;,
    },
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local default_exceptions = {
	-- Prefixed units with a default different from that of the base unit.
	-- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (unitcode for engineering notation).
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;e3acre&quot;] = &quot;km2&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6acre&quot;] = &quot;km2&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ha&quot;] = &quot;e6acre&quot;,
	[&quot;e6km2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqmi&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m2&quot;] = &quot;e6sqft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6sqft&quot;] = &quot;v * 9.290304 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m2&quot;,
	[&quot;e6sqmi&quot;] = &quot;e6km2&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;acre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqmi&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;sqin&quot;,
	[&quot;aJ&quot;] = &quot;eV&quot;,
	[&quot;e3BTU&quot;] = &quot;MJ&quot;,
	[&quot;e6BTU&quot;] = &quot;GJ&quot;,
	[&quot;EJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;eV&quot;] = &quot;aJ&quot;,
	[&quot;feV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;fJ&quot;] = &quot;keV&quot;,
	[&quot;GeV&quot;] = &quot;nJ&quot;,
	[&quot;GJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;keV&quot;] = &quot;fJ&quot;,
	[&quot;MeV&quot;] = &quot;pJ&quot;,
	[&quot;meV&quot;] = &quot;zJ&quot;,
	[&quot;MJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;neV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;PeV&quot;] = &quot;mJ&quot;,
	[&quot;peV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;PJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;pJ&quot;] = &quot;MeV&quot;,
	[&quot;TeV&quot;] = &quot;μJ&quot;,
	[&quot;TJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;YJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;yJ&quot;] = &quot;μeV&quot;,
	[&quot;ZJ&quot;] = &quot;kWh&quot;,
	[&quot;zJ&quot;] = &quot;meV&quot;,
	[&quot;μeV&quot;] = &quot;yJ&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3/a&quot;] = &quot;Tcuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3/d&quot;] = &quot;Tcuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e3USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! ! e3 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e6 ! e9 ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e6USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft/a&quot;] = &quot;m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft/d&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/a&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/d&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft/d&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3/s&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e9 ! e12 ! cuft/s&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal/a&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/a&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal/s&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3/s&quot;,
	[&quot;nN&quot;] = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	[&quot;μN&quot;] = &quot;gr-f&quot;,
	[&quot;mN&quot;] = &quot;oz-f&quot;,
	[&quot;am&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;ft&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;e12km&quot;] = &quot;e12mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e12mi&quot;] = &quot;e12km&quot;,
	[&quot;e3AU&quot;] = &quot;ly&quot;,
	[&quot;e3km&quot;] = &quot;e3mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e3mi&quot;] = &quot;e3km&quot;,
	[&quot;e6km&quot;] = &quot;e6mi&quot;,
	[&quot;e6mi&quot;] = &quot;e6km&quot;,
	[&quot;e9km&quot;] = &quot;AU&quot;,
	[&quot;e9mi&quot;] = &quot;e9km&quot;,
	[&quot;Em&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;fm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Gm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&quot;] = &quot;ft&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Mm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;nm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Pm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;pm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Tm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;Ym&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;ym&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;Zm&quot;] = &quot;mi&quot;,
	[&quot;zm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;μm&quot;] = &quot;in&quot;,
	[&quot;e12lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! Mt ! Gt&quot;,
	[&quot;e3lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! kg ! t&quot;,
	[&quot;e3ozt&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.311034768 &lt; 10 ! kg ! t&quot;,
	[&quot;e3t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;e6carat&quot;] = &quot;t&quot;,
	[&quot;e6lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! t ! kilotonne&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ozt&quot;] = &quot;lb kg&quot;,
	[&quot;e6ST&quot;] = &quot;Mt&quot;,
	[&quot;e6t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;e9lb&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.5359237 &lt; 10 ! kilotonne ! Mt&quot;,
	[&quot;e9t&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;Gg&quot;] = &quot;lb&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;lb&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;Mg&quot;] = &quot;LT ST&quot;,
	[&quot;ng&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;μg&quot;] = &quot;gr&quot;,
	[&quot;mBq&quot;] = &quot;fCi&quot;,
	[&quot;kBq&quot;] = &quot;nCi&quot;,
	[&quot;MBq&quot;] = &quot;μCi&quot;,
	[&quot;GBq&quot;] = &quot;mCi&quot;,
	[&quot;TBq&quot;] = &quot;Ci&quot;,
	[&quot;PBq&quot;] = &quot;kCi&quot;,
	[&quot;EBq&quot;] = &quot;kCi&quot;,
	[&quot;fCi&quot;] = &quot;mBq&quot;,
	[&quot;pCi&quot;] = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	[&quot;nCi&quot;] = &quot;Bq&quot;,
	[&quot;μCi&quot;] = &quot;kBq&quot;,
	[&quot;mCi&quot;] = &quot;MBq&quot;,
	[&quot;kCi&quot;] = &quot;TBq&quot;,
	[&quot;MCi&quot;] = &quot;PBq&quot;,
	[&quot;ns&quot;] = &quot;μs&quot;,
	[&quot;μs&quot;] = &quot;ms&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;s&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;h&quot;,
	[&quot;Ms&quot;] = &quot;week&quot;,
	[&quot;Gs&quot;] = &quot;decade&quot;,
	[&quot;Ts&quot;] = &quot;millennium&quot;,
	[&quot;Ps&quot;] = &quot;million year&quot;,
	[&quot;Es&quot;] = &quot;thousand million year&quot;,
	[&quot;MK&quot;] = &quot;keVT&quot;,
	[&quot;cL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;cl&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;dL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;dl&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;e12cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e9 ! e12 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e12impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e12m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! T ! P ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e12U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e12USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! T ! P ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e15cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e12 ! e15 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e15m3&quot;] = &quot;Pcuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e3bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e3cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! ! e3 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e3impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e3m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! k ! M ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e3U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e3USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! k ! M ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6cuyd&quot;] = &quot;v * 7.64554857984 &lt; 10 ! e3 ! e6 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e6impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6L&quot;] = &quot;USgal&quot;,
	[&quot;e6m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! M ! G ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e6U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e6USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! M ! G ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9bdft&quot;] = &quot;v * 0.23597372167 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e9cuft&quot;] = &quot;v * 2.8316846592 &lt; 100 ! e6 ! e9 ! m3&quot;,
	[&quot;e9impgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 4.54609 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9m3&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! G ! T ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;e9U.S.gal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;e9USgal&quot;] = &quot;v * 3.785411784 &lt; 1000 ! G ! T ! l&quot;,
	[&quot;GL&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;Gl&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;kL&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;mL&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;impoz usoz&quot;,
	[&quot;Ml&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;ML&quot;] = &quot;v &lt; 28.316846592 ! e3 ! e6 ! cuft&quot;,
	[&quot;TL&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;Tl&quot;] = &quot;cumi&quot;,
	[&quot;μL&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
	[&quot;μl&quot;] = &quot;cuin&quot;,
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local link_exceptions = {
	-- Prefixed units with a linked article different from that of the base unit.
	-- Each key item is a prefixed symbol (not unitcode).
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Square kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;kJ&quot;] = &quot;Kilojoule&quot;,
	[&quot;MJ&quot;] = &quot;Megajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;GJ&quot;] = &quot;Gigajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;TJ&quot;] = &quot;Terajoule&quot;,
	[&quot;fm&quot;] = &quot;Femtometre&quot;,
	[&quot;pm&quot;] = &quot;Picometre&quot;,
	[&quot;nm&quot;] = &quot;Nanometre&quot;,
	[&quot;μm&quot;] = &quot;Micrometre&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&quot;] = &quot;Millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&quot;] = &quot;Centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&quot;] = &quot;Decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&quot;] = &quot;Decametre&quot;,
	[&quot;hm&quot;] = &quot;Hectometre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&quot;] = &quot;Kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;Mm&quot;] = &quot;Megametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Gm&quot;] = &quot;Gigametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Tm&quot;] = &quot;Terametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Pm&quot;] = &quot;Petametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Em&quot;] = &quot;Exametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Zm&quot;] = &quot;Zettametre&quot;,
	[&quot;Ym&quot;] = &quot;Yottametre&quot;,
	[&quot;μg&quot;] = &quot;Microgram&quot;,
	[&quot;mg&quot;] = &quot;Milligram&quot;,
	[&quot;kg&quot;] = &quot;Kilogram&quot;,
	[&quot;Mg&quot;] = &quot;Tonne&quot;,
	[&quot;yW&quot;] = &quot;Yoctowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;zW&quot;] = &quot;Zeptowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;aW&quot;] = &quot;Attowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;fW&quot;] = &quot;Femtowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;pW&quot;] = &quot;Picowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;nW&quot;] = &quot;Nanowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;μW&quot;] = &quot;Microwatt&quot;,
	[&quot;mW&quot;] = &quot;Milliwatt&quot;,
	[&quot;kW&quot;] = &quot;Kilowatt&quot;,
	[&quot;MW&quot;] = &quot;Megawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;GW&quot;] = &quot;Gigawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;TW&quot;] = &quot;Terawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;PW&quot;] = &quot;Petawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;EW&quot;] = &quot;Exawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;ZW&quot;] = &quot;Zettawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;YW&quot;] = &quot;Yottawatt&quot;,
	[&quot;as&quot;] = &quot;Attosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;fs&quot;] = &quot;Femtosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ps&quot;] = &quot;Picosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ns&quot;] = &quot;Nanosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;μs&quot;] = &quot;Microsecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ms&quot;] = &quot;Millisecond&quot;,
	[&quot;ks&quot;] = &quot;Kilosecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ms&quot;] = &quot;Megasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Gs&quot;] = &quot;Gigasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ts&quot;] = &quot;Terasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ps&quot;] = &quot;Petasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Es&quot;] = &quot;Exasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Zs&quot;] = &quot;Zettasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;Ys&quot;] = &quot;Yottasecond&quot;,
	[&quot;mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic millimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic centimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic decimetre&quot;,
	[&quot;dam&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic decametre&quot;,
	[&quot;km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&quot;] = &quot;Cubic kilometre&quot;,
	[&quot;μL&quot;] = &quot;Microlitre&quot;,
	[&quot;μl&quot;] = &quot;Microlitre&quot;,
	[&quot;mL&quot;] = &quot;Millilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;ml&quot;] = &quot;Millilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;cL&quot;] = &quot;Centilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;cl&quot;] = &quot;Centilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dL&quot;] = &quot;Decilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dl&quot;] = &quot;Decilitre&quot;,
	[&quot;daL&quot;] = &quot;Decalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;dal&quot;] = &quot;Decalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;hL&quot;] = &quot;Hectolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;hl&quot;] = &quot;Hectolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;kL&quot;] = &quot;Kilolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;kl&quot;] = &quot;Kilolitre&quot;,
	[&quot;ML&quot;] = &quot;Megalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Ml&quot;] = &quot;Megalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;GL&quot;] = &quot;Gigalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Gl&quot;] = &quot;Gigalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;TL&quot;] = &quot;Teralitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Tl&quot;] = &quot;Teralitre&quot;,
	[&quot;PL&quot;] = &quot;Petalitre&quot;,
	[&quot;Pl&quot;] = &quot;Petalitre&quot;,
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Do not change the data in this table because it is created by running --
-- a script that reads the wikitext from a wiki page (see note above).   --
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
local per_unit_fixups = {
	-- Automatically created per units of form &quot;x/y&quot; may have their unit type
	-- changed, for example, &quot;length/time&quot; is changed to &quot;speed&quot;.
	-- Other adjustments can also be specified.
	[&quot;/area&quot;] = &quot;per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;/volume&quot;] = &quot;per unit volume&quot;,
	[&quot;area/area&quot;] = &quot;area per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/length&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit length&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/mass&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit mass&quot;,
	[&quot;energy/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;power&quot;, link = &quot;Power (physics)&quot; },
	[&quot;energy/volume&quot;] = &quot;energy per unit volume&quot;,
	[&quot;force/area&quot;] = { utype = &quot;pressure&quot;, link = &quot;Pressure&quot; },
	[&quot;length/length&quot;] = { utype = &quot;gradient&quot;, link = &quot;Grade (slope)&quot; },
	[&quot;length/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;speed&quot;, link = &quot;Speed&quot; },
	[&quot;length/time/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;acceleration&quot;, link = &quot;Acceleration&quot; },
	[&quot;mass/area&quot;] = { utype = &quot;pressure&quot;, multiplier = 9.80665 },
	[&quot;mass/length&quot;] = &quot;linear density&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/mass&quot;] = &quot;concentration&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/power&quot;] = &quot;mass per unit power&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/time&quot;] = &quot;mass per unit time&quot;,
	[&quot;mass/volume&quot;] = { utype = &quot;density&quot;, link = &quot;Density&quot; },
	[&quot;power/mass&quot;] = &quot;power per unit mass&quot;,
	[&quot;power/volume&quot;] = { link = &quot;Power density&quot; },
	[&quot;pressure/length&quot;] = &quot;fracture gradient&quot;,
	[&quot;speed/time&quot;] = { utype = &quot;acceleration&quot;, link = &quot;Acceleration&quot; },
	[&quot;volume/area&quot;] = &quot;volume per unit area&quot;,
	[&quot;volume/length&quot;] = &quot;volume per unit length&quot;,
	[&quot;volume/time&quot;] = &quot;flow&quot;,
}

return {
	all_units = all_units,
	default_exceptions = default_exceptions,
	link_exceptions = link_exceptions,
	per_unit_fixups = per_unit_fixups,
}</text>
      <sha1>j1zx7z68bt9fg7kzi9jlq30ul8zjw2b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Convert/data/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>14766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377354</id>
      <parentid>49707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T00:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1049" sha1="j6y4sxv148of9fguqfxz69xbiv19xi6" xml:space="preserve">ھي صفحو [[ماڊيول:Convert]] پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ تبديليءَ واري ڊيٽا جي وضاحت ڪري ٿو۔ سموري دستاويزڪاري ([[ماڊيول:Convert/doc]]) اُنھيءَ صفحي تي موجود آھي۔

'''ھن صفحي ۾ يونٽَ دستي طور شامل نه ڪريو۔''' پھريائين يونٽن جون وضاحتون [[ماڊيول:Convert/documentation/conversion data/doc]] ۾ شامل ڪريو۔ ان کان پوءِ [[ماڊيول:Convert/makeunits]] مان نتيجا نقل ڪري ھي صفحو تازو ڪريو (اھي نتيجا [[ماڊيول بحث:Convert/makeunits]] تي ظاھر ٿيندا)۔

ڪنھن بہ تبديليءَ کي پھريائين [[ماڊيول:Convert/data/sandbox]] تي آزمائجي — ڏسو [[ماڊيول:Convert/sandbox/testcases]]۔

نوان يونٽَ عارضي طور [[ماڊيول:Convert/extra]] ۾ دستي طور شامل ڪري سگھجن ٿا، جيستائين انھن کي ھن مکيه ٽيبل ۾ شامل نہ ڪيو وڃي۔</text>
      <sha1>j6y4sxv148of9fguqfxz69xbiv19xi6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Redirect hatnote</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>17446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377348</id>
      <parentid>231589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:52:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377348</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="5261" sha1="pybs65ndqakk6rg58aq9o7bfatywg8x" xml:space="preserve">--[[
-- ھي ماڊيول &quot;redirect&quot; ھيٽ نوٽ تيار ڪري ٿو. اھو ھن طرح نظر ايندو:
-- '&quot;X&quot; ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو. ٻين استعمالن لاءِ، Y ڏسو.'
-- ھي {{redirect}} سانچي کي عمل ۾ آڻي ٿو.
--]]

local mHatnote = require('ماڊيول:Hatnote')
local mHatList = require('ماڊيول:Hatnote list')
local mArguments --lazily initialize
local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti

local p = {}

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- مددگار فنڪشن
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

local function getTitle(...)
	-- mw.title.new کي سڏي ٿو ۽ يا تہ title object واپس ڪري ٿو، يا غلطي تي nil
	local success, titleObj = pcall(mw.title.new, ...)
	return success and titleObj or nil
end

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- مکيه فنڪشن
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

function p.redirect(frame)
	mArguments = require('ماڊيول:Arguments')
	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly=true})
	-- ريڊائريڪٽن جو تعداد حاصل ڪريو
	local numRedirects = tonumber(frame.args[1]) or 1
	-- اختيارن جي جدول ٺاھيو.
	local options = {}
	options.selfref = args.selfref
	return p._redirect(args, numRedirects, options)
end

function p._redirect(args, numRedirects, options, currentTitle, redirectTitle, targetTitle)
	-- اِن پُٽ جي تصديق ڪريو. currentTitle، redirectTitle يا
	-- targetTitle جي جاچ جي ضرورت ناھي، ڇو تہ اھي فقط testing ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا.
	checkType('_redirect', 1, args, 'table')
	checkType('_redirect', 2, numRedirects, 'number', true)
	numRedirects = numRedirects or 1
	checkType('_redirect', 3, options, 'table', true)
	options = options or {}
	currentTitle = currentTitle or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()

	-- ريڊائريڪٽن جي جدول حاصل ڪريو
	local redirect = {}
	for i = 1, numRedirects do
		-- جيڪڏھن ريڊائريڪٽ وارو پيرا ميٽر غائب ھجي تہ غلطي واپس ڪريو.
		if not args[i] then
			return mHatnote.makeWikitextError(
				'ريڊائريڪٽ وارو پيرا ميٽر غائب آھي',
				'سانچو:Redirect#Errors',
				args.category
			)
		end
		redirect[i] = args[i]
	end

	-- متن تيار ڪريو.
	local formattedRedirect = {}
	for k,v in pairs(redirect) do
		formattedRedirect[k] = mHatnote.quote(v)
	end

	local text = {
		mHatList.andList(formattedRedirect) .. ' ' .. (#redirect == 1 and 'ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو.' or 'ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿين ٿا.'),
		mHatList._forSee(args, #redirect + 1, {title = redirect[1], extratext = args.text})
	}

	text = table.concat(text, ' ')

	-- زمرا شامل ڪرڻ واري ڪارڪردگي
	local categoryTable = {}

	local function addCategory(cat)
		if cat and cat ~= '' then
			-- duplicates کان بچڻ لاءِ index ذريعي شامل ڪريو
			categoryTable[string.format('[[زمرو:%s]]', cat)] = true
		end
	end

	-- ٽريڪنگ وارا زمرا تيار ڪريو
	local mhOptions = {}
	local redirTitle

	for k,v in pairs(redirect) do
		-- جيڪڏھن سانچي جو استعمال سڌو دستاويزن مان نقل ڪيو ويو ھجي،
		-- يا اسان mainspace يا زمرو-فضا ۾ نه ھجون تہ tracking زمري جي ضرورت ناھي.
		if not v:find('^REDIRECT%d*$') and v ~= 'TERM'
			and currentTitle.namespace == 0 or currentTitle.namespace == 14
		then
			redirTitle = redirectTitle or getTitle(v)

			if not redirTitle or not redirTitle.exists then
				addCategory('غائب ريڊائريڪٽ')

			elseif not redirTitle.isRedirect then
				if string.find(redirTitle:getContent(), '#invoke:RfD') then
					addCategory('ريڊائريڪٽ ھيٽ نوٽن وارا مضمون جيڪي RfD کان متاثر آھن')
				else
					addCategory('ريڊائريڪٽ ھيٽ نوٽن وارا مضمون جن کي جائزي جي ضرورت آھي')
				end

			else
				local target = targetTitle or redirTitle.redirectTarget
				if target and target ~= currentTitle then
					addCategory('ريڊائريڪٽ ھيٽ نوٽن وارا مضمون جن کي جائزي جي ضرورت آھي')
				end
			end
		end

		-- [[ماڊيول:Hatnote]] ڏانھن موڪلڻ لاءِ اختيار تيار ڪريو.
		if currentTitle.namespace == 0 and not mhOptions.selfref
			and redirTitle and redirTitle.namespace ~= 0
		then
			-- اسان mainspace صفحي تي آھيون، ۽ ھيٽ نوٽ ڪنھن اھڙي شيءِ سان شروع ٿئي ٿو
			-- جيئن &quot;Wikipedia:Foo redirects here&quot;، تنھنڪري ان کي خودڪار طور
			-- self-reference طور نشان لڳايو.
			mhOptions.selfref = true
		else
			mhOptions.selfref = options.selfref
		end
	end

	-- سڀ زمرا گڏ ڪريو
	local category = ''
	for k,v in pairs(categoryTable) do
		category = category .. k
	end

	return mHatnote._hatnote(text, mhOptions) .. category
end
 
return p</text>
      <sha1>pybs65ndqakk6rg58aq9o7bfatywg8x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سرائڪي ماڻھو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377438</id>
      <parentid>288040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T11:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* حوالا */</comment>
      <origin>377438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2188" sha1="qcf129onwbvrpgqgkz1o2yna2z39hqi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
|group   =سرائيڪي
|pop = 20 million
|region1 ={{flag|Pakistan}}
|pop1    = 2,00,00,000
|langs   =[[سرائڪي ٻولي]]
|rels    =اڪثريت :[[اسلام]]&lt;br&gt;اقليت: [[هندوازم|ھندو مت]]،[[عيسائيت]] ۽ [[سک ازم|سک مذهب]]
|related =
}}
'''سرائيڪي''' (Saraikis؛ [[سرائيڪي ٻولي|سرائيڪي]]: سرائیکی قوم) جنھن کي ملتاني بہ چوندا آهن،&lt;ref name=&quot;BhatiaRitchie2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9780470756744|page=803}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[پاڪستان]] ۾ ڏکڻ [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] ۾ رھندڙ ماڻھو جن جي مادري زبان [[سرائيڪي ٻولي|سرائيڪي]] آھي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&amp;pg=PA283#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|first=James|last=Minahan|page=283|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846591}}&lt;/ref&gt;
پھريون دفعو 1960ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ھي ماڻھو بطور قوميت نمايان ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&amp;pg=PA284&amp;dq=bahawalpur+world+war&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjFivGouvXYAhVC4mMKHcT2AckQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&amp;q=bahawalpur%20world%20war&amp;f=false|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|last=Minahan|first=James|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846591|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ھن قوم جي اڪثريت [[اسلام]] سان وابستہ آهي ۽ ننڍڙي اقليت [[عيسائيت]]، [[ھندوازم]] ۽ [[سک ازم]] سان وابستہ آهي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.scribd.com/Rasoolpuri/documents Aslam Rasoolpuri (Rasoolpuri) | Scribd&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:پاڪستاني ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پنجاب، پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پنجاب، پاڪستان جا ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]</text>
      <sha1>qcf129onwbvrpgqgkz1o2yna2z39hqi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Redirect-distinguish</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>46391</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377346</id>
      <parentid>136788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:49:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377346</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1979" sha1="bh4j824w84nibf0gbquo76dmaccj5gl" xml:space="preserve">local mHatnote = require('ماڊيول:Hatnote')
local mHatlist = require('ماڊيول:Hatnote list')
local mArguments --initialize lazily
local mTableTools = require('ماڊيول:TableTools')
local p = {}

function p.redirectDistinguish (frame)
	mArguments = require('ماڊيول:Arguments')
	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame)
	return p._redirectDistinguish(args)
end

function p._redirectDistinguish(args)
	if not args[1] then
		return mHatnote.makeWikitextError(
			'ڪو ريڊائريڪٽ فراهم نه ڪيو ويو آھي',
			'سانچو:Redirect-distinguish',
			args.category
		)
	end
	local redirectTitle = mw.title.new(args[1])
	local currentTitle = currentTitle or mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
	if
		string.match(args[1], 'REDIRECT%d+') or
		args[1] == 'TERM' or
		currentTitle.namespace ~= 0
	then
		-- ڪجھ به نه ڪريو
	elseif not redirectTitle or not redirectTitle.exists then
		args[1] = args[1] .. '[[زمرو:غائب ريڊائريڪٽ]]'
	elseif not redirectTitle.isRedirect then
		if string.find(redirectTitle:getContent(), '#invoke:RfD') then
			args[1] = args[1] ..
				'[[زمرو:ريڊائريڪٽ ھيٽ نوٽن وارا مضمون جيڪي RfD کان متاثر آھن]]'
		else
			args[1] = args[1] ..
				'[[زمرو:ريڊائريڪٽ ھيٽ نوٽن وارا مضمون جن کي جائزي جي ضرورت آھي]]'
		end
	end
	if not args[2] then
		return mHatnote.makeWikitextError(
			'فرق ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪو صفحو فراهم نه ڪيو ويو آھي',
			'سانچو:Redirect-distinguish',
			args.category
		)
	end
	args = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args)
	-- ھتي removal ذريعي assignment بعد ۾ آسان concatenation لاءِ آھي
	local redirect = table.remove(args, 1)
	local text = string.format(
		'&quot;%s&quot; ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو؛ ان کي %s سان غلط نہ سمجھيو وڃي.',
		redirect,
		mHatlist.orList(args, true)
	)
	return mHatnote._hatnote(text)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>bh4j824w84nibf0gbquo76dmaccj5gl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:شيدي ماڻهو</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>46536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377433</id>
      <parentid>287951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T11:22:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="184" sha1="l09uzqkfz8yqm7qao4i0u7ecqry0unx" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ جا معاشرتي گروه]]</text>
      <sha1>l09uzqkfz8yqm7qao4i0u7ecqry0unx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>پنڊي گھيب</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49303</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377375</id>
      <parentid>377013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:45:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>13773</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>377375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7073" sha1="rxhntz630yixh2b1yp5p6qinshkbode" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = پنڊي گھيب
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = ur
| settlement_type         = شھر
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_seal              = 
| seal_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| etymology               = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| image_map               = 
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = 
| pushpin_map             = Punjab Pakistan#
Pakistan
| pushpin_label_position  = top
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = پنجاب ۽ پاڪستان ۾ مقام
| coordinates             = {{Coord|33|14|28|N|72|16|4|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = 
| coordinates_type        = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| coordinates_region      = 
| subdivision_type        = ملڪ
| subdivision_name        = [[پاڪستان]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[پاڪستان جا صوبا|صوبو]] 
| subdivision_name1       = [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] 
| subdivision_type2       = [[پاڪستان جا ضلعا|ضلعو]] 
| subdivision_name2       = [[اٽڪ ضلعو]]
| subdivision_type3       =  تحصيل
| subdivision_name3       = [[پنڊي گھيب تحصيل]] 
| subdivision_type4       = علائقو
| subdivision_name4       = [[پوٽوھار جو ميداني علائقو]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder                 = 
| seat_type               = 
| seat                    = 
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = 
| leader_name             = 
| unit_pref               = Metric
&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
&lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_urban_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               = 
| area_water_percent      = 
| area_rank               = 
| area_blank1_title       = 
| area_blank2_title       = 
&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 
| area_land_km2           = 
| area_water_km2          = 
| area_urban_km2          = 
| area_rural_km2          = 
| area_metro_km2          = 
| area_blank1_km2         = 
| area_blank2_km2         = 
&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           = 
| area_land_ha            = 
| area_water_ha           = 
| area_urban_ha           = 
| area_rural_ha           = 
| area_metro_ha           = 
| area_blank1_ha          = 
| area_blank2_ha          = 
| length_km               = 
| width_km                = 
| dimensions_footnotes    = 
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 310
| population_as_of        = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_note         = 
| population_demonym      = 
| timezone1               = [[پاڪستان جو معياري وقت]]
| utc_offset1             = +5
| timezone1_DST           = 
| utc_offset1_DST         = +6
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 63260
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               = 0572
| iso_code                = 
| website                 = {{URL|www.tmapindigheb.lgpunjab.org.pk|Tehsil Municipal Administration Pindi Gheb}}
| footnotes               = 
}}

'''پنڊي گھيب''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Pindi Gheb'''}} [[پاڪستان]] جي صوبي پنجاب جي ضلعي اٽڪ جي [[پنڊي گھيب تحصيل]] جو شھر ۽ صدر مقام آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrb.gov.pk&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=2&amp;dn=Attock Tehsils &amp; Unions in the District of Attock - Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126153640/http://www.web.archi/ |date=2018-11-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1901 ۾ ھن شھر جي آبادي 8452 ھئي. پنڊي گھيب نالي ۾ پنڊي لفظ پنڊ مان نڪتل آهي جنھن جي معني آهي ڳوٺ، ۽ گھيب گھيبا خان يا گھيبا راء مان نڪتل آهي جيڪو گھيبا قبيلي جو ھڪ وڏو ھيو. 1873 ۾ ھتي ميونسپلٽي قائم ڪئي وئي. ھن شھر جي ٻولي گھڻي ڀاڱي ھندڪو آهي.

== حوالا ==

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}</text>
      <sha1>rxhntz630yixh2b1yp5p6qinshkbode</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>بادغيس صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377373</id>
      <parentid>254618</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Badghis_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Badghis_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated J</comment>
      <origin>377373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4969" sha1="a6mx0738i0y8hghlkh5d8bf483cgu00" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name                   =بادغيس
|native_name            =
|native_name_lang       = fa
|settlement_type        = افغانستان جو صوبو
|image_caption          = [[قلعه نو]] شھر
|image_map              = Badghis in Afghanistan.svg
|map_caption            = افغانستان ۾ مقام
|image_map1             = Districts of Badghis as of January 2004.png 
|map_caption1           = 2005 واري حدبندين کان اڳ وارا ضلعا
&lt;!-- مقام ------------------&gt;
|coordinates            = {{coord|35|0|N|63|45|E|display=inline,title}}
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|coor_pinpoint         =&lt;!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --&gt;
|subdivision_type        = ملڪ
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
&lt;!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --&gt;
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       = 
&lt;!-- خطو    ------------------- &gt;
|seat_type              =Provincial seat
|seat                   =  [[قلعه نو]] شھر
| seat1_type =
 سڀ کان وڏو شھر
| seat1 = [[بالا مرغاب ]]
|parts_type             =[[افغانستان جا ضلعا | ٽوٽل ضلعا]] 
|parts_style            = coll
|parts                  = &lt;!-- parts text, or header for parts list --&gt;
|p1  =[[آب ڪمري ضلعو]] 
|p2 = [[غورماچ ضلعو ]]
|p3=[[جوند ضلعو ]]
|p4=[[مقر ضلعو ]]
|p5=[[مرغاب ضلعو ]]
|p6=[[قادس ضلعو]] 
|p7=[[قلعه نو ضلعو  ]]
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_party           = 
|leader_title           = گورنر
|leader_name            =
|unit_pref                = &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_magnitude         = &lt;!-- use only to set a special wikilink --&gt; 
|area_total_km2           =20590.6 &lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =0
&lt;!-- Elevation --------------------------&gt;
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_min_m            = 
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_total               =499,393
|population_as_of               =2013
|population_footnotes           =&lt;ref name=&quot;MRRD-Profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Project Development Plan: Badghis Provincial Profile |publisher==Afghanistan Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development |url=http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Badghis%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202130249/http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nabdp/Provincial%20Profiles/Badghis%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_density_km2         =20.9 &lt;!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --&gt;
|population_note                =
|demographics_type1             = آبادي جا تفصيل
|demographics1_footnotes        =
|demographics1_title1           =نسلي گروهه
|timezone1               = 
|utc_offset1             = 
|timezone1_DST           = 
|utc_offset1_DST         = 
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|iso_code               =AF-BDG
|website                = 
|footnotes              =  
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|elevation_max_m            = 
|demographics1_info1            =[[تاجڪ ماڻھو |تاجڪ ]], [[پشتون ماڻھو|پشتون]]، [[ازبڪ ماڻھو|ازبڪ]]، [[ترڪمان ماڻھو|ترڪمان]]، [[ھزارا ماڻھو|ھزارا]] 
|demographics1_title2           =
ٻوليون 
|demographics1_info2            =[[داري| فارسي ]], [[پشتو ٻولي| پشتو ]], [[ترڪماني ٻولي|ترڪماني ]]
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
}}


'''بادغيس'''  : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Bādghīs '''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو آهي جيڪو ملڪ جي اتر اولھ واري پاسي ۾ واقع آهي . ان جي سرحد [[ترڪمانستان]] سان ملي ٿي. اھو ملڪ جو سڀ کان وڌيڪَ غير ترقي يافتہ صوبو آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[قلعه نو]] شھر آھي ۽ آبادي ۾ سڀ کان وڏو شھر [[بالا مرغاب]] آھي جنھن جي ڀرسان [[غرچستان |غرجستان]] واري تاريخي علائقي جو صدر مقام [[مرو الروذ]] پڻ واقع آهي.

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==
{{Commonscat|Badghis Province}}
{{حوالا}}

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>a6mx0738i0y8hghlkh5d8bf483cgu00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>بغلان صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377357</id>
      <parentid>251083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T00:55:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Baghlan_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Baghlan_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated J</comment>
      <origin>377357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4393" sha1="oburxpp3zf2f2pybnsij5gl3i3t5h49" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name=بغلان
|native_name=
|native_name_lang=ps
|settlement_type=افغانستان جا صوبا
| image_skyline = ANA in Baghlan-2010.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = بغلان صوبي ۾  [[افغانستان نيشنل آرمي]] 
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Baghlan in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =افغانستان جي نقشي م بغلان نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|36|N|69|E|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گادي جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{AFG}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[پلخمري]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[بغلان جا گورنر|گورنر ]]
| leader_name =  عبدالحئي نعمتي
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 21118
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =  
| population_total = 863700
| population_as_of = 2013
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = بغلاني
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 = [[داري ٻولي|داري]] (داري-فارسي )&lt;br&gt;[[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو ]]
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = AF-BGL
| website =
| footnotes = 
}}

'''بغلان''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Baghlan '''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو آهي جنھن جي آبادي 2013 ۾ 910,700 ھئي. ھن صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[پلخمري]] شھر آهي. ھن صوبي جو نالو اتان جي ھڪ ساڳي نالي سان ھڪ شھر [[بغلان]] کي نالي تان رکيل آهي. ھي صوبو ڪابل جي اتر طرف واقع آهي. ان جي چوڌاري واقع صوبن جا نالا باميان، پروان، ٽخر، قندوز ۽ سمنگان  واقع آھن. ھن صوبي جو اڌ حصو جبلن تي مشتمل آهي. ٽيون حصو زمين ميداني اٿس. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://docsbay.net/provincial-development-plan-baghlan|title=Provincial Development Plan, Baghlan|last=Baghlan Council|access-date=2019-08-27}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

==انتظامي ورھاست==


[[فائل:Districts of Baghlan as of January 2004.png|thumb|350px|2005 ۾ بغلان جا ضلعا ]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+بغلان صوبي جا ضلعا 
|-
!align=&quot;left&quot;| ضلعو
!align=&quot;left&quot;| صدر مقام
!align=&quot;right&quot;| آبادي 
!align=&quot;right&quot;| ايراضي
!نوٽ
|-
|[[اندراب ضلعو]] || ||24,800 || || 2005 ۾ ورھائجي ويو
|-
|[[بغلاني جديد ضلعو]] ||[[بغلان]]||167,200 || ||
|-
|[[برڪا ضلعو ]] || ||52,200 || ||
|-
|[[دھانا غوري ضلعو ]] || ||57,300 || ||
|-
|[[دھ صلاح ضلعو]] || ||31,100 || || 
2005 ۾ [[ اندراب ضلعو]] مان ٺاھيو ويو
|-
|[[دوشي ضلعو]]   || ||65,000 || ||
|-
|[[فرنگ و غارو ضلعو ]] || ||16,100 || || 2005 ۾ [[خوست و فرنگ ضلعو ]] مان ھي ضلعو ٺاھيو ويو
|-
|[[گزرگاھي نور ضلعو]] || ||9,900 || || 2005 ۾ خوست ع فرنگ ضلعي مان ٺاھيو ويو
|-
|[[خنجان ضلعو]]  || ||29,600 || ||
|-
|[[خوست و فرنگ ضلعو]]  || ||61,300 || || 2005 ۾ ورھائجي ويو 
|-
|[[خواجه ھجران ]] || ||23,200 || || 2005 ۾ اندراب ضلعي مان ٺاھيو ويو
|- 
|[[نھرين ضلعو ]] || ||67,200 || ||
|-
|[[پل حصار ضلعو ]] || ||26,800 || || 2005 ۾ اندراب ضلعي مان ٺاھيو ويو
|-
|[[ پل خمري ضلعو ]] ||[[پل خمري ]] ||203,600 || ||
|-
|[[ تالا و برفڪ ضلعو ]] || ||29,400 || ||
|}

==ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>oburxpp3zf2f2pybnsij5gl3i3t5h49</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>بلخ صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377359</id>
      <parentid>251043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:16:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Balkh_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Balkh_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janua</comment>
      <origin>377359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6222" sha1="msz6eiu1eqx63ef2zo2m9btlmizmh1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name    = بلخ
| native_name     = 
| native_name_lang    = 
| settlement_type = افغانستان جا صوبا 
| image_skyline                   = Outskirts of Mazar-e Sharif in northern Afghanistan.jpg
| image_alt    = 
| image_caption  =  [[مزار شريف]] ڏانهن ويندڙ رستي جو فضائي منظر
| image_flag    = 
| flag_alt  = 
| image_seal  = 
| seal_alt     = 
| image_shield  = 
| shield_alt   = 
| nickname   = 
| motto = 
| image_map                       = Balkh in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt        = 
| map_caption    =  افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ بلخ صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map     = Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position       = 
| pushpin_map_alt               = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates               = {{coord|36|45|N|67|0|E|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint          = 
| coordinates_footnotes     = 
| subdivision_type       = ملڪ
| subdivision_name                = {{AFG}}
| established_title       = 
| established_date      = 
| founder               = 
| seat_type         = گاديءَ جو هنڌ 
| seat               = 
[[مزار شريف]]
| government_footnotes      = 
| leader_party             = 
| leader_title                    = [[بلخ جا گورنر|گورنر]]
| leader_name        = [[اسحاق راھگذر]] 
| leader_title1       = 
| leader_name1            = 
| unit_pref                       = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes                  = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cso.gov.af/en/page/4722/2012-2-13 |title=Area and Administrative and Population |publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan |year=2013 |accessdate=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117152609/http://cso.gov.af/en/page/4722/2012-2-13 |archivedate=2014-01-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2                  = 16186.3
| area_land_km2                   = 
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_water_percent              = 
| area_note                       = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| population_total                = 1245100
| population_as_of                = 2012
| population_footnotes      =
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_demonym              = بلخي
| population_note  = 
| timezone1                       = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1                     = 
| timezone1_DST                   = 
| utc_offset1_DST                 = 
| postal_code_type                = 
| postal_code                     = 
| area_code                       = 
| area_code_type                  = 
| iso_code                        = AF-BAL
| blank_name_sec1                 =  ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1    =  داري، پشتو، ازبڪ، ترڪماني
| website                         = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes                       = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://geonames.usgs.gov/ |title= The U.S. Board on Geographic Name|publisher= U.S. Department of the Interior|accessdate=2014-02-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| lats 0                          = 
}}

 
'''بلخ''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Balkh'''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان املڪ جي اتر پاسي ھڪ صوبو آهي جيڪو 15 ضلعن ۾ ورھايل آھي. ان جي آبادي 1,245,100 آھي. ھتان جا رھاڪو گھڻ نسلي آھن جن ۾ گھڻائي داري فارسي ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن جي آھي. صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[ مزار شريف]] شھر آھي. بلخ نالو ھن صوبي جي ھڪ ساڳي نالي سان ھڪ شھر [[بلخ]] تان پيو جيڪو ھن صوبي جو ھڪ تاريخي شھر آھي. مزار شريف ۾ حضرت علي جي مشھور مزار  [[حضرت علي جي مزار، مزار شريف| نيري مسجد]] واقع آهي. جيڪا چنگيز خان ڊاھرائي ڇڏي ھئي پر بعد ۾ تيمور لنگ ان کي ٻيھر تعمير ڪرايو. بلخ افغانستان جو [[قندوز]] جي شھر [[شير خان بندر]] کان پوء وچ ايشيا جو ٻيون وڏو رستو آھي.

[[فائل:Palace of Balkh Governor in 2010.jpg|thumb|مزار شريف ۾ بلخ جي گورنر جو محل]]

==انتظامي ورھاست==
بلخ صوبي جا 15 ضلعا آهن.
[[فائل:Districts of Balkh as of January 2004.png|thumb|
بلخ صوبي جا ضلعا ]]
 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ بلخ صوبي جا ضلعا 
|-
!ضلعا
!صدر مقام
! آبادي
! پکيڙ &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/ Afghanistan Geographic &amp; Thematic Layers]&lt;/ref&gt;
!نوٽ
|-
|[[بلخ ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 97,055 || ||
|-
|[[چاربولڪ ضلعو  ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 69,975 || ||
|-
|[[چارڪنت ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 32,306 || ||
|-
|[[چمتال ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 81,311 || ||
|-
|[[دولت آباد ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 79,638 || ||
|-
|[[دھدادي ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 66,009 || ||
|-
|[[ڪلدار ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 17,932 || ||
|-
|[[خلم ضلعو]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 49,207 || ||
|-
|[[ڪشندھ ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 49,083 || ||  2005 م ھن ضلعي کي ورھايو ويو
|-
|[[مارمل ضلعو]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 9,510 || ||
|-
|[[مزار شريف ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 375,181 || ||
|-
|[[نھري شاھي ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 38,791 || ||
|-
|[[شولگرہ ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 120,600 || ||
|-
|[[شور تيپہ ضلعو ]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 30,314 || ||
|-
|[[زاري ضلعو]] || || style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; | 42,367 || || 2085 ۾ ڪشندھ ضلعي مان ھي ضلعو ٺاھيو ويو
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==

{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>msz6eiu1eqx63ef2zo2m9btlmizmh1c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>باميان صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377361</id>
      <parentid>251592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:26:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Bamyan_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Bamyan_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Jan</comment>
      <origin>377361</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4511" sha1="3m001s6m58szu9xmivdyuaucuoerkfq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = باميان
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang= prs
| settlement_type = افغانستان جا صوبا
| image_skyline = Bamyan collage.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = باميان صوبي جو مختلف جايون
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Bamyan in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ باميان صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.75|67.25|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[ باميان]] شھر
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[باميان جا گورنر|گورنر]]
| leader_name = [[محمد طاھر ظھير ]]
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 14175
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 425500
| population_as_of = 2013
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = بامياني
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  ٻوليون	
| blank_info_sec1 =  داري (ھزارگي لھجو)، پشتو &lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=http://afghanag.ucdavis.edu/country-info/Province-agriculture-profiles/unfr-reports/All-Bamyan.pdf |title=Bamyan: A Socio-economic and Demographic Profile |access-date=2017-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320050108/http://afghanag.ucdavis.edu/country-info/Province-agriculture-profiles/unfr-reports/All-Bamyan.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-20 |url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| timezone1 = [[UTC+4:30]]
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-BAM
| website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes =
}}


'''باميان صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Bamyan Province'''}}   {{lang-prs|ولایت بامیان}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو آهي جيڪو وچولي مٿاھين ميداني علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو اٺ ضلعن ۾ ورھايل آھي. ھن صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[باميان]] شھر آھي. ھن صوبي جي آبادي 455،000 آھي. ھي صوبو ھزارہ نسل جي ماڻھن جو ثقافتي مرڪز آھي. باميان لفظ جي معني آهي '''چمڪندڙ روشني وارو ھنڌ'''  ھي خطو شاھراھ ريشم جي دڳ تي واقع ھجڻ ڪري تاريخ ۾  اھميت وارو ھو جتان چين، رومن ايمپائر ۽ وچ ايشيا ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن جا واپاري قافلا گذرندا هيا. باميان شھر ان دڳ تي ساھي پٽڻ وارو ھنڌ ھيو. ھن صوبي م کوڙ تاريخي ماڳ واقع آھ جن ۾ 3000 سال پراڻيون غارون، ٻڌ مذھب وارن جون مورتيون جن کي طالبان برباد ڪري ڇڏيو، بندي امير نيشنل پارڪ، داراء اجھدار، گھولگھولا ۽ زخڪ وارا قديم ماڳ شامل آهن.

==انتظامي ورھاست==

باميان صوبو 7 ضلعن م ورھايل آھي.

[[فائل:Districts of Bamyan as of January 2004.png|thumb|
باميان صوبي جا ضلعا]] 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+  باميان صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
!ضلعو
!صدر مقام
! آبادي
! پکيڙ
|-
|[[باميان ضلعو ]] || '''[[باميان]]''' || 80,900 ||
|-
|[[کمرد ضلعو|کمرد ]] || [[کمرد  ]] || 35,300 ||
|-
|[[پنجاب ضلعو]]  || [[پنجاب، افغانستان|پنجاب ]] || 66,300 ||
|-
|[[سيغان ضلعو]] || [[سيغان]]|| 23,300|| 
|-
|[[شيبر ضلعو ]] || [[شيبر]] || 28,700 ||
|-
|[[ورث ضلعو]] ||  [[ورث]]||  106,000 ||
|-
|[[يڪاولنگ ضلعو ]] || [[يڪاولنگ]] || 85,000 ||
|}
{{-}}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==

{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>3m001s6m58szu9xmivdyuaucuoerkfq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>فرا صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377364</id>
      <parentid>334951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Farah_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Farah_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janua</comment>
      <origin>377364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8944" sha1="hflms9bxi0psmkkq8b38s9as9pw30u3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = فرا
| native_name = '''Farah'''&lt;br&gt; '''فرہ'''
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Mi-17Afganistan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[انٽرنيشنل سڪيورٽي اسسٽنس فورس|اساف]] جا پائليٽ ۽ ٽيم  2009 ۾ گلستان ضلعي مان روانا ٿيندي
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Farah in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ فرا نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.5|63.5|type:adm1st_region:AF|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[فرا، افغانستان|فرا]] شھر
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name =  محمد آصف شاھجھان
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 48470.9
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx Afghanistan at GeoHive]&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 925,016
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = فرائي
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 =  پشتو ۽ داري
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-FRA
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}


'''فرا صوبو''' يا '''فرہ صوبو''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Farah Province '''}} [[افغانستان]] جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبي جو نالو جيڪو ملڪ جي اولھ واري پاسي ايران سان لڳولڳ واقع آهي. ھي صوبو 11 ضلعن م ورھايل آھي. صوبي جي آبادي 925,016 آهي جنھن ۾ 80%  [[پشتو ٻولي|پشتو]] ڳالهائيندڙ ۽ ٻيا جن ۾ تاجڪ ۽ بلوچ شامل آهن. صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ فرا شھر آھي جيڪو روڊ رستي ايراني شھر [[ماھي رود]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. ھن صوبي جي پکيڙ {{convert|48000|km2|sqmi}} آھي جيڪا [[ڏکڻ ڪوريا]] ملڪ جي اڌ جي برابر آهي. ھن صوبي جون سرحدون اتر ۾ [[ھرات صوبو]]، اتر-اوڀر ۾ [[غور صوبو]]، ڏکڻ-اوڀر ۾ [[ھيلمند صوبو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[نيمروز صوبو|نمروز صوبو]] ۽ اولھ ۾ [[ايران]] سان ملن ٿيون. ھي افغانستان جو پکيڙ ۾ چوٿون وڏو صوبو آهي. ھن صوبي ۾ کوڙ ڦٽل قلعا واقع آھن.

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Farah as of January 2004.png|250px|thumb|فرا صوبي جا ضلعا]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
|+ فرا صوبي جا ضلعا
|- 
!ضلعو
!صدر مقام
!آبادي &lt;ref name=mrrd&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=122&amp;Itemid=115 |title=Farah Province |publisher=[[Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development]] |work=Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|accessdate=2013-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! پکيڙ
! ڳوٺ ۽ نسلي گروھ
|-
|[[اڻار درہ ضلعو ]] || || 65,573 || 5,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 50 ڳوٺ  70% پشتون ۽ 30%  تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Anar Dara District (Re-elected) |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Anar%20Dara%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016101302/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Anar%20Dara%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[بڪواہ ضلعو]] || || 39,871 || 2,424&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 80 ڳوٺ. 100% پشتون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Bakwa District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Summary%20of%20the%20DDP%20in%20English-Bakwa.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100342/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Summary%20of%20the%20DDP%20in%20English-Bakwa.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[بالا بلوڪ ضلعو]] || || 72,465 || km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 100% پختون
|-
|[[ فرا ضلعو ]] || [[فرا، افغانستان|فرا ]]|| 104,300 || 3,500&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 115  ڳوٺ. 80% پختون ۽ 20% تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Farah Center (Re-elected) |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Farah%20Center%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100222/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Farah%20Center%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[گلستان ضلعو ]] || || 49,774 || 7,102&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 109 ڳوٺ. 90% پختون, 10
 تاجڪ &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Gulistan District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Gulistan%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031254/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Gulistan%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[خاڪي سفيد ضلعو ]] || || 37,000 || 1,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 60 villages. 100% پختون &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Khaki Safid District (Re-elected) |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Khaki%20Safid%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016101013/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Khaki%20Safid%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[لاش و جوين ضلعو ]] || || 20,499 || 5,491&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 63 ڳوٺ. 50% پختون, 50% تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Lash Wa Jowain District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Lash%20Wa%20Jowani%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100926/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Lash%20Wa%20Jowani%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[پر چمن ضلعو ]] || || 51,626 || 6,694&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 294 ڳوٺ. 70% تاجڪ, 30% پختون &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Purchaman District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Purchaman%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016100224/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Purchaman%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[پشت رود ضلعو ]] || || 37,000 || 1,200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 60 ڳوٺ. 100% پختون &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Poshti Rod District (Re-elected) |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Poshti%20Rod%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016101010/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Poshti%20Rod%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[قلعه ڪاھ ضلعو ]] || || 30,653 || 3,598&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 56 ڳوٺ. 50% پختون, 50% تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Qalae Kah (Poshti Koh) District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Poshti%20Koh%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016101223/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Poshti%20Koh%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[شيب ڪوھ ضلعو ]] || || 23,013 || 2,738&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 56 ڳوٺ. 70% پختون, 30% تاجڪ&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sheb Koh District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Sheb%20Koh%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-28 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016101100/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/122/Sheb%20Koh%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>hflms9bxi0psmkkq8b38s9as9pw30u3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>غزني صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377355</id>
      <parentid>253211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T00:48:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Ghazni_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Ghazni_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Jan</comment>
      <origin>377355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7489" sha1="tlh1mvcskdqmnv1nj0uw2jyayt95ds1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name   = غزني صوبو
| native_name    = 
| native_name_lang  =  
| settlement_type    = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline      = Snow covered mountains in Ghazni.jpg
| image_alt    = 
| image_caption  =  غزني جا برف سان ڍڪيل جبل
| image_flag    = 
| flag_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt  = 
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt   = 
| nickname   = 
| motto      = 
| image_map  = Ghazni in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt    = 
| map_caption  = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ غزني صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map   = Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position= 
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| pushpin_map_caption   = 
| coordinates           = {{coord|33.5|68|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint         = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type     = ملڪ
| subdivision_name       = {{AFG}}
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| founder               = 
| seat_type     = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat        = [[غزني]] شھر 
| government_footnotes   = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = گورنر
| leader_name     = [[وحيد الله ڪليمزئي]] (2018)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&amp;id=1874&amp;task=view&amp;total=3781&amp;start=1628&amp;Itemid=2|title=Wahidullah Kalimzai|website=www.afghan-bios.info|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1    = 
| leader_name1           = 
| unit_pref             = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes  = 
| area_total_km2  = 22915
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2    = 
| area_water_percent   = 
| area_note              = 
| elevation_footnote = 
| elevation_m         = 
| population_total  = 1387185
| population_as_of    = 2013
| population_footnotes            = 
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_demonym              = غزنوي
| population_note                 = 
| timezone1                       = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1                     = 
| timezone1_DST                   = 
| utc_offset1_DST                 = 
| postal_code_type                = 
| postal_code                     = 
| area_code                       = 
| area_code_type                  = 
| iso_code                        = AF-GHA
| blank_name_sec1                 = مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1                 = پشتو   (ھزارگي لھجو)
| website                         = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes                       = 
}}

'''غزني صوبو''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Ghazni Province '''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو وچ افغانستان جي اوڀر پاسي واقع آهي. ھي صوبو 19 ضلعن ۾ ورھايل آھي. 13 لک آبادي واري ھن صوبي ۾ ھڪ ھزار کان مٿي ڳوٺ واقع آھن. صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[غزني]] شھر آھي جيڪو ڪابل- قنڌار ھاء وي تي واقع آھي. ستين صدي عيسويءَ کان اڳ ھي علائقو ٻڌ تھذيب جو مرڪز ھيو جنھن جا کوڙ آثار کوٽائي ۾ مليا آهن. محمود غزنوي جي دؤر م ھتان جي ٻڌ ۽ ھندو آبادي وڏي پيماني تي مسلمان ٿي وئي. بابر لکيو آهي تہ ان جي دور ۾ ھي علائقو زابلستان جو حصو ھيو. 2013 م ھن صوبي جي آدمشماري 13,68,800 ھئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cso&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Ghazni(1).pdf|title=Settled Population of Ghazni province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13|publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization|accessdate=2013-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا گھڻ نسلي ماڻھن تي مشتمل ھئي جن مان 90 سيڪڙو ھزارا، پختون ، تاجڪ ۽ ھندو نسل جا ماڻھو ھيا باقي ڏھ سيڪڙو ٻيا نسل ھيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;understandingwar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/region/regional-command-east#Ghazni|title=Understanding War|date=|publisher=Understanding War|accessdate=2013-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
ھزارا نسل جي آبادي 602'965, جيڪا ڪل آبادي جو  %60 آھي. پختون نسل جا ماڻھو  304,000 جيڪي  %32 آھن، تاجڪ ٽوٽل 52,000 يعني %4.7 سيڪڙو ۽ ھندو مذھب جا ماڻهو ھڪ سيڪڙو کان ٿور گھٽ آھن &lt;ref name=&quot;nps&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/ccs/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Ghazni_Exec_Summ.pdf|title=Ghazni Province|work=Program for Culture &amp; Conflict Studies|publisher=[[Naval Postgraduate School]]|accessdate=2013-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; پختون گھڻي ڀاڱي [[غلجي]] قبيلي سان تعلق رکندڙ آھن . ھتان جي معيشت زرعي آھي ان سان گڏ مال جي پرورش پڻ شامل آهي ۽ ھتي جي مشهور پيداوار ڪڻڪ، گدرا ۽ بادام وغيره آھي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Ghazni as of January 2004.png|thumb|غزني صوبي جا ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+غزني صوبي جا ضلعا
!ضلعو
!صدر مقام
! آبادي  (2013)
! نسلي گروھ&lt;ref&gt;Atlas of the Islamic World and Vicinity, ([http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Afghanistan_Ethnic_lg.png, Afghanistan Ethno Maps and Statistics Collection| Dr. Michael Izady]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[آب بند ضلعو]]
|[[حاجي خيل]]
|26,700
|[[پختون]]
|-
|[[اجرستان ضلعو]]
|[[سنگر، افغانستان|سنگر]] شھر 
|28,000
|[[پختون]]
|-
|[[اندر ضلعو]]
|[[ميراي]] شھر
|121,300
|[[پختون]]
|-
|[[ديھ يڪ ضلعو]]
|[[رمڪ]] شھر
|47,500
|[[پختون]]
|-
|[[گيلان ضلعو]]
|[[گيلان|جنڊا]]
|56,200
| پختون ، ازبڪ ، ھزارا 
|-
|[[غزني ضلعو]]
|[[غزني]] شھر
|157,600
| ھزارا، تاجڪ، پختون 
|-
|[[گيرو ضلعو]] 
|[[پانا، افغانستان|پانا]] شھر 
|35,500
|پختون
|-
|[[جاغوري ضلعو]] 
|[[سنگ ماشا]]
|300,000
|ھزارا نسل
|-
|[[جغتو ضلعو]]
|[[گلبوري]]
|32,265
| ھزارا ۽ پختون
|-
|[[خوگياني ضلعو]]
|[[خوگياني، غزني|خوگياني]]
|19,600
| پختون
|-
|[[خواجا عمري ضلعو]] 
|[[خواجا عمري، افغانستان|خواجا عمري]]
|18,400
| ھزارا، تاجڪ ۽ پختون
|-
|[[مالستان ضلعو]]
|[[مير آدينه]]
|79,800
| ھزارا
|-
|[[مقر ضلعو]] 
|[[مقر ، افغانستان|مقر]]
|48,900
| پختون
|-
|[[ناوا ضلعو]]
|[[ناوا، افغانستان|ناوا]] شھر 
|28,900
| پختون
|-
|[[ناور ضلعو]] 
|[[دو آبي]]
|91,900
| ھزارا نسل
|-
|[[قراباغ ضلعو]]
|[[قراباغ، افغانستان|قراباغ]]
|150,000
| اڌ پختون ۽ اڌ ھزارا نسل
|-
|[[رشيدان ضلعو]]
| [[رشيدان]]
|17,500
| پختون
|-
|[[واغظ ضلعو]] 
|[[واغظ (شھر)|واغظ]] 
|37,500
| پختون
|-
|[[زنه خان ضلعو]]
|[[دادو، افغانستان|دادو]]
|12,200
| پختون
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==

{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>tlh1mvcskdqmnv1nj0uw2jyayt95ds1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ھيلمند صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377362</id>
      <parentid>252981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:30:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Helmand_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Hilmand_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated J</comment>
      <origin>377362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11976" sha1="f1vx3tm5bjb4lybgr8v46dwb8fctc08" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = ھيلمند
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type =  افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Arghandab River Valley between Kandahar and Lashkar Gah.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = درياء ارغانداب جي وادي جيڪا قنڌار ۽ لشڪرگاھ جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي.
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Helmand in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ ھيلمند صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0|64.0|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[لشڪر گاھ ]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name = [[ھدايت الله حيات]] 
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 58584
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =  
| population_total = 879500
| population_as_of = 2013
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = ھيلمندي 
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 = پشتو ۽ بلوچي
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = AF-HEL
| website =
| footnotes = 
}}


'''ھيلمند''' يا '''ھلمند''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Helmand Province '''}} افغانستان جو ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ملڪ جي ڏاکڻي حصي ۾ واقع آهي جنھن جي پکيڙ {{convert|58,584|km2|sqmi|sigfig=1}} آهي. ھن صوبي ۾ 13 ضلعا آهن.  صوبي جي ڪل آبادي ٿلھي ليکي 879500 آھي. صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[لشڪر گاھ ]] آھي. ھي صوبو پھرين قنڌار جو حصو ھيو جنھن کي بعد ۾ ڌار ڪري صوبائي حيثيت ڏني وئي. ھن صوبي مان [[ھلمند ندي]] ان جي وارياسي علائقي ۾ وھي ٿي. ان ندي تي [[ڪجڪي ڊيم]] پڻ واقع آهي جيڪو ملڪ جو ھڪ وڏو پاڻي جو ذخيرو آهي جيڪو ڪجڪي ضلعي ۾ واقع آهي. ھي صوبو دنيا سڀ کان وڌيڪَ آفيم پيدا ڪندڙ علائقو آهي جتي آفيم جي پيداوار دنيا جي ڪل پيداوار جو %42 آهي&lt;ref name=Smh2007-03-05&gt;
{{cite news
| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/where-the-poppy-is-king/2007/03/04/1172943270271.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2
| title=Where the poppy is king
| publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]
| date=2007-03-05
| author=Pat McGeough
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043426/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/where-the-poppy-is-king/2007/03/04/1172943270271.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2
| archivedate=2011-06-05
| url-status=live
| quote=More than 90 per cent of the province's arable land is choked with the hardy plant. A 600-strong, US-trained eradication force is hopelessly behind schedule on its target for this growing season in Helmand - to clear about a third of the crop, which is estimated to be a head-spinning 70,000 hectares.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite news
| url=http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=379280&amp;sid=WOR
| title=Afghanistan still the largest producer of opium: UN report
| publisher=[[Zee News]]
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000039/http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=379280&amp;sid=WOR
| archivedate=2007-09-28
| url-status=live
| quote=She said opium cultivation is concentrated in the south of the country, with just one province ‘Helmand’ accounting for 42% of all the illicit production in the world. Many of the provinces with the highest levels of production also have the worst security problems.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;. جيڪا برما کان بہ وڌيڪ آھيجيڪو افغانستان کان پوء دنيا م [[آفيم ]]پيدا ڪندڙ ٻيون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي. ھن صوبي ۾ آفيم کان علاوه ، [[تماڪ]]، [[چقندر]]،  [[ڪپھ]]، [[تر|ترن]] ، [[ڪڻڪ]] ، [[مڱ]]، [[مڪئي]]، [[گورن]] ، [[سورج مکي]]، [[گدرا]]، [[انگور]]، [[مڱيرا]]، [[زردالو]] ، [[بندگوبي]] وغيره جي پوک پڻ ٿيندي آھي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Hilmand as of January 2004.png|thumb|ھيلمند صوبي جا ضلعا]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ ھيلمند صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
! ضلعو
! صدر مقام
! آبادي&lt;ref name=mrrd&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=131&amp;Itemid=120 |title=Hillmand Province |publisher=[[Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development]] |work=Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|accessdate=2012-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! پکيڙ
! ڳوٺ ۽ نسلي گروھ
|-
|[[بغران ضلعو]] || || 129,947 || 3,124&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||38 ڳوٺ. پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://345069709.cs-utilities.com/attachments/article/131/Baghran+DDP+English+Summary.pdf?sid=c393ed64-ab24-11e9-85ff-0505cf2b444f&amp;token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJhdWQiOiJKb2tlbiIsImRvbWFpbiI6Im1ycmQtbmFiZHAub3JnIiwiZXhwIjoxNTYzNjU4MjAwLCJpYXQiOjE1NjM2NTEwMDAsImlzcyI6Ikpva2VuIiwianRpIjoiMm1wajhqNjdzZW8zajk2c2M4MGNwaW80IiwibmJmIjoxNTYzNjUxMDAwLCJ0cyI6MTU2MzY1MTAwMDAwMzM0NX0.SKs7syS96JAIJE4Tbvzu7wTTDoWJfSrEqmJj7dPkrsI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705041456/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Baghran%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=May 7, 2013|website=345069709.cs-utilities.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ديشو ضلعو ]] || || 29,005 || 9,485 &amp; nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 80% پختون ۽  %20  بلوچ&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/dishu.pdf]{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Disho+DDP+English+Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705051153/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Disho%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=May 7, 2013|website=Mrrd-nabdp.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[گرم سير ضلعو]] || || 107,153 || 10,345&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 112 ڳوٺ. پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Garmser+DDP+English+Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729191805/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Garmser%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 29, 2013|website=Mrrd-nabdp.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ ڪجڪي ضلعو]] || || 119,023 || 1,976&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 220 ڳوٺ&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Kajaki%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf Kajaki District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705054109/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Kajaki%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |date=2013-07-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 100% پختون&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/kajaki.pdf]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ريگ خانشين ضلعو ]] || || 17,333 || 13,153&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون 
|-
| [[ لشڪر گاھ ضلعو]] || [[لشڪر گاھ]] شھر || 201,546 || 998&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 160 ڳوٺ. پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Bost%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705053525/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Bost%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[مارجا ضلعو]]  ||  [[مارجا]] شھر  || || 2,300&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 95% پختون, 5%  ھزارا ۽ تاجڪ .
|-
|[[ موسا قلعه ضلعو]] || [[موسا قلعه ]] شھر || 138,896 || 1,694&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Mousa%20Qala%20DDP%20Englihs%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705064307/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Mousa%20Qala%20DDP%20Englihs%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ناد علي ضلعو]]  || || 235,590 || 4,564 &amp; nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 90% پختون, %10  ھزارا ۽ ترڪمان &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nad%20Ali%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705042406/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nad%20Ali%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ نھر سراج ضلعو]]  || || 166,827 || 1,543&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 97 ڳوٺ. پختون&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nahri%20Saraj%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705052726/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nahri%20Saraj%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ ناوائي بارڪزئي ضلعو]]  || || 300,000 || 4135&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 350 ڳوٺ. پختون&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nawa%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705063838/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nawa%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[نوزاد ضلعو]]  || || 108,258 || 4,135&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 100% پختون&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/southern/helmand/naw_zad.pdf]{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nawzad%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705063323/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Nawzad%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ سنگين ضلعو ]] || [[سنگين]] || 66,901 || 508&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 99% پختون,  %1 ھزارا، تاجڪ ۽ عرب.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Sangin+DDP+English+Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705054546/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Sangin%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013|website=Mrrd-nabdp.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[واشير ضلعو]]  || || 31,476 || 4,319&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Washir%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705033340/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/131/Washir%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Loading...|archivedate=July 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[بھرامچا ضلعو]]|| || (300-3500) ||  
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>f1vx3tm5bjb4lybgr8v46dwb8fctc08</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ھرات صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377367</id>
      <parentid>254250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Herat_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Hirat_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janua</comment>
      <origin>377367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6668" sha1="r3py0f97x2gxgz3dpgiq98c8v03n4jg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name      = ھرات
| native_name   = 
| native_name_lang    = fa
| settlement_type  = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline                   = Area of Herat in 2009.jpg
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption  = ھرات شھر جو نظارو
| image_flag                      = 
| flag_alt                        = 
| image_seal                      = 
| seal_alt                        = 
| image_shield                    = 
| shield_alt                      = 
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = 
| image_map                       = Herat in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt                         = 
| map_caption                     = Map of Afghanistan with Herat highlighted
| image_map1                      = Herat province detail map.png
| map_alt1                        = 
| map_caption1                    =ھرات صوبي جو نقشو
| pushpin_map            = Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position          = 
| pushpin_map_alt                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|34.0|62.0|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint                   = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes           = 
| subdivision_type                =ملڪ
| subdivision_name                = {{AFG}}
| established_title               = 
| established_date                = 
| founder                         = 
| seat_type                       =  گادي جو هنڌ
| seat                            = [[ھرات]] شھر
| government_footnotes            = 
| leader_party                    = 
| leader_title                    =  گورنر
| leader_name                     = [[محمد آصف رحيمي ]]
| leader_title1                   = 
| leader_name1                    = 
| unit_pref                       = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 54778.0
| area_land_km2                   = 
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_water_percent              = 
| area_note                       = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Afghanistan extended population statistics | website=GeoHive | date=2015-02-07 | url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207041928/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx | archive-date=2015-02-07 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total                = 1890202
| population_as_of                = 2015
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_demonym              = ھراتي
| population_note                 = 
| blank_name_sec1                 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1                 = داري، پشتو، ازبڪ، ترڪمان 
| timezone1                       = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1                     = 
| timezone1_DST                   = 
| utc_offset1_DST                 = 
| postal_code_type                = 
| postal_code                     = 
| area_code_type                  = 
| area_code                       = 
| iso_code                        = AF-HER
| website                         = 
| footnotes                       = 
| official_name                   = 
}}


'''ھرات صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Herat '''}}  افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ملڪ جي اولھندي پاسي ۾ واقع آهي. ان جي گادي جو هنڌ [[ھرات]] شھر آھي. ھن صوبي جا 17 ضلعا آهن جن م مرڪزي شھرن کان سواءِ  ھڪ ھزار کان وڌيڪَ ڳوٺ آھن. ھن ملڪ جي آبادي 17,80,000 آھي ۽ ڪابل صوبي کان پوء ھي صوبو افغانستان جو آبادي ۾ ٻيون نمبر وڏو صوبو آهي.آبادي جي اڪثريت فارسي يا داري ٻولي ڳالهائيندڙ آھي. ھي صوبو ايران ء ترڪمانستان جي سرحدن سان پڻ ملندڙ آھي. ھري ندي ھن صوبي مان وھي ٿي جنھن تي سلما بند پڻ ٺھيل آھي جيڪو پاڻي جو وڏو ذخيرو آهي. ھي صوبو زعفران جي پيداوار جو وڏو مرڪز آھي جيڪا ان جي معيشت جو ماربل انڊسٽري ۽ غاليچن جي صنعت وانگر اھم حصو آهي. ھن صوبي م ھرات شھر م افغانستان جي ٻين وڏي يونيورسٽي: [[ھرات يونيورسٽي]] پڻ واقع آهي

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Hirat as of January 2004.png|250px|thumb|ھرات جا ضلعا]]

ھرات صوبي ۾  17 ضلعا واقع آھن:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;
|+ ھرات صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
!ضلعو
!گادي جو هنڌ
! آبادي 
! پکيڙ
! ڳوٺن جو تعداد ۽ نسلي گروھ
|-
|[[ادرسڪن ضلعو]] || || 52,200 || 10,070&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||
|-
|[[چشتي شريف ضلعو]] || || 23,100 || ||
|-
|[[فارسي ضلعو]]  || || 29,800 || ||
|-
|[[غوريان ضلعو]]  || || 85,900 || 7,385&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||
|-
|[[گلران ضلعو ]] || || 91,500 || ||
|-
|[[گذرہ ضلعو]]  || || 142,700 || ||
|-
|[[ھرات ضلعو]]  || [[ھرات]] شھر || 436,300 || || ھزارا، تاجڪ، پختون، ازبڪ، ترڪمان ۽ ٻيا .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf |title=2003 National Geographic Population Map |format=PDF |work= Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, [[University of Nebraska]] at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |year=2003 |accessdate=2011-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[انجيل ضلعو]]   || || 237,800 || ||
|-
|[[ڪرخ ضلعو]]  || || 62,000 || ||
|-
|[[ڪھسان ضلعو]] || || 52,900 || ||
|-
|[[ڪوشڪ ضلعو ]] || || 121,000 || 2,909&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||
|-
|[[ڪشڪ ڪھنا ضلعو]]  || || 44,400 || 1,671&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||
|-
|[[اوبه ضلعو ]] || || 73,600 || 2,634&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 
|-
|[[ پشتون زرغون ضلعو]]  || || 97,500 || ||
|-
|[[شين ڊنڊ ضلعو]] || [[شين ڊنڊ ]] شھر|| 173,800 || ||
|-
|[[زندا جان ضلعو]]  || || 55,500 || ||
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==

{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>r3py0f97x2gxgz3dpgiq98c8v03n4jg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>جوزجان صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377369</id>
      <parentid>251834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:14:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Jowzjan_districts.png with [[File:JDistricts_of_Jawzjan_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated</comment>
      <origin>377369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2942" sha1="6liweoshidbj9qpmb8ao2ixj18oxkbv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = جوزجان
| native_name = ولایت جوزجان
| native_name_lang = fa
| settlement_type =افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Jowzjan in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ جوزجان صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|36.75|66.00|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{AFG}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[شبرغان ]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name =مولوي لطف الله عزيزي 
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 11798.3
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 540255
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_footnotes =&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx Afghanistan at GeoHive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721104806/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx |date=2015-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| population_note =
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code = 
| area_code_type =
| iso_code = AF-JOW
| unemployment_rate = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 = داري، ازبڪ ترڪمان 
| website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes =
}}

'''جوزجان صوبو''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Jowzjan Province'''}} افغانستان جي اترئين پاسي  ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ترڪمانستان جي سرحد سان لڳولڳ واقع آهي ۽ 11 ضلعن ۾ ورھايل آھي. ان جي آبادي 5,12,100 آھي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[شبرغان]] شھر آهي. ھي شھر شروع ۾ بخارا ايمپائر جو حصو ھيو. احمد شاھ دراني ان کي فتح ڪري دراني ايمپائر ۾ شامل ڪيو بعد ۾  افغانستان جي قيام سان ان جو حصو ٿي ويو.

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:JDistricts of Jawzjan as of January 2004.png|250px|thumb|کاٻو|
جوزجان صوبي جا ضلعا ]]

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>6liweoshidbj9qpmb8ao2ixj18oxkbv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ڪابل صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49757</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377371</id>
      <parentid>252687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:30:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Kabul_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Kabul_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janua</comment>
      <origin>377371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10905" sha1="tuam9qtotrktp8moi8jetmi1ks13lcq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name        = ڪابل صوبو
| native_name                     = ولايت ڪابل
| native_name_lang                = fa
| settlement_type                 = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline                   = Kabul province mountain (8735703666).jpg
| image_alt                       = 
| image_caption                   = [[انٽرنيشنل سڪيورٽي اسسٽنس فورس|اساف]] جا فوجي برف سان ڍڪيل جبلن جو جائزو وٺندي
| image_flag                      = 
| flag_alt                        = 
| image_seal                      = 
| seal_alt                        = 
| image_shield                    = 
| shield_alt                      = 
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = 
| image_map                       = Kabul in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt                         = 
| map_caption                     = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ ڪابل صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map                     = Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position          = 
| pushpin_map_alt                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|34.00|69.00|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes           = 
| subdivision_type                = ملڪ
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title               = 
| established_date                = 
| founder                         = 
| seat_type                       = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat                            = [[ڪابل ]] شھر
| government_footnotes            = 
| leader_party                    = 
| leader_title                    = [[ ڪابل جا گورنر|گورنر]]
| leader_name                     = حامد اڪرم
| leader_title1                   = 
| leader_name1                    = 
| unit_pref                       = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 4461.6
| area_land_km2                   = 
| area_water_km2                  = 
| area_water_percent              = 
| area_note                       = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan.aspx Afghanistan at Geohive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806162701/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan.aspx |date=2014-08-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total                = 4372977
| population_as_of                = 2015
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_demonym              = ڪابلي
| population_note                 = 
| blank_name_sec1  = مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1                 = داري ۽ پشتو 
| timezone1                       = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1                     = 
| timezone1_DST                   = 
| utc_offset1_DST                 = 
| postal_code_type                = 
| postal_code                     = 
| area_code_type                  = 
| area_code                       = 
| iso_code                        = AF-KAB
| website                         = 
| footnotes                       = 
| official_name                   = 
}}


'''ڪابل صوبو''' {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Kabul Province '''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ان جي اوڀرندي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[ڪابل]] شھر آھي جيڪو افغانستان جو پڻ گادي جو هنڌ آهي. 2012 جي انگ اکرن مطابق ڪابل صوبي جي آبادي اٽڪل 40 لکن جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي جنھن جو 80 سيڪڙو شھري علائقن ۾ رھندڙ آھي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==
[[فائل:Districts of Kabul as of January 2004.png|250px|thumb|ڪابل صوبي جا چوڏھن ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+  ڪابل صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
! ضلعو
! صدر مقام
! آبادي
! پکيڙ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/|title=FAO in Afghanistan - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|author=|date=|website=www.fao.org|accessdate=29 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! نسلي گروھن جي معلومات(%)&lt;ref&gt;Ethnic demographic statistics taken from http://www.aims.org.af {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110117/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/provincial/badghis.pdf |date=2007-09-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! نوٽ
|-
|[[بگرامي ضلعو ]] || [[بگرام  ]] || 85,000 ||  || پختون &lt;ref&gt;
[http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/bagrami.pdf{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 
|-
|[[چار آسياب ضلعو ]] || [[قلائي نعيم ]] || 32,500 ||  || پختون  &lt;ref&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007070530/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/char_asiab.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Char Asiab] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 
|-
|[[ديھ سبز ضلعو]]  || [[تاراخيل ]] || 47,900 ||  || 75% پختون&lt;br&gt;
24% تاجڪ  &lt;ref&gt; 
[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027173537/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/deh_sabz.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Deh Sabz] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
|| 
|-
|[[فرزا ضلعو]] || [[ديھ ناوي فرزا ]] || 19,100 ||  ||  تاجڪ &lt;ref&gt; 
[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027170923/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/farza.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Farza] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;|| مير باچا ڪوٽ ضلعي مان 2005 ٺاھيو ويو
||
|-
|[[گلدارا ضلعو]] || [[گلدارا]] || 25,213 ||  ||  85% تاجڪ&lt;br&gt;15% پختون &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/138/Kabul_Guldara%20English%20summary%20finalized.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923043553/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/138/Kabul_Guldara%20English%20summary%20finalized.pdf |archivedate=2013-09-23 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|| 
|-
|[[استالف ضلعو]]  || [[استالف  ]] || 29,800 ||  || تاجڪ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522054305/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/District_Profile_istalif_04_04_02.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Istalif] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt; || 
|-
|[[ڪابل ضلعو]]  || [[ڪابل]] ||  3,289,000&lt;ref name=&quot;CSO&quot;&gt;[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Population%20of%20Kabul%20City%20by%20District%20and%20Sex.pdf Afghanistan Statistical Yearbook 2012/13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228091845/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Population%20of%20Kabul%20City%20by%20District%20and%20Sex.pdf |date=2013-12-28 }} (PDF), Central Statistics Office Afghanistan&lt;/ref&gt;
|| || 42% تاجڪ, %40   ھزارا, %10  پختون, %5  ازبڪ,%1 بلوچ, %1 ترڪمان ۽  
1% ھندو &lt;ref name=&quot;NAT-2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature2/images/mp_download.2.pdf |title=2003 National Geographic Population Map |format=PDF |work=Thomas Gouttierre, Center For Afghanistan Studies, [[University of Nebraska]] at Omaha; Matthew S. Baker, Stratfor |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=November 2003 |accessdate=2010-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|-
|[[ڪلڪان ضلعو]] || [[ڪلڪان ]] || 26,900 ||  || اڪثريت ۾ تاجڪ&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027172215/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/kalakan.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Kalakan] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 
|-
|[[خاڪ جبار ضلعو ]] || [[خاڪ جبار ]] || 75,000 ||  || 50% پختون
&lt;br&gt;50%  تاجڪ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027183820/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/khak_e_jabbar.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Khak-e-Jabbar] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
|| 
|-
|[[ مير باچا ڪوٽ ضلعو|سرائي خواجه]] || [[مير باچا ڪوٽ ]] || 46,300 ||  || تاجڪ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027185110/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/mir_bacha_kote.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Mir Bacha Kot] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2005 ۾ ورھائجي ويو.
||
|-
|[[موسھي ضلعو ]] || [[موسھي  ]] || 30,000 ||  || پختون&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027172241/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/mussahi.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Mussahi] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt; || 
|-
|[[پغمان ضلعو ]] || [[پغمان  ]] || 150,000 ||  || 75% پختون &lt;br&gt;25%  تاجڪ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027173613/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/paghmani.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Paghman] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt; ||
|-
|[[قرہ باغ ضلعو ]] || [[قرہ باغ، افغانستان|قرہ باغ]] || 67,700 ||  ||85%  تاجڪ
&lt;br&gt;  پختون 15% &lt;ref &gt;
[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027173640/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/qarabagh.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Qarabagh] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
|| 
|-
|[[شڪر درا ضلعو ]] || [[شڪر درا ]] || 72,900 ||  || 90%  پختون تاجڪ
&lt;br&gt;10% 
&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20051027175833/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/shakardara.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Shakardara] (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
|| 
|-
|[[ سروبي ضلعو]]||    [[سروبي ]]  || 150,000 ||  || 80%  پختون
20% تاجڪ ۽ پاشائي  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/sarobe.pdf UNHCR Sub-Office Central Region - District Profile - Sarobi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615054426/http://www.aims.org.af/afg/dist_profiles/unhcr_district_profiles/centra/kabul/sarobe.pdf |date=2011-06-15 }} (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;
|| 
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>tuam9qtotrktp8moi8jetmi1ks13lcq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>قنڌار صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377358</id>
      <parentid>251049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Kandahar_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Kandahar_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated</comment>
      <origin>377358</origin>
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      <text bytes="6954" sha1="ttptqpx19mw76fo6oms7f4folfbnzlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = قنڌار صوبو
| native_name = {{smaller|[[پشتو ٻولي |پشتو]]: کندهار ولايت&lt;br&gt;[[فارسي ٻولي| فارسي]]: ولایت قندهار}}
| native_name_lang = ps
| settlement_type =افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = View of Arghandab Valley.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ارغنداب وادي جو منظر
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =لوئي قنڌار
| motto =
| image_map = Kandahar in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ قنڌار صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0|65.5|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 300 BC
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[قنڌار ]] شھر
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name = [[حيات الله حيات]]
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 54022
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1,151,100
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = قنڌاري 
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 =  پشتو ۽ فارسي
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = AF-KAN
| iso_code = 
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}

'''گنڌار‘ يا‘ قنڌار صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Kandhar Province'''}}  افغانستان جو ھڪ صوبو آهي جيڪو ان جي ڏاکڻي حصي ۾ پاڪستان جي سرحد تي واقع آھي. ھن صوبي مان ارغنداب ندي وھي ٿي. ھن صوبي جي انتظامي ورھاست ارڙھن ضلعن ۾ ٿيل آھي. صوبي جي آبادي 11,51,000 آهي جيڪا قبيلن تي مشتمل آهي جن ۾ اڪثريت پختون قبيلن جي آھي ڪجهه تاجڪ، ھزارا، ھزارا، ازبڪ ۽ بلوچ پڻ شامل آهن. پختون قبيلن ۾ جيڪو قبيلا ھتي رھن ٿا انھن ۾ شامل آهن:&lt;ref name=&quot;nps&quot;&gt;[http://www.nps.edu/programs/CCS/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Kandahar_Provincial_Overview_Jan09.pdf Afghanistan's Provinces - Kandahar] at [http://www.nps.edu/ NPS]&lt;/ref&gt; [[دراني]]، [[باريچ]]، [[پوپلزئي]]، [[الڪوزئي]]، [[بارڪزئي]]، [[اچڪزئي]]، [[مھامند]]، [[محمدزئي]]، [[غلزئي]]، [[ڪاڪڙ  ]]، [[بابئي]]، [[توخي]]، [[نورزئي]]، [[ھوتڪ]]، [[تاراڪئي]].

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Kandahar as of January 2004.png|thumb|قنڌار جا ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ قنڌار صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
! ضلعو
!صدر مقام
! آبادي &lt;ref name=mrrd&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=126&amp;Itemid=114 |title=Kandahar Province  |publisher=[[Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development]] |work=Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|accessdate=2012-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! پکيڙ
! ڳوٺ ۽ نسلي گروھ
|-
|[[ارغنداب ضلعو ]] || || 53,205 || 578&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 79 ڳوٺ. پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Arghandab%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Arghandab District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ارغستان ضلعو ]] || || 28,900 || 3,908&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Arghistan%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Arghistan District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[دامان ضلعو ]] || || 24,800 || || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Daman%20DDP%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Daman District (Updated DDP) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[غورڪ ضلعو ]] || || 80,000 || 1,503&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Ghorak%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Ghorak District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[قنڌار ضلعو  ]] || '''[[قنڌار ]]''' || 512,200 || ||
|-
|[[خاڪريز ضلعو ]] || || 15,074 || 1,616&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Khakriz%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Khakriz District |format=PDF |accessdate=2013-06-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729160449/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Khakriz%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[معروف ضلعو ]] || || 27,700 || 3,191&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Maruf-DDP-summary.pdf |title=Maruf District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ ميوند ضلعو ]] || || 58,254 || 2,858&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 160 ڳوٺ. %95  پختون ۽  %5  ٻيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Maiwand%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Maiwand District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ميانشين ضلعو ]] || || 12,600 || 917&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Mianshin%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Mianishin District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[نيش ضلعو ]] || || 11,300 || 1,302&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || پختون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/126/Nish%20DDP%20%20English%20Summary.pdf |title=Nish District |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[پنجوائي ضلعو]] || || 82,800 || ||
|-
|[[ريگ ضلعو ]] || || 1,600 || ||
|-
|[[شاھ ولي ڪوٽ ضلعو ]] || || 36,400 || ||
|-
|[[شورابڪ ضلعو ]] || || 9,600 || ||
|-
|[[اسپين بولدڪ ضلعو ]] || || 41,000 || ||
|-
|[[زھري ضلعو ]] || || 49,500 || || 
|-
|شاگا
|
|
|
|
|-
|ڊنڊ
|
|
|
|
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>ttptqpx19mw76fo6oms7f4folfbnzlk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ڪاپيسا صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377366</id>
      <parentid>251067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:54:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Kapisa_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Kapisa_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Jan</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5607" sha1="jgyos2qhun3j1rlwwvk77tcmis0uuoz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = ڪاپيسا صوبو
| native_name = کاپیسا ولايت
| native_name_lang = ps
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption = 
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Kapisa in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ ڪاپيسا صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|35.0|69.7|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[محمود راقي ]]
| seat1_type = سڀ کان وڏو شھر
| seat1 = [[نجراب ]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = 
| leader_name = سيد محمد خالد ھاشمي
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name1 = [[محمد نبي صافي ]]
| leader_title1 = ڊپٽي گورنر
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1842.1
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;nps&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/programs/CCS/Docs/Executive%20Summaries/Kapisa%20Executive%20Summary.pdf|format=PDF|title=Afghanistan's Provinces - Kapisa|work=nps.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 441010
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =  ڪاپيسائي
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 =پشتو، فارسي ۽ [[پاشائي ٻولي]] 
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-KAP
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}


'''ڪاپيسا صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Kapisa Province'''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ان جي اتر اوڀر واري حصي ۾ واقع آهي ۽ جنھن جي آبادي 364900  ۽ پکيڙ 1842 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. اھو پکيڙ ۾ افغانستان جو سڀ کان ننڍڙو صوبو آهي پر ڪابل صوبي کان پوء سڀ کان وڏو گھاٽي آبادي وارو صوبو آهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/uaf.html |title=Afghanistan Provinces |publisher=Statoids.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھن صوبي جي گادي جو هنڌ [[محمود راقي]] آهي ۽ آبادي ۾ سڀ کان وڏو شھر [[نجراب]] آهي.

 
[[فائل:Pashai girl in Afghanistan, wearing distinctive Pashai clothing.jpg|thumb|کاٻو| ھڪ پاشائي نسل جي ڇوڪري ]]

2010 ۾ ھن صوبي جي آبادي وڌي 406,200 ٿي وئي. &lt;ref&gt;AREU &quot;The Afghan Research Newsletter&quot; Issue 25. April/May 2010&lt;/ref&gt; ھتي جي ماڻھن جو سڀ کان وڏو نسلي گروھ تاجڪ آبادي جو آھي جيڪي پوري آبادي جو اڌ آھن. ان کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي پختون 30 سيڪڙو آھن جن ۾ [[صافي]] پڻ شامل آھن، ان کان پوءِ پاشائي نسل جا ماڻھو 17 سيڪڙو آھن.&lt;ref name=&quot;nps&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Kapisa%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf Kapisa – Provincial Profile]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321120431/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/Provincial%20Profiles/Kapisa%20PDP%20Provincial%20profile.pdf |date=March 21, 2012 }} National Area-Based Development Programme (NABDP), Government of Afghanistan,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/18491479/Kapisa-Province-A-COIN-Case-Study-in-Afghanistan |title=Kapisa Province: A COIN Case Study in Afghanistan |publisher=Scribd.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
باقي آبادي ۾ ھزارا ۽ نورستاني نسل جا ماڻھو شامل آهن.

==انتظامي ورھاست==


[[Image:Districts of Kapisa as of January 2004.png|thumb|ڪاپيسا صوبي جا ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ ڪاپيسا صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|ضلعو
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|صدر مقام
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|آبادي (2015)
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|پکيڙ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Andrew Ross (ross@undpafg.org.pk |url=http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan Geographic &amp; Thematic Layers |publisher=Fao.org |date= |accessdate=2013-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! نوٽ
|-
|[[الاسي ضلعو ]] ||  || 38,642  ||  || 
|-
|[[حصه اول ڪوھستان ضلعو ]] ||  || 64,483 ||  || 2005 ۾ ڪوھستان ضلعي مان ٺاھيو ويو 
|-
|[[حصه دوم ڪوھستان ضلعو ]] ||  || 45,962 ||  || ڪوھستان ضلعي مان 2005 ۾ ٺاھيو ويو 
|-
|[[ڪوھ بند ضلعو]] ||  || 24,001 ||  || 
|-
|[[محمود راقي ضلعو]] || [[محمود راقي]]  شھر|| 65,632 ||  || 
|-
|[[نجراب ضلعو ]] || [[نجراب]] شھر || 114,726  ||  || 
|-
|[[تگاب ضلعو، ڪاپيسا]]||   || 82,564 ||  || 
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>jgyos2qhun3j1rlwwvk77tcmis0uuoz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>خوست صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377370</id>
      <parentid>250662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Khost_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Khost_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janua</comment>
      <origin>377370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4162" sha1="o828vl3ty17i0p0huhr910buflxlo7d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = خوست صوبو
| native_name = خوست ولايت
| native_name_lang = ps
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Sowy Nabi - panoramio.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = نادر شاھ ڪوٽ ضلعي م واقع ھڪ ڳوٺ
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Khost in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ خوست نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.4|69.9|type:adm1st_region:AF|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title = 
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[خوست ]] شھر
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = [[خوست جا گورنر|گورنر]]
| leader_name = حڪم خان حبيبي
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4151.5
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx Afghanistan at GeoHive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721104806/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx |date=2015-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total = 574582
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 = مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 =   پشتو
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = AF-KHO
| iso_code = 
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}

'''خوست صوبو''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Khost Province'''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ملڪ جي اوڀر واري علائقي ۾ واقع آهي جنھن جون حدون پاڪستاني صوبي خيبرپختونخوا جي علائقن وزيرستان ۽ خرم ايجنسي سان ملندڙ آھي. ھن صوبي جي گادي جو هنڌ خوست شھر آھي. 2012 ۾ صوبي جي آبادي 546,800 جي لڳ ڀڳ آهي. ھتان جو معاشرو قبائلي آهي ۽ آبادي جو 99 سيڪڙو ماڻهو پختون آھن باقي تاجڪ ۽ ٻيا آھن. ھن صوبي مان [[خرم ندي]] وھي ٿي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==
[[فائل:Districts of Khost as of January 2004.png|thumb|خوست صوبي جا ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ خوست صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
!ضلعو
! گاديءَ جو هنڌ
! آبادي  (2015)
! پکيڙ &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/ Afghanistan Geographic &amp; Thematic Layers]&lt;/ref&gt;
!نوٽ
|-
|[[باڪ ضلعو]] ||  || 22,561 ||  || 
|-
|[[گربز ضلعو ]] ||  || 26,762 ||  || 
|-
|[[جاجي ميدان ضلعو]] ||  || 23,197 ||  || 
|-
|[[خوست ضلعو]] || [[خوست]] شھر|| 140,642 ||  || 
|-
|[[مندوزي ضلعو]] || [[ڊڊوال ]] || 89,602 ||  || 
|-
|[[موسا خيل ضلعو، خوست ]] ||  || 41,882 ||  || 
|-
|[[نادر شاھ ڪوٽ ضلعو ]] ||  || 32,522 ||  || 
|-
|[[قلندر ضلعو ]] ||  || 10,440 ||  || 
|-
|[[صبري ضلعو ]] || [[يعقوبي  ]] شھر || 72,364 ||  || 
|-
|[[شمال ضلعو ]] ||  || 13,920 ||  || پڪتيا صوبي مان 2005 ۾ خوست صوبي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو
|-
|[[سپيرا ضلعو ]] ||  || 24,841 ||  || 
|-
|[[تني ضلعو]] || [[تاني، خوست|تاني]] شھر  || 60,842 ||  || 
|-
|[[تيرا زي ضلعو ]] || [[اليسر ]] || 45,602 ||  || 
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>o828vl3ty17i0p0huhr910buflxlo7d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ڪونر صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49761</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377356</id>
      <parentid>273704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T00:50:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Konar_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Kunar_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janua</comment>
      <origin>377356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5185" sha1="0250lscoadtdwdf0itkq2slq2q2vkiw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = ڪنر صوبو
| native_name = کونړ ولايت
| native_name_lang = ps
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Watapur district-2012.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =  ڪنر صوبي جو ضلعو وتاپور 2012ع ۾ 
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Kunar in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ ڪنر صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|35.0|71.2|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =  گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = اسد آباد 
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name = وحيد الله ڪليمزئي
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4339
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 5556
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes  =
| population_total = 428800
| population_as_of = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1= پشتو
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-KNR
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''ڪنر صوبو''' (انگريزي: Kunar Province، پشتو: کونړ ولايت) [[افغانستان]] جو ھڪ صوبو جيڪو پاڪستان جي سرحد تي واقع آھي جنھن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ اسد آباد آھي ۽ صوبي جي آبادي 4,28,800 آھي.&lt;ref name=&quot;cso&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Kunarha(1).pdf |title=Settled Population of Kunar province by Civil Division, Urban, Rural and Sex-2012-13 |publisher=Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Central Statistics Organization |accessdate=2014-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھي صوبو [[جمال الدين افغاني|سيد جمال الدين افغاني]] جي جنم ڀومي آهي. ھن صوبي م ڪنر وادي مان [[ڪنھار ندي|ڪنر ندي]] وھي ٿي جيڪا [[پامير|پامير جبل]] مان نڪري ٿي ۽ ڪابل ندي ذريعي سنڌو ندي ۾ ڇوڙ ڪري ٿي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Kunar as of January 2004.png|thumb|250px|ڪونر صوبي جا ضلعا]]

2014 ۾ افغانستان جي صوبي ڪونر ۾ ھيٺيان ضلعا واقع ھيا.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aims.org.af/maps/national/political_divisions/political_divisions_34.pdf &quot;Afghanistan Administrative Divisions&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923015042/http://www.aims.org.af/maps/national/political_divisions/political_divisions_34.pdf |date=2010-09-23}} map, March 2007, Afghanistan Information Management Services (AIMS)&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ ڪونر صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
!ضلعو
! صدر مقام
! آبادي  
! پکيڙ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/|title=FAO in Afghanistan - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|author=|date=|website=www.fao.org|accessdate=31 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!نوٽ
|-
|'''[[اسد آباد ضلعو]]''' || [[اسد آباد، افغانستان|اسد آباد]] || 29,177 ||  || 
|-
|-
|[[بر ڪونر ضلعو]] ||  || 20,716 ||  || 
|-
|[[چپا درا ضلعو]] ||  || 28,681 ||  ||
|-
|[[دانگام ضلعو]] ||  || 15,509 ||  || 
|-
|[[درا پيچ]] ||  || 44,958 ||  || ان کي پيچ ضلعو يا مانگوئي ضلعو پڻ سڏين ٿا
|-
|[[غازي آباد ضلعو، افغانستان|غازي آباد ضلعو]] ||  غازي آباد  || 7,500 ||  || اڳ ۾ اتريون بر ڪونر ضلعو
|-
|[[خاص ڪونر ضلعو]] ||  || 31,950 ||  || ڪونر صوبي جو سڀ کان وڏو ضلعو 
|-
|[[مراورا ضلعو]] ||  || 100,500 ||  || 
|-
|[[نرنگ او باديل ضلعو]] || [[نرنگ]] || 27,937 ||  || 
|-
|[[ناري ضلعو]] ||  || 32,510 ||  || 
|-
|[[نورگل ضلعو]] ||  || 25,047 ||  ||
|-
|[ چوڪي ضلعو]] ||  || 28,905 ||  || 
|-
|[[شائگل ضلعو]] ||  || 33,781 ||  || اتر اوڀرندي ڊانگام ضلعي مان قائم ڪيو ويو 
|-
|[[سرڪاني ضلعو]] ||  || 24,080 ||  || 
|-
|[[وتاپور ضلعو]] ||  || 28,778 ||  || اتر اولھ اسد آباد ضلعي مان قائم ڪيو ويو
|-
|}

== وڌيڪ ڏسو ==
*[[سوويت-افغان جنگ]]

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
[[زمرو:ڪنڙ صوبو]]
[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>0250lscoadtdwdf0itkq2slq2q2vkiw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>قندوز صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49762</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377360</id>
      <parentid>251289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:16:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Kunduz_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Kunduz_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Jan</comment>
      <origin>377360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4727" sha1="03h3nc6fqqwi0c1jo2vl8y9hk0cmcgv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = قندوز صوبو
| native_name = قندوز ولايت&lt;br&gt;کندوز ولايت
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type =افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = 120627-A-LE308-009.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ھيليڪاپٽر تان قندوز ۽ بلخ جو فضائي منظر
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Kunduz in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ قندوز صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|36.8|N|68.8|E|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Capital
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[قندوز ]] شھر
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[قندوز جا گورنر|گورنر]]
| leader_name = اسد الله عمر خيل &lt;ref&gt;[https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/18/afghanistan-on-the-brink-part-1/]&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 8040
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =  
| population_total = 953800
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1  = داري ، پشتو، ازبڪ ۽ ترڪمان
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-KDZ
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}
 

'''قندوز صوبو''' يا '''ڪندوز صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Kunduz Province'''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ان جي اترئين علائقي ۾ تاجڪستان جي سرحد تي واقع آھي. صوبي جي آبادي 9,53,800 آھي جنھن ۾ 45 سيڪڙو پختون، 20 سيڪڙو ازبڪ ، 20 سيڪڙو تاجڪ، 9.4 سيڪڙو ترڪمان، ۽ باقي ھزارا، عرب ۽ ٻيا شامل آهن . آبادي جو 94 سيڪڙو سني اسلام ۽ باقي شيعا اسلام سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهو آھن. صوبي جو گادي جو هنڌ [[ڪندوز]] شھر آھي. ھن صوبي مان قندوز ندي ڏکڻ کان اتر طرف گذري ٿي ۽ [[آمو درياء]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪري ٿي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==

[[فائل:Districts of Kunduz as of January 2004.png|thumb|
قندوز صوبي جا ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ قندوز صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
!ضلعو
!صدر مقام
! آبادي
! پکيڙ &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/ Afghanistan Geographic &amp; Thematic Layers]&lt;/ref&gt;
!نسلي گروھ &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Ethnic data taken from UNHCR Kunduz District Profiles on aims.org.af |url=http://aims.org.af/ssroots.aspx?seckeyt=381 |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archive-date=2011-05-31 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20110531152339/http://aims.org.af/ssroots.aspx?seckeyt=381 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[علي آباد ضلعو]] ||  || 45,851 ||  || %30 تاجڪ, %30 ازبڪ %20 پختون, 20% ھزارا &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.afghan-bios.info/index.php?option=com_afghanbios&amp;id=137&amp;task=view&amp;total=2781&amp;start=199&amp;Itemid=2 Aliabad District, Kunduz Province.] Afghan Biographies.&lt;/ref&gt; ||
|-
|[[ارچي ضلعو ]] ||  || 99,000 ||  || %40 پختون, %35 ازبڪ, %15 تاجڪ, %10
ترڪمان 
||
|-
|[[چار درا ضلعو ]] ||  || 69251 ||  || 45% پختون, 35% تاجڪ, 12% ازبڪ, 8% ترڪمان ||
|-
|[[امام صاحب ضلعو ]] || [[شيرخان بندر ]] || 250,000 ||  || 45% ازبڪ, 25% پختون, 25 تاجڪ, 5% ترڪمان ||
|-
|[[خان آباد ضلعو ]] ||  || 110,000 ||  || 35% تاجڪ, 25% پختون, 20% ھزارہ, 10% ازبڪ, 5% پاشائي ||
|-
|[[ڪندوز ضلعو ]] || [[ڪندوز  ]] || 259,497 ||  ||55% تاجڪ, 25% پختون, 15% ازبڪ, 3% ترڪمان, 2% ھزارہ ||
|-
|[[قلعه ذال ]] ||  || 120,000 ||  || 90% ترڪمان, 10% پختون ||
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>03h3nc6fqqwi0c1jo2vl8y9hk0cmcgv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>لغمان صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377365</id>
      <parentid>255189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:42:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Laghman_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Laghman_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated J</comment>
      <origin>377365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3566" sha1="4ay6xkmgx1ua9wlozzgb0gxdv2exqfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|name = لغمان صوبو
|native_name = لغمان ولايت
|native_name_lang=ps
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Stark contrasts in Afghanistan - 080907-F-0168M-071.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ريگستان سان لڳولڳ ساوڪ : لغمان جو ھڪ منظر
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Laghman in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ نمايان ڏيکاريل لغمان صوبو
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.66|70.20|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Capital
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[مھترلام]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name = محمد آصف ننگ
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3842.6
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 445588
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = لغماني
| population_note =
| blank_name_sec1= مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1= پشتو، داري، پاشائي
| timezone1 = [[UTC+4:30]]
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-LAG
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}


'''لغمان صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Lagman Province'''}} افغانستان جي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ان جي اوڀر پاسي واري علائقي ۾ واقع آهي. ان جي آبادي 4,45,600 آھي جنھن ۾ 51.3 سيڪڙو پختون، 21.7 سيڪڙو تاجڪ، 27 سيڪڙو پاشائي ۽ نورستاني نسل جا ماڻھو شامل آهن. صوبي جي آبادي جي اڪثريت جو تعلق سني اسلام سان آهي. ان جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ [[مھترلام]] آهي. تاريخ م ھن علائقي لاء لمغان جو نالو بہ سڏبو هو. 

==انتظامي ورھاست==
[[فائل:Districts of Laghman as of January 2004.png|thumb|لغمان صوبي جا ضلعا]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ لغمان صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
! ضلعو
!صدر مقام
! آبادي (2015)
! پکيڙ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/afghanistan/|title=FAO in Afghanistan - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|author=|date=|website=www.fao.org|accessdate=2 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!نوٽ
|-
|[[علي نگر ضلعو ]] ||  || 98,764 ||  ||
|-
|[[عليشنگ ضلعو ]] ||  || 72,844 ||  ||
|-
|[[دولت شاھ ضلعو ]] ||  || 33,962 ||  ||
|-
|[[مھترلام ضلعو ]] || [[مھترلام]] شھر|| 132,374 ||  ||
|-
|[[قرغه اي ضلعو ]] ||  || 100,084 ||  ||
|-
|[[بادپاش ضلعو ]] ||  || 7,560 ||  ||
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>4ay6xkmgx1ua9wlozzgb0gxdv2exqfu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>لوگر صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377368</id>
      <parentid>252789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T02:06:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Lowgar_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Logar_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Janu</comment>
      <origin>377368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4104" sha1="qkgw2xa08lf97tj6u53wtp4bbkthynm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = لوگر صوبو
| native_name = لوگر ولايت
| native_name_lang = prs
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Aerial view of Mohammad Agha District, Logar Province, Afghanistan.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = لوگر صوبي جي محمد آغا ضلعي جو هڪ فضائي منظر
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Logar in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ لوگر صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0|69.2|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Capital
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گادي جو هنڌ
| seat = [[پل علم]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name = [[محمد حليم فدائي ]]
| leader_title1 =  
| leader_name1 = 
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3879.8
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 392045
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = لوگري
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 =  داري ۽ پشتو
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 = 
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-LOG
| website = 
| footnotes = 
}}


'''لوگر صوبو''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Logar Province'''}}  افغانستان کي 34 صوبن مان ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ملڪ جي اوڀر پاسي واري حصي ۾ واقع آهي جيڪو انتظامي طور تي ست ضلعن ۾ ورھايل آھي. ان جي گادي جو هنڌ پل علم آھي. 2013 ۾ ھن صوبي جي آبادي 3,73,100 ھئي. ھن صوبي جو معاشرو قبائلي آھي جنھن ۾ 60 سيڪڙو آبادي پختونن جي آھي ۽ باقي ٻيا تاجڪ ۽ ھزارہ نسل جا ماڻھو رھن ٿا. ھن صوبي ۾ لوگر ندي اولھ طرف کان داخل ٿي اتر طرف نڪري ٿي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==
[[فائل:Districts of Logar as of January 2004.png|thumb|لوگر صوبي جا ضلعا]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%;&quot;
|+ لوگر صوبي جا ضلعا
|- 
! ضلعو
! صدر مقام
! آبادي (2015) &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx Afghanistan at Geohive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721104806/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan_ext.aspx |date=2015-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! پکيڙ
! ياداشت
|-
|[[ازرا ضلعو]] ||  || 20,760 ||  || 2005 ۾ پڪتيا صوبي مان ان کي شامل ڪيو ويو
|-
|[[برڪي برڪ ضلعو]] ||  || 89,476 ||  || پل علم جو لنڪ روڊ ھاء وي 1 سميت ھن ضلعي ۾ شامل آهي 
|-
|[[چرخ ضلعو ]] ||  || 45,362 ||  || 2005 ۾ ورھائجي ويو
|-
|[[خروار ضلعو ]] ||  || 26,762 ||  || 2005 ۾ چرخ ضلعي مان قائم ڪيو ويو
|-
|[[خوشي ضلعو ]] ||  || 24,602 ||  || ھن ضلعي ۾ کوڙ شيعن جا علائقا شامل آهن
|-
|[[محمد آغا ضلعو ]] ||  || 77,074 ||  || ھن ضلعي جو اتريون حصو ڪابل جي ڏاکڻي حصي سان ملي ٿو جتي جي آبادي جو 65 سيڪڙو پختون آھن
|-
|[[پل علم ضلعو]]  || [[پل علم ]] || 108,039 ||  ||
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}
== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>qkgw2xa08lf97tj6u53wtp4bbkthynm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>نيمروز صوبو</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377363</id>
      <parentid>334953</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T01:35:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>103</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Nimruz_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Nimroz_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated Jan</comment>
      <origin>377363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5974" sha1="r96kkmjjf4m1owwcr3hflgmean6fff9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = نيمروز صوبو
| native_name = {{small|{{lang|ps|نيمروز ولايت}}}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = افغانستان جو صوبو
| image_skyline = Nimroz.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = نيمروز صوبي ۾ [[چکنسور]]
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt =
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Nimruz in Afghanistan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = افغانستان جي نقشي ۾ نيمروز صوبو نمايان ڏيکاريل
| pushpin_map =Afghanistan
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.0|62.5|region:AF_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = ملڪ
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| founder =
| seat_type = گاديءَ جو هنڌ
| seat = [[زرنج]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = گورنر
| leader_name = محمد سميع الله
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 41356
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes  =
| population_total = 156,600
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = نيمروزي
| population_note = 
| blank_name_sec1 =  مقامي ٻوليون
| blank_info_sec1 =  داري ۽ پشتو
| timezone1 = UTC+4:30
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = 
| iso_code = AF-NIM
| website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes =
}}


'''نيمروز صوبو''' : {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Nimroz Province'''}}  افغانستان جو ھڪ صوبو جيڪو ان جي ڏکڻ اوڀر واري حصي ۾ واقع آھي جنھن جي اوڀر ۾ ايران جا صوبا سيستان ۽ [[بلوچستان، ايران| بلوچستان]] واقع آھن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ پاڪستان جو بلوچستان واقع آهي. ھي صوبو 5 ضلعن ۾ ورھايل آھي. ان جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 1،60،000 آهي. ان جي گادي جو هنڌ زرنج شھر آھي. صوبي جي پکيڙ 41,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي.  لفظ '''نيمروز''' فارسي ٻولي جي ٻن لفظن مان نڪتل آهي ھڪ '''نيم''' جنھن جي معني آهي '''اڌ''' ۽ ٻيو '''روز''' جنھن جي معني آهي '''ڏينھن'''. ھن صوبي جو وڏو حصو [[دشت مارگو]] نالي رڻپٽ تي مشتمل آهي.

==انتظامي ورھاست==
[[فائل:Districts of Nimroz as of January 2004.png|thumb|نيمروز صوبي جا ضلعا]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot; align=center
|+ نيمروز صوبي جا ضلعا
|-
!align=&quot;left&quot;|ضلعو
!align=&quot;left&quot;|صدر مقام
!align=&quot;left&quot;|آبادي &lt;ref name=mrrd&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=141&amp;Itemid=130 |title=Nimrooz Province |publisher=[[Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development]] |work=Government of Afghanistan and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|accessdate=2012-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!align=&quot;left&quot;|پکيڙ
!align=&quot;center&quot;|ڳوٺ ۽ نسلي گروھ 
|-
|[[چھار برجڪ ضلعو ]] || || 8,080 ||  21,864&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 65 ڳوٺ. 88% بلوچ, 10% بروھي, 1% پختون, and ۽ تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Charborjak_Summary_Finalized.pdf Charborjak District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728162403/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Charborjak_Summary_Finalized.pdf |date=2013-07-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|[[چخانسور ضلعو ]] || [[چخانسور]] || 11,165 || 9,699&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 160 ڳوٺ. پختون, تاجڪ ، بلوچ، ھزارہ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Chakhansor_Summary_Finalized.pdf Chakhansor District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222234639/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Chakhansor_Summary_Finalized.pdf |date=2015-12-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[ڪنگ ضلعو ]] || || 13,514 || 1,250&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 119 ڳوٺ. 60% پختون, 25% بلوچ, 15% تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Kang_Summary_Finalized.pdf Kang District] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091057/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Kang_Summary_Finalized.pdf |date=2014-04-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[خاشرود ضلعو ]] || [[خاش، نيمروز|خاش]]  || 35,381 || 5,766&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 63 ڳوٺ. 55% پختون, 20% بلوچ, 15% بروھي, 10% تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Khashrod District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Khashrod_Summary_Finalized.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091036/http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Khashrod_Summary_Finalized.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[زرنج ضلعو]]  || '''[[زرنج ]]''' || 49,851 || 755&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; || 242 ڳوٺ. 44% بلوچ, 34% پختون,  ۽ 22% تاجڪ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Zaranj District |url=http://www.mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/Nimroz_Zaranj_Summary_Finalized.pdf |accessdate=2019-09-29 |archive-date=2016-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022449/http://mrrd-nabdp.org/attachments/article/141/nimroz_zaranj_summary_finalized.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}

==وڌيڪ ڏسو==
{{افغانستان جا صوبا}}

== حوالا ==

[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:بلوچ ماڻھو</title>
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      <text bytes="247" sha1="na7xjj9jaeonmxuzsmshhrchgvkrnig" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:بلوچستان]]
[[زمرو:بلوچي ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:بلوچستان، پاڪستان]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>عرب</title>
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      <text bytes="21599" sha1="siv3cnt5ua714fba9lwhzvbydqbmmpy" xml:space="preserve">{{ڄاڻخانو نسلي گروھ
| group = عرب&lt;!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES --&gt;
| native_name = {{lang|ar|عَرَبٌ}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|'arab}}) {{in lang|ar}}
| native_name_lang = ar&lt;!-- ethnolinguistic/ethnic group [[Talk:Arabs#Proposal|under discussion]] --&gt;
| population = {{Circa|
43 ڪروڙ}} (2011 جو تخمينو)&lt;ref name=&quot;Nydell&quot;&gt;Margaret Kleffner Nydell [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC&amp;printsec Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times], Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14&lt;/ref&gt;
| popplace = {{flag|Arab League}}
| pop1 = 430,000,000&lt;ref&gt;total population 450 million, [[CIA Factbook]] estimates an Arab population of 450 million, see article text.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Arabic Language Day {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/international-days/world-arabic-language-day/|website=Unesco.org|accessdate=18 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
&lt;!-- --&gt;
| region1 = {{flag|Brazil}}
| pop1 = 120 کان 130 لک 
|ref1= &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2019-04-28|first=Marina |last=Sarruf |title=Brazil - Brasil - BRAZZIL - News from Brazil - Arabs: They are 12 Million in Brazil - Brazilian Immigration - سيپٽمبر 2004|url=http://www.brazzil.com/2004/html/articles/sep04/p118sep04.htm|website=www.brazzil.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Larry |last1=Luxner |first2=Douglas |last2=Engle |title=The Arabs of Brazil|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200505/the.arabs.of.brazil.htm|date=سيپٽمبر–October 2005 |website=Aramco World}}
&lt;/ref&gt; 
| region3 = {{flag|France}}
| pop3 =  33 لکن  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2019-01-30|title=France's crisis of national identity|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/frances-crisis-of-national-identity-1826942.html|date=25 November 2009|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; کان  55   &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|accessdate=2019-01-30|title=To count or not to count|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2009/03/26/to-count-or-not-to-count|newspaper=The Economist|date=26 March 2009|issn=0013-0613|via=The Economist}}&lt;/ref&gt;  تائين ماڻھو جيڪي اتر آفريڪي ۽ بربر نسلن جا آھن .&lt;ref name=&quot;variety.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&amp;cs=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202920/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117979837.html?categoryid=2879&amp;cs=1 |archive-date=21 February 2010 |title=French-Arabs battle stereotypes - Entertainment News, French Cinema, Media |publisher=Variety |date=29 January 2008 |accessdate=22 August 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region4 = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| pop4= {{plainlist|
* لڳ ڀڳ 40 کان 50 لک عرب نسل جا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The world's successful diasporas |url=http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401110233/http://www.worldbusinesslive.com/research/article/648273/the-worlds-successful-diasporas/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2019-04-25 |publisher=World Business |date=2007-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Shihab|first=Alwi|url=http://alwishahab.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/hadramaut-dan-para-kapiten-arab/|title=Hadramaut dan Para Kapiten Arab|date=2003-12-21|publisher=Republika|accessdate=2015-03-25|author-link=Alwi Shihab}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 87,227 انڊونيشيائي عرب (2005 جي آدمشماري مطابق  &lt;ref name=&quot;Suryadinata2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Leo Suryadinata|title=Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary 
Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFNKQcvGNSAC&amp;pg=PA29|year=2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-835-1|page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 لک سيد نسل جا  &lt;ref name=&quot;MusliModerat 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mengenal Keturunan Nabi Muhammad SAW di Indonesia |url=http://www.muslimoderat.net/2017/01/mengenal-keturunan-nabi-muhammad-saw-di.html |website=Berita Berimbang Untuk Muslim Nusantara |language=Indonesian |publisher=MusliModerat |accessdate=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tirto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Subandoyo |first1=Arbi |title=Mereka yang Habib dan yang Bukan Habib |url= https://tirto.id/mereka-yang-habib-dan-yang-bukan-habib-chde |language=Indonesian |website=Tirto.Id |accessdate=2019-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*}}
| region5 = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop5 = 5,000,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=(UNHCR)|first1=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|website=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response|language=en|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=iraqisinturkey&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/11298|title=The Iraqi Refugee Crisis and Turkey: a Legal Outlook|year=2009|last=Kaya|first=Ibrahim|website=cadmus.eui.eu|accessdate=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.washingtoninstitute.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Impact of Syrian Refugees on Turkey|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-impact-of-syrian-refugees-on-turkey|website=www.washingtoninstitute.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.aljazeera.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Turkey's demographic challenge|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/02/turkey-demographic-challenge-arabs-syria-refugees-isis-160218063810080.html|website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNHCR-Turkey&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|title=UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response/ Turkey|author=|date=31 December 2015|work=[[UNHCR]]|accessdate=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region6 = {{flag|Argentina}}
| pop6 = 4,500,000 جزوي نسل جا &lt;ref name=&quot;Fearab.org.ar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php |title=Inmigración sirio-libanesa en Argentina |language=es |publisher=Fearab.org.ar |accessdate=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620004217/http://www.fearab.org.ar/inmigracion_sirio_libanesa_en_argentina.php |archivedate=20 June 2010 |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region7 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop7 = 3,700,000&lt;ref name=&quot;aaiusa.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics|title=Demographics|publisher=Arab American Institute|accessdate=18 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region8 = {{flag|Venezuela}}
| pop8 = 1,600,000&lt;ref name=&quot;thedailybeast.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/15/abdel-el-zabayar-from-parliament-to-the-frontlines.html|title=Abdel el-Zabayar: From Parliament to the Frontlines|work=The Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region9 = {{flag|Colombia}}
| pop9 = 1,500,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Las mil y una historias&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title= Las mil y una historias|url= http://www.semana.com/especiales/articulo/las-mil-historias/68653-3|publisher= semana.com|year= 2004|language= Spanish}}There is an estimated population of 1,500,000 Arabs in Colombia.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region10 = {{flag|Iran}}
| pop10 = 1,500,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Iran&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title=Iran |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=3 February 2012
|accessdate=3 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region11 = {{flag|Mexico}}
| pop11 = 1,500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico {{!}} Al Jadid Magazine|url=http://www.aljadid.com/content/arabs-making-their-mark-latin-america-generations-immigrants-colombia-venezuela-and-mexico|website=www.aljadid.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ben Cahoon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mexico.htm |title=World Statesmen.org |publisher=World Statesmen.org |accessdate=17 سيپٽمبر 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region12 = {{flag|Chad}}
| pop12 = 1,536,000 (est.)&lt;ref name=&quot;chad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |title=Chad |accessdate=3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region13 = {{flag|Spain}}
| pop13 = 1,350,000&lt;ref name=&quot;europapress-18-millones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/sociedad/noticia-musulmanes-espana-superan-18-millones-20150330182141.html|title=Los musulmanes en España superan los 1,8 millones|language=es|date=30 March 2015|website=www.europapress.es|accessdate=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;alertadigital-16-millones&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.alertadigital.com/2012/10/09/la-cifra-de-musulmanes-en-espana-casi-alcanza-los-16-millones-de-los-que-casi-un-tercio-viven-en-cataluna/|title=La cifra de musulmanes en España alcanza los 1,6 millones, de los que casi un tercio viven en Cataluña|language=es|date=9 October 2012|author=Redaction|website=www.alertadigital.com|accessdate=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region14 = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop14 = 1,155,390&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland in den Jahren 2015 und 2016|work=statista|language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200167004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|title=Bevölkerung und Erwerbstätigkeit|work=Statistisches Bundesamt|language=German|date=20 June 2017|access-date=11 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region15 = {{flag|Chile}}
| pop15 = 800,000&lt;ref name=&quot;aurora-israel.co.il&quot;&gt;{{in lang|es}} [http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/ En Chile viven unas 700.000 personas de origen árabe y de ellas 500.000 son descendientes de emigrantes palestinos que llegaron a comienzos del siglo pasado y que constituyen la comunidad de ese origen más grande fuera del mundo árabe.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318054736/http://www.aurora-israel.co.il/articulos/israel/Titulares/24782/ |date=18 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/arabs-andes-chile-unlikely-long-term-home-large-palestinian-community-1449718|website=International Business Times|date=31 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adnkronos.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www1.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |title=Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome |publisher=Adnkronos.com |date=7 April 2003 |accessdate=17 سيپٽمبر 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919202702/http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/?id=1.0.2050534508 |archive-date=19 سيپٽمبر 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Laventana.casa.cult.cu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=514|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722073846/http://laventana.casa.cult.cu/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=514|archivedate=22 July 2009 |title=500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile |publisher=Laventana.casa.cult.cu |accessdate=17 سيپٽمبر 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region16 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop16 = 750,925&lt;ref name=&quot;canadianarabinstitute.org&quot;&gt;
{{cite web|title=Canadian Arab Institute :: 750,925 Canadians Hail from Arab Lands|url=http://www.canadianarabinstitute.org/publications/reports/750925-canadians-hail-arab-lands/|website=www.canadianarabinstitute.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region17= {{flag|Italy}}
| pop17 = 680,000&lt;ref name=&quot;ISTAT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Dati ISTAT 2016|first1=counting only immigrants from the [[Arab world]]|title=Cittadini stranieri in Italia - 2016|url=http://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2016/|website=tuttitalia.it}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region18 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| pop18 = 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The British Arab|url=http://www.naba.org.uk/CONTENT/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|publisher=National Association of British Arabs|accessdate=17 April 2012|author=Anthony McRoy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103180941/http://www.naba.org.uk/Content/articles/Diaspora/british_arabs.htm|archive-date=3 January 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region19 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop19 = 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=australianarab.org/about-us |url=http://australianarab.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002545/http://australianarab.org/about-us |archivedate=30 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region20 = {{flag|Macedonia}}
| pop20 = 
| region21 = {{flag|Ecuador}}
| pop21 = 250,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La emigración árabe a El Ecuador |url= http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ANQE/article/viewFile/ANQE9797110057A/3864|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region22 = {{flag|Honduras}}
| pop22 = 275,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |title=The Arabs of Honduras |publisher=Saudi Aramco World |accessdate=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009182011/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Arabs of Honduras&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200104/the.arabs.of.honduras.htm |title=The Arabs of Honduras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |date=27 June 1936 |accessdate=17 سيپٽمبر 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region23 = {{flag|Belgium}}
| pop23 = 800,000 (600,000
مراڪش سان تعلق رکندڙ ){{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
| region24 = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop24 = 480,000–613,800&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|url=http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228151603/http://www.media-citizenship.eu/images/stories/pdf/Amsterdam_national_focus_group_report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 February 2019 |title=Dutch media perceived as much more biased than Arabic media – Media &amp; Citizenship Report conducted by University of Utrecht |periodical=Utrecht University |date=10 سيپٽمبر 2010 |accessdate=29 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region25 = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop25 = 425,000{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
| region26 = {{flag|Denmark}}
| pop26 = 121,000{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
| region27 = {{flag|El Salvador}}
| pop27 = More than 100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb
|url=https://newsvideo.su/video/10798241|title=Why So Many Palestinians Live In El Salvador}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb
|url=http://theidentitychef.com/2009/09/06/lebanese-diaspora-worldwide-geographical-distribution|title=Lebanese Diaspora Worldwide Geographical Distribution}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Zielger|first1=Matthew|title=El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Culture/Art/2004/Apr-27/91857-el-salvador-central-american-palestine-of-the-west.ashx#axzz3EZpwYUKb|website=The Daily Star|accessdate=27 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb |url=https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/ |title=AJ Plus: The Palestinians of El Salvador |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113091131/https://latinx.com/discover/aj-plus-the-palestinians-of-el-salvador/ |archive-date=13 November 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb
|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-03-21-0403210538-story,amp.html|title=El Salvador vote divides 2 Arab clans}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region28 = {{flag|Japan}}
| pop28 = less than 100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2019-08-26|title=Muslim population in Japan increases with Islamic demands|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2015/05/31/muslim-population-in-japan-increases-with-islamic-demands|website=DailySabah}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| languages = [[عربي]]
| rels = غالب مذھب: [[اسلام]]&lt;br&gt; ([[سني اسلام|سني]] {{·}}[[شيعه اسلام|شيعه]]  {{·}} [[صوفي ازم|صوفي]] 
{{·}} [[اباضي]] {{·}}[[علوي]])&lt;br/&gt; وڏيون اقليتون:[[عيسائيت]] &lt;br/&gt;([[يوناني آرٿوڊڪس چرچ|گريڪ آرٿوڊڪس]]{{·}}[[يوناني ڪيٿولڪ|گريڪ ڪيٿولڪ]])&lt;br/&gt; معمولي اقليتون : ٻيا توحيدي مذھب 
([[دروزي]]{{·}}[[بھائي عقيدو]])&lt;br/&gt; ماضي وارا مذھب:[[اسلام کان اڳ وارا مذھب|عربستان ۾ اسلام کان اڳ وارا ديوتائن وارا مذھب]] 
| related =  ٻيا [[ايفروئيشيائي ٻوليون|ايفروئيشيائي]] ٻوليون ڳالھائيندڙ ماڻھو، خاص ڪري [[سامي نسل]] وارا جن ۾ [[اشوري]]، [[يھودي]]، [[امھارائي ماڻھو|امھارائي]] ۽ [[تيگرائي ماڻھو|تيگرائي]]  شامل آهن .&lt;ref name=&quot;evolutsioon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|pmid=15300852|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf|year=2004|last1=Shen|first1=P|last2=Lavi|first2=T|last3=Kivisild|first3=T|last4=Chou|first4=V|last5=Sengun|first5=D|last6=Gefel|first6=D|last7=Shpirer|first7=I|last8=Woolf|first8=E|last9=Hillel|first9=J|title=Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation|volume=24|issue=3|pages=248–60|doi=10.1002/humu.20077|journal=Human Mutation|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526121008/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420110753/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf |date=2020-04-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;evolutsioon&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity|first= Nicholas|last= Wade|date=9 June 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html?_r=0|work=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s004390000426|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf|title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews|year=2000|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|last2=Filon|first2=Dvora|last3=Weiss|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Weale|first4=Michael|last5=Faerman|first5=Marina|last6=Oppenheim|first6=Ariella|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|journal=Human Genetics|volume=107|issue=6|pages=630–41|pmid=11153918|access-date=2020-01-21|archive-date=2018-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224213531/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf%20|dead-url=yes}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224213531/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf%20 |date=2018-12-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedaily&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm |title=Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=9 May 2000 |access-date=12 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Abraham 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|pmc=3032072|year=2010|last1=Atzmon|first1=G|last2=Hao|first2=L|last3=Pe'Er|first3=I|last4=Velez|first4=C|last5=Pearlman|first5=A|last6=Palamara|first6=PF|last7=Morrow|first7=B|last8=Friedman|first8=E|last9=Oddoux|first9=C|title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry|volume=86|issue=6|pages=850–59|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|pmid=20560205}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| footnotes =  
}}
[[فائل:PLATE8CX.jpg|200px|thumb|ڇھين صدي عيسويءَ جون عربياڻيون]]

'''عرب''' {{lang-ar|عَرَبٌ}} &lt;small&gt;[[ISO 233]]&lt;/small&gt; {{transl|ar|‘arab}}; &lt;small&gt;عربي اچار :&lt;/small&gt; {{IPA-ar|ˈʕarab||Arabspronouncedar.oog.ogg}}
عربي ڳالھائيندڙ ماڻھو يا عربن جي ملڪن جا سامي نسل جا ٻيون ٻوليون ڳالھائيندڙ ماڻھو جيڪي وچ اوڀر ۾  عربي اپٻيٽ (عربستان)، شام ۽ عراق سان گڏوگڏ اتر آفريڪا ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان رھن ٿا. انھن ملڪن کي عرب قومن واريون رياستون سڏيو ويندو آهي. اسلام جو آغاز پڻ انھن ماڻھن ۾ مڪي شھر کان ٿيو. ھي ماڻھو قبيلن ۽ ذاتين تي مشتمل آھن. اسلام جي آمد کان اڳ عرب قبيلن جي صورت ۾ اڪثريت ۾  عربي اپٻيٽ يا عربستان واري علائقي جا رھاڪو ھيا. تاريخ ۾ عربن جو سڀ کان پھريون ذڪر اشورين جي متن ۾ نائين صدي قبل مسيح ۾  ٿيل آھي. بيابان ۾ رھندڙ عرب بدوي سڏبا آهن.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:عرب]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:عربستان]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:عرب ماڻھو]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]]
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]] 
[[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:عرب ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
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[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ ٻولي]]
[[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ نسل]]
[[زمرو:سنڌ ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]
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!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:2019-05-18_Fußball,_Frauen,_UEFA_Women's_Champions_League,_Olympique_Lyonnais_-_FC_Barcelona_StP_0032_LR10_by_Stepro_(cropped).jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|ہہہہہہہہہہ Bonmati
|{{جهنڊو|Spain}}
|فٽبالر، بالون ڊی آر جو فاتح ۽ سال جو اڳوڻو UEFA پلیئرسال جو UEFA پلیئر
|-
|
|[[Antinisca Cenci|انتوناسڪا سینسی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Italy}}
|ایڪریو ویڊلر
|-
|
|[[Andreza Delgado|اندریسا ڊیلگاڊو]]
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|ڪارگر ۽ سنسڪرتیء جو پرڌان۔ Perifacon جی بانیPerifacon (انگریزی) 
|-
|[[فائل:Desak_Made_IFSC_Asia_Qual_2023.jpg|138x138 عڪسلون]]
|دیسڪ ریتا ڪسم دیوی کی بڻایو
|{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
|رفتار جو ڪلائمبر
|-
|[[فائل:AmericaFerreraHSApr10.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|امریڪھ فریرا
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|اداڪار ۽ لاطینی حقن جو وڪیل
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |این گرال
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|France}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |ڪمڊین
|-
|
|جارجیا ہیریسن
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|ٽیلیویزن جی شخصیت مخالف فحش فحش
|-
|[[فائل:Harmanpreet_Kaur_2017_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ہرمنپریت ڪور
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|ڪرڪٽر
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Dayeon Lee|دیئن لی]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|South Korea}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Kpop4Planet لاء [[عالمي گرميءَ ۾ واڌ|موسمیاتی تبدیلی]] جی مہم
|-
|
|جسٽینا میلز
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|ڊور اداڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Dia_Mirza_in_grace_the_IIFA_2020_press_conference_(5).jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|دیا مرزا
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|اداڪار آھی [[گڏيل قومن جي ماحولياتي پروگرام جو ادارو|گڏیل قومن جو ماحولیاتی پروگرام]] لاء خیرسگالی سفیر ۽ سینچری نیچر فائونڊیشن جو بورڊ میمبر
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Zandile Ndhlovu (انگریزی ٻولی) 
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|South Africa}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |آزاد ڪرڻ وارو استاد
|-
|
|ایلس اویمان
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|انعام حاصل ڪندڙ لیکڪ، مصور ۽ اسڪرین رائیٽر
|-
|
|پیرامیڊا
|{{جهنڊو|Germany}}
|DJ ۽ میوزڪ پروڊیوسر
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |ڪملیا پیرلی
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Paraguay}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |اولمپڪ ہیپتاٿلیٽ ۽ [[EcoAthlete Champion|ایڪو ایٿلیٽ چیمپئن]]
|-
|[[فائل:Aziza-Sbaity_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ازیسا سبائیٽی
|{{جهنڊو|Lebanon}}
|اسپرنٽر
|-
|
|خنی ھنن وائی
|{{جهنڊو|Myanmar}}
|اداڪار ۽ سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Bianca_Williams_2018.jpg|162x162 عڪسلون]]
|ولیمس بیڪن
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|ائٿلیٽ
|}
{{Infobox recurring event|name=''100 عورتون''|logo=BBC 100 Women and Wikipedia freebies.jpg|status=سرگرم|last={{start date|2023|11}}|frequency=سالانه|location=|years_active=11 ۾2023|first={{start date|df=yes|2013|10|22}}|attendance=|organized=|website=[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-24371433 100 Women]}}100 ومین 2013 ۾ قائم ڪیل [[بي بي سي|بی بی سی]] جی گھڻ-فارمیٽ سیریز آھی سالیانی سلسلو 21 صدی ۾ عورتن جی ڪردار جو جائزو وٺی ٿو ۽ [[لنڊن]] ۾ واقعا شامل ڪیا آھن ۽ [[ميڪسيڪو|میڪسیڪو]] ۾&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-WhoIsTakingPart-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-24579511|title=100 Women: Who is taking part?|date=22 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-24579511 &quot;100 Women: Who is taking part?&quot;]. ''[[بي بي سي نيوز|BBC News]]''. 22 October 2013.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-Mexico-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38101195|title=100 Women 2016: Mexico festival draws thousands|last=Low|first=Harry|date=25 November 2016|work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.inmujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/participa-inmujerescdmx-en-festival-100-women-de-la-bbc/|title=Participa Inmujeres CDMX en el festival 100 Women de la BBC|date=24 November 2016|work=CDMX|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091507/http://www.inmujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/participa-inmujerescdmx-en-festival-100-women-de-la-bbc/|archive-date=20 December 2016|language=es|accessdate=29 March 2024|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091507/http://www.inmujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/participa-inmujerescdmx-en-festival-100-women-de-la-bbc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھن فھرست جو اعلان بین ال-اقوامی &quot;بی۔ بی۔ سی جی عورتن جی موسم&quot; جی شروعات آھی، جیڪا ٽن ہفتن تائین ھلندی آھی، جنہن ۾ عورتن جی موضوع تی نشر، آنلائین رپورٽ، بحث ۽ صحافت شامل آھن۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Saalumarada-Thimmakka-in-BBCs-100-Women-list/articleshow/55573030.cms|title=Saalumarada Thimmakka in BBC's 100 Women list|date=23 November 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; سڄی دنیا ۾ عورتن کی ٽویٽر ذریعی حصو وٺڻ ۽ لسٽ تی تبصرو ڪرڻ جی لاء ہمٿایو ویو آھی، گڏوگڏ انٽرویو ۽ بحثن تی جیڪی لسٽ جی رلیز جی پٺیان آھن&lt;ref name=&quot;LebanonStar-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Oct-28/275679-lebanon-makes-its-mark-on-bbcs-100-women-list.ashx|title=Lebanon makes its mark on BBC's 100 Women list|last=Stoughton|first=India|date=28 October 2014|work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210000901/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Oct-28/275679-lebanon-makes-its-mark-on-bbcs-100-women-list.ashx|archive-date=10 December 2016|location=Beirut, Lebanon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== تاريخ ==
دهلي ۾ 2012 جي اجتماعي ريپ کان پوءِ، بي بي سي جي ڪنٽرولر لليان لينڊر، &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-LandorExit-20162&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/16/bbc-world-service-languages-boss-and-diversity-champion-quits|title=BBC World Service Language Boss and Diversity Champion Quits|last1=Martinson|first1=Jane|date=16 June 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; بي بي سي جي ايڊيٽر فيونا ڪريڪ[7] ۽ ٻين صحافين، اڄ جي سماج ۾ عورتن جي مسئلن ۽ ڪاميابين تي ڌيان ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ سيريز ٺاهڻ لاءِ متاثر ٿيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-BBC100-20132&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2013/oct/31/bbc-100-women-series|title=100 BBC 100 Women: a series borne out of suffering and violence|last1=Crack|first1=Fiona|date=31 October 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;انهن محسوس ڪيو ته عورتن کي درپيش ڪيترن ئي مسئلن جي تفصيلي ڪوريج نه ملي رهي آهي، ۽ مارچ 2013 ۾ بي بي سي پاران 'عورتن جي ٻڌندڙن جي راءِ جو سيلاب' حاصل ڪيو ويو ته ڪارپوريشن کي وڌيڪ 'عورتن کان ۽ انهن بابت مواد' مهيا ڪرڻ گهرجي'&lt;ref name=&quot;KhaleejTimes-BBC100-20132&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131025/ARTICLE/310259879/1002|title=BBC assembles 100 women to get them talking on issues|last1=Fisher|first1=Amanda|date=26 October 2013|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082307/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131025/ARTICLE/310259879/1002|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=29 March 2024|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082307/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131025/ARTICLE/310259879/1002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

بي بي سي 2013 ۾ ميڊيا ۾ عورتن جي گهٽ نمائندگي کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هي سلسلو شروع ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-BBC100-20133&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2013/oct/31/bbc-100-women-series|title=100 BBC 100 Women: a series borne out of suffering and violence|last1=Crack|first1=Fiona|date=31 October 2013|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;OpenUniversity-CaseStudy-Sociology-20142&quot;&gt;{{cite report|title=Impact case study (REF3b): Impact on strategy and institutional memory at the BBC World Service|date=2014|url=http://impact.ref.ac.uk/casestudies2/refservice.svc/GetCaseStudyPDF/32060|publisher=C23 Sociology, [[Open University]]|access-date=2024-03-29|archive-date=2016-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210000909/http://impact.ref.ac.uk/casestudies2/refservice.svc/GetCaseStudyPDF/32060|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;پهرين پروگرام ۾ حصو وٺڻ لاءِ عورتن کي 26 مختلف ٻولين جي خدمتن ۾ سروي ذريعي چونڊيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;KhaleejTimes-BBC100-20133&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131025/ARTICLE/310259879/1002|title=BBC assembles 100 women to get them talking on issues|last1=Fisher|first1=Amanda|date=26 October 2013|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082307/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131025/ARTICLE/310259879/1002|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead|accessdate=29 March 2024|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082307/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20131025/ARTICLE/310259879/1002}}&lt;/ref&gt;پروگرامنگ هڪ مهيني دوران هلي، 25 آڪٽوبر تي منعقد هڪ ڪانفرنس ۾ پڄاڻيءَ تي پهتي، جنهن ۾ سڄي دنيا مان 100 عورتن انهن مسئلن تي خيالن جي ڏي وٺ ڪئي، جيڪي انهن شيئر ڪيون.موضوعن جي هڪ وسيع رينج تي بحث ڪيو ويو جنهن ۾ روزگار جي چئلينجز، فيمينزم، مادريت، ۽ مذهب،&lt;ref name=&quot;Cosmo-100Women-20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Becky|date=3 November 2013|title=11 things you need to know about #100Women|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/reports/a23843/100-women-conference-2013/|journal=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻنهي ثقافتي ۽ سماجي چئلينجن کي جانچڻ لاءِ عورتن کي انهن جي زندگي گذارڻ ۾ درپيش مشڪلاتون شامل آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;DhakaTrib-20132&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/oct/25/bangladeshi-entrepreneur-among-bbc%E2%80%99s-100-women|title=Rubana among BBC's 100 Women|date=26 October 2013|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210000914/http://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2013/oct/25/bangladeshi-entrepreneur-among-bbc%E2%80%99s-100-women|archive-date=10 December 2016|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''100 وومين''' هڪ بي بي سي جي ملٽي فارميٽ سيريز آهي جيڪا 2013 ۾ قائم ڪئي وئي هئي. سالياني سيريز 21 هين صدي ۾ عورتن جي ڪردار کي جانچيندي آهي ۽ ان ۾ لنڊن&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-WhoIsTakingPart-20132&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-24579511|title=100 Women: Who is taking part?|date=22 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ واقعن کي شامل ڪيو ويو آهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-Mexico-20162&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38101195|title=100 Women 2016: Mexico festival draws thousands|last1=Low|first1=Harry|date=25 November 2016|work=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.inmujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/participa-inmujerescdmx-en-festival-100-women-de-la-bbc/|title=Participa Inmujeres CDMX en el festival 100 Women de la BBC|date=24 November 2016|work=CDMX|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091507/http://www.inmujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/participa-inmujerescdmx-en-festival-100-women-de-la-bbc/|archive-date=20 December 2016|language=es|url-status=dead|accessdate=29 March 2024|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091507/http://www.inmujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/participa-inmujerescdmx-en-festival-100-women-de-la-bbc/}}&lt;/ref&gt;فھرست جو اعلان هڪ بين الاقوامي ”بي بي سي جي عورتن جي سيزن“ جي شروعات آهي، جيڪو ٽن هفتن تائين جاري رهندي، جنهن ۾ عورتن جي موضوع تي نشريات، &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Saalumarada-Thimmakka-in-BBCs-100-Women-list/articleshow/55573030.cms|title=Saalumarada Thimmakka in BBC's 100 Women list|date=23 November 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;آن لائين رپورٽون، بحث مباحثا ۽ صحافت شامل آهن.سڄي دنيا ۾ عورتن کي ٽوئيٽر(ايڪس) ذريعي حصو وٺڻ ۽ فھرست تي تبصرو ڪرڻ جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي وئي آهي،.&lt;ref name=&quot;LebanonStar-20142&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Oct-28/275679-lebanon-makes-its-mark-on-bbcs-100-women-list.ashx|title=Lebanon makes its mark on BBC's 100 Women list|last=Stoughton|first=India|date=28 October 2014|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210000901/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2014/Oct-28/275679-lebanon-makes-its-mark-on-bbcs-100-women-list.ashx|archive-date=10 December 2016|location=Beirut, Lebanon|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== انعام ڏيندڙ ==

=== 2023 ===
2023 جي فهرست 21 نومبر تي جاري ڪئي وئي ۽ ان ۾ 21 عورتن کي شامل ڪيو ويو جيڪي موسمياتي تبديلي سان لاڳاپيل آهن. انعام حاصل ڪندڙن ۾ ڀارتي ڪرڪيٽر هرمن پريت ڪور، ايتانا بونماٽي، مشيل اوباما، امل ڪلوني، ٽمنت گبرو، ٽرن گيم ۽ هودا ڪتن شامل آهن.لسٽ کي چئن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلچر ۽ تعليم، تفريح ۽ راند، سياست ۽ وکالت ۽ سائنس، صحت ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي، جن مان 28 انعام ڏيندڙن کي آبهوا جي علمبردار قرار ڏنو ويو آهي (هيٺ سائي قطارن وانگر ڏيکاريل آهي).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234|title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|website=News|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سياست ۽ وکالت ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Image
!Name
!Country of birth
!Description
|-
|[[فائل:Tom_Lantos_Human_Rights_Commission_Briefing_Bahrain_Seven_Years_Later_(39406688745).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Maryam Al-Khawaja
|{{جهنڊو|Bahrain}} (also a citizen of {{جهنڊو|Denmark}})
|Human rights campaigner, board member of Civicus and the International Service for Human Rights
|-
|
|Shamsa Araweelo
|{{جهنڊو|Somalia}} (also a citizen of the {{جهنڊو|UK}})
|Anti-FGM campaigner
|-
|
|Yasmina Benslimane
|{{جهنڊو|Morocco}}
|Founder of Politics4Her and gender equality campaigner
|-
|
|Yael Braudo-Bahat
|{{جهنڊو|Israel}}
|Peace activist and co-director at Women Wage Peace
|-
|[[فائل:Alicia_Cahuiya,_Caso_Tagaeri_y_Taromenani-2.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Alicia Cahuiya
|{{جهنڊو|Ecuador}}
|Indigenous rights activist
|-
|[[فائل:Amal_Clooney_02_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Amal Clooney
|{{جهنڊو|Lebanon}} (also a citizen of the {{جهنڊو|UK}})
|Human rights lawyer
|-
|[[فائل:Official_portrait_of_Dehenna_Davison_MP_crop_3.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Dehenna Davison
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|Member of Parliament
|-
|[[فائل:Christiana_Figueres_2011_(cropped).jpg|117x117 عڪسلون]]
|Christiana Figueres
|{{جهنڊو|Costa Rica}}
|Diplomat and climate policy negotiator with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|-
|[[فائل:2019-03-15_Bella_Gallhos.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Bella Galhos
|{{جهنڊو|East Timor}}
|Political activist and LGBTQ+ rights advocate
|-
|
|Rina Gonoi&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/11/22/japan/rina-gonoi-bbc-100-women/|title=Ex-SDF member Rina Gonoi makes BBC's 100 Women list|last=|first=|date=2023-11-22|website=The Japan Times|language=en|access-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Japan}}
|Former military officer and anti-sexual harassment activist
|-
|[[فائل:Sônia_Guajajara_.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Sonia Guajajara
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|State minister for native peoples and indigenous rights campaigner
|-
|
|Renita Holmes
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Housing rights campaigner
|-
|[[فائل:Natasa_Kandic-mc.rs.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Nataša Kandić
|{{جهنڊو|Serbia}}
|Lawyer and human rights activist. Founder of the Humanitarian Law Center
|-
|[[فائل:Guthi_Bill_Protest_Rukshana_Kapali.jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|Rukshana Kapali
|{{جهنڊو|Nepal}}
|Housing rights campaigner and transgender human rights activist
|-
|
|[[Sofia Kosachyova]]
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|Firefighter
|-
|[[فائل:Monica+mcwilliams.jpg|127x127 عڪسلون]]
|Monica McWilliams
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|Former politician and peace negotiator during the Good Friday Agreement talks. Co-founder of the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition
|-
|
|Najla Mohamed-Lamin
|{{جهنڊو|Western Sahara}}
|Women's rights and climate activist in the Saharawi refugee camps
|-
|
|Ulanda Mtamba
|{{جهنڊو|Malawi}}
|Campaigner against child marriage
|-
|
|[[Tamar Museridze]]
|{{جهنڊو|Georgia}}
|Investigative journalist
|-
|
|Neema Namadamu
|{{جهنڊو|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|Disability rights campaigner
|-
|[[فائل:Michelle_Obama_in_2014_(cropped).jpg|137x137 عڪسلون]]
|Michelle Obama
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Attorney, author and campaigner
|-
|
|Sepideh Rashnu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://iranwire.com/en/women/122723-iranian-woman-opposed-to-forced-hijab-in-bbcs-100-women-2023-list/|title=Iranian Woman Opposed to Forced Hijab in BBC's &quot;100 Women 2023&quot; List|date=2023-11-21|work=IRANWIRE|access-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|Writer and artist
|-
|
|Bernadette Smith
|{{جهنڊو|Canada}}
|Advocate for families of missing indigenous women and girls. Co-founder of Drag the Red
|-
|
|Iryna Stavchuk
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|Climate policy adviser at the European Climate Foundation
|-
|[[فائل:Gloria_Steinem_crop.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Gloria Steinem
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Feminist leader and co-founder of ''Ms.'' magazine
|-
|
|Summia Tora
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|Refugee rights campaigner
|-
|
|Xu Zaozao
|{{جهنڊو|China}}
|Egg freezing campaigner. Advocate for single women's reproductive rights and bodily autonomy
|}

==== وندر ۽ راند ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Image
!Name
!Country of birth
!Description
|-
|[[فائل:2019-05-18_Fußball,_Frauen,_UEFA_Women's_Champions_League,_Olympique_Lyonnais_-_FC_Barcelona_StP_0032_LR10_by_Stepro_(cropped).jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|Aitana Bonmatí
|{{جهنڊو|Spain}}
|Footballer, winner of the Ballon d'Or and former UEFA player of the year
|-
|
|[[Antinisca Cenci]]
|{{جهنڊو|Italy}}
|Equestrian vaulter
|-
|
|[[Andreza Delgado]]
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|Curator and cultural manager. Co-founder of PerifaCon
|-
|[[فائل:Desak_Made_IFSC_Asia_Qual_2023.jpg|138x138 عڪسلون]]
|Desak Made Rita Kusuma Dewi
|{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
|Speed climber
|-
|[[فائل:AmericaFerreraHSApr10.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|America Ferrera
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Actor and Latino rights advocate
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Anne Grall
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|France}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Comedian
|-
|
|Georgia Harrison
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|TV personality. Anti-revenge porn campaigner
|-
|[[فائل:Harmanpreet_Kaur_2017_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Harmanpreet Kaur
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|Cricketer
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Dayeon Lee]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|South Korea}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[عالمي گرميءَ ۾ واڌ|Climate change]] campaigner for Kpop4Planet
|-
|
|Justina Miles
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Deaf performer
|-
|[[فائل:Dia_Mirza_in_grace_the_IIFA_2020_press_conference_(5).jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|Dia Mirza
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|Actor. Goodwill Ambassador for the [[گڏيل قومن جي ماحولياتي پروگرام جو ادارو|United Nations Environment Programme]] and a board member of the Sanctuary Nature Foundation
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Zandile Ndhlovu
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|South Africa}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Freediving instructor
|-
|
|Alice Oseman
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|Award-winning author, illustrator and screenwriter
|-
|
|Paramida
|{{جهنڊو|Germany}}
|DJ and music producer
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Camila Pirelli
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Paraguay}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Olympic heptathlete and [[EcoAthlete Champion]]
|-
|[[فائل:Aziza-Sbaity_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Aziza Sbaity
|{{جهنڊو|Lebanon}}
|Sprinter
|-
|
|Khine Hnin Wai
|{{جهنڊو|Myanmar}}
|Actor and activist
|-
|[[فائل:Bianca_Williams_2018.jpg|162x162 عڪسلون]]
|Bianca Williams
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|Athlete
|}

==== ثقافت ۽ تعليم ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:Afroze_Numa_(Taseer_Beyg).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|افروز-نوما
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|شیفرڊس
|-
|
|حسین احمد زائی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|سمشد ٽی وی تی پیش ڪندڙ
|-
|
|ایزی بوباسا
|{{جهنڊو|Ghana}}
|مڇی مارڻ وارو
|-
|[[فائل:Chila_Burman.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|چیلا ڪماری برمن
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|ڪلاڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Paulina_Chiziane_by_Otávio_de_Souza.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|پولینا چیزائین
|{{جهنڊو|Mozambique}}
|لیکڪ۔ ڪامیو انعام حاصل ڪیوڪموز انعام
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Susanne Etti|سوسان ایٽی]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Australia}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |پائیدار سیاحت ماہر
|-
|
|[[Licia Fertz|لائشیا فرٽز]]
|{{جهنڊو|Italy}}
|مخالف عمر، فیمینزم ۽ LGBTQ + سرگرم
|-
|
|جناتول ڦیردوس
|{{جهنڊو|Bangladesh}}
|برنز سروائیور، فلم میڪر، لیکڪ ۽ معذورن جا حق جی مہم ڪندڙ
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Natalia Idrisova|نتالیہ ادریسووا]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Tajikistan}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |سبز توانائی صلاحڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Head_and_shoulder_shot_of_Vee_Kativhu.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|وای ڪاتیو
| (پڻ  جو ہڪ شہری) {{جهنڊو|Zimbabwe}}{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|مواد خالق ۽ YouTuberYouTuber یو ٽیوبر
|-
| 
|ہہہہہہہہہہ قتن
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Huda خوبصورتی جی بانیحدا خوبصورتی
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[فائل:Sophia_Kianni_in_dorm_for_Vogue_Arabia.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |صوفیہ ڪانی
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|USA}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |شاگرد ۽ سماجی ادیوگڪار
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |آرتی ڪمار-راو
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|India}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |فوٽوگرافر
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[فائل:Louise_Mabulo_UN_Young_Champion_of_the_Earth_Award_Ceremony_Speech_2_(50749798578).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |لوئس میبولو
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Philippines}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |ڦاس‍تی ۽ ادیوگڪار۔ [[گڏيل قومن جي ماحولياتي پروگرام جو ادارو|گڏیل قومن جو ماحولیاتی پروگرام]] پاران تسلیم ڪیو ویو آھی زمین جو نوجوان چیمپئن
|-
|
|ماریجتا موجاشویڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Montenegro}}
|اپاہج حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Sarah Ott|سارہ اوٽ]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|USA}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |اسڪول جی استاد ۽ موسمیاتی تبدیلی سفیر نیشنل سینٽر سائنس تعلیم سانسائنس تعلیم لاء قومی مرڪز
|-
|[[فائل:Palmo_-_Cropped.jpg|111x111 عڪسلون]]
|جیتسنما ٽینزین پالمو&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/lifestyle/bbc-100-women-2023-jetsunma-tenzin-palmo-spiritual-odyssey-from-london-to-the-himalayas-18388141.htm|title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo's spiritual odyssey from London to the Himalayas|last=Yadav|first=Pihu|date=2023-11-22|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en|access-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| جو شہری (انگریزی ٻولی: Citizen of India) {{جهنڊو|India}}
|ڀڪشو ٻڌ ڌرم نون
|-
|
|لالا پسقینیلی
|{{جهنڊو|Argentina}}
|ڪلاڪار، وڪیل، شاعر، ہم جنس پرست ۽ نسوانی ڪارڪن
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Jess Pepper|جیس پیپر]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|UK}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |موسمیاتی ڪیفی جو بانی ۽ رائل سوسائٽی آف آرٽس جو ساٿی
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |ماچا ڦورن-ان
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Thailand}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |مقامی ۽ LGBTQ + حق لاء مہم
|-
|
|ڪیرولینا ڊیاز پیمنٹل
|{{جهنڊو|Peru}}
|ماہر صحافی نیورو ڊیورجننس ۽ ذہنی صحت جی ڪوریج ۾
|-
|
|[[Shairbu Sagynbaeva|شایربو سگنبیوا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Kyrgyzstan}}
|لائف سیلنگ شاپ لاء ڪو-بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Daria_Serenko_-_MIBF_2019_-_3110.jpg|98x98 عڪسلون]]
|ڊاریا سیرینڪو
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|شاعر، لیکڪ ۽ سیاسی ڪارڪن نسوانی مخالف جنگ مزاحمتنسوانی جنگ مخالف
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |ڪیرا شیروڊ-او 'ریگن
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|New Zealand}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |مقامی حقن ۽ معذورن جی وڪیل
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |سگریڪا سریرام
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|United Arab Emirates}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |ماہر تعلیم و آب و ہوا
|-
|
|[[Clara Elizabeth Fragoso Ugarte|ڪلارا ایلزابٿ فریگوسو یوگرٽی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Mexico}}
|ٽرڪ ڊرائیور
|-
|[[فائل:Oksana_Zabuzhko_(2019).jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|اوکسانا زبوژڪو
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|لیکڪ
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Image
!Name
!Country of birth
!Description
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Basima Abdulrahman
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Iraq}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Green building entrepreneur
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Bayang
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|China}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Diarist and sustainability advocate
|-
|
|[[Amina Al-Bish]]
|{{جهنڊو|Syria}}
|Volunteer rescue worker with the Syria Civil Defence
|-
|[[فائل:Rumaitha_Al_Busaidi_at_Sustainable_Development_Impact_Summit_2021.png|99x99 عڪسلون]]
|Rumaitha Al Busaidi
|{{جهنڊو|Oman}}
|Scientist
|-
|
|[[Sara Al-Saqqa]]
|{{جهنڊو|Palestine}}
|General surgeon
|-
|
|Susan Chomba
|{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
|Scientist and director at the World Resources Institute
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Leanne Cullen-Unsworth]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|UK}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Marine scientist
|-
|[[فائل:Dagdeviren_in_front_of_YellowBox_(cropped).jpg|99x99 عڪسلون]]
|Canan Dagdeviren&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/bbc-100-women-2023-canan-dagdeviren/|title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Canan Dagdeviren|last=Diehl|first=Amanda|date=2023-11-21|website=MIT Media Lab|access-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://bianet.org/haber/prof-canan-dagdeviren-featured-in-bbc-s-100-women-list-288357|title=Prof. Canan Dağdeviren featured in BBC's 100 Women list|date=2023-11-23|website=bianet.org|language=en|access-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Turkey}}
|Scientist and inventor
|-
|
|Izabela Dłużyk
|{{جهنڊو|Poland}}
|Sound recordist
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Marcela Fernández
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Colombia}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Expedition guide
|-
|[[فائل:P4120036_Anamaria_Font.jpg|99x99 عڪسلون]]
|Anamaría Font Villarroel
|{{جهنڊو|Venezuela}}
|Particle physicist
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Trần Gấm]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Vietnam}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[بايو گئس|Biogas]] business owner
|-
|[[فائل:Timnit_Gebru_crop.jpg|131x131 عڪسلون]]
|Timnit Gebru
|{{جهنڊو|Ethiopia}} (citizen of {{جهنڊو|USA}})
|[[ھٿرادو ذھانت|AI]] expert
|-
|[[فائل:Claudia_Goldin_Headshot.jpg|98x98 عڪسلون]]
|Claudia Goldin
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|Economist and recipient of Nobel Prize in Economics
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Anna Huttunen]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Finland}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Carbon impact tech expert
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[فائل:Gladys_Kalema_Zikusoka.jpg|128x128 عڪسلون]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Uganda}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Veterinarian and conservationist. Founder of Conservation Through Public Health. Recognised by the [[گڏيل قومن جي ماحولياتي پروگرام جو ادارو|United Nations Environment Programme]] as a Champion of the Earth in 2021
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Sonia Kastner]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|USA}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Wildfire detection tech developer
|-
|
|Astrid Linder
|{{جهنڊو|Sweden}}
|Professor of traffic safety
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Neha Mankani
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Midwife
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[فائل:Wanjira_Mathai_at_Global_Scholars_Symposium_2013.jpg|110x110 عڪسلون]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Wanjira Mathai
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Environmental adviser. Former leader of the Green Belt Movement. Managing director for Africa &amp; Global Partnerships at the World Resources Institute and adviser to the Clean Cooking Alliance and the European Climate Foundation
|-
|
|[[Isabel Farías Meyer]]
|{{جهنڊو|Chile}}
|Journalist and early menopause campaigner
|-
|
|Natalie Psaila
|{{جهنڊو|Malta}}
|Medical doctor
|-
|
|Olena Rozvadovska
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|[[ٻارن جا حق|Children's rights]] advocate
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Sumini]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Forest manager
|-
|
|[[Fabiola Trejo]]
|{{جهنڊو|Mexico}}
|Social psychologist
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Jennifer Uchendu]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Nigeria}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Mental health advocate. Founder of SustyVibes
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Qiyun Woo
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Singapore}}
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Storyteller and environmentalist
|-
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |[[Elham Youssefian]]
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |{{جهنڊو|Iran}} (citizen of {{جهنڊو|USA}})
| style=&quot;background:#EEFFE6;&quot; |Human rights lawyer, adviser on climate and adviser on disability to the International Disability Alliance
|}

=== 2022 ===
2022 جی فھرست 6 ڊسمبر تی جاری ڪئی وئی ھن سال عورتن ۾ یوڪرائین جی اولینا زیلنسڪا ننا درڪوا سیکییاما ڳائڻی بلی ایلش [[پريانڪا چوپڙا|پریانڪا چوپڙا جوناس]] سلما بلیئر لینا ابو اکلیح الا پگچیوا ایلناز ریکابی ۽ یولیمر روجاس شامل ھیون ھن فهرست کي چئن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ثقافت ۽ رانديون، سرگرمي ۽ وڪالت، سياست ۽ تعليم ۽ صحت ۽ سائنس.&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|website=News|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== سياست ۽ تعليم ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|معین العبیدی
|{{جهنڊو|Yemen}}
|وڪیل ۽ ثالث
|-
|
|[[Fatima Amiri|فاطمہ امیر]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|شاگرد
|-
|[[فائل:Versailles_-_Sœur_Nathalie_Becquart_-_1.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ناتالی بیڪارٽ
| (پڻ  جو ہڪ شہری) {{جهنڊو|France}}{{جهنڊو|Vatican City}}
|نون Xaviers جی جماعت ۾ ۽ پہرین عورت پادریء جی سنڊ جی ماتحت سیڪریٽری
|-
|
|تائسیہ Bekbulatova
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|صحافی آزاد میڊیا آئوٽلیٽ ھولوڊ جو بانی
|-
|
|[[Kristina Berdynskykh|ڪرسٽینا برڊینسڪ]]
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|صحافی
|-
|
|ماریا فرنینڊا ڪاسترو مایا
|{{جهنڊو|Mexico}}
|معذورن جی حقن جو وڪیل
|-
|
|چینل مواد&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://neoskosmos.com/en/2022/12/15/news/australia/chanel-contos-included-in-bbc-100-women-list-for-2022/|title=Chanel Contos included in BBC 100 Women list for 2022|date=2022-12-15|website=NEOS KOSMOS|language=en|access-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Australia}}
|جنسی رضامندی وارو سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Mónica_Eva_Copa_Murga_(Official_Photo,_2015)_Alejandra_Vaca,_Chamber_of_Senators_of_Bolivia.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ایوا ڪوپا
|{{جهنڊو|Bolivia}}
|سیاستدان ۽ میئر آف ایل الٽو آف آئمارا نسل
|-
|
|خوش ایزییلو
|{{جهنڊو|Nigeria}}
|قانون پروفیسر ۽ اڳوڻی گڏیل قومن جی خاص رپوٽر تی اسمگلنگ تی
|-
|
|Ibijoke فابوروڊ
|{{جهنڊو|Nigeria}}
|الیڪٽر جو بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Erika_Hilton_em_2019.jpg|99x99 عڪسلون]]
|ایریڪا ہیلٽن
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|ڪاری ۽ LGBT حقن لاء سیاستدان ۽ مہم جو برازیل جی نیشنل ڪانگریس ۾ سیٽ تی چونڊیل پہرین ڪاری ٽرانس عورتبرازیلی قومی ڪانگریس
|-
|[[فائل:민주당_전국여성위원회,_블루스타트포럼_발족식_2_(cropped).jpg|129x129 عڪسلون]]
|پارڪ جی-ہیون
|{{جهنڊو|South Korea}}
|سیاسی سڌارڪ
|-
|
|زحرا جویا
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|صحافی ۽ بانی رخشانا میڊیا
|-
|[[فائل:Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|ارسلا وان در لیئن
|{{جهنڊو|Germany}}
|یورپی ڪمیشن جی پہرین عورت صدریورپی ڪمیشن جی صدر
|-
|[[فائل:Naomi_Long_MLA.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|نومی لانگ
| (یو ڪی جو پاسپورٽ استعمال ڪری ٿو{{جهنڊو|Northern Ireland|union}}{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|سیاستدان ۽ اڳوڻی لارڊ میئر بیلفاسٽبیلفاسٽ جو لارڊ میئر
|-
|
|عائشہ ملڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|[[سپريم ڪورٽ پاڪستان|پاڪستان جی سپریم ڪورٽ]] ۾ پہرین عورت جج
|-
|
|زرہ محمد
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|ڪردش ٻولی جو استاد
|-
|[[فائل:Mia_Mottley_(2021)_(cropped).jpg|137x137 عڪسلون]]
|میا موٽلی
|{{جهنڊو|Barbados}}
|بارباڊوس جی پہرین عورت وزیراعظمبارباڊوس جو وزیر اعظم
|-
|[[فائل:Sepideh_Gholian_6.jpg|frameless|127x127 عڪسلون]]
|سیپیدہ ڪولیان
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|سیاسی مہم جو ۽ مزدورن جی حقن جو وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Roza_Salih_campaigning_for_equal_access_to_abortion_in_Ireland_(cropped).png|131x131 عڪسلون]]
|روزا صالح
| (فعال ۾ Scotland, UK) {{جهنڊو|Iraq}}{{جهنڊو|Scotland}}{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|سیاستدان ۽ سرگرم گروپ جی میمبر گلاسگو گرلزگلاسگو ڇوڪرین
|-
| 
|سیمون ٽیبیٽ
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|برازیلی وفاقی مجلس جی میمبر
|-
|
|ڪسانیت ٽیڊروس
|{{جهنڊو|Eritrea}}
|تعلیمی ادیوگڪار ۽ ٽیگرنان ڊجیٽل مواد خالق
|-
|[[فائل:Dharma_Master_Shih_Cheng_Yen.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|چینگ ین
|{{جهنڊو|Taiwan}}
|بوڌ انسان دوست، ز‍یو چی انسان دوست تنظیم جو بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Nazanin_Zaghari-Ratcliffe.jpg|139x139 عڪسلون]]
|نازنین زگاری-رتڪلف
| (پڻ  جو ہڪ شہری) {{جهنڊو|Iran}}{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|خیراتی ڪم ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Участь_Президента_України_у_другому_Саміті_перших_леді_та_джентльменів_45.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|اولینا زیلنسڪا
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|پہرین عورت، معمار ۽ اسڪرین رائیٽر
|}

==== راند ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|دما اڪتا
|{{جهنڊو|Syria}}
|ریفیوجی ۽ پیراٿلیٽ
|-
|[[فائل:Holy_Spider_Red_Carpet_-_The_75th_Cannes_Film_Festival_04_(cropped).png|161x161 عڪسلون]]
|امیر ابراہیم
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|اداڪار ۽ بانی المبڪ پروڊڪشن
|-
|[[فائل:Selma_Blair,_May_2010_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|سلما بلیئر
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|اداڪار ۽ ملٽیپل اسڪلروسیس آگاہی مہمڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Ona_Carbonell_(ESP)_2022.jpg|105x105 عڪسلون]]
|اونہ کاربونیل
|{{جهنڊو|Spain}}
|اولمپڪ تمغھ کٽڻ وارو ہم وقت ساز ترڻ وارو
|-
|
|سارہ چان
|{{جهنڊو|South Sudan}}
|NBA اسڪواٽ ۽ اڳوڻی پروفیشنل باسڪیٽ بال پلیئر تعلیم ۽ راندین لاء وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Priyanka_Chopra_promoting_The_Sky_Is_Pink.jpg|104x104 عڪسلون]]
|[[پريانڪا چوپڙا|پریانڪا چوپڙا]]
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|اداڪار ۽ پروڊیوسر یونیسیف جی خیرسگالی سفیر ڇوڪرین جی حقن ۽ تعلیم لاء مہم
|-
|[[فائل:Billie_Eilish_@Pukkelpop_2019_(48590585507).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|بلی ایلش
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|سنگیت ۽ سنگیت جا گیت
|-
|[[فائل:Ons_Jabeur_(51313423151)_(cropped2).jpg|131x131 عڪسلون]]
|اونس جبیور
|{{جهنڊو|Tunisia}}
|ٽینس پلیئر
|-
|
|[[Sneha Jawale|سنیہا جوالی]]
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|سماجی ڪم ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Reema_Juffali_(cropped).jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ریما جوفالی
|{{جهنڊو|Saudi Arabia}}
|ڪار جی موٽر سائیڪل ۽ موٽر سائیڪل جو بانیدیبا موٽرسپورٽ
|-
|
|[[Kadri Keung|ڪدری ڪیانگ]]
|{{جهنڊو|Hong Kong}}
|فیشن ڊیزائنر
|-
|
|[[Mie Kyung (Miky) Lee|می ڪیگ (میڪی لی)]]
|{{جهنڊو|South Korea}}
|پروڊیوسر، آرڪیٽیڪچر KCON میوزڪ فیسٽیول ۽ نائب صدر CJ ENM
|-
|[[فائل:Professor_Laura_McAllister_(8552094408).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|لورا میڪلسٽر
|{{جهنڊو|Wales}}{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|پروفیسر ۽ اڳوڻی فوٽبالر LGBTQ + راندین سفیر
|-
|[[فائل:Thai_rapper_Milli.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|مللی
|{{جهنڊو|Thailand}}
|رپی ڪلاڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Rita_Moreno_2014.jpg|134x134 عڪسلون]]
|ریتا مورینو
|{{جهنڊو|Puerto Rico}}{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|ایگوٽ کٽڻ وارو اداڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Salima_Rhadia_Mukansanga.jpg|108x108 عڪسلون]]
|سلیمہ رڊیا موڪنسانگا
|{{جهنڊو|Rwanda}}
|فٽبال ریفری
|-
|[[فائل:Alla_Pugacheva_on_Slavianski_Bazaar_in_Vitebsk_01_(cropped).jpg|130x130 عڪسلون]]
|الا پگچیوا
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|سنگیتڪار
|-
|[[فائل:ElnazRekabi2019.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایلناز ریکابی
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|کوہ پیما، ایرانی قانون جی ڀڃڪڙی ڪندی ایشین چیمپئن شپ ۾ بغیر ھجب جی ظاھر ٿیو ۽ گرفتار ڪیو ویو ڇاڪاڻ تہ ھن جی عمل کی ایرانی حڪومت پاران ایران ۾ ان وقت جی نسوانی احتجاج ڪندڙن جی حوالی سان قانون جی خلاف خاموش احتجاج جی طئور تی بیان ڪیو ویو
|-
|[[فائل:Yulimar_Rojas_-_Triple_saut_Femmes_(48614911652)_(cropped).jpg|139x139 عڪسلون]]
|یولیمر روجاس
|{{جهنڊو|Venezuela}}
|اولمپڪ تمغھ کٽڻ واری ٽرپل جمپر ۽ LGBTQ + حق جی وڪیل
|-
|
|سیلی اسڪیل
|{{جهنڊو|Australia}}
|پتنججارتجران ڪلاڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Nana_Darkoa_Sekyiamah.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|ننا درڪوا سیکییاما
|{{جهنڊو|Ghana}}
|لیکڪ ۽ عورت پرست ڪارڪننسوانی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Geetanjali.jpg|101x101 عڪسلون]]
|گیتانجلی شری
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|لیکڪ ۽ بین ال-اقوامی بکر پرائز جو فاتح
|-
|
|الیگزینڈر اسڪوچیلینڪو
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|یوڪرائین تی روسی حملی خلاف احتجاج ڪرڻ تی روسی حڪومت پاران قید ڪیل فنڪاریوڪرین تی روسی حملو
|-
|[[فائل:Velia_Vidal_R.jpg|130x130 عڪسلون]]
|ویلا ویڊل
|{{جهنڊو|Colombia}}
|لیکڪ ۽ ایل چوڪو ثقافتی ۽ تعلیمی مہمڪار
|-
|
|[[Esraa Warda|ایسوا وردا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Algeria}}{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|ڊانسر ۽ رائی جو حامی، ھڪ بنیادی صنف تاریخی طئور تی سماجی احتجاج سان جڙیل آھی
|}

==== سرگرم ۽ وڪالت ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|لینا ابو اکلیح
|{{جهنڊو|Palestine}}
|انسانی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|
|ولماریری بامبری
|{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
|عورت ۽ عورت حقن جی مہم
|-
|[[فائل:Tarana_Burke_2018_Disobedience_Awards_at_the_MIT_Media_Lab_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ترانا برڪی
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|سرگرم ڪارڪن۔ ھن MeToo تحریڪ شروع ڪئی.
|-
|
|[[Sanjida Choya|سنجدہ اسلام چویا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Bangladesh}}
|شاگرد
|-
|[[فائل:Heidi_Crowter_2021_(cropped).jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ھیڊی ڪروٽر
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|ڊائون سنڊروم تی زور ڏیڻ سان معذور حقن جی مہم
|-
|[[فائل:Sandya_Eknelygoda_IWOC_2.jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|سانڊیا ایڪنیلیگوڊا
|{{جهنڊو|Sri Lanka}}
|انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Gohar_Eshghi.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|گوہر اشگھی
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|سول سرگرم ۽ ایرانی شڪایت ڪندڙ ماء
|-
|[[فائل:Cecilia_Patricia_Flores_Armenta_junio_2022_cropped.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|[[Ceci Flores|سیسی فلوریس]]
|{{جهنڊو|Mexico}}
|سرگرم ۽ میمبر مدرس بسڪاڊورس ڊی سونورا اجتماعی
|-
|
|[[Geraldina Guerra Garcés|Geraldina Guerra Garces جی تی تی تی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Ecuador}}
|عورتن جی حقن ۽ عورتن جی قتل خلاف سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|موڌ گوبا
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|LGBTQ + ۽ انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن برطانیہ جی ڪاری فخر جی بانی میمبربرطانیہ ڪارو فخر
|-
|[[فائل:Solidarity_with_Iranian_Protests_(52383249999).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|عورتون بال ڪٽندیون آھن
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|عورتن جی خلاف ایرانی قانونن جی خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙ گروپ (خاص طئور تی قانون جیڪو عورتن کی ہر وقت ھجب پائڻ جو حڪم ڏئی ٿو) ۽ ان جی پابندی واری قانونن ۽ عام طئور سان مذہبی حڪومت جی خلاف
|-
|
|[[Gehad Hamdy|غید ھامدی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Egypt}}
|دندان ۽ انسان دوست
|-
|[[فائل:Judith_Heumann,_2014_(cropped).jpg|124x124 عڪسلون]]
|جوڊٿ ہومن
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|معذورن جا حق جو وڪیل
|-
|
|جبیانا یاسمن اسلام
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|عورتن جی حفاظت لاء مہم
|-
|
|لیلی (فرضی نالو) 
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|احتجاج ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Hadizatou_Mani_(Niger).png|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|حدزاتو منی
|{{جهنڊو|Niger}}
|غلاظت مخالف مہم
|-
|[[فائل:Oleksandra_Matviichuk.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Oleksandra Matviichuk (انگریزی ٻولی) 
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|انسانی حقن جی وڪیل ۽ جمہوریت جی حمایت ڪندڙ سرگرم ڪارڪن سینٽر فار سول لبرٽیز ۾ یوڪرین تی روسی حملو جی نتیجی ۾ روسی ظلم جی ثبوت دستاویز ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪری ٿو
|-
|[[فائل:Narges_Mohammadi_(cropped1).jpg|136x136 عڪسلون]]
|نرگس محمد
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|صحافی ۽ انسانی حقن جی مہم جو عوامی حقن جی اداری جی صدرانسانی حقن جی مرڪز
|-
|
|تمانا زریاب پریانی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|السیپڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|مقامی حق جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ موسمیاتی مہم
|-
|
|[[Roya Piraei|رویا پیرائی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|ڪردش حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:V0A3581.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|یولیا سچڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|معذورن جی حقن جو وڪیل
|-
|
|[[Suvada Selimović|سوواڊا سلیمویڪ]]
|{{جهنڊو|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|امن مہم
|-
|[[فائل:אפרת_טילמה_בבית_השגריר_הבריטי_(cropped).jpg|101x101 عڪسلون]]
|افراٽ تلما
|{{جهنڊو|Israel}}
|LGBTQ + ۽ ٽرانسجنر سرگرم
|-
|[[فائل:Xianzi_(2022)_2_(cropped).png|109x109 عڪسلون]]
|Zhou Ziaoxuan Zhou Xiaoxuan جی طرف Zhou Xiaomi
|{{جهنڊو|China}}
|عورت پرست سرگرم
|}

==== صحت ۽ سائنس ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|ایہ نیین تو
|{{جهنڊو|Myanmar}}
|طبیب
|-
|
|سریشا بنڊلا
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|ایرووناٽڪ انجنیئر
|-
|
|[[Victoria Baptiste|وڪٽوریا بیپٽسٽ]]
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|نرس ۽ ویڪسین ٽیچر سروائیڪل ڪینسر جی خاتمی لاء ڊبلیو ایڇ او جی خیرسگالی سفیر
|-
|
|نیلوفر بیاانی
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|فارسی وائلڊ لائیف ہیریٹیج فائونڊیشن ۾ ماحولیاتی ماہر ۽ پروگرام مینیجر
|-
|
|سنڊی ڪیبریرا آرٽیگا
|{{جهنڊو|Honduras}}
|جنسی ۽ تولیدی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|
|سمراوت ڦڪرو
|{{جهنڊو|Ethiopia}}
|تڪنیڪی ادیوگڪار
|-
|
|[[Wegahta Gebreyohannes Abera|ویگاٽا گیبریہوانس ابرا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Ethiopia}}
|انسانی مدد ملازم
|-
|
|دیلڪ گرسوئی
|{{جهنڊو|Germany}}
|دل جو سرجن
|-
|
|صوفیہ ہینونون
|{{جهنڊو|Argentina}}
|تحفظ پسند
|-
|
|ڪیمیڪو ہیراتا
|{{جهنڊو|Japan}}
|ماحولیاتی تبدیلی جی سرگرم ڪارڪن گولڊمین ماحولیاتی انعام حاصل ڪندڙ
|-
|
|جوڊی ڪیہومبا
|{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
|نشانی ٻولی مترجم
|-
|[[فائل:Marie_Christina_Kolo...jpg|158x158 عڪسلون]]
|میری ڪرسٽینا ڪولو
|{{جهنڊو|Madagascar}}
|ماحولیاتی صنعتڪار ۽ ماحولیاتی عورت
|-
|
|[[Iryna Kondratova|ارینا ڪندراٽووا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|Karkiv علائقائی Perinatal سینٽر ۾ ٻارن جو طبیب
|-
|
|[[Asonele Kotu|اسونیل ڪوتو]]
|{{جهنڊو|South Africa}}
|تڪنیڪی ادیوگڪار
|-
|
|ایریڪا لیریانو
|{{جهنڊو|Dominican Republic}}
|ڪوڪو انٽرپرینیور
|-
|
|ناجا لیبرٿ
|{{جهنڊو|Greenland}}
|ماہر نفسیات و صدمتی علاج
|-
|
|نگار مارف
|{{جهنڊو|Iraq}}
|نرس
|-
|[[فائل:Monica_Musonda,_Founder_&amp;_CEO,_Business_Java_Foods_20200120144838_GMCB9983_(49419178233)_(cropped).jpg|140x140 عڪسلون]]
|مونیڪا موسونڊا
|{{جهنڊو|Zambia}}
|عورت ۽ غذائیت وڪیل
|-
|
|ایفوما اوزوما
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|عوامی سیاست ۽ تڪنیڪ ماہر
|-
|[[فائل:Yuliia_Paievska_December_2022.jpg|116x116 عڪسلون]]
|یولیا پییوسڪا
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|پیرامیڊ ۽ ٽائراز اینجلز جو بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Jane_Rigby_2023.jpg|140x140 عڪسلون]]
|جین رگبی
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|ماہر فلکیات و ماہر فلکیات STEM ۾ برابری ۽ شمولیت لاء وڪیل
|-
|
|[[Ainura Sagyn|عینورا ساگین]]
|{{جهنڊو|Kyrgyzstan}}
|ڪمپیوٽر انجنیئر ۽ ماحولیاتی عورتماحولیاتی عورت
|-
|
|مونیڪا سمپسن
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|پنروتپادن انصاف جی سرگرم ڪارڪن SisterSong جی ایگزیڪیوٽو ڊائریڪٽرڀیڻ گیت
|-
|[[فائل:Maryna_Vazovska_MFO_2013_crop.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|مریم ویازوسڪا
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|ریاضیدان۔ فیلڊز مئڊل جو فاتح
|-
|[[فائل:March_of_Ukraine's_Defenders_in_Kiev,_2019.08.24_-_36crop.jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|Yana Zinkevych جی تصویر
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|سیاستدان، فرنٽ لائن طبی رضاڪار ۽ فوجی ماہر
|}

=== 2021 ===
نه هر ڪنهن جو اصل نالو سندن حفاظت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. تخلص انعام حاصل ڪندڙن کي هيٺ ڏنل جدول ۾ ستاري سان نشان لڳايو ويو آهي.

==== ثقافت ۽ تعلیم ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|[[Lima Aafshid|لیما آصف]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|شاعر ۽ لیکڪ
|-
|
|[[Oluyemi Adetiba-Orija|اولومی ادیتبا-اوریا]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/12/bbc-100-most-inspiring-women-for-2021/|title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Oluyemi Adetiba-Orija, Lynn Ngugi named BBC 100 Most Inspiring Women for 2021|last=|date=2021-12-08|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Nigeria}}
|وڪیل ۽ بانی س-ومین لا فرم ہیڊفورٽ فائونڊیشن
|-
|
|رادا اڪبر
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ڪلاڪار
|-
|
|ڪترینا ڪورلیس
|{{جهنڊو|Ireland}}
|مقامی تاریخ نویس
|-
|
|پاشتانا درانی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|استاد، بانی ۽ ایگزیڪیوٽو ڊائریڪٽر آف افغانستان سکو
|-
|
|س‍ید ا‍تیباری
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|زیور ڊیزائنر
|-
| 
|سہار فیترات
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورت پرست سرگرم لیکڪ ۽ فلم ساز
|-
|[[فائل:Chatham_House_Prize_2014_(15848093031)_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Melinda فرانسیسی گیٽ
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|فلیٽ ۽ ڪاروباری عورت
|-
|
|ساگھی گھرمن
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|شاعر ۽ ڪو-بانی ایرانی ڪویر تنظیم
|-
|
|[[Angela Ghayour|انجیلا غیور]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|استاد ۽ بانی دی ھیرت آن لائن اسڪول
|-
|
|[[Najlla Habibyar|نجلا حبیبیار]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ادیوگڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Secret_Series_at_Kabul,_Afghanistan.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|شمیھ حسنی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|اسٽریٽ آرٽسٽ
|-
|
|[[Mugdha Kalra|موگڌ ڪلرا]]
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|آٽزم-حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ ڪو-بانی نہ تہ مختلف
|-
|
|فریشتا کریم
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ٻارن جی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ چرماغز موبائیل لائبریری جو بانی
|-
|
|[[Aliya Kazimy|علیھ ڪزیمی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ماستری
|-
|[[فائل:Official_portrait_of_Baroness_Kennedy_of_The_Shaws_crop_2,_2019.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|بارونیس ہیلینا ڪینیڊی QC
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|ڊائریڪٽر، انٽرنیشنل بار ایسوسیئیشن جی انسانی حقن جی اداری
|-
|
|ایمان لی ڪیئر
|{{جهنڊو|Egypt}}
|ہم عصر ڊانسر، ڪوریوگرافر ۽ LGBTQ + سرگرم ڪارڪن بانی، ٽرانس اسیلیاس
|-
|
|ڊپلشا ٿامس میڪ گرڊر
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|ڪارو بائوز یونائٽیڊ جی ماما جی بانی، فورڊ فائونڊیشن جی COO
|-
|
|[[Fahima Mirzaie|فاہیما مرزا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|وای-ڊیرویش ڊانسر
|-
|[[فائل:2020_-_Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_(sq_cropped)_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|چیمانڊا نگوزی ادیچی&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Nigeria}}
|لیکڪ
|-
|
|[[Lynn Ngugi|لین نگی]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
|صحافی
|-
|[[فائل:ATrentin201906250124.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|[[Rehana Popal|ریھانا پوپل]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|بیرسٽر
|-
|
|روہیلا
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|اسڪول جی ڇوڪری
|-
|[[فائل:Alba_Rueda_en_GNetwork360_-_2022.png|118x118 عڪسلون]]
|البا روید
|{{جهنڊو|Argentina}}
|[[ٽرانسجينڊر حقن جي تحريڪ|ٽرانسٽیٽر]]
|-
|[[فائل:ElifShafak_Ask_EbruBilun_Wiki_cropped.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایلف شفق
|{{جهنڊو|France}}
|عورتن ۽ LGBTQ + حقن لاء ناول نگار ۽ وڪیل
|-
|
|[[Anisa Shaheed|انیسا شاہد]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|صحافی
|-
|[[فائل:The_Three_New_Archdeacons_(9764190886)_(Mina_Smallman_cropped).jpg|109x109 عڪسلون]]
|مینا سمالمین
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|پادری ۽ استاد
|-
|
|باربرا Smolinska
|{{جهنڊو|Poland}}
|ریبورن شوگر بیبیز جو بانی
|-
|
|[[Adelaide Lala Tam|ایڊلیڊ لالا تام]]
|{{جهنڊو|China}}
|ڪلاڪار ۽ کاڌی ڊیزائنر
|-
|[[فائل:Vera_Wang_2009_portrait_Tribeca.jpg|140x140 عڪسلون]]
|ویرا وانگ
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|فیشن ڊیزائنر
|-
|[[فائل:Malala_Yousafzai_2015.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|[[ملالا یوسفزئي|ملالہ یوسفزئی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|[[نوبل امن انعام]] ماڻیندڙ، ملال فنڊ جی گڏیل بانی ۽ ڇوڪرین جی تعلیم جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:Halima_Aden_Paris_Fashion_Week_Autumn_Winter_2019.jpg|149x149 عڪسلون]]
|حلیما عدن
|{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
|انسانی ۽ اڳوڻی ماڊل ٻارن جی حقن لاء [[يونيسيف|یونیسیف]] جو سفیر
|-
|[[فائل:Leena_Alam_Festival_gpeg2016_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|لینا عالم
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|اداڪار ۽ انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|سیودا الٽونولوڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Turkey}}
|پروفیشنل گول بال پلیئر ۽ پیرا اولمپڪ چیمپئن
|-
|[[فائل:Nilofar_Bayat_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|نیلوفر بیات
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورتن لاء فٽبال ۽ فٽبال جی راندین جو ہڪ گروپ
|-
|
|ڪیرولینا گارسیا
|{{جهنڊو|Argentina}}
|ڊائریڪٽر، نیٽ فلڪسNetflix جی ہڪ تصویر
|-
|
|[[Ghawgha Taban|غاوگھا تبان]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|سنگیتڪار
|-
|
|لوپیس گومز
|{{جهنڊو|France}}
|[[ناٽڪ ناچ|بیلیٽ]] ڊانسر
|-
|
|تانیا موزنڊا&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/tanya-makes-top-100-influential-bbcs-women-list/|title=Tanya makes top 100 influential BBC's women list|date=2021-12-09|website=The Herald|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Zimbabwe}}
|موٽروڪل چیمپئن
|-
|
|* رزم
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|سنگیتڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Roya_Sadat_(Afghanistan).jpg|141x141 عڪسلون]]
|رویا صدات
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|فلم ساز
|-
|
|[[Shogufa Safi|شوگفا صافی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|آرڪیسٽرا ڪنڊڪٽر
|-
|
|* سہار
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|فوٽبالر
|-
|
|[[Fatima Sultani|فاطمہ سلطان]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ماہر ۽ مارشل آرٽ ماہر
|-
|[[فائل:Alison_Klayman-Nanfu_Wang-Justine_Nagan_-_Hooligan_Sparrow_(cropped)_-_Nanfu_Wang.jpg|132x132 عڪسلون]]
|نانفو وانگ
|{{جهنڊو|China}}
|فلم ساز
|-
|[[فائل:Ming-Na_Wen_(48379221082)_(cropped)_(2).jpg|111x111 عڪسلون]]
|منگ-نا وین
|{{جهنڊو|Macau}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; () {{جهنڊو|China}}&lt;/small&gt;
|اداڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Rebel_Wilson_2019_3.png|132x132 عڪسلون]]
|[[ريبل ولسن|باغی ولسن]]
|{{جهنڊو|Australia}}
|اداڪارا، لیکڪ ۽ پروڊیوسر
|}

==== سياست ۽ سرگرمي ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|مقدادا احمدزئی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|سماجی ۽ سیاسی سرگرم ڪارڪن N-PEACE انعام حاصل ڪندڙN-پیس ایوارڊ
|-
|
|ابویہ اکرم
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|اپاہج حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|[[Dr Alema|ڊاڪٽر الما]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|[[فلسفو|فلسفی]] مہمڪار ۽ عورتن جی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|
|وایدامری
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ڪتاب نویس ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Natasha-asghar.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|نیتاشا اصگر
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|میمبر آف دی ویلش سینڊSened
|-
|[[فائل:Marcelina_Bautista_Bautista_cropped.jpg|120x120 عڪسلون]]
|مارسیلینا باٽستا
|{{جهنڊو|Mexico}}
|عوامی ۽ یونین جی اڳواڻ
|-
|[[فائل:Crystal_Bayat_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|کرسٽل بیٽ
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|سماجی ڪارڪن ۽ انسانی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|
|رزیہ بارڪزئی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|احتجاج ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Najla_Mangoush-Headshot-e1645841738656-332x332.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|نجلا ال منگش
| {{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}&lt;br /&gt;{{جهنڊو|Libya}}
|لبیا جی پرڏیہی معاملن جو وزیر
|-
|
|شیلا اینسنڊوسٽ
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|ماسترن ۽ عورتن جی حقن بابت آلاتر آلاتر
|-
|
|فاطمہ گلانی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|امن جی واقء
|-
|
|[[Momena Ibrahimi|مومینہ ابراہیم]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورت پلس
|-
|
|ہودا خموش
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|دور جی مہمڪار، شاعر ۽ صحافی
|-
|[[فائل:Elisa_Loncon_2021.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایلیسا Loncón Antileo
|{{جهنڊو|Chile}}
|صدر، آئینی ڪنوینشنآئینی سمبنھ
|-
|
|* مارال
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|مہمڪار
|-
|
|* مس‍یوما
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عوامی وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Hon._Fiamē_Naomi_Mata'afa_(cropped1).jpg|111x111 عڪسلون]]
|Naomi Matʻafa جی نالی سان مشہور
|{{جهنڊو|Samoa}}
|ساموا جی آزاد ریاست جو وزیر اعظم
|-
|[[فائل:220504_Salima_Mazari.jpg|149x149 عڪسلون]]
|سلیمہ مزاری
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|سیاستدان ۽ اڳوڻی گورنر چرڪنٽ ضلعوضلعی چارڪنٽ
|-
|[[فائل:Amanda_Nguyen_at_House_Judiciary_Committee.jpg|113x113 عڪسلون]]
|Amanda Nguyen جی طرف کان
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|سماجی ادیوگڪار شہری حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ رائز جو بانیاٿیو
|-
|
|باسیرا پیگھم
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|جنسی برابری ۽ جنسی-اقلیتی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|مونیڪا پالس
|{{جهنڊو|Papua New Guinea}}
|جادوگری جی الزام سان لاڳاپیل تشدد جی خلاف مہم
|-
|[[فائل:Manjula_Pradeep_addresses_a_crowd_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|منجولا پردیپ
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|وڪیل ۽ انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن نوسرجن ٽرسٽ جی ڊائریڪٽر
|-
|
|حلیما صدف ڪریمی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورتن جی حقن لاء مہم ہلائڻ وارو سیاستدان ۽ اڳوڻو ایم پی
|-
|
|سوما سارا
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|سڀنی جی مدعو ڪیل بانیسڀنی کی دعوت ڏنی ویئی آھی۔
|-
|
|[[محبوبه سراج|مبوبا سیراج]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورتن ۽ ٻارن جی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن بانی، افغان عورتن جو نیٽورڪافغان عورتن جی نیٽ ورڪ
|-
|
|* عین مئی
|{{جهنڊو|Myanmar}}
|جمہوریت پسند سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|پیپر سٽیج نیلسن
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|عورتن جی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ عوامی حڪمت عملی آفیسر سیف الائنس ۾
|-
|
|سسٽر این روز نو تونگ &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/world/news/2021-12/bbc-110-women-of-2021-myanmar-cathholic-nun-tawng.html|title=Myanmar nun among BBC's 100 Women of 2021 - Vatican News|last=Gomes|first=Robin|date=2021-12-09|website=www.vaticannews.va|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Myanmar}}
|ڪیٿولڪ نون
|-
|[[فائل:Emma_Theofelus_et_Asekantsler_Mariin_Ratniku_(visiit_Namiibiasse_26-29.03.2023)_(cropped).jpg|126x126 عڪسلون]]
|ایمما تھیوفیلس
|{{جهنڊو|Namibia}}
|سیاستدان
|-
|
|بنافشا یاقوبی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|معذور حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|
|زیل ززائی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورت پلس
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:Monica_Araya_donated_by_Dave_Malkoff_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|[[مونيڪا آريا|منڪا آرای]]
|{{جهنڊو|Costa Rica}}
|اخراج کان پاڪ ٽرانسپورٽ وڪیل
|-
|
|زوہل آتمر
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|گلیل-ای-مرسل جی بحالیء جو بانی ۽ بانی
|-
|
|جوس بویز
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|آرڪیٽیڪچر
|-
|
|فایزا درڪشانی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورت ۽ ماحول جی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Azmina_Dhrodia_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|عزمینہ درودیا
|{{جهنڊو|Canada}}
|بمبل ۾ حفاظت واری پالسی جی اڳواڻی
|-
|
|جمیلا گورڊن
|{{جهنڊو|Somalia}}
|بانی ۽ بانی لوماچین
|-
|
|لیلا حیدر
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|عورتن جی حقن جی وڪیل ۽ مدر ڪئمپ جو بانی، منشیات جی بحالی مرڪز
|-
|
|[[Zarlasht Halaimzai|زرلاشت حلیمزئی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|فئڪٽری ۽ چیف ایگزیڪیوٽو آف ٽروما انوائریشن
|-
|
|نسرین حسین
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|جانورن جو طبیب
|-
|
|[[Amena Karimyan|امینا ڪریمن]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|خلیاتدان
|-
|
|میا ڪرشنا پرتیوی
|{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
|ماحولیاتی ۽ ماحولیاتی سرگرم
|-
|[[فائل:Heidi_Larson_for_World_Economic_Forum.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ھائیڊ لارسن
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|ماہر بشریات ۽ ڊائریڪٽر ویڪسین اعتماد پروجیڪٽ ایڈنبرا ایوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙایڊینبرگ مئڊل
|-
|
|ہہہہہہہہہہ ارنسٽائن لائیڪیکی
|{{جهنڊو|Cameroon}}
|موسمیاتی سرگرم
|-
|
|* مہرا
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|طبیب
|-
|
|[[Mulu Mesfin|Mulu Mesfin (انگریزی ٻولی)]]
|{{جهنڊو|Ethiopia}}
|نرس
|-
|
|[[Mohadese Mirzaee|محمد مرزا]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|پائلٽ
|-
|[[فائل:Tlaleng_Mofokeng_at_RightsCon.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|تللانگ موفوڪنگ
|{{جهنڊو|South Africa}}
|صحت جو حق تی گڏیل قومن جی خاص رپوٽر ۽ عالمی صحت رسائی وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Natalia_Pasternak_IQC_2019_(sq_).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Natalia Pasternak Taschner (ناتالیا پاسٽرنڪ تاشڪر) 
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|سائنس ۽ سائنس جی ماہر
|-
|
|* رکسانا
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|سرجن
|-
|
|[[Sara Wahedi|سارا واھیدی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|چیف ایگزیڪیوٽو آف ایہتساب
|-
|
|روشنڪ وردڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|پریشانیء ۽ اڳوڻی راجیہ پ پ پ پارنڌ
|-
|
|ی‍ما
|{{جهنڊو|Turkmenistan}}
|ماہر نفسیات ۽ LGBTQ + سرگرمLGBTQ + فعالیت
|}
2020 جي فهرست کي 'مختلف' طور بيان ڪيو ويو ان کان اڳ جو اعلان ڪيو ويو 24 نومبر 2020 تي، &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-48623037|title=100 Women News|date=2020-11-16|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-11-22|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; پر اهو هڪ ڏينهن اڳ جاري ڪيو ويو.لسٽ ۾ هڪ نالو خالي رهجي ويو آهي ته جيئن دنيا جي بيشمار عورتن کي خراج تحسين پيش ڪجي جن ٻين جي مدد لاءِ قربانيون ڏنيون.فهرست کي چئن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو: علم، قيادت، تخليق ۽ سڃاڻپ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-55042935|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?|date=2020-11-23|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-11-23|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصوير
! نالو
! ڄمڻ جو ملڪ
! وضاحت &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?|date=2020-11-23|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-11-24|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| اڻ ڄاتل هيرو
| سڄي دنيا ۾
| &quot;دنيا جي بيشمار عورتن&quot; جو اعتراف، جن &quot;ٻين جي مدد ڪرڻ لاءِ قرباني ڏني آهي&quot; هن &quot;غير معمولي سال&quot; ۾، جن ۾ اهي به شامل آهن جيڪي &quot;فرق ڪرڻ دوران پنهنجون زندگيون وڃائي ويٺا آهن.&quot;
|}

==== علم ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|رینا اڪٽر
|{{جهنڊو|Bangladesh}}
|بنگلادیشی جنسی ڪم ڪندڙ انسان دوست بڻجی وئی
|-
|[[فائل:Sarah_Amiri_-_Sustaining_the_Space_Economy_-_2019_(48177030097)_(cropped).jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|سارہ ال امیری
|{{جهنڊو|UAE}}
|صدر، یو ای ای اسپیس ایجنسی
|-
|[[فائل:Just_Adriana_Albini_at_TEDx_Foggia_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایدیریانا البینی
|{{جهنڊو|Italy}}
|ماہر فایب و پریشانیءڦینسڪر
|-
|
|نسرین الون
|{{جهنڊو|Iraq}}{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|عوامی صحت ذریعی عورتن جی صحت ۽ ڀلائی
|-
|[[فائل:Elizabeth_Anionwu_portrait_2017(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|الیشبٿ انیونو
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|Sickle cell ۽ ٿالیسیمیا نرس ماہر
|-
|[[فائل:Baroness_Barran_Official_Portrait.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ڊائینا باران
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|سول سوسائٽی جو وزیر ۽ سیف لائیفس جو بانی، ہڪ قومی خیرات گہریلو بدسلوڪی کی ختم ڪرڻ لاء وقف
|-
|
|میڪنلی بٽنسن
|{{جهنڊو|Australia}}
|ایجاد ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Fang_Fang_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|فنگ فنگ
|{{جهنڊو|China}}
|لیکڪ
|-
|
|سومیا فاروقی
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|روبوٽڪ ٽیم جو اڳواڻ
|-
|
|لارین گارڊنی
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|ایپیڊمیولوجسٽ
|-
|
|[[Iman Ghaleb Al-Hamli|ایمان غالب الحملی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Yemen}}
|عورتن جی ھڪ ننڍی فئوج جی فئوجمائڪرگرڊ
|-
|[[فائل:Dr.Sarah_Gilbert.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|سارہ گلبرٽ
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|سائنسدان جنہن ہڪ COVID-19 ویڪسین تیار ڪئی[[ڪووڊ-١٩ ويڪسين|COVID-19 ویڪسینس]]
|-
|[[فائل:Rebeca_Gyumi.png|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ریبیڪا گیومی
|{{جهنڊو|Tanzania}}
|وڪیل ۽ ڇوڪرین جی حقن جی تنظیم مسچانا انیشیٽو جو بانی
|-
|
|جمینہ کر‍یوکی
|{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
|ڊاڪٽر ۽ فری ویلس فار لائیف ایمبولینس سروس جو خالق
|-
|
|صفھ ڪماری
|{{جهنڊو|Syria}}
|پلانٽ وائرولوجسٽ
|-
|[[فائل:Lakhani_side_profile.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|اشتر لکانی
|{{جهنڊو|South Africa}}
|عورت پرست سرگرم
|-
|
|لوسی موناگھان
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|جنسی تشدد خلاف مہم
|-
|
|ہہہہہہہہہہ نامون امبی
|[[عوامي جمهوريا ڪانگو|DRC]]{{جهنڊو عڪس|DRC}}
|سماجی صنعتڪار، صحافی ۽ سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Dr_Etheldreda_Nakmuli_Mpungu_Uganda_(sq_cropped).png|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|¶ ¶ ÂÂÂÂ ÂÂ ÃÂ Â Â nkimouli-Â é Â Ã Â ē Â ¬ Â ¥ Â ̃ Â ¶ é é Ã é ē é è é ü é ε é η é æ é ¬ é е é í é िबلی é ¥ é ̃ é á é ı é œ é ö é िनि é e é ۓ é ئو é वाड é ea é ery é à é et é ese é α é est é ळक é ئ é ے é ئی é ç é ळॆ é ْ
|{{جهنڊو|Uganda}}
|ذہنی صحت پروگرام
|-
|
|ورنیٽا ایم نی موبرلی
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|انوپیڪ ماحولیاتی ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Sania_Nishtar_at_the_World_Economic_Forum_on_India_2012_(cropped).jpg|120x120 عڪسلون]]
|ثانیہ نشتر&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1186064|title=Mahira Khan, Sania Nishtar featured on BBC's list of 100 inspiring and influential women for 2020|last=|first=|date=2020-11-24|website=Images|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|عالمی صحت اڳواڻ
|-
|
|لورنا پرینڊرگاسٽ
|{{جهنڊو|Australia}}
|ڊمینشیا محقق
|-
|
|سوزانا رافلی
|{{جهنڊو|Venezuela}}
|اپاہج ماڻہن کی خوراڪ پہچائڻ
|-
|
|سپنا روڪا مگر&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/101242/|title=Nepal's Sapana Roka Magar among BBC's 100 inspiring women|last=|date=2020-11-24|website=My Republica|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Nepal}}
|سمھڻ جو تڪنیشین
|-
|[[فائل:Pardis-Sierra-Leone.jpg|ساڄو|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|پارد سبتی
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|ڪمپیوٽر جی جینیات
|-
|
|[[Febfi Setyawati|فبی سیتیوتی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
|سرگرم، &lt;ID1 جو بانی
|-
|[[فائل:RShady.jpg|ساڄو|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|روٿ شیڊی
|{{جهنڊو|Peru}}
|آثار قدیمہ
|-
|[[فائل:Kathryn_Sullivan,_PCAST_Member_(cropped).jpg|ساڄو|112x112 عڪسلون]]
|ڪیٿی سلیوان
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|سائنسدان ۽ خلاباز
|-
|
|ریما سلطان ریمو
|{{جهنڊو|Bangladesh}}
|[[روهنگيا|روہنگیا]] پناہگیرن سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ استاد ۽ انسانی ڪارڪن
|-
|
|Anastasia Volkova (انگریزی ٻولی) 
|{{جهنڊو|Ukraine}}
|زرعی جدت FluroSat جی بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Siouxsie_Wiles_MNZN_(cropped).jpg|145x145 عڪسلون]]
|سیوڪسسی وائلس&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/300166874/covid19-siouxsie-wiles-makes-bbcs-list-of-100-inspiring-women-for-2020|title=Covid-19: Siouxsie Wiles makes BBC's list of 100 inspiring women for 2020|last=|first=|date=2020-11-24|website=Stuff|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|سائنسی ۽ عوامی صحت جی مواصلاتی
|-
|[[فائل:Leo_Yee_Sin_at_SG50_Infectious_Diseases.jpg|103x103 عڪسلون]]
|Yee-Sin لیو
|{{جهنڊو|Singapore}}
|ڊاڪٽر ۽ ریسرچ اڳواڻ
|}

==== قيادت ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|لوزا ابرا گینور
|{{جهنڊو|Ethiopia}}
|ایسوسیئیشن فوٽبالر
|-
|[[فائل:Christina_Adane_on_The_British_Library.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ڪرسٽینا ایڊین
|{{جهنڊو|Netherlands}}
|کاڌی جو نظام جی نا انصافین خلاف مہم ہلائڻ (مفت اسڪول جو کاڌو) 
|-
|
|Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr جی طرف کان
|{{جهنڊو|Sierra Leone}}
|فری ٽائون جو میئر
|-
|[[فائل:Ubah_Ali.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|علی علی علی
|{{جهنڊو|Somaliland}}
|عورت جی جنسی ختنہ خلاف وڪیلعورت جی جنسیت جو میوٽیشن
|-
|[[فائل:Nadeen_Ashraf_American_University_in_Cairo_AUC_Conference_Panel_On_Sexual_Harassment_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|نادین مشرف
|{{جهنڊو|Egypt}}
|جنسی ہراسانی خلاف وڪیل
|-
|
|بلقیس دادی
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|احتجاج جو اڳواڻ
|-
|[[فائل:EvelinaCabrera.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ایولینا ڪیبریرا
|{{جهنڊو|Argentina}}
|فٽبال ڪوچ ۽ مینیجر
|-
|
|ڪیرولینا ڪاسترو
|{{جهنڊو|Argentina}}
|جنس جی برابری لاء وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Agnes_Chow_on_Tim_Mei_Avenue_(cropped).jpg|140x140 عڪسلون]]
|اگنیس چو
|{{جهنڊو|Hong Kong}}
|جمہوریت پسند سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|نومی ڊڪسسن
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|گہریلو بدسلوڪی کان متاثر یہودی عورتن ۽ ٻارن لاء وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Ilwadelman2_(cropped).jpg|132x132 عڪسلون]]
|الواڊ المان
|{{جهنڊو|Somalia}}
|امن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Jeong_Eun-kyeong_KDCA_정은경.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|جیونگ یون-ڪیوانگ
|{{جهنڊو|South Korea}}
|ڪوریا جی بیمارین جی ڪنٽرول ۽ روڪ ایجنسی ڪمشنر، COVID-19 جی جواب جی اڳواڻی ڪئی
|-
|[[فائل:Mama_Maggie_in_2019_(cropped).jpg|ساڄو|145x145 عڪسلون]]
|میگی گوبران
|{{جهنڊو|Egypt}}
|ڪوپٽڪ نن ۽ ٻارن جی ڀلائی وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Deta Hedman on Darts Planet TV in 2018.jpg|ساڄو|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ڊیٽا ہیڊمن
|{{جهنڊو|Jamaica}}
|ڊارٽس چیمپئن
|-
|[[فائل:Mansi_Joshi_in_2020_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|مانسی جوشی
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|پیرا بیڊمنٽن چیمپئن
|-
|
|سلسیبیلا خیرونیسا
|{{جهنڊو|Indonesia}}
|موسمیاتی اڳواڻ لاء ماحولیاتی مہمڪار ۽ اسڪول جی ہڙتال
|-
| 
|ڪلائوڊیا لوپیز Hernández
|{{جهنڊو|Colombia}}
|[[بگوٽا|بوگوٽا]] جو میئر
|-
|[[فائل:Prime_Minister_of_Finland_Sanna_Marin_2019_(cropped).jpg|134x134 عڪسلون]]
|سانا مارین
|{{جهنڊو|Finland}}
|فنلینڊ جو وزیر اعظم
|-
|[[فائل:Vanessa_Nakate.jpg|ساڄو|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|وینیسا نائڪات
|{{جهنڊو|Uganda}}
|موسمیاتی سرگرم
|-
|
|Nemonte Nenquimo (نمنتی نینڪومو) 
|{{جهنڊو|Ecuador}}
|واورانی سرگرم
|-
|[[فائل:Phyllis_Omido,_2014_(cropped).JPG|141x141 عڪسلون]]
|Phyllis اومیڊو
|{{جهنڊو|Kenya}}
|ماحولیاتی سرگرم ڪارڪن گولڊمین ماحولیاتی انعام حاصل ڪیو
|-
|
|ریڌما پانڊی
|{{جهنڊو|India}}
|موسمیاتی سرگرم
|-
|[[فائل:2019_Oksana_Pushkina.png|ساڄو|120x120 عڪسلون]]
|اوکسانا پشڪنا
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|سیاستدان، ریاست ڊوما جو میمبر
|-
|[[فائل:รุ้ง_ปนัสยา_สิทธิจิรวัฒนกุล_Rung_Panusaya_Sithijirawattanakul.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|پانوسایہ سیتجیراواتناڪول
|{{جهنڊو|Thailand}}
|شاگرد سرگرم
|-
|[[فائل:Nasrin_Sotoudeh.jpg|134x134 عڪسلون]]
|نسرین ستودیھ
|{{جهنڊو|Iran}}
|وڪیل ۽ انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya,_2020.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya (سویاتلانا Tsikhanouskaya) 
|{{جهنڊو|Belarus}}
|جلاوطن بیلاروسی سیاستدان
|-
|
|ارس‍ت‍ت‍تہ
|{{جهنڊو|Mexico}}
|عورت جی قتل خلاف مہمعورت قتل
|-
|[[فائل:Aisha_Yesufu.png|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|عیسی عیسی&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/bbc-100-women-2020/|title=Aisha Yesufu, Angelique Kidjo, Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim named in BBC's &quot;100 Women&quot; 2020 List|last=|date=2020-11-24|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/bbc-100-women-2020/ &quot;Aisha Yesufu, Angelique Kidjo, Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim named in BBC's &quot;100 Women&quot; 2020 List&quot;]. ''BellaNaija''. 24 November 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 November&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Nigeria}}
|سرگرم ڪارڪن، 'اسان جی ڇوڪرین کی واپس آڻیو۔' مہم جو گڏیل منتظمین
|-
|
|گلیناز ززبیوا
|{{جهنڊو|Kyrgyzstan}}
|اپاہج ڪاریگری
|}

==== تخليقيت ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:Houda_Abouz.png|140x140 عڪسلون]]
|ابو حبید&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/102086/moroccan-rapper-khtek-makes-bbc-s.html|title=Moroccan rapper khtek makes it to the BBC's 100 women of 2020|last=Latifa|first=Babas|date=2020-11-24|website=en.yabiladi.com|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Morocco}}
|عورت جی حقن ۽ جنسی برابری لاء وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Waad_Al-Kateab_-_2020.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|وعد الکاطیب
|{{جهنڊو|Syria}}
|سرگرم، صحافی ۽ فلمساز
|-
|[[فائل:Tsitsi_Dangarembga_2006-11.jpg|108x108 عڪسلون]]
|سنگتی سنگتی سنگ آہن
|{{جهنڊو|Zimbabwe}}
|ناول نگار ۽ فلمساز
|-
|
|ڪارین ڊولوا
|{{جهنڊو|Norway}}
|چیف ایگزیڪیوٽو ۽ ڪو-بانی No Isolation
|-
|[[فائل:Jane_Fonda_Cannes_2015.jpg|147x147 عڪسلون]]
|جین ڦونڊا
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|اداڪار ۽ سماجی ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Madame_Gandhi_performing_during_the_Lesbians_Who_Tech_&amp;_Allies_Summit.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ڪرن گانڌی
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|سنگیت سنگیت جا ماہر، سنگیت جا ماہر ۽ سماجڪ آزادیء جا سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|می‍ہو امادا
|{{جهنڊو|Japan}}
|ماسٽر ساڪی بریور
|-
|
|اشیوانی
|[[ڀارت|ہندستان]]{{جهنڊو عڪس|India}}
|گاانا گایڪ ۽ سیاسی مہمڪار
|-
|
|نادین ڪادن
|{{جهنڊو|France}}
|ٻارن جو لیکڪ ۽ مصور
|-
|[[فائل:Mulenga_Kapwepwe_II.jpg|ساڄو|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|مولنگا ڪپویپی
|{{جهنڊو|Zambia}}
|عورت ۽ [[Zambian Women's History Museum|عورتن جی تاریخ میوزیم]] جی بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Installation_of_Chancellor_Professor_Jackie_Kay_MBE_-_University_of_Salford,_Peel_Hall_(17320850932)_(cropped).jpg|ساڄو|113x113 عڪسلون]]
|جیڪ ڪی
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|ناٽڪ نویس، ناول نگار ۽ قومی شاعر آف اسڪوٽینڊ[[اسڪاٽلينڊ|سکاٽینڊ]]
|-
|[[فائل:Mahira_Khan_at_Masala_Awards_(cropped).jpg|ساڄو|151x151 عڪسلون]]
|ماہرا خان&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1186064|title=Mahira Khan, Sania Nishtar featured on BBC's list of 100 inspiring and influential women for 2020|last=|first=|date=2020-11-24|website=Images|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|Pakistan}}
|اداڪار ۽ سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ یو این ایڇ سی آر جی خیرسگالی سفیرUNHCR جی خیرسگالی سفیر
|-
|[[فائل:Angélique_Kidjo_Gershwin_2023.jpg|138x138 عڪسلون]]
|انجلیزی ڪدو
|{{جهنڊو|Benin}}
|موسیقار ۽ یونیسیف سفیر
|-
|
|چو ڪم ڊیوڪ
|{{جهنڊو|Vietnam}}
|آلاتر ۽ ٻارن جی ڀلائی لاء سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Zahara_Nairobi_(cropped).JPG|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|بللوا میڪوتوکانا&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/music/zahara-makes-it-bbc-100-women-2020-list/|title=Zahara makes it onto the BBC 100 Women 2020 list|last=Malema|first=Poelano|date=2020-11-27|website=ECR|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{جهنڊو|South Africa}}
|سنگیت جا گیت
|-
|[[فائل:Send_fay_(cropped).jpg|ساڄو|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ندر
|{{جهنڊو|Myanmar}}
|عورت پرست سرگرم
|-
|[[فائل:Anita_tijoux.jpg|ساڄو|151x151 عڪسلون]]
|انا تیجوڪس
|{{جهنڊو|France}}
|چلی ھپ ہاپ احتجاج ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Yulia_Tsvetkova_on_Radio_(cropped).png|ساڄو|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|یولیا Tsvetkova
|{{جهنڊو|Russia}}
|سرگرم، سیاسی قیدی
|-
|[[فائل:Kotchakorn_Voraakhom_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ڪوتچڪرون ووراخوم
|{{جهنڊو|Thailand}}
|زمین جی تزئین جو معمار
|-
|[[فائل:Elinwilliams_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایلن ولیمز
|{{جهنڊو|United Kingdom}}
|اپاہج حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Michelle_Yeoh_Cannes_2017_2_(cropped).jpg|142x142 عڪسلون]]
|مشیل یئو
|{{جهنڊو|Malaysia}}
|اداڪار ۽ گڏیل قومن جی خیرسگالی سفیر
|}

==== سڃاڻپ ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|معصری عبدلحید (ص) 
|{{CHN}}
|یوگور لیکڪ ۽ ٻولی جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2016_-_Day_1_(26310041414).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایریڪا بکر
|{{جهنڊو|Germany}}
|سافٽ ویئر انجنیئر
|-
|[[فائل:Portrait_of_Cindy_Bishop_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|سنڊی بشپ
|{{جهنڊو|Thailand}}
|گڏیل قومن جی خیرسگالی سفیر ۽ ماڊل
|-
|
|وینڊی بیٽریز ڪیشپال جیڪو
|{{جهنڊو|El Salvador}}
|اپاہج ماڻہن جی حقن لاء وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Patrisse_Cullors.jpg|101x101 عڪسلون]]
|پیٽریس ڪلرز
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن بانی ۽ ایگزیڪیوٽو ڊائریڪٽر بلیڪ لیوز مئٽر گلوبل نیٽورڪ فائونڊیشن
|-
|[[فائل:Shani_Dhanda_Headshot.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|شنی دھنڊا
|{{جهنڊو|UK}}
|اپاہج ڪاریگری
|-
|[[فائل:Eileen_Flynn_2020.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|ایلن فلن
|{{جهنڊو|Ireland}}
|سیاستدان ۽ سماجی ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Alicia_Garza.jpg|120x120 عڪسلون]]
|الیشیا گارزا
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن Black Lives Matter ۽بلیڪ لیوز مئٽر گلوبل نیٽ ورڪ
|-
|
|Ikpe-Etim جی طرف&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/bbc-100-women-2020/|title=Aisha Yesufu, Angelique Kidjo, Uyaiedu Ikpe-Etim named in BBC's &quot;100 Women&quot; 2020 List|last=|date=2020-11-24|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[نائيجيريا|نائجیریا]]{{جهنڊو عڪس|Nigeria}}
|LGBTQ فلم ڊائریڪٽر ۽ سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Gülsüm_Kav_2.jpg|ساڄو|151x151 عڪسلون]]
|غلم ڪوو
|{{جهنڊو|Turkey}}
|ڊاڪٽر، سرگرم ڪارڪن، ہم بانی عورتن جی قتل کی روڪی ڇڏیندا
|-
|
|جوسینا میچل
|{{جهنڊو|Mozambique}}
|انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|حیات مرزا
|{{جهنڊو|Lebanon}}
|عورت پرست سرگرم ڪارڪن، صحافی، فی-مرد اجتماعی جو گڏیل بانی
|-
| 
|لالیھ عثمان
|{{جهنڊو|Afghanistan}}
|عورتن جی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ &lt;ID1 مہم جی بانی
|-
|
|[[Cibele Racy|سیبل ریسی]]
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|استاد، نسلی برابری واری سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:22_-_Lea_T-001_(17107157436)_(cropped).jpg|alt=22 - Lea T-001 (17107157436) (cropped).jpg|132x132 عڪسلون|17107157436 (لی T-001) (ڪروپیڊ) ]]
|[[لئا تي|لیہ T]]
|{{جهنڊو|Brazil}}
|ٽرانسجنر حقن جی وڪیل ۽ ماڊل
|-
|[[فائل:Opal_Tometi.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
| (ہہہہہہہہہہ) یا تومیتی
|{{جهنڊو|USA}}
|انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن Black Lives Matter (ڪاری زندگی جی معاملن) ڪاری زندگی جو ڪم
|-
|[[فائل:Alice_Wong_via_robot_(cropped_again).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایلس وانگ
|{{جهنڊو|United States}}
|معذورن جی حقن لاء سرگرم ڪارڪن Disability Visibility پروجیڪٽ جی وضاحت
|}

=== 2019 ===
2019 جي فهرست جو اعلان ڪيو ويو 16 آڪٽوبر 2019 تي. بي بي سي جي مختلف ٻولين جي ٽيمن پاران 2020 جي موضوع کي استعمال ڪندي نامزد ڪيل اميدوارن مان اميدوارن جي لسٽ چونڊي وئي جيڪا هئي ”عورت جو مستقبل“.فهرست کي ڇهن ڀاڱن ۾ ورهايو ويو هو: ڌرتي، علم، قيادت، تخليق، راند ۽ سڃاڻپ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-50042279|title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list this year?|date=16 October 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=16 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ڌرتي ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|جوڊٿ بڪریا
| یوگینڊا
|عورت ۽ عورت حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|ایلا دیش
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|ماحولیاتی ۽ مخالف پلاسٽڪ مہم
|-
|[[فائل:Katrina_Johnston_Zimmerman_Urban_Anthropologist_2019_at_BBC_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ڪترینا جانسٽن-زیمرمین
| امریڪھ
|شہری ماہر بشریات ۽ عورتن جی اڳواڻی ۾ شہرن جی شروعات جو گڏیل بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Gada_Kadoda_with_flowers_after_KMCA2012.jpg|143x143 عڪسلون]]
|گڊا ڪدودا
|{{SUD}}
|سوڈانی Knowledge Society جو بانی ۽ ڪمیونٽی انجنیئرز جو ٽرینر
|-
|
|جمی مارگولن
| امریڪھ
|موسمیاتی تبدیلی جی سرگرم ڪارڪن ۽ زیرو ڪلاڪ تحریڪ جو گڏیل بانی
|-
|[[فائل:(Francia_Márquez)_F70A6326_(49199213312)_(cropped).jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|فرانسیا مارڪز
| ڪولمبیا
|افرو-ڪولمبیا جی ماحولیاتی ماہر ۽ 10 ڏینھن، 350 میل عورتن جی مارچ جی اڳواڻ گولڊمین ماحولیاتی انعام حاصل ڪیو
|-
|[[فائل:Trang_at_Burger_Zoo_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Trang Nguyen جی باری ۾
| ویتنام
|فئوج ۽ فئوج جو بانی
|-
|
|خزاں پیلیٽیئر
| ڪئناڊا
|صاف پاڻی وڪیل
|-
|
|سویاتنیا پسپا لیستاری
|{{IDN}}
|غوطہ خور صاف ایڪشن فائونڊیشن ۽ مخالف اسٽرا مہم جو بانی
|-
|
|چارلین رین
|{{CHN}}
|صاف پاڻی وڪیل، MyH2O جو خالق
|-
|[[فائل:Najat_Aoun_Saliba_(sq_cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|نجیت سلبا
| لبنان
|ہوائی آلودگی محقق ۽ ڪیمیائی پروفیسر
|-
|[[فائل:Dr._Vandana_Shiva_DS.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|وندنا شیوا
|{{IND}}
|بین ال-اقوامی نوبل امن انعام حاصل ڪندڙ ۽ ماحولیاتی اڳواڻ
|-
|[[فائل:Greta_Thunberg_02_cropped.jpg|116x116 عڪسلون]]
|گریتا ٿنبرگ
| سویڊن
|موسمیاتی تبدیلی جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:MarilynWaring2012.jpg|124x124 عڪسلون]]
|مارلن وارنگ
| نیوزیلینڊ
|عورت ۽ ماحولیاتی ماہر
|}

==== علم ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:MiMi_Aung.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|میمی آنگ
| امریڪھ
|ناسا پروجیڪٽ مینیجر ۽ انجنیئر
|-
|[[فائل:EduTech_Asia_Raya_Bidshahri_(cropped).jpg|158x158 عڪسلون]]
|ریھ بیدشیاری
|{{IRN}}
|آلاتر تعلیمی و آلاتر آلاتر
|-
|[[فائل:Katie_Bouman_answers_questions_about_the_Event_Horizon_Telescope_project.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ڪیٽی بومن
| امریڪھ
|ڪاری سوراخ جی پہرین تصویر تی عمل ڪیو ویو
|-
|[[فائل:BBC_100_Women_Lisa_Campo-Engelstein_PhD_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|لیزا ڪئمپو-اینجلسٽن
| امریڪھ
|بایوٿسٽسٽ ۽ زرخیزی ۽ حمل جی روڪٿام محقق
|-
|[[فائل:El_Kaliouby.jpg|121x121 عڪسلون]]
|رانع ال ڪلیوبی
|{{EGY}}
|مصنوعی جذباتی ذہانت جو بانی ایفیڪٽوا جو بانیاثر (Effectiva) 
|-
|[[فائل:Amy_Karle._Artist,_Bioartist,_Futurist.jpg|126x126 عڪسلون]]
|ایمی ڪارلی
| امریڪھ
|3D ڊیزائنر ۽ ڊیزائنر
|-
|[[فائل:Fei-Fei_Li_at_AI_for_Good_2017.jpg|149x149 عڪسلون]]
|فای-فئی لی
| امریڪھ
|[[ھٿرادو ذھانت|مصنوعی ذہانت]] جو بانی جیڪو عورتن ۽ اقلیتن کی AI ٺاہڻ لاء ہمٿ ڏیاری ٿو
|-
|[[فائل:Fogarty-nih-50th-symposium-speaker-julie-makani_(41926010224).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|جولی میڪانی
| تنزانیا
|Sickle سیل بیماری جو علاجSickle cell بیماری
|-
|
|سارہ مارٽین دا سلوا
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|ماہر زچگی و زچگی، ماہر زچگگی و تحقیق
|-
|[[فائل:Dr._Susmita_Mohanty.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|سشمیتا موہنتی
|{{IND}}
|اسپیس شپ ڊیزائنر، انٽرپرینیور ۽ پرجوش موسمیاتی عمل وڪیل
|-
|
|Benedicte Mundele (انگریزی ٻولی) 
| جمہوری جمہوریہ کانگو
|تازا کاڌی جی صنعتڪار ۽ بانی جی حیرت واری ٽراپڪل
|-
|
|Zehra Sayers (ص) جی تی سی) 
|{{TUR}}
|بایو فزیسیسٽ ۽ SEAME پروجیڪٽ جو صدر
|-
|
|حیاف صدر
| تونس‍تنی
|ادیوگڪار ۽ گڏیل قومن جی صنفی برابری مہمڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Noor_Shaker_(cropped).png|99x99 عڪسلون]]
|نور شاڪر
| شام
|مصنوعی ذہانت ایجاد ڪندڙ
|-
|[[فائل:Bonita_Sharma.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|بونیتا شرما&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالو ويب|url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/77191/|title=Bonita Sharma in 'BBC 100 women 2019' list|last=Republica|date=2019-10-16|website=My City|language=en|access-date=2023-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{NPL}}
|سماجی تبدیلی ٺاہڻ وارن ۽ ایجاد ڪندڙن جو بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Véronique_Thouvenot_WSIS_Forum_2013_-_(WHO,_ITU)_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ویرونیڪ تووینٽ
|{{CHL}}
|'زیرو مدرز ڊی' جی شروعات
|-
|[[فائل:Paola_Villarreal.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|پاولا ولاریال
|{{MEX}}
|ڪمپیوٽر پروگرامر جنہن انصاف لاء ڊیٽا تیار ڪئی
|-
|[[فائل:AmyWebb.jpg|122x122 عڪسلون]]
|ایمی ویب
| امریڪھ
|مستقبل
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|ال‍ن‍‍ن ال‍ن
| ڪویت
|عورتن جی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن نیشنل آرڊر آف میرٽ جو فاتح
|-
|[[فائل:Tabata_Amaral_em_abril_de_2019_(recorte).jpg|145x145 عڪسلون]]
|تباٽا امرال
|{{BRA}}
|تعلیم، عورتن جی حقن، سیاسی جدت ۽ پائیدار مستقبل لاء ڪم ڪندڙ سیاستدان
|-
|[[فائل:Dhammananda09.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ڌمانندا ڀڪڻی
| ٿائلینڊ
|پہرین عورت ٿائی ٻڌ ڌرم جی ڀڪڻی (ڀڪخونی ۽ سونگڌمڪلین خانقاہ جی ایبیسسونگڌمڪلین مئناسٽری
|-
|[[فائل:Mabel_Bianco.jpg|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|میبل بیاڪو
|{{ARG}}
|عورت ڊاڪٽر ۽ عورتن جی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن عورتن تی اڀیاس ۽ تحقیق جی فائونڊیشن (FEIM) 
|-
|[[فائل:Entrevista_de_Canciller_María_Fernanda_Espinosa_(36388035054)_(cropped).jpg|122x122 عڪسلون]]
|ماریا فرنینڊا ایسپینوسا
| ایڪواڊور
|گڏیل قومن جی جنرل اسیمبلی جی چوٿین عورت صدرگڏیل قومن جی عام اسیمبلی
|-
|
|ڀیڻ Gerard فرنینڊس
| سنگاپور
|رومن ڪیٿولڪ نون ۽ موت جی قطار صلاحڪار
|-
|[[فائل:Secretary_Pompeo,_First_Lady_Melania_Trump,_and_Zarifa_Ghafari_Pose_for_a_Photo_(49619393902)_(cropped).jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|زرفا غفار
|{{AFG}}
|افغانستان جی پہرین عورت میئر صاف شہر جی وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:Secretary_Pompeo,_First_Lady_Melania_Trump,_and_Jalilah_Haider_Pose_for_a_Photo_(49618619623)_(cropped).jpg|117x117 عڪسلون]]
|[[جليلا حيدر|جلیلا حیدر]]
|{{PAK}}
|عورت ۽ انسانی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|
|اسماء جیمس
| سیرا لیون
|عورت ۽ عورت حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|
|احلام خدر
|{{SUD}}
|انسانی حقن جی احتجاج جو اڳواڻ
|-
|
|ای‍سا‍سا لام
|{{MRT}}
|مالی ماہر ۽ عورتن جی حقن جی وڪیل
|-
|[[فائل:이수정_교수.jpg|130x130 عڪسلون]]
|سو جنگ لی
| ڏکڻ ڪوریا
|فارینسیڪ نفسیات ۽ وڪیل مخالف بل لاء
|-
|[[فائل:Gina_Martin,_December_2019.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|جینا مارٽین
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|انگلینڊ ۽ ویلز ۾ اپ سکرٽنگ کی غیر قانونی بڻائڻ لاء مہم
|-
|
|وان دی نگئین
| ویتنام
|ول ٽو لائیو سینٽر جی بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_Official_Portrait.jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|الیگزینڈر اوڪیسیو-ڪورٽیز
| امریڪھ
|ڪانگریس ۾ چونڊیل سڀ کان ننڍی عورت
|-
|[[فائل:Onjali_Raúf_at_the_Emirates_Airline_Festival_of_Literature_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|اونجلی ق. رؤف
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|لیکڪ ۽ بانی جی تاریخ ٺاہڻ
|-
|[[فائل:Maria_Ressa.jpg|134x134 عڪسلون]]
|مریم ریسا
| فلپائن
|صحافی ۽ ریپلر جو بانی، ہڪ ویب سائیٽ جعلی خبرون ظاہر ڪری ٿی
|-
|[[فائل:Соболь,_Любовь.png|133x133 عڪسلون]]
|لیوبو سوبول
|{{RUS}}
|وڪیل ۽ مخالف بدعنوانی سرگرم
|-
|
|سامھ سوبی
| یمن
|جن خاندانن جا ٻار 'گم ٿی ویا آھن، انھن جی مدد ڪرڻ وارو وڪیل
|}

==== تخليقيت ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|[[فائل:Precious_Adams.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|قیمتی آدم
| امریڪھ
|[[ناٽڪ ناچ|بیلیٽ]] ڊانسر
|-
|[[فائل:Manal_Al_Dowayan_Soft_Power.jpg|104x104 عڪسلون]]
|منال ال دوویان
| سعودی عرب
|سعودی فئوگرافر ۽ ڪلاڪار
|-
|
|مربۃ السیبون
| شام
|معمار جیڪو صرف عربی ویب سائیٽ کی تعمیراتی خبرن لاء ہلائی ٿو پرنس ڪلاز ایوارڊ
|-
|[[فائل:Yalitza_Aparicio_(31374009897).jpg|142x142 عڪسلون]]
|یالزع اپاریسیو
|{{MEX}}
|اداڪارا ۽ انسانی حقن جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Dayna_Ash_2020.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|دیانا ایش
| لبنان
|شاعر ۽ سنسڪرتیء جی سرگرم ڪارڪن
|-
|[[فائل:Ayah_Bdeir.jpg|117x117 عڪسلون]]
|ہہہہہہہہہہ
| لبنان&lt;br /&gt; ڪئناڊا
|LittleBits ۽ STEM وڪیل جو بانی
|-
|[[فائل:Scarlett_Curtis_(cropped).jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|سڪارلیٽ ڪرٽس
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|Pink احتجاج جی بانی
|-
|
|لوچیتا ھورتادو
|{{VEN}}
|ماہر ۽ ماحولیاتی وڪیل
|-
|
|ارنیا جوہر
|{{IND}}
|بیٽ شاعر جیڪو صنفی برابری، ذہنی صحت ۽ جسم جی مثبتیت بابت لکی ٿو
|-
|[[فائل:Erika_lust.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|ایریڪا ہوس
| سویڊن
|فلم ڊائریڪٽر، پروڊیوسر ۽ پروڊیوسر
|-
|
|لارین ماہون
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|ڪینسر سروائیور ۽ پوڊ ڪاسٽر
|-
|
|لیزا مینڊمیڪر
| نیدرلینڊ
|مصنوعی رحم جی نمونی ڊیزائنر
|-
|
|راجا میزائین
|{{DZA}}
|سماجی نا انصافیء، بدانتظامی ۽ نا برابری بابت حڪومت مخالف گیت
|-
|
|اشچاریہ پیریز
|{{LKA}}
|بلائنڊ فیشن ڊیزائنر ۽ محرڪ اسپیڪر
|-
|
|دانت پیلگ
| اسرائیل
|3D لباس جی ڊیزائن
|-
|
|ڪلس‍ت سی
|{{SEN}}
|ٽیلیویزن سیریز جی اسڪرین رائیٽر Mistress of a Married Man''ہڪ شادی شدہ مرد جی زال''
|-
|[[فائل:Ida_Vitale_at_Texas_A&amp;M_University.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|Ida Vitale (انگریزی ٻولی) 
| یوراگوئی
|شاعر ۽ پنجین عورت کی سیروانٽس پرائز لائیف ٽائیم رائیٽنگ اچیومینٽ لاء
|}

==== راندين جي ٽيم ۾ جنس پرست ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!جنم جو ملڪ
!وضاحت
|-
|
|جیسمن اڪٽر
| بنگلادیش&lt;br /&gt; یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|[[روهنگيا|روہنگیا]] مہاجر ۽ ڪرڪیٽ راندیگر
|-
|[[فائل:Taekwondo_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_women_Kimia_Alizadeh.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|علی الیاد
|{{IRN}}
|اولمپڪ مئڊل ۾ پہریون ڀیرو ایرانی عورت
|-
|[[فائل:Dina_AsherSmith_Euro_Champs_2018.JPG|122x122 عڪسلون]]
|دینا ایشر-سمٿ
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|برتانوی تاریخ ۾ سڀ کان وڌیڪ عورت
|-
|[[فائل:Salwa_Eid_Naser_2017.jpg|150x150 عڪسلون]]
|سالوا عید ناصر
|{{NGA}}&lt;br /&gt; باربیان
|400m ورلڊ چیمپئن
|-
|[[فائل:Bethany_Firth_Rio2016.jpg|129x129 عڪسلون]]
|بیٿنی ڦیرٿ
| یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|پیرالمپڪ چیمپئن ترڻ وارو
|-
|[[فائل:Shelly-Ann_Fraser-Pryce_2015_(1_av_2).jpg|127x127 عڪسلون]]
|شیلی-این فریزر-پرائس
|{{JAM}}
|100m عالمی چیمپئن شپ چیمپئن شپ چیمپئن
|-
|[[فائل:Tayla_Harris_11.03.18.jpg|141x141 عڪسلون]]
|تائلا ہیرس
|{{AUS}}
|آسٽریلیا جی رولز فوٽبالر ۽ باڪسر
|-
|
|ہوانگ وینسی
|{{CHN}}
|پیشیور باڪسر
|-
|
|فیونا ڪولبنگر
| جرمنی
|ٽرانس ڪانٽینینٽل ریس کٽڻ واری پہرین عورت سائڪلسٽبین ال-براعظمی ریس
|-
|
|ہہہہہہہہہہ
| جاپان
|سومو پہلوان
|-
|[[فائل:Farida_mauritius_003.jpg|100x100 عڪسلون]]
|فریدہ عثمان
|{{EGY}}
|ترڻ جو تمغھ کٽڻ واری مصر جی پہرین عورت
|-
|[[فائل:Megan_Rapinoe_(May_2019)_(cropped).jpg|125x125 عڪسلون]]
|میگھن ریپینو
| امریڪھ
|ورلڊ ڪپ جو فاتح ۽ فٽبال ۾ برابری جی وڪیل
|-
|
|جواہیر روبل
| صومالیہ&lt;br /&gt; یونائٽیڊ ڪنگڊ
|برطانیہ جی پہرین مسلمان ڪاری عورت، حجاب پائڻ واری ریفری [وضاحت جی ضرورت آھی]{{Clarify|date=January 2020}}
|}

==== سڃاڻپ ====

=== 2018 ===

=== 2017 ===

==== شيشي جي ڇت ٽيم ====

==== عورتن جي اڻ پڙهيل ٽيم ====

==== اسٽريٽ هارسمينٽ ٽيم ====

=== 2016 ===

==== تخليقي ====

==== اثرائتو ====

==== پائيدار ====

==== لچڪدار ====

=== 2015 ===

==== 100 عورتن جا انٽرويو (پنج هاءِ پروفائيل عورتون) ====

==== 30 کان گهٽ 30 انٽرپرينيوئرز ====

==== 'سٺي ڇوڪري' فلم ساز ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!تصویر
!نالو
!ملڪ
!ڪاروبار
|-
|
|نومی بیاومب
| ریپبلڪ آف ڪانگ
|شاگرد
|-
|
|ماسیلی شاویز
|{{VEN}}
|شاگرد
|-
|
|عائشہ اشطاق
|{{PAK}}
|شاگرد
|-
|
|ڊیلانی اوسبورن
| امریڪھ
|شاگرد
|-
|
|لوبوف رسڪینا
|{{RUS}}
|رینڊیر نوماڊ
|-
|
|نور ([[عرف|سدو نالو]]) 
| شام
|ریڦیوجی
|}

==== پراڻيون عورتون (آڪٽوجنيئر) ====

==== نرسون ====

==== وڌيڪ وحي ====

=== 2014 ===
{{حوالو}}

=== 2013 ===

== ٻيا شرڪت ڪندڙ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!نالو
! پيشو
|-
| سارا واکر
| طوائفن جي انگلش ڪليڪشن جو سربراهه &lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-WhoIsTakingPart-2013&quot;/&gt;
|-
| ڪيري برنيل
| ٻارن جي ٽيليويزن پيش ڪندڙ &lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-WhoIsTakingPart-2013&quot; /&gt;
|-
| سلما جيمس
| ليکڪ ۽ ڪارڪن &lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-100Women-WhoIsTakingPart-2013&quot; /&gt;
|}

== پڻ ڏسو ==

* عورتن جي اعزازن جي فهرست

== حوالا ==

* بي بي سي آن لائن تي [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-24371433 100 عورتون]
* وڪيميڊيا برطانيه تي [[metawiki:Wikimedia UK/Events/BBC 100 Women|بي بي سي 100 عورتون]]
* بي بي سي 100 وومين آن لائن انيشيٽيو تي WikiProject Women in Red - 21 نومبر کان 15 ڊسمبر 2016
[[زمرو:عورت]]</text>
      <sha1>bb57me1017pbe0rickq550m1j5yv14a</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>سرپل صوبو</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Sare_Pol_districts.png with [[File:Districts_of_Sari_Pul_as_of_January_2004.png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) · The map, dated</comment>
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      <text bytes="2223" sha1="gv0cea5hem58om6dnlt7t544g12o3fj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name = سرپل
| native_name = سرپل
| native_name_lang = ps
| settlement_type = [[صوبو]]
| image_skyline = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| image_flag = 
| flag_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| seal_alt = 
| image_shield = 
| shield_alt = 
| nickname = 
| motto = 
| image_map = Sar-e Pol in Afghanistan.svg
| map_caption = افغانستان جی نقشی م سرپل جو مقام
| image_map1 = Districts of Sari Pul as of January 2004.png
| map_alt1 = 
| map_caption1 = سر پل جا ضلعا
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
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| latd = 35.6
| latm = 
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}}
'''سرپل''' (دري/پشتو:سرپل) سري پل پڻ اُچاريو ويندو آهي، [[افغانستان جا صوبا|افغانستان جي 34 صوبن]] مان هڪ آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي اتر ۾ واقع آهي. هن جون سرحدون ڏکڻ ۾ [[غور صوبو|غور]] ۽ [[باميان صوبو|بامیان]]، اوڀر ۾ [[سمنگان صوبو|سمنگان]]، اتر ۾ [[بلخ صوبو|بلخ]] ۽ [[جوزجان صوبو|جوزجان]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[فارياب صوبو|فاریاب]] سان لڳن ٿيون. صوبو 7 ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهي ۽ 896 ڳوٺن تي مشتمل آهي. هن جي آبادي اٽڪل 6,32,000 آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;nsia&quot; /&gt; جيڪا گهڻ نسلي ۽ گهڻو ڪري هڪ قبائلي سماج آهي. صوبو 1988ع ۾ اتر افغانستان جی سياستدان سيد نسيم ميهانپرست جي حمايت سان ٺاهيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nojumi20022&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR-4qmiOAvUC&amp;pg=PA80|title=The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: mass mobilization, civil war, and the future of the region|author=Neamatollah Nojumi|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=978-0-312-29584-4|pages=80–|access-date=30 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; سر پول شهر صوبائي گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.

== حوالا ==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:افغانستان]]
[[زمرو:افغانستان جا صوبا]]
[[زمرو:اسلامي جهموريا افغانستان جا صوبا]]</text>
      <sha1>gv0cea5hem58om6dnlt7t544g12o3fj</sha1>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="7690" sha1="6r6ifheidt2qz4bp7licnp6zi5mbajk" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Electricity generated by hydropower}}
[[File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|وسطي چين ۾ ٿري گورجز ڊيم، سڄي دنيا ۾ بجلي جي پيداوار جو سڀ کان وڏو پلانٽ آهي.]]
'''پڻ بجلي''' (Hydroelectricity)، هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ پاور، پاڻي جي طاقت مان پيدا ٿيندڙ [[بجلي]] آهي (پاڻيء جي [[امڪاني توانائي]] کي [[حرڪي توانائي]] ۾ تبديل ڪندي). پن بجلي دنيا جي بجلي جو 15 سيڪڙو (2023ع ۾ تقريبن 4,210 ٽريلين واٽ-آور) فراهم ڪري ٿي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2024/|title=Global Electricity Review 2024|date=2024-05-07|website=Ember|language=en-US|access-date=2024-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪو ٻين سڀني قابل تجديد ذريعن کان پيدا ٿيل بجلي ۽ ايٽمي توانائي جي ڪل مقدار، کان به وڌيڪ آهي. پن بجلي وڏي مقدار ۾ گهٽ ڪاربن جي آلودگي سان بجلي فراهم ڪري سگهي ٿي ۽ طلب ​​تي، ان کي محفوظ ۽ صاف بجلي جي فراهمي جي نظام ٺاهڻ لاءِ هڪ اهم عنصر بڻائي ٿو. 

هڪ هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ پاور اسٽيشن، جن جي تعمير ۾ هڪ ڊيم ۽ اچي جاء تي ذخيرو (مصنوعي ڍنڍ) شامل آهي، پن بجلي جي پيداور جو هڪ لچڪدار ذريعو آهي، جئين ته بجلي جي مختلف طلب جي جواب ۾، بجلي جي پيداوار کي سيڪنڊن يا منٽن ۾ وڌائي يا گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. هڪ ڀيرا تعمير کانپوء، اها سڌي سنئون آلودگي يا فضلو پيدا نٿو ڪري ۽ تقريبن هميشه فوسل ايندھن (ڪوئلو، قدرتي گئس ۽ پيٽرول) تي هلندڙ توانائي پلانٽس جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ گرين هائوس گئس خارج ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;REN21-20112&quot;&gt;[http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2011_FINAL.pdf Renewables 2011 Global Status Report, page 25, Hydropower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085959/http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR2011_FINAL.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}, ''[[REN21]]'', published 2011, accessed 2016-02-19.&lt;/ref&gt; پڻ جڏهن برساتي ٻيلن واري، هيٺاهين زمين ۾ تعمير ڪيو ويندو آهي، برساتي ٻيلا ٻڏي وڄن ٿا ۽ گرين هائوس گيسن جي وڏي مقدار خارج ٿي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=de Faria|first1=Felipe A M|last2=Jaramillo|first2=Paulina|last3=Sawakuchi|first3=Henrique O|last4=Richey|first4=Jeffrey E|last5=Barros|first5=Nathan|date=2015-12-01|title=Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from future Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=10|issue=12|pages=124019|bibcode=2015ERL....10l4019D|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124019|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هائيڊرو اليڪٽرڪ ڪمپليڪس جي تعمير جا ماحولياتي اثر، خاص طور تي قابلِ زراعت زمين جي نقصان ۽ آبادي جي بي گھر ٿيڻ ۾ اهم ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fearnside|first=Philip M.|date=1989-07-01|title=Brazil's Balbina Dam: Environment versus the legacy of the Pharaohs in Amazonia|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01867675|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=401–423|bibcode=1989EnMan..13..401F|doi=10.1007/BF01867675|issn=1432-1009|url-access=subscription|s2cid=154405904}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/world/asia/19dam.html|title=Chinese Dam Projects Criticized for Their Human Costs|last=Yardley|first=Jim|date=2007-11-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421133307/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/world/asia/19dam.html|archive-date=April 21, 2023|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي درياءَ جي قدرتي ماحوليات، جنهن ۾ رهائش ۽ ماحولياتي نظام کي متاثر ڪرڻ ۽ گاد ۽ ڪٽاؤ جا نمونا    شامل آهن، کي به خراب ڪن ٿا. جڏهن ته ڊيم ٻوڏ جي خطرن کي گهٽائي سگهن ٿا، ڊيمن جي ناڪامي تباهي آڻي سگهي ٿي. 

سال 2021ع ۾، عالمي طور تي نصب ٿيل هائيڊرو پاور بجلي جي گنجائش تقريبن 1,400 گيگا واٽ تائين پهچي وئي،&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;December 2022, &quot;[https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022 Renewables 2022]&quot;, IEA, Paris, license: CC BY 4.0.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪا سڀني قابلِ تجديد توانائي ٽيڪنالاجين ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي. پن بجلي [[برازيل]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[چين]] جهڙن ملڪن ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي،&lt;ref name=&quot;BP2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019|publisher=BP|access-date=28 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; پر جاگرافيائي حدون ۽ ماحولياتي مسئلا  هن کي محدود ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46098118|title=Large hydropower dams not sustainable in the developing world|date=5 November 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=27 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ساحلي علائقن ۾ سامونڊي لهرن جي پاور (Tidal Power) استعمال ٿي سگهجي ٿي. 

چين سال 2022ع ۾ پنهنجي توانائي وسيلن ۾ 24 گيگا واٽ شامل ڪيو، اهو عالمي هائيڊرو پاور گنجائش ۾ اضافي جو تقريبن ٽي چوٿون 3/4 حصو آهي. [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] پنهنجي توانائي وسيلن ۾ ٻه گيگا واٽ (سال 1990ع کان پوءِ علائقي لاءِ سڀ کان وڏي مقدار) بجلي شامل ڪئي. ساڳئي وقت، عالمي سطح تي، سال 2022ع ۾ هائيڊرو پاور جي پيداوار 70 ٽيرا واٽ-آور (%2) وڌي وئي ۽ ٻين سڀني ٽيڪنالاجين کي گڏ ڪري، سڀ کان وڏو [[قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو ذريعو رهي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/hydroelectricity|title=Hydroelectricity|date=28 April 2024|website=IEA – International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==پڻ ڏسو==
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category|Hydroelectricity}}
*[https://www.hydroreform.org/ Hydropower Reform Coalition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918133752/https://hydroreform.org/ |date=2024-09-18 }}
*
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110501225851/https://www.esha.be/ European Small Hydropower Association]
*[https://www.iec.ch/dyn/www/f?p=103:7:0::::FSP_ORG_ID,FSP_LANG_ID:1228,25 IEC TC 4: Hydraulic turbines] (International Electrotechnical Commission - Technical Committee 4) IEC TC 4 portal with access to scope, documents and [http://tc4.iec.ch/index-tc4.html TC 4 website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427003621/http://tc4.iec.ch/index-tc4.html |date=2015-04-27 }}

{{Authority control}}
[[زمرو:توانائي]]
[[زمرو:ماحوليات]]
[[زمرو:قابل تجديد توانائي]]

[[Category:Bright green environmentalism]]
[[Category:Hydroelectricity| ]]
[[Category:Landscape]]
[[Category:Sustainable technologies]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}</text>
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      <comment>added [[Category:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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| name             = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}

'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>pqi8il9fanj2fvis6glnpfjbs9vc2bh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377387</id>
      <parentid>377386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:00:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377387</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3345" sha1="6lmgr2tfq9scmvqxvtp3j2hzbgp4o70" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}

'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>6lmgr2tfq9scmvqxvtp3j2hzbgp4o70</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377388</id>
      <parentid>377387</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:05:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377388</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5280" sha1="q0nsuks06kdvs8rc5ttkp4y6w6d8g1m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>q0nsuks06kdvs8rc5ttkp4y6w6d8g1m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377389</id>
      <parentid>377388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:06:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>377389</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5250" sha1="kq0r67rb2b4suvcokit6dx4rwb445pv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>kq0r67rb2b4suvcokit6dx4rwb445pv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377390</id>
      <parentid>377389</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:06:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>377390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4987" sha1="atnu36bckf9dt1dtsc36vbnk6wnje8x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

== حوالا ==
{{reflist}}

[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>atnu36bckf9dt1dtsc36vbnk6wnje8x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377391</id>
      <parentid>377390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:08:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>377391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5303" sha1="1pfwcjvm6uu7r9u73p80tnpegre5dws" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>1pfwcjvm6uu7r9u73p80tnpegre5dws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377392</id>
      <parentid>377391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:نسلي گروهه]]; added [[Category:نسلي گروه]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>377392</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5301" sha1="2h38ia8akas78rw0yckbi11nf3e86q7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروه]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>2h38ia8akas78rw0yckbi11nf3e86q7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377393</id>
      <parentid>377392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:09:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:نسلي گروه]]; added [[Category:نسلي گرو]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>377393</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5299" sha1="iv3ari1cqqyvs39hkbac2tkork43jfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گرو]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>iv3ari1cqqyvs39hkbac2tkork43jfu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377394</id>
      <parentid>377393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:09:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:نسلي گرو]]; added [[Category:نسلي گروہ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>377394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5301" sha1="dg9qx7lu759qy4fb9djjoxnmlijy0ng" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5151" sha1="ec9b2wtqzeyeh0v8whrvevduo3s9xy4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

== سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات ==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==تفصيل==
{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{for-multi|the North Germanic ethnic group from which most Vikings originated|Norsemen|other uses|Vikings (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
{{Scandinavia}}
'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27305" sha1="4h3z14rtkhyljf2rei4xdudnwpoo49p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==تفصيل==
{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24628" sha1="i16ozm8e8oegnpjqbwv7b2fx8uanozg" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27304" sha1="owiznbwp2ciz78gmt8n6ac0u6kak63v" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28458" sha1="95xjo9mok1z9owhfygnbmza5n4xcqu3" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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      <text bytes="29375" sha1="t7x7iri6dtbplu63mklqg5jt79z194d" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] [[زمرو:شروعاتي وچين دور]] [[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ويڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]] [[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
      <sha1>t7x7iri6dtbplu63mklqg5jt79z194d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377406</id>
      <parentid>377405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:شروعاتي وچين دور]]; added [[Category:وچين دور]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="29361" sha1="369liig1d50k9sr3uvelg7dur04g1dp" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ويڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]] [[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
      <sha1>369liig1d50k9sr3uvelg7dur04g1dp</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>377407</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>removed [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]; added [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپس ت]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="29338" sha1="gm2u0rk6w8co1a3o5t60xqsrxv3yc0h" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:ويڊيو ڪلپس ت]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>377408</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
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      <comment>removed [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپس ت]]; added [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="29333" sha1="8kvz0ro9boum3t12eap8zs1qiz5h0am" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:ويڊيو ڪلپ]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
      <sha1>8kvz0ro9boum3t12eap8zs1qiz5h0am</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>377409</id>
      <parentid>377408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T07:30:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپ]]; added [[Category:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="29360" sha1="lrtil776xyxkrt77ja807imipkuv9fj" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''Vikings''' were a seafaring people originally from [[Scandinavia]] (present-day [[Denmark]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Why is English so weirdly different from other languages? {{!}} Aeon Essays |url=https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |website=Aeon |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130122425/https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-english-so-weirdly-different-from-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and parts of [[France]], and the establishment of [[Kievan Rus']], the ancestor of the later states of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]].{{sfn|Brink|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Plokhy|2006|p=1|loc='For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.'}}

Expert sailors and navigators of their characteristic [[longship]]s, Vikings established Norse settlements and governments in the [[Viking activity in the British Isles|British Isles]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Settlement of Iceland|Iceland]], [[History of Greenland#Norse settlement|Greenland]], [[History of Normandy|Normandy]], and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic coast]], as well as along the [[Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks|Dnieper]] and [[Volga trade route]]s across [[Eastern Europe]] where they were also known as [[Varangians]]. The [[Normans]], [[Norse-Gaels]], [[Rus' people|Rus]], [[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]], and [[Icelanders]] emerged from these Norse colonies. At one point, a group of Rus Vikings went so far south that, after briefly being bodyguards for the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, they attacked the Byzantine city of [[Constantinople]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vikings also voyaged to the [[Caspian expeditions of the Rus'|Caspian Sea]] and [[Arab world|Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were the first Europeans to reach North America, briefly [[Norse colonization of North America|settling in Newfoundland]] (Vinland). While spreading Norse culture to foreign lands, they simultaneously brought home slaves, concubines, and foreign cultural influences to Scandinavia, influencing the genetic&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaryan2&quot; /&gt; and historical development of both. During the Viking Age, the Norse homelands were gradually consolidated from smaller kingdoms into three larger kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

The Vikings spoke [[Old Norse]] and made inscriptions in [[runes]]. For most of the Viking Age, they followed the [[Old Norse religion]], but [[Christianization of Scandinavia|became Christians]] over the 8th–12th centuries. The Vikings had their own [[Medieval Scandinavian law|laws]], [[Viking art|art]], and architecture. Most Vikings were also farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, and traders. Popular conceptions of the Vikings often strongly differ from the complex, advanced civilisation of the [[Norsemen]] that emerges from [[archaeology]] and historical sources. A romanticised picture of Vikings as [[noble savage]]s began to emerge in the 18th century; this developed and became widely propagated during the 19th-century [[Viking revival]].&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Varying views of the Vikings—as violent, piratical heathens or as intrepid adventurers—reflect conflicting modern Viking myths that took shape by the early 20th century. Current popular representations are typically based on cultural clichés and stereotypes and are rarely accurate—for example, there is no evidence that they wore [[horned helmet]]s, a costume element that first appeared in the 19th century.
==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; They voyaged as far as the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Greenland]], and [[Vinland]] (present-day [[Newfoundland]] in [[Canada]], [[North America]]). In their countries of origin, and in some of the countries they raided and settled, this period of activity is popularly known as the [[Viking Age]], and the term &quot;Viking&quot; also commonly includes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian homelands as a whole during the late 8th to the mid-11th centuries. The Vikings had a profound impact on the [[Early Middle Ages|early medieval]] history of [[Northern Europe|northern]] and [[Eastern Europe]], including the political and social development of [[England]] (and the English language)&lt;ref name=&quot;aeon1&quot;&gt; جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

ماهر ملاح ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص ڊگهي جهازن جا هلائيندڙ وائڪنگز برطانوي ٻيٽن ۾ فارو ٻيٽ. آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ، نارمنڊي ۽ بالٽڪ ساحل انهي سان گڏ اوڀر يورپ ۾ ڊنيپر ۽ وولگا واپاري رستن تي, نارس آباديون ۽ حڪومتون قائم ڪيون, جتي انهن کي ورنگيئن پڻ سڏيو ويندو هو. نارمن نارس-گيلز، روس, فيروي ([[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]) ۽ آئس لينڊر انهن نارس ڪالونين مان نڪتا. هڪ موقعي تي روس وائڪنگز جو هڪ گروهه ايترو ڏکڻ ڏانهن ويو جو مختصر طور تي بازنطيني شهنشاهه جي محافظ هجڻ کان پوءِ انهن قسطنطنيه جي بازنطيني شهر تي حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; وائڪنگز ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۽ عرب ڏانهن به سفر ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اتر آمريڪا تائين پهچڻ وارا پهريان يورپي هئا. مختصر طور تي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (ون لينڊ) ۾ آباد ٿيا. جڏهن ته نارس ڪلچر کي پرڏيهي زمينن تي پکيڙيو, اهي هڪ ئي وقت غلام، ڪنواريون ۽ اسڪينڊينيويا ڏانهن پرڏيهي ثقافتي اثر گهر کڻي آيا. ٻنهي جي جينياتي ۽ تاريخي ترقي کي متاثر ڪيو. وائڪننگ دور دوران نارس وطن بتدريج ننڍين بادشاهتن کان ٽن وڏين بادشاهتن; ڊينمارڪ، ناروي ۽ سويڊن ۾ ضم ٿي ويا. 

وائڪنگ پراڻي نارس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ رن (rune) ۾ لکت ٺاهيندا هئا. وائڪنگ دور جي گھڻي ڀاڱي لاءِ اهي پراڻي نارس مذهب جي پيروي ڪندا هئا پر 8 هين - 12هين صدي دوران عيسائي بڻجي ويا. وائڪنگ جا پنهنجا قانون، فن ۽ فن تعمير هئا. گهڻا وائڪنگ پڻ هاري, ماهيگير، دستڪار ۽ واپاري هئا. وائڪنگ جا مشهور تصور, اڪثر ڪري نارس وارن جي پيچيده ترقي يافته تهذيب کان سخت مختلف آهن, جيڪو آثار قديمه ۽ تاريخي ذريعن مان نڪرندو آهي. وائڪنگ جي هڪ رومانوي تصوير عظيم وحشين جي طور تي 18 صدي ۾ اڀرڻ شروع ٿي. هي 19 صدي جي وائڪنگ بحالي دوران ترقي ڪئي&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ وڏي پيماني تي پروپيگنڊا ڪئي وئي. وائڪنگ جا مختلف خيال, تشدد، قزاق بت پرستن جي طور تي يا بي خوف ايڊونچررز جي طور تي متضاد جديد وائڪنگ افسانن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جيڪي 20 صدي جي شروعات تائين شڪل اختيار ڪئي. موجوده مشهور نمائندگي عام طور تي ثقافتي ڪليچ ۽ اسٽيريوٽائپس تي ٻڌل آهن ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ صحيح آهن. مثال طور. ڪو به ثبوت ناهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ, هڪ لباس جو عنصر جيڪو پهريون ڀيرو 19 صدي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو, پائيندا هئا.

==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

ماهر ملاح ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص ڊگهي جهازن جا هلائيندڙ وائڪنگز برطانوي ٻيٽن ۾ فارو ٻيٽ. آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ، نارمنڊي ۽ بالٽڪ ساحل انهي سان گڏ اوڀر يورپ ۾ ڊنيپر ۽ وولگا واپاري رستن تي, نارس آباديون ۽ حڪومتون قائم ڪيون, جتي انهن کي ورنگيئن پڻ سڏيو ويندو هو. نارمن نارس-گيلز، روس, فيروي ([[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]) ۽ آئس لينڊر انهن نارس ڪالونين مان نڪتا. هڪ موقعي تي روس وائڪنگز جو هڪ گروهه ايترو ڏکڻ ڏانهن ويو جو مختصر طور تي بازنطيني شهنشاهه جي محافظ هجڻ کان پوءِ انهن قسطنطنيه جي بازنطيني شهر تي حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; وائڪنگز ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۽ عرب ڏانهن به سفر ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اتر آمريڪا تائين پهچڻ وارا پهريان يورپي هئا. مختصر طور تي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (ون لينڊ) ۾ آباد ٿيا. جڏهن ته نارس ڪلچر کي پرڏيهي زمينن تي پکيڙيو, اهي هڪ ئي وقت غلام، ڪنواريون ۽ اسڪينڊينيويا ڏانهن پرڏيهي ثقافتي اثر گهر کڻي آيا. ٻنهي جي جينياتي ۽ تاريخي ترقي کي متاثر ڪيو. وائڪننگ دور دوران نارس وطن بتدريج ننڍين بادشاهتن کان ٽن وڏين بادشاهتن; ڊينمارڪ، ناروي ۽ سويڊن ۾ ضم ٿي ويا. 

وائڪنگ پراڻي نارس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ رن (rune) ۾ لکت ٺاهيندا هئا. وائڪنگ دور جي گھڻي ڀاڱي لاءِ اهي پراڻي نارس مذهب جي پيروي ڪندا هئا پر 8 هين - 12هين صدي دوران عيسائي بڻجي ويا. وائڪنگ جا پنهنجا قانون، فن ۽ فن تعمير هئا. گهڻا وائڪنگ پڻ هاري, ماهيگير، دستڪار ۽ واپاري هئا. وائڪنگ جا مشهور تصور, اڪثر ڪري نارس وارن جي پيچيده ترقي يافته تهذيب کان سخت مختلف آهن, جيڪو آثار قديمه ۽ تاريخي ذريعن مان نڪرندو آهي. وائڪنگ جي هڪ رومانوي تصوير عظيم وحشين جي طور تي 18 صدي ۾ اڀرڻ شروع ٿي. هي 19 صدي جي وائڪنگ بحالي دوران ترقي ڪئي&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ وڏي پيماني تي پروپيگنڊا ڪئي وئي. وائڪنگ جا مختلف خيال, تشدد، قزاق بت پرستن جي طور تي يا بي خوف ايڊونچررز جي طور تي متضاد جديد وائڪنگ افسانن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جيڪي 20 صدي جي شروعات تائين شڪل اختيار ڪئي. موجوده مشهور نمائندگي عام طور تي ثقافتي ڪليچ ۽ اسٽيريوٽائپس تي ٻڌل آهن ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ صحيح آهن. مثال طور. ڪو به ثبوت ناهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ, هڪ لباس جو عنصر جيڪو پهريون ڀيرو 19 صدي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو, پائيندا هئا.

==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

ماهر ملاح ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص ڊگهي جهازن جا هلائيندڙ وائڪنگز برطانوي ٻيٽن ۾ فارو ٻيٽ. آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ، نارمنڊي ۽ بالٽڪ ساحل انهي سان گڏ اوڀر يورپ ۾ ڊنيپر ۽ وولگا واپاري رستن تي, نارس آباديون ۽ حڪومتون قائم ڪيون, جتي انهن کي ورنگيئن پڻ سڏيو ويندو هو. نارمن نارس-گيلز، روس, فيروي ([[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]) ۽ آئس لينڊر انهن نارس ڪالونين مان نڪتا. هڪ موقعي تي روس وائڪنگز جو هڪ گروهه ايترو ڏکڻ ڏانهن ويو جو مختصر طور تي بازنطيني شهنشاهه جي محافظ هجڻ کان پوءِ انهن قسطنطنيه جي بازنطيني شهر تي حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; وائڪنگز ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۽ عرب ڏانهن به سفر ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اتر آمريڪا تائين پهچڻ وارا پهريان يورپي هئا. مختصر طور تي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (ون لينڊ) ۾ آباد ٿيا. جڏهن ته نارس ڪلچر کي پرڏيهي زمينن تي پکيڙيو, اهي هڪ ئي وقت غلام، ڪنواريون ۽ اسڪينڊينيويا ڏانهن پرڏيهي ثقافتي اثر گهر کڻي آيا. ٻنهي جي جينياتي ۽ تاريخي ترقي کي متاثر ڪيو. وائڪننگ دور دوران نارس وطن بتدريج ننڍين بادشاهتن کان ٽن وڏين بادشاهتن; ڊينمارڪ، ناروي ۽ سويڊن ۾ ضم ٿي ويا. 

وائڪنگ پراڻي نارس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ رن (rune) ۾ لکت ٺاهيندا هئا. وائڪنگ دور جي گھڻي ڀاڱي لاءِ اهي پراڻي نارس مذهب جي پيروي ڪندا هئا پر 8 هين - 12هين صدي دوران عيسائي بڻجي ويا. وائڪنگ جا پنهنجا قانون، فن ۽ فن تعمير هئا. گهڻا وائڪنگ پڻ هاري, ماهيگير، دستڪار ۽ واپاري هئا. وائڪنگ جا مشهور تصور, اڪثر ڪري نارس وارن جي پيچيده ترقي يافته تهذيب کان سخت مختلف آهن, جيڪو آثار قديمه ۽ تاريخي ذريعن مان نڪرندو آهي. وائڪنگ جي هڪ رومانوي تصوير عظيم وحشين جي طور تي 18 صدي ۾ اڀرڻ شروع ٿي. هي 19 صدي جي وائڪنگ بحالي دوران ترقي ڪئي&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ وڏي پيماني تي پروپيگنڊا ڪئي وئي. وائڪنگ جا مختلف خيال, تشدد، قزاق بت پرستن جي طور تي يا بي خوف ايڊونچررز جي طور تي متضاد جديد وائڪنگ افسانن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جيڪي 20 صدي جي شروعات تائين شڪل اختيار ڪئي. موجوده مشهور نمائندگي عام طور تي ثقافتي ڪليچ ۽ اسٽيريوٽائپس تي ٻڌل آهن ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ صحيح آهن. مثال طور. ڪو به ثبوت ناهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ, هڪ لباس جو عنصر جيڪو پهريون ڀيرو 19 صدي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو, پائيندا هئا.

==تاريخ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

ماهر ملاح ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص ڊگهي جهازن جا هلائيندڙ وائڪنگز برطانوي ٻيٽن ۾ فارو ٻيٽ. آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ، نارمنڊي ۽ بالٽڪ ساحل انهي سان گڏ اوڀر يورپ ۾ ڊنيپر ۽ وولگا واپاري رستن تي, نارس آباديون ۽ حڪومتون قائم ڪيون, جتي انهن کي ورنگيئن پڻ سڏيو ويندو هو. نارمن نارس-گيلز، روس, فيروي ([[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]) ۽ آئس لينڊر انهن نارس ڪالونين مان نڪتا. هڪ موقعي تي روس وائڪنگز جو هڪ گروهه ايترو ڏکڻ ڏانهن ويو جو مختصر طور تي بازنطيني شهنشاهه جي محافظ هجڻ کان پوءِ انهن قسطنطنيه جي بازنطيني شهر تي حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; وائڪنگز ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۽ عرب ڏانهن به سفر ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اتر آمريڪا تائين پهچڻ وارا پهريان يورپي هئا. مختصر طور تي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (ون لينڊ) ۾ آباد ٿيا. جڏهن ته نارس ڪلچر کي پرڏيهي زمينن تي پکيڙيو, اهي هڪ ئي وقت غلام، ڪنواريون ۽ اسڪينڊينيويا ڏانهن پرڏيهي ثقافتي اثر گهر کڻي آيا. ٻنهي جي جينياتي ۽ تاريخي ترقي کي متاثر ڪيو. وائڪننگ دور دوران نارس وطن بتدريج ننڍين بادشاهتن کان ٽن وڏين بادشاهتن; ڊينمارڪ، ناروي ۽ سويڊن ۾ ضم ٿي ويا. 

وائڪنگ پراڻي نارس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ رن (rune) ۾ لکت ٺاهيندا هئا. وائڪنگ دور جي گھڻي ڀاڱي لاءِ اهي پراڻي نارس مذهب جي پيروي ڪندا هئا پر 8 هين - 12هين صدي دوران عيسائي بڻجي ويا. وائڪنگ جا پنهنجا قانون، فن ۽ فن تعمير هئا. گهڻا وائڪنگ پڻ هاري, ماهيگير، دستڪار ۽ واپاري هئا. وائڪنگ جا مشهور تصور, اڪثر ڪري نارس وارن جي پيچيده ترقي يافته تهذيب کان سخت مختلف آهن, جيڪو آثار قديمه ۽ تاريخي ذريعن مان نڪرندو آهي. وائڪنگ جي هڪ رومانوي تصوير عظيم وحشين جي طور تي 18 صدي ۾ اڀرڻ شروع ٿي. هي 19 صدي جي وائڪنگ بحالي دوران ترقي ڪئي&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ وڏي پيماني تي پروپيگنڊا ڪئي وئي. وائڪنگ جا مختلف خيال, تشدد، قزاق بت پرستن جي طور تي يا بي خوف ايڊونچررز جي طور تي متضاد جديد وائڪنگ افسانن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جيڪي 20 صدي جي شروعات تائين شڪل اختيار ڪئي. موجوده مشهور نمائندگي عام طور تي ثقافتي ڪليچ ۽ اسٽيريوٽائپس تي ٻڌل آهن ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ صحيح آهن. مثال طور. ڪو به ثبوت ناهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ, هڪ لباس جو عنصر جيڪو پهريون ڀيرو 19 صدي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو, پائيندا هئا.

==شجرو==
==تاريخ== 
==ثقافت== 
==جنگ== 
==ورثو== 
==نسلي ورثو== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] 
* [[يورپ جي تاريخ]] 
* [[يورپ جي ثقافت]]
==ڪتابي فهرست== 
==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

ماهر ملاح ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص ڊگهي جهازن جا هلائيندڙ وائڪنگز برطانوي ٻيٽن ۾ فارو ٻيٽ. آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ، نارمنڊي ۽ بالٽڪ ساحل انهي سان گڏ اوڀر يورپ ۾ ڊنيپر ۽ وولگا واپاري رستن تي, نارس آباديون ۽ حڪومتون قائم ڪيون, جتي انهن کي ورنگيئن پڻ سڏيو ويندو هو. نارمن نارس-گيلز، روس, فيروي ([[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]) ۽ آئس لينڊر انهن نارس ڪالونين مان نڪتا. هڪ موقعي تي روس وائڪنگز جو هڪ گروهه ايترو ڏکڻ ڏانهن ويو جو مختصر طور تي بازنطيني شهنشاهه جي محافظ هجڻ کان پوءِ انهن قسطنطنيه جي بازنطيني شهر تي حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; وائڪنگز ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۽ عرب ڏانهن به سفر ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اتر آمريڪا تائين پهچڻ وارا پهريان يورپي هئا. مختصر طور تي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (ون لينڊ) ۾ آباد ٿيا. جڏهن ته نارس ڪلچر کي پرڏيهي زمينن تي پکيڙيو, اهي هڪ ئي وقت غلام، ڪنواريون ۽ اسڪينڊينيويا ڏانهن پرڏيهي ثقافتي اثر گهر کڻي آيا. ٻنهي جي جينياتي ۽ تاريخي ترقي کي متاثر ڪيو. وائڪننگ دور دوران نارس وطن بتدريج ننڍين بادشاهتن کان ٽن وڏين بادشاهتن; ڊينمارڪ، ناروي ۽ سويڊن ۾ ضم ٿي ويا. 

وائڪنگ پراڻي نارس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ رن (rune) ۾ لکت ٺاهيندا هئا. وائڪنگ دور جي گھڻي ڀاڱي لاءِ اهي پراڻي نارس مذهب جي پيروي ڪندا هئا پر 8 هين - 12هين صدي دوران عيسائي بڻجي ويا. وائڪنگ جا پنهنجا قانون، فن ۽ فن تعمير هئا. گهڻا وائڪنگ پڻ هاري, ماهيگير، دستڪار ۽ واپاري هئا. وائڪنگ جا مشهور تصور, اڪثر ڪري نارس وارن جي پيچيده ترقي يافته تهذيب کان سخت مختلف آهن, جيڪو آثار قديمه ۽ تاريخي ذريعن مان نڪرندو آهي. وائڪنگ جي هڪ رومانوي تصوير عظيم وحشين جي طور تي 18 صدي ۾ اڀرڻ شروع ٿي. هي 19 صدي جي وائڪنگ بحالي دوران ترقي ڪئي&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ وڏي پيماني تي پروپيگنڊا ڪئي وئي. وائڪنگ جا مختلف خيال, تشدد، قزاق بت پرستن جي طور تي يا بي خوف ايڊونچررز جي طور تي متضاد جديد وائڪنگ افسانن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جيڪي 20 صدي جي شروعات تائين شڪل اختيار ڪئي. موجوده مشهور نمائندگي عام طور تي ثقافتي ڪليچ ۽ اسٽيريوٽائپس تي ٻڌل آهن ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ صحيح آهن. مثال طور. ڪو به ثبوت ناهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ, هڪ لباس جو عنصر جيڪو پهريون ڀيرو 19 صدي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو, پائيندا هئا.

==شجرو==
==تاريخ== 
==ثقافت== 
==جنگ== 
==ورثو== 
==نسلي ورثو== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] 
* [[يورپ جي تاريخ]] 
* [[يورپ جي ثقافت]]
==ڪتابي فهرست== 
==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="30061" sha1="3e2mxroypmdjeq2o3rkuxrzejiuzd41" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Norse seafarers, merchants and raiders}}
[[File:Viking attack on Guérande, from a Saint-Aubin MS.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Vikings sailing a longship from {{Circa|1100}}&lt;ref&gt;Illustration from a ''Life'' of [[Albinus of Angers]] produced at the [[Abbey of Saint-Aubin]]. Depicted is a Viking attack on [[Guérande]]. See Magdalena Carrasco, &quot;Some Illustrations of the Life of St. Aubin (Albinus) of Angers (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Ms. n.a.l. 1390) and Related Works&quot;, PhD dissertation, Yale University, 1980, p. 42ff. {{ProQuest|8024792}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Tjängvide crop.jpg|thumb|A [[Viking Age]] depiction from the [[Tjängvide image stone]], on [[Gotland]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nordisk1&quot;&gt;The article ''[https://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html Tjängvidestenen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127122245/http://runeberg.org/nfci/0129.html |date=27 January 2020 }}'' in ''[[Nordisk familjebok]]'' (1919).&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Margaryan |first1=Ashot |last2=Lawson |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Sikora |first3=Martin |last4=Racimo |first4=Fernando |last5=Rasmussen |first5=Simon |last6=Moltke |first6=Ida |last7=Cassidy |first7=Lara M. |last8=Jørsboe |first8=Emil |last9=Ingason |first9=Andrés |last10=Pedersen |first10=Mikkel W. |last11=Korneliussen |first11=Thorfinn |last12=Wilhelmson |first12=Helene |last13=Buś |first13=Magdalena M. |last14=de Barros Damgaard |first14=Peter |last15=Martiniano |first15=Rui |last16=Renaud |first16=Gabriel |last17=Bhérer |first17=Claude |last18=Moreno-Mayar |first18=J. Víctor |last19=Fotakis |first19=Anna K. |last20=Allen |first20=Marie |last21=Allmäe |first21=Raili |last22=Molak |first22=Martyna |last23=Cappellini |first23=Enrico |last24=Scorrano |first24=Gabriele |last25=McColl |first25=Hugh |last26=Buzhilova |first26=Alexandra |last27=Fox |first27=Allison |last28=Albrechtsen |first28=Anders |last29=Schütz |first29=Berit |last30=Skar |first30=Birgitte |last31=Arcini |first31=Caroline |last32=Falys |first32=Ceri |last33=Jonson |first33=Charlotte Hedenstierna |last34=Błaszczyk |first34=Dariusz |last35=Pezhemsky |first35=Denis |last36=Turner-Walker |first36=Gordon |last37=Gestsdóttir |first37=Hildur |last38=Lundstrøm |first38=Inge |last39=Gustin |first39=Ingrid |last40=Mainland |first40=Ingrid |last41=Potekhina |first41=Inna |last42=Muntoni |first42=Italo M. |last43=Cheng |first43=Jade |last44=Stenderup |first44=Jesper |last45=Ma |first45=Jilong |last46=Gibson |first46=Julie |last47=Peets |first47=Jüri |last48=Gustafsson |first48=Jörgen |last49=Iversen |first49=Katrine H. |last50=Simpson |first50=Linzi |last51=Strand |first51=Lisa |last52=Loe |first52=Louise |last53=Sikora |first53=Maeve |last54=Florek |first54=Marek |last55=Vretemark |first55=Maria |last56=Redknap |first56=Mark |last57=Bajka |first57=Monika |last58=Pushkina |first58=Tamara |last59=Søvsø |first59=Morten |last60=Grigoreva |first60=Natalia |last61=Christensen |first61=Tom |last62=Kastholm |first62=Ole |last63=Uldum |first63=Otto |last64=Favia |first64=Pasquale |last65=Holck |first65=Per |last66=Sten |first66=Sabine |last67=Arge |first67=Símun V. |last68=Ellingvåg |first68=Sturla |last69=Moiseyev |first69=Vayacheslav |last70=Bogdanowicz |first70=Wiesław |last71=Magnusson |first71=Yvonne |last72=Orlando |first72=Ludovic |last73=Pentz |first73=Peter |last74=Jessen |first74=Mads Dengsø |last75=Pedersen |first75=Anne |last76=Collard |first76=Mark |last77=Bradley |first77=Daniel G. |last78=Jørkov |first78=Marie Louise |last79=Arneborg |first79=Jette |last80=Lynnerup |first80=Niels |last81=Price |first81=Neil |last82=Gilbert |first82=M. Thomas P. |last83=Allentoft |first83=Morten E. |last84=Bill |first84=Jan |last85=Sindbæk |first85=Søren M. |last86=Hedeager |first86=Lotte |last87=Kristiansen |first87=Kristian |last88=Nielsen |first88=Rasmus |last89=Werge |first89=Thomas |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |title=Population genomics of the Viking world |journal=Nature |date=17 September 2020 |volume=585 |issue=7825 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8 |pmid=32939067 |bibcode=2020Natur.585..390M |hdl=2108/369943 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Scholarly&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1913 |title=The Vikings |url=https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/vikings00mawe/page/1 1] |isbn=0-9517339-4-X |quote=The term 'Viking'... came to be used more especially of those warriors who left their homes in Scandinavia and made raids on the chief European countries. This is the narrow, and technically the only correct use of the term 'Viking,'  but in such expressions as 'Viking civilisation,' 'the Viking age,' 'the Viking movement,' 'Viking influence,' the word has come to have a wider significance and is used as a concise and convenient term for describing the whole of the civilisation, activity and influence of the Scandinavian peoples, at a particular period in their history, and to apply the term 'Viking' in its narrower sense to these movements would be as misleading as to write an account of the age of Elizabeth and label it 'The Buccaneers.' }}
{{cite book |last=Holman |first=Catherine |year=2003 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Vikings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4FAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |page=1 |isbn=0-8108-6589-0 |quote=Viking is not merely another way of referring to a medieval Scandinavian. Technically, the word has a more specific meaning, and it was used (only infrequently by contemporaries of the Vikings) to refer to those Scandinavians, usually men, who attacked their contemporaries... }}
{{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Jacqueline |author-link=Jacqueline Simpson |year=1980 |title=The Viking World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Batsford |page=9 |isbn=0-7134-0777-8 |quote=Strictly speaking, therefore, the term Viking should only be applied to men actually engaged in these violent pursuits, and not to every contemporary Scandinavian... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030959/https://books.google.com/books?id=bf9oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |date=1999 |title=The Isles: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/isleshistory00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-803073-7 |quote=The Viking appellation... refers to an activity, not to an ethnic group }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Tertiary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Alistair |author-link=Alistair Campbell (academic) |year=1973 |chapter=Viking |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |volume=23 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |page=11 |isbn=0-85229-173-6 |quote=The term &quot;Viking&quot; is applied today to Scandinavians who left their homes intent on raiding or conquest, and their descendants, during a period extending roughly from 800 to 1050 CE. |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414030958/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-VMAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |last=Mawer |first=Allen |author-link=Allen Mawer |year=1922 |chapter=The Vikings |editor-last=Bury |editor-first=J. B. |editor-link=J. B. Bury |title=The Cambridge Medieval History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |volume=3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=309 |quote=The term Viking... is now commonly applied to those Norsemen, Danes and Swedes who harried Europe from the eighth to the eleventh centuries... |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031000/https://books.google.com/books?id=AtMHAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2009 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-172713-9 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking... Scandinavian words used to describe the seafaring raiders from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark who ravaged the coasts of Europe from about 800 AD onwards. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113008/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-4515?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=1 |url-status=live }}
{{cite book |date=2015 |chapter=Viking |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-175715-0 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=Viking is an Old Norse term, of disputed derivation, which only came into common usage in the 19th cent. to describe peoples of Scandinavian origin who, as raiders, settlers, and traders, had major and long-lasting effects on northern Europe and the Atlantic seaboards between the late 8th and 11th cents. |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523113031/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-4371?rskey=zSEDAr&amp;result=7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Definition_Dictionary&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |year=2011 |title=Concise Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |publisher=[[OUP Oxford]] |page=1612 |isbn=978-0-19-960110-3 |quote=Vikings: Any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of NW Europe in the 8th–11th centuries... |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414031013/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |title=Vikings |last=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary|Random House Unabridged Dictionary]] |year=2019 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Random House]] |quote=Viking... Any of the Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212153248/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vikings |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins COBUILD Advanced Dictionary|COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=The Vikings were people who sailed from Scandinavia and attacked villages in most parts of north-western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Danes, Norwegians, and Swedes who raided by sea most of N and W Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries, later often settling, as in parts of Britain. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Webster's New World Dictionary|Webster's New World Dictionary, 4th Edition]] |year=2010 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary|Collins Online Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |quote=Viking... [A]ny of the Scandinavian sea rovers and pirates who ravaged the coasts of Europe from the 8th to the 10th cent. |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007130318/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |title=Viking |last=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary &amp; Thesaurus]] |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |quote=Viking... [A] person belonging to a race of Scandinavian people who travelled by sea and attacked parts of northern and southern Europe between the 8th and 11th centuries, often staying to live.|access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506202907/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/viking |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Viking&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |title=Viking |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking, also called Norseman or Northman, member of the Scandinavian seafaring warriors who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the 9th to the 11th century and whose disruptive influence profoundly affected European history. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505074136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-people |archive-date=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_Denmark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |title=Denmark: The Viking Era |last1=Linton |first1=Michael I. A. |last2=Nokkentved |first2=Christian |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=30 September 2018 |quote=Viking society, which had developed by the 9th century, included the peoples that lived in what are now Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and, from the 10th century, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232214/https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark/The-Viking-era |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22&quot;&gt;Roesdahl, pp. 9–22.&lt;/ref&gt; جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

ماهر ملاح ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص ڊگهي جهازن جا هلائيندڙ وائڪنگز برطانوي ٻيٽن ۾ فارو ٻيٽ. آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ، نارمنڊي ۽ بالٽڪ ساحل انهي سان گڏ اوڀر يورپ ۾ ڊنيپر ۽ وولگا واپاري رستن تي, نارس آباديون ۽ حڪومتون قائم ڪيون, جتي انهن کي ورنگيئن پڻ سڏيو ويندو هو. نارمن نارس-گيلز، روس, فيروي ([[Faroe Islanders|Faroese]]) ۽ آئس لينڊر انهن نارس ڪالونين مان نڪتا. هڪ موقعي تي روس وائڪنگز جو هڪ گروهه ايترو ڏکڻ ڏانهن ويو جو مختصر طور تي بازنطيني شهنشاهه جي محافظ هجڻ کان پوءِ انهن قسطنطنيه جي بازنطيني شهر تي حملو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Christopher |title=Globetrotting Vikings: The Quest for Constantinople |url=https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=HISTORY |date=19 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021052525/https://www.history.com/news/globetrotting-vikings-the-quest-for-constantinople |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; وائڪنگز ڪيسپين سمنڊ ۽ عرب ڏانهن به سفر ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;o301&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia | website=National Museum of Denmark | url=https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/dangerous-journeys-to-eastern-europe-and-russia/ | access-date=24 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Batey|first1=Colleen E.|last2=Graham-Campbell|first2=James |author-link2=James Graham-Campbell|title=Cultural Atlas of the Viking World|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate|url-access=registration|date=1994|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofv00bate/page/184 184]|isbn=978-0-8160-3004-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهي اتر آمريڪا تائين پهچڻ وارا پهريان يورپي هئا. مختصر طور تي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (ون لينڊ) ۾ آباد ٿيا. جڏهن ته نارس ڪلچر کي پرڏيهي زمينن تي پکيڙيو, اهي هڪ ئي وقت غلام، ڪنواريون ۽ اسڪينڊينيويا ڏانهن پرڏيهي ثقافتي اثر گهر کڻي آيا. ٻنهي جي جينياتي ۽ تاريخي ترقي کي متاثر ڪيو. وائڪننگ دور دوران نارس وطن بتدريج ننڍين بادشاهتن کان ٽن وڏين بادشاهتن; ڊينمارڪ، ناروي ۽ سويڊن ۾ ضم ٿي ويا. 

وائڪنگ پراڻي نارس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ رن (rune) ۾ لکت ٺاهيندا هئا. وائڪنگ دور جي گھڻي ڀاڱي لاءِ اهي پراڻي نارس مذهب جي پيروي ڪندا هئا پر 8 هين - 12هين صدي دوران عيسائي بڻجي ويا. وائڪنگ جا پنهنجا قانون، فن ۽ فن تعمير هئا. گهڻا وائڪنگ پڻ هاري, ماهيگير، دستڪار ۽ واپاري هئا. وائڪنگ جا مشهور تصور, اڪثر ڪري نارس وارن جي پيچيده ترقي يافته تهذيب کان سخت مختلف آهن, جيڪو آثار قديمه ۽ تاريخي ذريعن مان نڪرندو آهي. وائڪنگ جي هڪ رومانوي تصوير عظيم وحشين جي طور تي 18 صدي ۾ اڀرڻ شروع ٿي. هي 19 صدي جي وائڪنگ بحالي دوران ترقي ڪئي&lt;ref&gt;Wawn 2000&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;langer&quot;&gt;Johnni Langer, &quot;The origins of the imaginary viking&quot;, ''Viking Heritage Magazine'', Gotland University/Centre for Baltic Studies. Visby (Sweden), n. 4, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ وڏي پيماني تي پروپيگنڊا ڪئي وئي. وائڪنگ جا مختلف خيال, تشدد، قزاق بت پرستن جي طور تي يا بي خوف ايڊونچررز جي طور تي متضاد جديد وائڪنگ افسانن کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا. جيڪي 20 صدي جي شروعات تائين شڪل اختيار ڪئي. موجوده مشهور نمائندگي عام طور تي ثقافتي ڪليچ ۽ اسٽيريوٽائپس تي ٻڌل آهن ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ صحيح آهن. مثال طور. ڪو به ثبوت ناهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ, هڪ لباس جو عنصر جيڪو پهريون ڀيرو 19 صدي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو, پائيندا هئا.

==اشتقاق==
لفظ وائڪنگ جي اشتقاق تي تعليمي ماهرن طرفان گهڻو بحث ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪيترائي اصل نظريا پيش ڪيا ويا آهن. هڪ نظريو اهو ظاهر ڪري ٿو ته لفظ جي ابتدا آبادڪاري لا پراڻي انگريزي لفظ (wieseg) ۽ پراڻي فريسيئن لفظ 'وائيزنگ' مان آهي، جنهن جي تصديق تقريبن 300 سال اڳ ڪئي وئي هئي. هڪ ٻيو گهٽ مشهور نظريو اهو آهي ته وائڪنگ نسائي لفظ vicing 'ڪريڪ'، 'انليٽ'، 'ننڍي خليج' مان آيو آهي. پراڻو نارس لفظ وِڪنگر 12 صدي تائين تحريري ذريعن ۾ نظر نٿو اچي، سواءِ ڪجهه رنسٽون جي.

هڪ ٻيو اشتقاق جيڪو 21 صدي جي شروعات ۾ حمايت حاصل ڪئي، وائڪنگ ساڳئي جڙ مان نڪتل آهي جيئن پراڻي نارس ويڪا (vica 'سمنڊ ميل)، اصل ۾ روئرز جي ٻن شفٽن جي وچ ۾ فاصلي جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو، آخرڪار پروٽو-جرمنڪ وِڪان (vikan 'گهٽڻ) کان. هي ابتدائي نارڊڪ فعل *wikan 'موڙهڻ' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو پراڻي آئس لينڊڪ وِڪجا (vikja 'هلڻ، ڦرڻ) سان ملندڙ جلندڙ آهي، برنارڊ ميس جي مطابق، &quot;چڱي طرح تصديق ٿيل ناٽيڪل استعمال&quot; سان هي نظريو لساني طور تي بهتر طور تي تصديق ٿيل آهي ۽ اهو اصطلاح گهڻو ڪري اتر اولهه يورپ جي جرمن ماڻهن پاران سيل جي استعمال کان اڳ جو آهي.

==تاريخ== 
==ثقافت== 
==جنگ== 
==ورثو== 
==نسلي ورثو== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] 
* [[يورپ جي تاريخ]] 
* [[يورپ جي ثقافت]]
==ڪتابي فهرست== 
==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ==
{{Infobox organisation 
| name     = وائڪنگز (Vikings)
| image            = Viking_Expansion.png
| caption          = وائڪنگز جي پکڙجڻ جو نقشو (8هين کان 11هين صدي)
| regions          = [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (ناروي، سويڊن، ڊينمارڪ)، يورپ، اتر آمريڪا
| languages        = قديم نورس (Old Norse)
| religions        = قديم نورس مذهب، بعد ۾ [[عيسائيت]]
| related_groups   = نارمن، روس (Rus)، آئيس لينڊر
}}
'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.


'''وائڪنگز''' (Vikings) قديم اسڪينڊينيويا (موجوده [[ناروي]]، [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[ڊينمارڪ]]) جا ملاح، جنگجو، واپاري ۽ قزاق هئا، جن 8هين صديءَ جي آخر کان 11هين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين يورپ جي وڏي حصي تي حملا ڪيا، واپار ڪيو ۽ اتي آباديون قائم ڪيون. هن دور کي تاريخ ۾ '''&quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot;''' (Viking Age) چيو ويندو آهي.

==سامونڊي سفر ۽ فتوحات==
وائڪنگز پنهنجي خاص ٻيڙين، جن کي '''لانگ شپس''' (Longships) چيو ويندو هو، جي ڪري مشهور هئا. اهي ٻيڙيون سمنڊ سان گڏوگڏ درياهن ۾ به هلي سگهنديون هيون.
* هنن برطانيه، آئس لينڊ، گرين لينڊ ۽ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ (اتر آمريڪا) تائين سفر ڪيو.
* اهي پهريان يورپي هئا جيڪي ڪولمبس کان صدين اڳ اتر آمريڪا پهتا.
* اوڀر ۾ هنن '''ڪيوان روس''' (Kievan Rus) جو بنياد وڌو، جيڪو اڳتي هلي روس، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس جو بنياد بڻيو.

== ثقافت ۽ سماج ==
عام تصور جي برعڪس، وائڪنگز صرف جنگجو نه هئا، پر اهي ماهر هاري، مهاڻا، ڪاريگر ۽ واپاري پڻ هئا.
* '''ٻولي ۽ لکڻي:''' اهي قديم نورس ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا ۽ پٿرن تي خاص نشانن (Runes) ذريعي لکندا هئا.
* '''مذهب:''' شروعات ۾ اهي قديم نارڊڪ خدائن (جهڙوڪ اوڊن ۽ ٿور) کي مڃيندا هئا، پر وقت گذرڻ سان عيسائيت اختيار ڪيائون.
* '''قانون:''' وائڪنگز وٽ پنهنجو قانوني نظام هو، جنهن ۾ فيصلا &quot;ٿنگ&quot; (Thing) نالي اسيمبليءَ ۾ ڪيا ويندا هئا.

== غلط فهميون ۽ سڃاڻپ ==
وائڪنگز بابت هڪ عام غلط فهمي اها آهي ته اهي سڱن وارا هيلمٽ (Horned Helmets) پائيندا هئا، پر آثار قديمه مان اهڙو ڪو به ثبوت نه مليو آهي. اهو تصور 19هين صديءَ جي مصورن ۽ ڊراما نگارن پاران پيدا ڪيو ويو هو.

== ورثو ==
وائڪنگز يورپ جي سياست، سماج ۽ ٻولين (خاص طور تي انگريزي ٻولي) تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. نارمنڊي (فرانس) جا &quot;نارمن&quot; اصل ۾ وائڪنگز هئا جن اتي آبادي قائم ڪئي هئي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Wiktionary|Viking}}
{{Commons category|Vikings}}
{{Wikivoyage|Vikings and the Old Norse}}
{{Wikisource|Northmen}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065628/http://www.history.com/topics/vikings Vikings] – View videos at The History Channel
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100920120630/http://copenhagenet.dk/CPH-Vikings.htm Copenhagen-Portal – The Danish Vikings]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ BBC: History of Vikings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707061732/http://www.lofotr.no/index.asp Borg Viking museum, Norway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109083859/http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150711093138/http://archive.museumoflondon.org.uk/RWWC/themes/1295/1288 Reassessing what we collect website – Viking and Danish London] History of Viking and Danish London with objects and images
* Wawm, Andrew, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/revival_01.shtml The Viking Revival] – BBC Online, Ancient History in Depth (updated 17 February 2011)

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]]

[[زمرو:وائڪنگز| ]] 
[[زمرو:وچين دور]]
[[زمرو:وائڪنگ دور|*]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جون لوھ جي دور جون ثقافتون]] 
[[زمرو:وڊيو ڪلپس تي مشتمل مضمون]]
[[زمرو:وچئين دور جا قزاق]] [[زمرو:سويڊن ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ڊينمارڪ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ناروي ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:ايسٽونيا ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:انگلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:اسڪاٽلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:آئرلينڊ ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس ۾ آثار قديمه جون ثقافتون]]</text>
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        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
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      <text bytes="42414" sha1="7tgxfl93z2t5i4mja3asouemwymsnqd" xml:space="preserve">{{مختصر وضاحت|وڪيپيڊيا مضمونن ۾ مختصر نيويگيشنل نوٽس}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Hatnote|Headnote|Hat notation}}
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{{subcat guideline|ترميمي رهنمائي|هيٽنَوٽ|WP:HN|WP:HAT}}
{{nutshell|''هيٽنَوٽ'' [[وڪيپيڊيا:اندروني ڳنڍڻو|لنڪ]] مهيا ڪن ٿا، جيڪي ڪنهن [[وڪيپيڊيا:مضمون|مضمون]] يا [[وڪيپيڊيا:حصو|حصي]] جي مٿان رکيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن پڙهندڙ ٻي مناسب صفحي تائين پهچي سگهن جيڪڏهن موجوده صفحو سندن گهربل صفحو نه هجي.}}
{{Linking and page manipulation|linking and diffs}}

'''هيٽنَوٽ''' مختصر نوٽس آهن جيڪي صفحي يا [[وڪيپيڊيا:حصو|حصي]] جي مٿان رکيا ويندا آهن، بلڪل اهڙي طرح جيئن ٽوپي سر جي مٿان پاتي ويندي آهي. مثال طور، مٿي ڏنل خانا (boxes) کان اڳ واري اطالوي لکت ۾ ڏنل نوٽ ڏسو. 
هيٽنَوٽ جو مقصد اهو آهي ته جيڪڏهن پڙهندڙ جيڪو صفحو ڏسي رهيو آهي اهو سندس مطلوب صفحو نه هجي، ته هو آسانيءَ سان صحيح مضمون تائين پهچي سگهي. پڙهندڙ هيٽنَوٽ واري مضمون تائين هيٺين سببن جي ڪري پهچي سگهن ٿا:

* هو [[وڪيپيڊيا:ريڊائريڪٽ|ريڊائريڪٽ]] ذريعي هتي آيا هجن.
* هو اهڙو مضمون ڳولي رهيا هجن جنهن جو عنوان وڌيڪ مخصوص يا [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابھام دور ڪرڻ|واضح ٿيل]] هجي.
* هو اهڙو مضمون ڳولي رهيا هجن جنهن جو نالو ساڳيو يا ملندڙ جلندڙ هجي، يا جيڪو هن مضمون سان غلط فهمي جو سبب بڻجي سگهي.

هيٽنَوٽ [[مدد:Link#Wikilinks|وڪي لنڪ]] ذريعي ممڪن مطلوب مضمون يا [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابھام دور ڪرڻ#ابھام دور ڪرڻ وارا صفحا|ابھام دور ڪرڻ واري صفحي]] ڏانهن رهنمائي ڪن ٿا.

==قاعدا==
{{Shortcut|WP:HATNOTERULES|WP:HRULES|WP:HNR}}
هيٽنَوٽ بابت ڇهه بنيادي قاعدا هيٺيان آهن:

# ٻين مضمونن ڏانهن سڌو سنئون ڳنڍڻو ڏيو؛ غير ابهام وارن ڳنڍڻن ۾ [[وڪيپيڊيا:پائيپ ٿيل ڳنڍڻو|پائيپ ٿيل لنڪ]] استعمال نه ڪريو. ريڊائريڪٽ ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ وقت [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابهام دور ڪرڻ|ابهام دور ڪرڻ واري رهنمائي]] ۾ ڏنل لاڳو ٿيندڙ قاعدن تي عمل ڪيو وڃي. مثال طور، [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابھام دور ڪرڻ#ابھام دور ڪرڻ وارا صفحا ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ|ابهام دور ڪرڻ وارن صفحن ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ]] هميشه &quot;(سلجھائپ)&quot; سان ختم ٿيڻ گهرجن.
# وضاحت کي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ رکو؛ صرف اهم معلومات بيان ڪريو، باقي وضاحت لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:اسلوب جي دستور العمل/تمهيدي حصو|تمهيدي حصو]] ۽ [[وڪيپيڊيا:اسلوب جي دستور العمل/ترتيب#بنيادي حصا|مضمون جو بنيادي متن]] پڙهندڙ جي رهنمائي ڪندا.
# ٻين موضوعن يا مضمونن جو ذڪر صرف تڏهن ڪريو جڏهن پڙهندڙ جي غلطيءَ سان يا ٻئي موضوع جي نيت سان هتي پهچڻ جو معقول امڪان هجي.
# جيڪڏهن ڪو [[وڪيپيڊيا:مشهوريت|نمايان]] موضوع X عام طور “فو” نالي سان سڏيو وڃي ٿو، پر “فو” نالي وارو مضمون X بابت نه هجي، ته لازمي آهي ته X بابت مضمون ڏانهن يا اهڙي [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابھام دور ڪرڻ#ابھام دور ڪرڻ وارا صفحا|ابهام دور ڪرڻ واري صفحي]] ڏانهن هيٽنَوٽ ذريعي ڳنڍڻو ڏنو وڃي، جتي X بابت مضمون جو لنڪ موجود هجي.
# مثالي طور، هر صفحي يا حصي جي مٿان صرف هڪ هيٽنَوٽ رکيو وڃي. بهرحال، جيڪڏهن مختلف مقصدن لاءِ الڳ هيٽنَوٽ ضروري هجن (جهڙوڪ ساڳي نالن وارن موضوعن ۾ فرق ڪرڻ يا [[سانچو:Redirect|ريڊائريڪٽ جي وضاحت ڪرڻ]])، ته هڪ کان وڌيڪ به استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. اهڙي حالت ۾ {{tlx|Hatnote group}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪيو وڃي.
# هيٽنَوٽ ۾ [[وڪيپيڊيا:RED|ڳاڙها لنڪ]] شامل ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو وڃي. مضمون جي متن ۾ ڳاڙها لنڪ مددگار ٿي سگهن ٿا، پر هيٽنَوٽ ۾ اهي فائدو نٿا ڏين ۽ غير موجود صفحن ڏانهن اشارو ڪندڙ سانچن جي فهرست وڌائين ٿا.

مضمونن جي ابھام دور ڪرڻ بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابھام دور ڪرڻ]] ڏسو.

==جاءِ بندي==
{{See also|وڪيپيڊيا:اسلوب جي دستور العمل/تمهيدي حصو#عنصر}}
{{shortcut|WP:HATNOTEPLACE|WP:HNP}}
هيٽنَوٽ مضمون يا حصي جي بلڪل مٿان رکيا ويندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي مضمون جي شروعات ۾ استعمال ڪيا وڃن ته مختصر وضاحت واري سانچي کان فوراً پوءِ رکيا وڃن، پر ڪنهن به ٻي مواد کان اڳ، جنهن ۾ تحفظ جا نشان يا [[وڪيپيڊيا:سانچن جي فهرست/نگهداشت|نگهداشت وارا ٽيگ]] شامل آهن. ٻين عنصرن سان گڏ هيٽنَوٽ رکڻ جي ترتيب بابت وڌيڪ ڄاڻ لاءِ [[MOS:ORDER]] ۽ [[MOS:SECTIONLOC]] ڏسو. 
متن تي ٻڌل ويب برائوزر ۽ اسڪرين ريڊر صفحي کي ترتيبوار پيش ڪن ٿا. عنوان کان فوراً پوءِ هيٽنَوٽ رکڻ سان پڙهندڙ کي تڪڙو لاڳاپيل يا متبادل مضمون ڏانهن رهنمائي ملي ٿي، جيڪڏهن هو غلطي سان هتي پهتا هجن. اهڙي جڳهه بندي نيويگيشن کي بهتر بڻائي ٿي ۽ صارف جي مجموعي تجربي کي سڌاري ٿي.

== بناوت ==
گهڻن حالتن ۾، هيٽنَوٽ معياري هيٽنَوٽ سانچي استعمال ڪندي ٺاهيا وڃن، جيئن هيٺ {{section link|#Hatnote templates}} ۾ ڏيکاريل آهي. اهڙي طريقي سان ضرورت پوڻ تي پوري انسائيڪلوپيڊيا ۾ هيٽنَوٽ جي شڪل ۽ جوڙجڪ هڪجهڙي نموني تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، ۽ ڇپائي دوران انهن کي خارج به ڪري سگهجي ٿو.
انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ موجوده اسلوب مطابق، هيٽنَوٽ اطالوي لکت ۾ ۽ ٿورو اندر هٽيل انداز ۾ لکيا وڃن ٿا، بغير ڪنهن بُلٽ نشان جي. نوٽ هيٺ افقي ليڪ نه ڏني وڃي، نه ئي فهرست جي آخري شيءَ کان پوءِ. مضمونن ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ وقت [[وڪيپيڊيا:نالا رکڻ جا ضابطا (ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن)|نالن جي ضابطن]] تي عمل ڪيو وڃي – عام طور جملي جي صورت (sentence case) استعمال ڪئي وڃي، مڪمل ننڍن اکرن ۾ نه.

هيٽنَوٽ جو مواد طئي ڪندي ياد رکو ته اهو مضمون جي مواد جو حصو نه، پر يوزر انٽرفيس جو حصو آهي. ٻه اهم اصول آهن: وضاحت ۽ اختصار. هيٽنَوٽ ۾ غير ضروري معلومات نه ڏني وڃي، ۽ پيغام جلد ۽ صحيح نموني منتقل ڪيو وڃي. هن خيال کي مختصر طور “گهٽ وڌيڪ آهي” واري اصول سان بيان ڪيو وڃي ٿو.

=== ڊگھائي ۽ تعداد ===
{{shortcut|WP:1HAT|WP:ONESHORTHAT|WP:HATLENGTH}}
{{see|WP:SUMMARYHATNOTE}}
ڇاڪاڻ ته هيٽنَوٽ پڙهندڙ کي اصل مواد کان ڌار ڪن ٿا، تنهنڪري اهي عام طور ممڪن حد تائين مختصر هجن. ڊگهي وضاحت کان پاسو ڪيو وڃي؛ مضمون جو تمهيدي حصو وضاحت لاءِ هوندو آهي، نه ته هيٽنَوٽ. اڪثر حالتن ۾ هيٽنَوٽ جو مقصد صرف پڙهندڙ کي ٻين مضمونن ڏانهن موڪلڻ هوندو آهي، جيڪڏهن هو ڪنهن ٻي شيءَ جي ڳولا ۾ هجن.

جيڪڏهن ڪنهن اصطلاح لاءِ ابهام دور ڪرڻ وارو صفحو موجود هجي ته صرف ان ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ ڪافي آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن مضمون [[X]] هجي ته ان جو هيٽنَوٽ [[X (سلجھائپ)]] ڏانهن ڳنڍيندو. ان ۾ ٻين موضوعن جهڙوڪ [[X (گرافٽن ناول)|''X'' (گرافٽن ناول)]] يا [[X (چارج)]] جا الڳ داخلا شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ناهي، ڇو ته اهي اڳ ئي ابهام صفحي ۾ درج هوندا. 

پر جيڪڏهن ڪنهن وڏي تعداد ۾ پڙهندڙ ڪنهن ٻئي موضوع کي به انهيءَ عنوان هيٺ ڳولڻ جي اميد رکن ٿا، ته ان صورت ۾ هيٽنَوٽ ۾ اهو به شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، [[ترڪي]] ملڪ بابت آهي، پر ڪيترائي پڙهندڙ پکي بابت مضمون ڳولين ٿا؛ تنهنڪري اتي هيٽنَوٽ صحيح نموني هيئن ڏنو ويو آهي:

&lt;pre&gt;{{About|the country|the bird|Turkey (bird)|other uses|Turkey (disambiguation)}}&lt;/pre&gt;

جيڪو هيئن ظاهر ٿئي ٿو:

:{{بابت| ملڪ|پکي|ٽرڪي (پکي)|ٻيو استعمال|ترڪي (سلجھائپ)}}

ممڪن حد تائين گهٽ هيٽنَوٽ رکڻ گهرجن. هڪ واحد هيٽنَوٽ جيڪو ڪيترائي ڳنڍڻ سميٽي سگهي، ٻه يا وڌيڪ کان بهتر آهي. بهرحال، جيڪڏهن هر هڪ مختلف مقصد پورو ڪري (جهڙوڪ عنوان جي ابهام دور ڪرڻ يا ملندڙ جلندڙ اصطلاحن ۾ فرق ڪرڻ)، ته هڪ کان وڌيڪ مناسب ٿي سگهن ٿا.&lt;ref&gt;گهڻن هيٽنَوٽن جي قبوليت بابت وضاحت 2016ع جي هڪ بحث ۾ ڪئي وئي.&lt;/ref&gt;

== خلاصو ڏجي يا نه؟ ==
{{shortcut|WP:HNS}}
ڪجهه هيٽنَوٽ ابهام سانچا موجوده مضمون جو مختصر خلاصو ڏين ٿا؛ ٻيا خلاصو شامل نٿا ڪن. مثال طور، [[ماکي]] واري مضمون ۾ {{tlx|بابت|ھڪ ڪيڙي جو پيدا ڪيل پاڻياٺ}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جنهن سان نتيجو هيئن نڪري ٿو:

:{{بابت|ھڪ ڪيڙي جو پيدا ڪيل پاڻياٺ|ٻيا استعمال|ماکي (سلجھائپ)}}

متبادل طور {{tlx|ٻيا استعمال}} استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو:

:{{ٻيا استعمال|ماکي (سلجھائپ)}}

ٻئي انداز قبول آهن. ڪنهن مضمون ۾ ڪهڙو انداز اختيار ڪجي، اهو ايڊيٽرن جي ترجيحن ۽ پڙهندڙ لاءِ وڌيڪ واضح هجڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. (هن مثال ۾، گهڻا انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ڄاڻن ٿا ته ماکي ڇا آهي، تنهنڪري ٻيو، وڌيڪ مختصر هيٽنَوٽ مناسب آهي.) جيڪڏهن ڪنهن مضمون ۾ اڳ ئي هڪ انداز موجود هجي، ته بغير معقول سبب ان کي ٻئي انداز ۾ تبديل نه ڪيو وڃي.

== صحيح استعمال جا مثال ==

=== هڪجهڙن عنوانن وارا ٻه مضمون ===
{{shortcut|WP:SIMILAR}}
{{See also|وڪيپيڊيا:ابھام دور ڪرڻ#ڇا بنيادي موضوع موجود آهي؟|وڪيپيڊيا:ابهام دور ڪرڻ#ابهام صفحو يا هيٽنَوٽ؟}}
{{quote article content|1=
{{about|انگلينڊ جي ڳوٺ بابت|ايڇ. پي. لاوڪرافٽ جي خيالي شهر بابت|Dunwich (Lovecraft)}}
'''Dunwich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|n|ɪ|tʃ}}) انگلينڊ جي ڪائونٽي [[Suffolk]] ۾ هڪ شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪنهن زماني ۾ اون جي واپار ۽ بندرگاهه سبب خوشحال هو. ...
}}

جڏهن ٻه مضمون ساڳيو بنيادي عنوان رکن، پر هڪ ۾ وضاحتي اضافو (سلجھائندڙ) هجي ۽ ٻئي ۾ نه، ۽ غير وضاحتي عنوان تبديل ڪرڻ مناسب نه هجي، ته ان غير وضاحتي مضمون ۾ ٻئي مضمون ڏانهن هيٽنَوٽ شامل ڪيو وڃي. الڳ ابهام صفحو ٺاهڻ ضروري ناهي. هتي {{tlx|about}} سانچو استعمال ڪيو ويو:

&lt;pre&gt;{{about|the village in England|H. P. Lovecraft's fictional town|Dunwich (Lovecraft)}}&lt;/pre&gt;

=== اهڙا اصطلاح جيڪي ٻي موضوع سان غلط فهمي پيدا ڪن ===
{{shortcut|WP:HATCONFUSE|WP:HATMISSPELL}}
{{quote article content|1=
{{distinguish|Pearl}}
'''Perl''' اعليٰ سطح جي ۽ عام مقصد واري پروگرامنگ ٻولين جو هڪ خاندان آهي. ...
}}

جڏهن ڪو اصطلاح ساڳي نالي يا عام غلطي سان لکيل ٻئي عنوان سان ملي سگهي، ته {{tlx|distinguish}} جهڙو هيٽنَوٽ استعمال ڪيو وڃي. اهو خاص طور تڏهن مفيد آهي جڏهن گهڻا پڙهندڙ ٽائپنگ غلطي سبب هتي پهچي سگهن.  

پر {{em|استعمال نه ڪريو}} جيڪڏهن ٻن موضوعن ۾ فرق اضافي وضاحت کان سواءِ واضح نه ٿئي. اهڙي صورت ۾ {{tlx|about}}، {{tlx|for}} يا {{tlx|other uses}} استعمال ڪيا وڃن، جيڪي مختصر وضاحت مهيا ڪن ٿا.

=== ابهام صفحي ڏانهن ڳنڍڻ ===
{{shortcut|WP:HATDAB}}
{{quote article content|1=
{{other uses|Monolith (disambiguation)}}
'''Monolith''' هڪ يادگار يا قدرتي ٺهڻ آهي جيڪا هڪ وڏي پٿر مان ٺهيل هجي. ...
}}

جيڪڏهن ڪنهن اصطلاح جو هڪ بنيادي مطلب ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي مطلب هجن، ته بنيادي مضمون ۾ ابهام صفحي ڏانهن هيٽنَوٽ شامل ڪيو وڃي. ان لاءِ {{tlx|other uses}} مناسب آهي.

ڪڏهن ڪڏهن موجوده مضمون جو مختصر بيان به شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي:

{{quote article content|1=
{{about|يوناني ڏند ڪٿا واري ليبارنٿ بابت|other uses|Labyrinth (disambiguation)}}
يوناني ڏند ڪٿائن ۾ '''Labyrinth''' هڪ پيچيده ماز جهڙو ڍانچو هو جيڪو بادشاهه [[Minos]] لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو. ...
}}

=== ابهام وارو اصطلاح جيڪو واضح نالي واري مضمون ڏانهن ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ===
{{shortcut|WP:AMBIGTERM|WP:HATREDIR}}

جيڪڏهن ڪو مبهم عنوان واضح مضمون ڏانهن ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي، ته {{tlx|redirect}} سانچو استعمال ڪيو وڃي ته جيئن پڙهندڙ سمجهي سگهي ته ڇا ٿيو آهي.

{{quote article content|1=
{{redirect|Bach}}
'''Johann Sebastian Bach''' هڪ جرمن موسيقار هو. ...
}}

=== نگهداشت وارن ٽيگ کان مٿي هيٽنَوٽ ===
هميشه هيٽنَوٽ نگهداشت ٽيگ کان مٿي، پر مختصر وضاحت واري سانچي کان هيٺ رکيو وڃي. تفصيلي هدايت لاءِ {{slink|#جاءِ بندي}} ڏسو.

=== اطالوي لنڪن سان هيٽنَوٽ ===
{{shortcut|WP:ITHAT}}
ڪڏهن هيٽنَوٽ ۾ اهڙا عنوان هوندا آهن جيڪي عام طور اطالوي لکت ۾ لکيا وڃن ٿا (مثلاً ڪتابن جا نالا يا سائنسي نالا). ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هيٽنَوٽ اڳ ۾ ئي اطالوي ۾ ظاهر ٿين ٿا، تنهنڪري اهڙن عنوانن کي {{em|غير اطالوي}} ڪرڻو پوندو ته جيئن ٻيڻو اطالوي نه ٿئي.

==== ڇو ضروري آهي؟ ====
غلط فارميٽنگ پڙهندڙ کي گمراهه ڪري سگهي ٿي ۽ [[وڪيپيڊيا:اسلوب جي دستور العمل#اطالوي لکت|اسلوب جي دستور العمل]] جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري سگهي ٿي.

==== اطالوي ختم ڪرڻ جو طريقو ====
* ٻه اپوسٽروفي استعمال ڪريو: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;''...''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* يا {{tag|i}} ايڇ ٽي ايم ايل ٽيگ استعمال ڪريو.

مثال:
{{tlc|nolink=yes|Redirect|Spotted angle|ٻئي تتلي لاءِ|Caprona alida&lt;nowiki&gt;{{!}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''Caprona alida''}}

==== ليبل پيرا ميٽر سان هيٽنَوٽ ====
ڪيترن سانچن (مثلاً {{tlx|Main}}، {{tlx|See also}}، {{tlx|Further}}) ۾ ليبل پيرا ميٽر هوندا آهن، جن سان آئوٽ پُٽ کي حسب ضرورت ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ٿو:

&lt;pre&gt;{{See also|Caprona alida|label1=''Caprona alida''}}&lt;/pre&gt;

== سانچو ٺاهڻ يا ترميم ڪرڻ کان اڳ ڇا ڪجي ==
{{strong|انهن سانچن سان [[وڪيپيڊيا:Substitution|subst:]] استعمال نه ڪريو}}، ڇو ته ان سان:
# سانچي ۾ تبديلي اچڻ باوجود پراڻا صفحا اپڊيٽ نه ٿيندا
# ''What links here'' فهرست ڪم نه ڪندي

نئون سانچو ٺاهڻ يا موجوده ۾ تبديلي ڪرڻ کان اڳ پاڻ کان پڇو:
# ڇا اڳ ۾ اهڙو سانچو موجود آهي؟ ڏسو: [[: زمرو:ھيٽنوٽ سانچا]]
# ڇا واقعي نئين سانچي جي ضرورت آهي، يا {{tlx|Hatnote}} سان ڪم ٿي سگهي ٿو؟
# جيڪڏهن موجوده سانچي جا پيرا ميٽر بدلجن، ته ڇا نتيجا معلوم آهن؟ ڇا هزارين مضمون متاثر ٿيندا؟

تبديلي ڪرڻ کان اڳ [[وڪيپيڊيا:Template sandbox and test cases]] ضرور ڏسو.

== هيٽنَوٽس جو غلط استعمال جا مثال ==
{{Shortcut|WP:NOTHATNOTE|WP:NOTAHAT|WP:HATNOT}}
&lt;!-- جن مثالن لاءِ پرما لنڪ ڏنا ويا آهن، اهي انهيءَ ئي نسخي مان لفظ بہ لفظ ورتل آهن. اهڙن مثالن ۾ ڪا به ڪاپي ايڊيٽنگ ڪرڻ کان اڳ ڳالهيون صفحي تي بحث ڪرڻ ضروري آهي. --&gt;
هيٺ هيٽنَوٽس جي غلط استعمال جا ڪجهه مثال ڏنا ويا آهن.

=== معمولي ڄاڻ، لغتي تعريفون، ۽ سلينگ ===
{{Shortcut|WP:TRHAT}}
جڏهن نوٽ ۾ رڳو معمولي تفصيل يا اصطلاح جي تکو استعمال جو ذڪر هجي، يا انتهائي مخصوص ۽ [[Wiktionary:tendentious|جانبدارانه]] مواد ڏانهن لنڪ هجي، ته اهڙا نوٽ غيرضروري آهن.

[[Special:PermaLink/23034454|اڳوڻي نسخي]] ۾ [[Investment]] مضمون ۾ هي ڏيکاريل هو:

{{quote article content|1=&lt;div style=&quot;background: var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|During a [[siege]], to '''invest''' a town or fortress means to surround it with a [[contravallation]] and a [[circumvallation]].}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''Investment''' is a [[Term (language)|term]] with several closely related meanings in [[finance]] and [[economics]]. It refers to the accumulation of some kind of [[asset]] in hopes of getting a future [[return (finance)|return]] from it.&amp;nbsp;...
}}

هن صورت ۾ ڪا سڌي ابهام دور ڪرڻ (disambiguation) موجود ناهي، ۽ اهو نوٽ گهڻن پڙهندڙن لاءِ غيردلچسپ هوندو. صحيح ابهام دور ڪرڻ رڳو الڳ [[Invest (disambiguation)]] صفحي ڏانهن لنڪ ڏيڻ سان ٿي وڃي ٿي.

=== موضوع بابت جائز ڄاڻ ===
{{Shortcut|WP:LEGITHAT}}
[[Special:PermaLink/23208477|اڳوڻي نسخي]] ۾ [[Aisha]] مضمون ۾ هي ڏيکاريل هو:

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|Ayesha is sometimes used as a woman's name. Once popular only among Muslims, it was briefly popular among English-speakers after it appeared in the book ''[[She (novel)|She]]'' by [[Rider Haggard]].}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''Aisha''' or '''Ayesha''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] {{lang|ar|عائشه}} {{lang|ar-Latn|`ā'isha}} = 'she who lives') was a wife of the [[Islam]]ic [[prophet]] [[Muhammad]].&amp;nbsp;...
}}

هي ابهام دور ڪرڻ واري هيٽنَوٽ جو غلط استعمال آهي. اهڙي ڄاڻ مضمون جي متن ۾ هجڻ گهرجي، يا ڪتاب بابت مضمون ۾، يا نالن بابت الڳ مضمون ۾، يا سڀني هنڌن تي. هيٽنَوٽس جو مقصد موضوع بابت اضافي ڄاڻ ڏيڻ نه، پر پڙهندڙ کي ان ٻئي مضمون ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ آهي جنهن کي هو ممڪن آهي ڳولي رهيو هجي.

=== موضوع سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن ڏانهن لنڪ ڏيڻ ===
{{Shortcut|WP:RELATED}}
ابهام واري هيٽنَوٽس جو مقصد انهن الڳ موضوعن ڏانهن لنڪ ڏيڻ آهي جيڪي ساڳئي عنوان (يا ان جي ريڊائريڪٽس) سان سڏيا وڃن ٿا. اهي رڳو “لاڳاپيل” موضوعن ڏانهن لنڪ ڏيڻ لاءِ نه آهن:

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{About|the scientific study of extraterrestrial life|treatment in popular culture|Extraterrestrial life in popular culture}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''Extraterrestrial life''' is [[life]] that may exist and originate outside the planet [[Earth]]. Its existence is currently hypothetical: there is as yet no evidence of extraterrestrial life that has been widely accepted by scientists.&amp;nbsp;...
}}

اهڙي حالت ۾ ابهام واري هيٽنَوٽ بدران بهتر آهي ته [[Wikipedia:Summary style|خلاصو انداز]] مطابق [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture]] کي [[Extraterrestrial life]] اندر هڪ ذيلي حصي ۾ خلاصو ڪيو وڃي ۽ گڏ ۾ {{tlx|main}} استعمال ڪجي.

{{Shortcut|WP:LEADSEEALSO|WP:LEADMAIN}}
ساڳي طرح، صفحي جي مٿان {{em|نه}} {{tlx|see also}} يا {{tlx|main}} رکو، ڇو ته اهي رڳو سيڪشنن لاءِ آهن؛ انهن جي بدران {{tlx|other uses}} ۽ {{tlx|broader}} مناسب متبادل ٿي سگهن ٿا.

هي هدايت ان حالت ۾ ابهام واري هيٽنَوٽس جي استعمال کي روڪي نٿي، جتي موضوع پاڻ ۾ لاڳاپيل به هجن پر پوءِ به ساڳئي عنوان سان سڏيا وڃن ۽ واقعي ابهام پيدا ڪن؛ جهڙوڪ ڪتاب ۽ ان جي فلم (مثال طور ''[[Where the Crawdads Sing]]'' بابت مضمون ۾ [[Where the Crawdads Sing (film)|''Where the Crawdads Sing'' (film)]] ڏانهن هيٽنَوٽ).

=== اهڙن مضمونن جي عنوانن کي ابهام ڪرڻ جيڪي مبهم ئي ناهن ===
{{anchor|NAMB}}
{{Shortcut|WP:NAMB|WP:NOTAMB|WP:NOTAMBIGUOUS|WP:NOHAT|WP:NOHATNOTE}}
عام طور تي جيڪڏهن مضمون جو نالو مبهم نه هجي ته هيٽنَوٽ کان پاسو ڪرڻ بهتر آهي.

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;big&gt;'''Water (''wuxing'')'''&lt;/big&gt;
----
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{Other uses|Water (disambiguation)}}&lt;/div&gt;
In Chinese philosophy, '''water''' ({{zh|c=水|p=shuǐ}}), is the low point of matter. It is considered matter's dying or hiding stage.&amp;nbsp;...
}}

هتي هيٽنَوٽ هٽائي سگهجي ٿو. جيڪو پڙهندڙ وڪيپيڊيا اندروني لنڪن ذريعي اچي ٿو، اهو امڪان گهٽ آهي ته هو [[Water (wuxing)|Water (''wuxing'')]] تي اچي جڏهن هو “water” جا ٻيا مطلب ڳولي رهيو هجي، ڇو ته [[water]] اتي ريڊائريڪٽ نٿو ٿئي.

پر جيڪڏهن وڌيڪ مخصوص نالو به پوءِ به مبهم رهي، ته هيٽنَوٽ مناسب ٿي سگهي ٿو؛ مثال طور [[Tree (set theory)]] ۽ [[Tree (descriptive set theory)]].

ابهام واري عنوانن وارن مضمونن ۾ هيٽنَوٽس جي موجودگي/غيرموجودگي تي اختلاف رهيو آهي. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڪي ايڊيٽر هيٽنَوٽ لازمي سمجهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ ڪيترن مضمونن جو نالو [[Treaty of Paris]].

جيڪڏهن ڪو مبهم اصطلاح ڪنهن واضح نالي واري مضمون ڏانهن ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي، تڏهن به هيٽنَوٽ {{em|مناسب ٿي سگهي ٿو}} جيئن مٿي {{Section link|#Ambiguous term that redirects to an unambiguously named article}} ۾ بيان ٿيل آهي.

=== اضافي لنڪ&lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;HATEXTRA&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; ===
{{Shortcut|WP:HATEXTRA}}
هيٽنَوٽ ۾ مبهم يا گڊمڊ ٿيندڙ موضوعن کان سواءِ هر اضافي لنڪ گهربل منزل ڳولڻ کي ڏکيو بڻائي ٿو. مثال طور، [[Special:Permalink/240985222|اڳوڻي نسخي]] ۾ [[WTOB (AM)]] مضمون ۾:

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|For the [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], United States radio station known as WTIX from 1953–2005, see [[:WQNO|WIST (AM)]].}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''WTIX''' (980 [[AM broadcasting|AM]]) is a [[radio station]] broadcasting a [[sports talk|sports radio]] format.&amp;nbsp;...
}}

هتي [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] ڏانهن لنڪ مبهم عنوان سان لاڳاپيل ناهي. رڳو ممڪن ٻي منزل [[WIST (AM)]] ڏانهن لنڪ رکڻ سان پڙهندڙ لاءِ ڳولڻ آسان ٿي وڃي ٿو:

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-success-subtle, #dff2eb);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|For the New Orleans, Louisiana, United States radio station known as WTIX from 1953–2005, see [[:WQNO|WIST (AM)]].}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''WTIX''' (980 [[AM broadcasting|AM]]) is a [[radio station]] broadcasting a [[sports talk|sports radio]] format.&amp;nbsp;...
}}

=== ٻاهرين لنڪ ===
{{Shortcut|WP:ELHAT}}
[[Hurricane Katrina]] مضمون جي هڪ اڳوڻي نسخي ۾:

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|1=If you are trying to locate someone missing in Hurricane Katrina, or register yourself as found, you can use the site [http://www.disastersearch.org ''www.disastersearch.org''.]}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''Hurricane Katrina''', which made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], on August 29, 2005, was one of the most destructive and expensive [[tropical cyclones]] to hit the United States. ...
}}

وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ٻاهرين مدد وارا لنڪ اهڙي نموني برقرار رکڻ عملي طور ممڪن ناهي. خاص حالتن ۾ “[[Wikipedia:External links|ٻاهرين لنڪ]]” سيڪشن ڏانهن اندروني لنڪ مناسب ٿي سگهي ٿو، پر [[Wikipedia:POV|نظرئي جي جانبداري]] مسئلو پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. هتي هيٽنَوٽ مڪمل طور هٽايو ويو.

=== غير موجود مضمون ===
{{Shortcut|WP:NOARTICLE|WP:REDHAT}}
{{For|الڳ مضمون ٺاهڻ يا سيڪشن رکڻ بابت هدايت لاءِ|Wikipedia:Notability#Whether to create standalone pages{{!}}Wikipedia:Notability § Whether to create standalone pages}}

هيٽنَوٽس ۾ [[Wikipedia:Red link|ڳاڙها لنڪ]] (جهڙوڪ {{fake redlink|Foo}}) نه هجن، ڇو ته هيٽنَوٽ جو مقصد پڙهندڙ کي ڪنهن موجود مضمون ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ آهي.

=== غيرضروري تفصيل ===
[[Special:PermaLink/1313297869|اڳوڻي نسخي]] ۾ [[Ramesses II]] مضمون ۾:

{{quote article content|1=&lt;div style=&quot;background: var(--background-color-destructive-subtle, #ffe9e5);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|&quot;Ramses II&quot; redirects here. For the heavily modified Soviet T-55 main battle tank of the Egyptian military, see [[Ramses II tank]].}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''Ramesses II''' was an [[Pharaoh|Egyptian pharaoh]].&amp;nbsp;...
}}

هتي وضاحت حد کان وڌيڪ تفصيلي آهي. صحيح ابهام دور ڪرڻ رڳو ايتري ڄاڻ ڏئي جو ٻنهي موضوعن ۾ فرق واضح ٿي وڃي:

{{quote article content|1=
&lt;div style=&quot;background:var(--background-color-success-subtle, #dff2eb);&quot;&gt;{{Hatnote|&quot;Ramses II&quot; redirects here. For the vehicle, see [[Ramses II tank]].}}&lt;/div&gt;
'''Ramesses II''' was an [[Pharaoh|Egyptian pharaoh]].&amp;nbsp;...
}}

== &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Templates&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;هيٽنَوٽ سانچا ==

=== عام هيٽنَوٽ ===
{{tlx|Hatnote}} عام متن کي هيٽنَوٽ جي صورت ۾ ڏيکارڻ لاءِ آهي. اهو تڏهن مناسب آهي جڏهن هيٺ ڏنل مخصوص سانچن مان ڪو به اهڙي پيرا ميٽر ميلاپ سان ڪم نه ڪري، يا جڏهن ڪيترن کي گڏ ڪري هڪ ئي هيٽنَوٽ ٺاهڻو هجي.

* {{tlx|Hatnote|CUSTOM TEXT}} → {{Hatnote|CUSTOM TEXT}}
** {{tlx|Hatnote|For other senses of this term, see &lt;nowiki&gt;[[&lt;/nowiki&gt;etc...&lt;nowiki&gt;]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} → {{Hatnote|For other senses of this term, see [[etc...]]}}
* {{tlx|Self reference}} (وڪيپيڊيا جي اندروني مواد بابت پاڻ ڏانهن اشارو ڪندڙ عام سانچو)

=== ساڳئي عنوان جا ٻيا استعمال (&quot;''For ..., see ...''&quot;) ===
جيڪڏهن عنوان مبهم نه هجي ته عام طور هيٽنَوٽ نه رکڻ بهتر آهي، جيئن {{slink|#اهڙن مضمونن جي عنوانن کي ابهام ڪرڻ جيڪي مبهم ئي ناهن}} ۾ آهي.

{{em|{{OOUI icon|information}} Note:}} جڏهن [[Wikipedia:Main namespace|مکيه نيم اسپيس]] ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿو، ته هيٽنَوٽ ۾ “page” بدران “article” ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي.

==== &quot;''This article is about ... For other uses, see...''&quot; ====
{{tlx|About}} ٻيا استعمال ٻڌائڻ لاءِ بنيادي سانچو آهي.

* {{tlx|About|TOPIC}} → {{About|TOPIC}}
* {{tlx|About|USE1&lt;nowiki&gt;||&lt;/nowiki&gt;PAGE2}} → {{About|USE1||PAGE2}}
* {{tlx|About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2}} → {{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2}}
* {{tlx|About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|and|PAGE3}} → {{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|and|PAGE3}}
* {{tlx|About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2#SUBSECTION{{tlf|!}}PAGE2TITLE}} → {{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2#SUBSECTION{{!}}PAGE2TITLE}}
* {{tlx|About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|other uses}} → {{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|other uses}}
* {{tlx|About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|other uses|PAGE3}} → {{About|USE1|USE2|PAGE2|other uses|PAGE3}}
* {{tlx|About|&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;USE2|PAGE2|USE3|PAGE3|other uses}} → {{About||USE2|PAGE2|USE3|PAGE3|other uses}}
* {{tlx|About|&lt;nowiki&gt;||&lt;/nowiki&gt;PAGE1|and|PAGE2}} → {{About|||PAGE1|and|PAGE2|_nocat=1}}
* Note: {{tlx|for|&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;PAGE1|PAGE2}} ساڳيو نتيجو ڏئي ٿو.
* {{tlx|About|TOPIC|&lt;nowiki&gt;section=yes&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} → {{About|TOPIC|section=yes}}
** Note: هتي “article/page” بدران “section” ڏيکاريو ويندو.
* {{tlx|About|USE1|text{{=}}TEXT}} → {{About|USE1|text = TEXT}}

==== &quot;''This page is about ... It is not to be confused with ...''&quot; ====
{{tlx|About-distinguish}} اهڙين حالتن لاءِ آهي جتي ٻي موضوع سان گڊمڊ ٿيڻ جو خطرو هجي.

* {{tlx|About-distinguish|USE1|PAGE1}} → {{About-distinguish|USE1|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|About-distinguish-text|USE1|TEXT}} → {{About-distinguish-text|USE1|TEXT}}

==== &quot;''For ..., see ...''&quot; ====
{{tlx|For}}، {{tlx|About}} جي بدران استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو جڏهن “This page is about ...” وارو حصو ڏيکارڻ نه گهرجي، پر ٻئي استعمال کي خاص ڪري ٻڌائڻو هجي.

مثال طور: {{tlx|For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}} ساڳيو آهي جيئن {{tlx|About|&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}} (يعني پهريون پيرا ميٽر خالي).

* {{tlx|For|OTHER TOPIC}} → {{For|OTHER TOPIC}}
* {{tlx|For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}} → {{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2}} → {{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2}}
* {{tlx|For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}} → {{For|OTHER TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}

===== تبديليون =====
{{tlx|For-text}} ڪسٽم متن لاءِ آهي؛ اهو پاڻمرادو وِڪيلنڪ نه ٺاهي ٿو.
* {{tlx|For-text|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT}} → {{for-text|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT}}
۽ ٽي موضوعن تائين سپورٽ ڪري ٿو:
* {{tlx|For-text|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT|OTHER TOPIC 2|CUSTOM TEXT 2}} → {{for-text|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT|OTHER TOPIC 2|CUSTOM TEXT 2}}
* {{tlx|For-text|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT|OTHER TOPIC 2|CUSTOM TEXT 2|OTHER TOPIC 3|CUSTOM TEXT 3}} → {{for-text|OTHER TOPIC|CUSTOM TEXT|OTHER TOPIC 2|CUSTOM TEXT 2|OTHER TOPIC 3|CUSTOM TEXT 3}}

==== &quot;''For other uses, see ...''&quot; ====
جڏهن {{tlx|About}} جهڙو ڊگهو هيٽنَوٽ ضروري نه هجي، ته {{tlx|Other uses}} مفيد آهي.

* {{tlx|Other uses}} → {{Other uses|Hatnote (disambiguation)}}
* {{tlx|Other uses|PAGE1}} → {{Other uses|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Other uses|PAGE1|PAGE2}} → {{Other uses|PAGE1|PAGE2}}

===== تبديليون =====
تاريخي طور “other uses” وارن سانچن جو هڪ خاندان رهيو آهي. معيار طور {{tlx|About}} آهي، ۽ گهڻيون حالتون {{tlx|About}} سان ئي بيان ٿي سگهن ٿيون، پر ڪڏهن ڪڏهن مخصوص سانچا آسانيءَ سان استعمال ٿين ٿا.

=====&quot;''For other uses of ..., see ...''&quot;=====
* {{tlx|Other uses of|TOPIC}} → {{Other uses of|TOPIC|Topic (disambiguation){{!}}TOPIC (disambiguation)}}
* {{tlx|Other uses of|TOPIC|PAGE1}} → {{Other uses of|TOPIC|PAGE1}}

=== ريڊائريڪٽ ===
==== &quot;''... redirects here. For other uses, see ...''&quot; ====
* {{tlx|Redirect|REDIRECT1}} → {{Redirect|REDIRECT1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect|REDIRECT1&lt;nowiki&gt;||&lt;/nowiki&gt;PAGE1}} → {{Redirect|REDIRECT1||PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect|REDIRECT1|USE1|PAGE1}} → {{Redirect|REDIRECT1|USE1|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect|REDIRECT1|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2}} → {{Redirect|REDIRECT1|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2}}
* {{tlx|Redirect|REDIRECT1|USE1|PAGE1|and|PAGE2}} → {{Redirect|REDIRECT1|USE1|PAGE1|and|PAGE2}}

; تبديليون:
* ٻن ريڊائريڪٽس لاءِ:
** {{tlx|Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2}} → {{Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2}}
** {{tlx|Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE}} → {{Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE}}
** {{tlx|Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2&lt;nowiki&gt;||PAGE1&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} → {{Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2||PAGE1}}
** {{tlx|Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE|PAGE1}} → {{Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE|PAGE1}}
** {{tlx|Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2}} → {{Redirect2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2}}
* ٽي يا وڌيڪ ريڊائريڪٽس لاءِ:
** {{tlx|Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2}} → {{Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2}}
** {{tlx|Redirect-multi|3|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3}} → {{Redirect-multi|3|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3}}
** {{tlx|Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE|PAGE}} → {{Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE|PAGE}}
** {{tlx|Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2|and|PAGE3}} → {{Redirect-multi|2|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|USE1|PAGE1|USE2|PAGE2|and|PAGE3}}
** {{tlx|Redirect-several|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3}} → {{Redirect-several|REDIRECT1|REDIRECT2|REDIRECT3}}
* “redirects here.” کان پوءِ متن ڏيڻ لاءِ:
** {{tlx|Redirect|REDIRECT|text{{=}}TEXT}} → {{Redirect|REDIRECT|text = TEXT}}
** {{tlx|Redirect-synonym|TERM|OTHER TOPIC}} → {{Redirect-synonym|TERM|OTHER TOPIC}}

==== &quot;''For technical reasons, ... redirects here. ...''&quot; ====
* {{tlx|Technical reasons|REDIRECT}} → {{Technical reasons|REDIRECT}}
* {{tlx|Technical reasons|REDIRECT|PAGE}} → {{Technical reasons|REDIRECT|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Technical reasons|REDIRECT|DESCRIPTION|PAGE}} → {{Technical reasons|REDIRECT|DESCRIPTION|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Technical reasons|REDIRECT|DESCRIPTION1|PAGE1|DESCRIPTION2|PAGE2}} → {{Technical reasons|REDIRECT|DESCRIPTION1|PAGE1|DESCRIPTION2|PAGE2}}

==== ''... redirects here. Not to be confused with ...'' ====
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}} → {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}} → {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish2|REDIRECT|TEXT}} → {{Redirect-distinguish2|REDIRECT|TEXT}}

=== ساڳيا مناسب نالا (&quot;''For other people named ...''&quot;) ===

==== ٻيا ماڻهو ====
* {{tlx|Other people}} → {{Other people}}
* {{tlx|Other people|NAME}} → {{Other people|NAME}}
* {{tlx|Other people|NAME|PAGE}} → {{Other people|NAME|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Other people|&lt;nowiki&gt;|PAGE&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} → {{Other people||PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Other people|NAME|PAGE|named{{=}}titled}} → {{Other people|NAME|PAGE|named=titled}}
* {{tlx|About other people|PERSON1}} → {{About other people|PERSON1}}
* {{tlx|About other people|PERSON1|NAME}} → {{About other people|PERSON1|NAME}}
* {{tlx|About other people|PERSON1|NAME|named{{=}}titled}} → {{About other people|PERSON1|NAME|named=titled}}
* {{tlx|About other people|PERSON1|NAME|PAGE}} → {{About other people|PERSON1|NAME|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|About other people|PERSON1&lt;nowiki&gt;||&lt;/nowiki&gt;PAGE}} → {{About other people|PERSON1||PAGE}}
* {{tlx|About other people|PERSON1||PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}} → {{About other people|PERSON1||PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}
* {{tlx|Similar names|NAME1|NAME2|NAME3|NAME4}} → {{Similar names|NAME1|NAME2|NAME3|NAME4}}
*:Note: ڊيفالٽ “named” آهي (جيئن {{tlx|Other people}} ۾)، پر “nicknamed”، “known as” وغيره لاءِ آپشن موجود آهن.

==== ٻيون جڳهيون/ٻيون جهاز/ٻيا طوفان ====
* {{tlx|Other places}} → {{Other places|Hatnote (disambiguation)}}
* {{tlx|Other places|PAGE}} → {{Other places|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Other ships|SHIP1}} → {{Other ships|SHIP1}}
* {{tlx|Other hurricanes|HURR}} → {{Other hurricanes|HURR}}

=== فرق ٻڌايو (Distinguish) ===

==== &quot;''Not to be confused with ...''&quot; ====
* {{tlx|Distinguish|PAGE1}} → {{Distinguish|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Distinguish|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}} → {{Distinguish|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}}
* {{tlx|Distinguish|text {{=}} TEXT}} → {{Distinguish|text = TEXT}}
* {{tlx|Distinguish|text {{=}} TEXT1 [[[[PAGE1]]]] TEXT2}} → {{Distinguish|text = TEXT1 [[PAGE1]] TEXT2}}

==== &quot;''... redirects here; not to be confused with ...''&quot; ====
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}} → {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}} → {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}}
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish-text|REDIRECT|TEXT}} → {{Redirect-distinguish-text|REDIRECT|TEXT}}

=== خاندان جا نالا ===
{{shortcut|WP:HATPAT|WP:HATFAM}}
{{further|:Category:Hatnote templates for names}}
خاندان جا نالا [[Template:Family_name_explanation#Footnotes_vs._hatnotes|هيٽنَوٽ بدران اِن لائين فوٽنَوٽس]] ذريعي به واضح ڪري سگهجن ٿا، {{tlx|Family name footnote}} سان.

=== سيڪشنن ۾ استعمال لاءِ ===
{{See|WP:SUMMARYHATNOTE}}

==== &quot;''Main article: ...''&quot; ====
{{tlx|Main}} خلاصو انداز کي واضح ڪرڻ لاءِ، يعني جڏهن سيڪشن جو موضوع الڳ مضمون ۾ به موجود هجي:
* {{tlx|Main|Main Article}} → {{Main|Main Article}}
* {{tlx|Main|Main Article|Article2}} → {{Main|Main Article|Article2}}
* {{tlx|Main list|Article1}} → {{Main list|Article1}}
* {{tlx|Main category|Category name}} → {{Main category|Category name}}

==== &quot;''Further information: ...''&quot; ====
{{tlx|Further}} خلاصو سيڪشنن ۾ {{tlx|Main}} سان گڏ هلي سگهي ٿو، يا غيرخلاصو سيڪشنن ۾ وڌيڪ تفصيل ڏانهن اشارو ڪري سگهي ٿو:
* {{tlx|Further|PAGE}} → {{Further|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Further|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}} → {{Further|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}
* {{tlx|Further|topic{{=}}TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}} → {{Further|topic=TOPIC|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3}}
* {{tlx|Further2|&lt;nowiki&gt;[[PAGE1]], [[PAGE2]], and other text&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} → {{Further2|[[PAGE1]], [[PAGE2]], and other text}}
* {{tlx|Further ill}} اهڙي مضمون ڏانهن لنڪ لاءِ آهي، جتي انگريزي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ مضمون ناهي پر ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ موجود آهي.

==== &quot;''See also ...''&quot; ====
{{tlx|See also}} سيڪشن جي مٿان استعمال ٿيندو آهي:
* {{tlx|See also|TOPIC PAGE|OTHER TOPIC PAGE}} → {{See also|TOPIC PAGE|OTHER TOPIC PAGE}}
:Note: رڳو تڏهن استعمال ڪريو جڏهن OTHER TOPIC PAGE واقعي لاڳاپيل هجي ۽ ان جو قوسين وارو حصو پاڻ سمجهڻ جهڙو هجي.

* {{tlx|See also2|&lt;nowiki&gt;[[OTHER TOPIC]]|[[OTHER TOPIC2]]|[[OTHER TOPIC3]] and other text&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} → {{See also2|[[OTHER TOPIC]]|[[OTHER TOPIC2]]|[[OTHER TOPIC3]] and other text}}

==== مضمون يا سيڪشن ٽرانسڪلوژن ====
* {{tlx|Transcluding article|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3...}} → {{Transcluding article|PAGE1|PAGE2|...}}
* {{tlx|Transcluded section|PAGE}} → {{Transcluded section|PAGE}}
* {{tlx|Transcluded section|PAGE|part{{=}}yes}} → {{Transcluded section|PAGE|part=yes}}

===&lt;span id=&quot;Categories&quot;&gt;زمرا وارن صفحن لاءِ&lt;/span&gt;===
{{Category see also|Hatnote templates for category pages}}
زمري لاءِ مخصوص سانچا:
* {{tlx|Category see also|THIS|THAT|THE OTHER}} → {{Category see also|THIS|THAT|THE OTHER}}
هي سانچو زمرن کي “افقي” طور ڳنڍڻ لاءِ آهي. گهڻين حالتن ۾ هي سانچو ٻنهي زمرن تي لڳايو ويندو آهي ته “ٻطرفي ڳانڍاپو” پيدا ٿئي.

* {{tlx|Cat main|MAIN ARTICLE}} → {{Cat main|MAIN ARTICLE}}
* {{tlx|Category explanation|colourless green ideas}} → {{Category explanation|colourless green ideas}}
* {{tlx|Category pair|TOPIC1|TOPIC2}} → {{Category</text>
      <sha1>7tgxfl93z2t5i4mja3asouemwymsnqd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>وڪيپيڊيا:Hatnote (سلجھائپ)</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>90785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377341</id>
      <parentid>357678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:39:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="364" sha1="2k5eprqsl420o1l1xbz3lyyp8446tey" xml:space="preserve">'''[[وڪيپيڊيا:هيٽنوٽ]]''' وڪيپيڊيا جي مضمونن ۾ رکيل مختصر نوٽس آهن۔

هيءَ اصطلاح هيٺين لاءِ به استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو:
*[[Template:Hatnote]]
*[[Hatnote: Listen To Wikipedia]]، هڪ سافٽويئر جيڪو وڪيپيڊيا جي ترميمن کي آواز ۾ تبديل ڪندو هو</text>
      <sha1>2k5eprqsl420o1l1xbz3lyyp8446tey</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377342</id>
      <parentid>377341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:40:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="389" sha1="9m9s2c1jam456zlqwfpsmbn79bylyi0" xml:space="preserve">'''[[وڪيپيڊيا:هيٽنوٽ]]''' وڪيپيڊيا جي مضمونن ۾ رکيل مختصر نوٽس آهن۔

هيءَ اصطلاح هيٺين لاءِ به استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو:
*[[سانچو:Hatnote]]
*[[ھيٽنوٽ: وڪيپيڊيا غور سان ٻڌو]]، هڪ سافٽويئر جيڪو وڪيپيڊيا جي ترميمن کي آواز ۾ تبديل ڪندو هو</text>
      <sha1>9m9s2c1jam456zlqwfpsmbn79bylyi0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>91522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377296</id>
      <parentid>359971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T12:13:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="240" sha1="pi90emb3988p2ugidzikkeb48m3e6lg" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جي انتظامي ورهاست]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جي پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]]</text>
      <sha1>pi90emb3988p2ugidzikkeb48m3e6lg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>يھودي</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>91926</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377418</id>
      <parentid>361608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:31:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5196" sha1="54hk6n0xqgg0x6rvpsib1rkdkjnqa2o" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|نسلي مذهبي گروهه}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = يهودي (Jews)
| native_name      = {{Script/Hebrew|יְهوּדִים}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| rawimage         = [[File:Star of David.svg|120px]]
| image            =
| image_caption    = دائود جو تارو، جيڪو يهودي ماڻهن جي هڪ عام علامت آهي.
| total            = '''15.2 ملين (1.52 ڪروڙ)'''
وڏي آبادي (جنهن ۾ اهي به شامل آهن جن جو هڪ والد يهودي هجي):&lt;br /&gt;'''20 ملين (2 ڪروڙ)'''{{efn|2022ع جي اندازي موجب دنيا ۾ بنيادي يهودي آبادي تقريبن 15,263,500 هئي. جيڪڏهن انهن کي به شامل ڪيو وڃي جيڪي جزوي طور يهودي آهن يا جن جو هڪ والد يهودي آهي، ته هي تعداد 20,028,800 تائين پهچي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=American Jewish Year Book 2022 |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| total_year       = 2022
| total_source     = اندازو
| total_ref        = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=World Jewish Population |publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]] |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1          = [[اسرائيل]] (بشمول قبضي ڪيل علائقا)
| pop1             = 7,300,000–7,455,200
| ref1             = &lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World's Jewish population hits 15.8 million |website=The Times of Israel |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region2          = [[آمريڪا]]
| pop2             = 6,300,000–7,500,000
| region3          = [[فرانس]]
| pop3             = 438,500–550,000
| region4          = [[ڪينيڊا]]
| pop4             = 400,000–450,000
| region5          = [[برطانيه]]
| pop5             = 312,000–330,000
| languages        = {{plainlist|
 * بنيادي طور ڳالهائجندڙ:&lt;ref name=Languages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 * {{hlist|[[جديد عبراني]]|[[انگريزي]]|[[روسي]]|[[فرانسيسي]]|[[اسپيني]]}}
 * تاريخي ٻوليون:
 * {{hlist|[[يدي]] (Yiddish)|[[لاديينو]] (Ladino)|[[يهودي-عربي]]}}
   }}
   | religions        = اڪثريت: [[يهوديت]] (Judaism) | اقليت: [[ملحد|لادينيت]]
   | related-c        = [[سامري]]، [[عرب]]، [[اسيري]]
   }}
'''يھودي''' (عبراني: יְהוּدִים، Yehudim) هڪ نسلي مذهبي گروهه (ethnoreligious group) ۽ قوم آهن، جن جو اصل قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوداه جي بني اسرائيلن مان آهي. يهودي قوم جي سڃاڻپ، مذهب ۽ برادري پاڻ ۾ گهرا جڙيل آهن، ڇو ته يهوديت هڪ نسلي مذهب آهي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪيترائي نسلي يهودي مذهبي طور تي ان تي عمل نه به ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lederhendler20012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Eli Lederhendler |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آباديءَ جا انگ اکر (Demographics) ==
دنيا ۾ يھودين جي ڪل آبادي تقريبن 1.52 ڪروڙ آهي. انهن جو وڏو حصو اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا ۾ رهي ٿو.
يھودي آبادي جي ورڇ (ملين ۾):
{|
| ملڪ | آبادي (گهٽ ۾ گهٽ) | آبادي (وڌ ۾ وڌ) |
|---|---|---|
| اسرائيل | 7.30 | 7.45 |
| آمريڪا | 6.30 | 7.50 |
| فرانس | 0.44 | 0.55 |
| ڪينيڊا | 0.40 | 0.45 |
| برطانيه | 0.31 | 0.33 |
|ذريعو: American Jewish Year Book 2022
|}
== تاريخي ورثو ۽ ٻوليون ==
يھودي تاريخ هزارين سال قديم آهي، جنهن جي شروعات توريت جي دور کان ٿئي ٿي. يهودين جي مقدس ٻولي عبراني (Hebrew) آهي، پر تاريخي طور تي مختلف خطن ۾ رهڻ ڪري هنن ڪيتريون ئي ٻوليون تخليق ڪيون، جهڙوڪ يورپ ۾ يدي (Yiddish) ۽ اسپين واري علائقي ۾ لاديينو (Ladino).

== يھودي گروھ (Sub-groups) ==
جغرافيائي ۽ ثقافتي لحاظ کان يهودي ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ ورهايل آهن:
* اشڪنازي (Ashkenazi): اهي جيڪي وچين ۽ مشرقي يورپ ۾ آباد هئا.
* سفرادي (Sephardi): اهي جيڪي اسپين ۽ پرتگال مان لڏي آيا.
* مزرآهي (Mizrahi): وچ اوڀر ۽ اتر آفريڪا جا مقامي يهودي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:يهودي]] 
[[زمرو:يهوديت]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروه]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]] 
[[زمرو:قديم قومون]] 
[[زمرو:قديم ويجهو اوڀر]] 
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]] 
[[زمرو:يهودي سماج]] 
[[زمرو:اسرائيل جي تاريخ]] 
[[زمرو:نسلي-مذهبي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:ليونٽ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:عبراني بائيبل ۾ ذڪر ڪيل قومون]]</text>
      <sha1>54hk6n0xqgg0x6rvpsib1rkdkjnqa2o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377420</id>
      <parentid>377418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:34:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5195" sha1="k0mhl6x5jcin2085s5hpdko13hqg7f0" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|نسلي مذهبي گروهه}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = يهودي (Jews)
| native_name      = {{Script/Hebrew|יְهوּדִים}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| rawimage         = [[File:Star of David.svg|120px]]
| image            =
| image_caption    = دائود جو تارو، جيڪو يهودي ماڻهن جي هڪ عام علامت آهي.
| total            = '''15.2 ملين (1.52 ڪروڙ)'''
وڏي آبادي (جنهن ۾ اهي به شامل آهن جن جو هڪ والد يهودي هجي):&lt;br /&gt;'''20 ملين (2 ڪروڙ)'''{{efn|2022ع جي اندازي موجب دنيا ۾ بنيادي يهودي آبادي تقريبن 15,263,500 هئي. جيڪڏهن انهن کي به شامل ڪيو وڃي جيڪي جزوي طور يهودي آهن يا جن جو هڪ والد يهودي آهي، ته هي تعداد 20,028,800 تائين پهچي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=American Jewish Year Book 2022 |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| total_year       = 2022
| total_source     = اندازو
| total_ref        = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=World Jewish Population |publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]] |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1          = [[اسرائيل]] (بشمول قبضي ڪيل علائقا)
| pop1             = 7,300,000–7,455,200
| ref1             = &lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World's Jewish population hits 15.8 million |website=The Times of Israel |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region2          = [[آمريڪا]]
| pop2             = 6,300,000–7,500,000
| region3          = [[فرانس]]
| pop3             = 438,500–550,000
| region4          = [[ڪينيڊا]]
| pop4             = 400,000–450,000
| region5          = [[برطانيه]]
| pop5             = 312,000–330,000
| languages        = {{plainlist|
 * بنيادي طور ڳالهائجندڙ:&lt;ref name=Languages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 * {{hlist|[[جديد عبراني]]|[[انگريزي]]|[[روسي]]|[[فرانسيسي]]|[[اسپيني]]}}
 * تاريخي ٻوليون:
 * {{hlist|[[يدي]] (Yiddish)|[[لاديينو]] (Ladino)|[[يهودي-عربي]]}}
   }}
   | religions        = اڪثريت: [[يهوديت]] (Judaism) | اقليت: [[ملحد|لادينيت]]
   | related-c        = [[سامري]]، [[عرب]]، [[اسيري]]
   }}
'''يھودي''' (عبراني: יְהוּدִים، Yehudim) هڪ نسلي مذهبي گروهه (ethnoreligious group) ۽ قوم آهن، جن جو اصل قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوداه جي بني اسرائيلن مان آهي. يهودي قوم جي سڃاڻپ، مذهب ۽ برادري پاڻ ۾ گهرا جڙيل آهن، ڇو ته يهوديت هڪ نسلي مذهب آهي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪيترائي نسلي يهودي مذهبي طور تي ان تي عمل نه به ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lederhendler20012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Eli Lederhendler |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آباديءَ جا انگ اکر (Demographics) ==
دنيا ۾ يھودين جي ڪل آبادي تقريبن 1.52 ڪروڙ آهي. انهن جو وڏو حصو اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا ۾ رهي ٿو.
يھودي آبادي جي ورڇ (ملين ۾):
{|
| ملڪ | آبادي (گهٽ ۾ گهٽ) | آبادي (وڌ ۾ وڌ) |
|---|---|---|
| اسرائيل | 7.30 | 7.45 |
| آمريڪا | 6.30 | 7.50 |
| فرانس | 0.44 | 0.55 |
| ڪينيڊا | 0.40 | 0.45 |
| برطانيه | 0.31 | 0.33 |
|ذريعو: American Jewish Year Book 2022
|}
== تاريخي ورثو ۽ ٻوليون ==
يھودي تاريخ هزارين سال قديم آهي، جنهن جي شروعات توريت جي دور کان ٿئي ٿي. يهودين جي مقدس ٻولي عبراني (Hebrew) آهي، پر تاريخي طور تي مختلف خطن ۾ رهڻ ڪري هنن ڪيتريون ئي ٻوليون تخليق ڪيون، جهڙوڪ يورپ ۾ يدي (Yiddish) ۽ اسپين واري علائقي ۾ لاديينو (Ladino).

== يھودي گروھ (Sub-groups) ==
جغرافيائي ۽ ثقافتي لحاظ کان يهودي ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ ورهايل آهن:
* اشڪنازي (Ashkenazi): اهي جيڪي وچين ۽ مشرقي يورپ ۾ آباد هئا.
* سفرادي (Sephardi): اهي جيڪي اسپين ۽ پرتگال مان لڏي آيا.
* مزرآهي (Mizrahi): وچ اوڀر ۽ اتر آفريڪا جا مقامي يهودي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:يهودي]] 
[[زمرو:يهوديت]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]] 
[[زمرو:قديم قومون]]
[[زمرو:اسرائيل جي تاريخ]] 
[[زمرو:نسلي-مذهبي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:قديم ويجهو اوڀر]] 
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]] 
[[زمرو:يهودي سماج]] 
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:ليونٽ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:عبراني بائيبل ۾ ذڪر ڪيل قومون]]</text>
      <sha1>k0mhl6x5jcin2085s5hpdko13hqg7f0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377425</id>
      <parentid>377420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:43:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5242" sha1="ctmnxj73857mubd8ndfh8tful843uh6" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|نسلي مذهبي گروهه}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = يهودي (Jews)
| native_name      = {{Script/Hebrew|יְهوּדִים}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| rawimage         = [[File:Star of David.svg|120px]]
| image            =
| image_caption    = دائود جو تارو، جيڪو يهودي ماڻهن جي هڪ عام علامت آهي.
| total            = '''15.2 ملين (1.52 ڪروڙ)'''
وڏي آبادي (جنهن ۾ اهي به شامل آهن جن جو هڪ والد يهودي هجي):&lt;br /&gt;'''20 ملين (2 ڪروڙ)'''{{efn|2022ع جي اندازي موجب دنيا ۾ بنيادي يهودي آبادي تقريبن 15,263,500 هئي. جيڪڏهن انهن کي به شامل ڪيو وڃي جيڪي جزوي طور يهودي آهن يا جن جو هڪ والد يهودي آهي، ته هي تعداد 20,028,800 تائين پهچي وڃي ٿو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=American Jewish Year Book 2022 |date=2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| total_year       = 2022
| total_source     = اندازو
| total_ref        = &lt;ref name=&quot;JDB&quot;&gt;{{cite report |title=World Jewish Population |publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]] |date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1          = [[اسرائيل]] (بشمول قبضي ڪيل علائقا)
| pop1             = 7,300,000–7,455,200
| ref1             = &lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World's Jewish population hits 15.8 million |website=The Times of Israel |date=2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region2          = [[آمريڪا]]
| pop2             = 6,300,000–7,500,000
| region3          = [[فرانس]]
| pop3             = 438,500–550,000
| region4          = [[ڪينيڊا]]
| pop4             = 400,000–450,000
| region5          = [[برطانيه]]
| pop5             = 312,000–330,000
| languages        = {{plainlist|
 * بنيادي طور ڳالهائجندڙ:&lt;ref name=Languages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 * {{hlist|[[جديد عبراني]]|[[انگريزي]]|[[روسي]]|[[فرانسيسي]]|[[اسپيني]]}}
 * تاريخي ٻوليون:
 * {{hlist|[[يدي]] (Yiddish)|[[لاديينو]] (Ladino)|[[يهودي-عربي]]}}
   }}
   | religions        = اڪثريت: [[يهوديت]] (Judaism) | اقليت: [[ملحد|لادينيت]]
   | related-c        = [[سامري]]، [[عرب]]، [[اسيري]]
   }}
'''يھودي''' (عبراني: יְהוּدִים، Yehudim) هڪ نسلي مذهبي گروهه (ethnoreligious group) ۽ قوم آهن، جن جو اصل قديم اسرائيل ۽ يهوداه جي بني اسرائيلن مان آهي. يهودي قوم جي سڃاڻپ، مذهب ۽ برادري پاڻ ۾ گهرا جڙيل آهن، ڇو ته يهوديت هڪ نسلي مذهب آهي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪيترائي نسلي يهودي مذهبي طور تي ان تي عمل نه به ڪندا آهن.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lederhendler20012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Eli Lederhendler |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== آباديءَ جا انگ اکر (Demographics) ==
دنيا ۾ يھودين جي ڪل آبادي تقريبن 1.52 ڪروڙ آهي. انهن جو وڏو حصو اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا ۾ رهي ٿو.
يھودي آبادي جي ورڇ (ملين ۾):
{|
| ملڪ | آبادي (گهٽ ۾ گهٽ) | آبادي (وڌ ۾ وڌ) |
|---|---|---|
| اسرائيل | 7.30 | 7.45 |
| آمريڪا | 6.30 | 7.50 |
| فرانس | 0.44 | 0.55 |
| ڪينيڊا | 0.40 | 0.45 |
| برطانيه | 0.31 | 0.33 |
|ذريعو: American Jewish Year Book 2022
|}
== تاريخي ورثو ۽ ٻوليون ==
يھودي تاريخ هزارين سال قديم آهي، جنهن جي شروعات توريت جي دور کان ٿئي ٿي. يهودين جي مقدس ٻولي عبراني (Hebrew) آهي، پر تاريخي طور تي مختلف خطن ۾ رهڻ ڪري هنن ڪيتريون ئي ٻوليون تخليق ڪيون، جهڙوڪ يورپ ۾ يدي (Yiddish) ۽ اسپين واري علائقي ۾ لاديينو (Ladino).

== يھودي گروھ (Sub-groups) ==
جغرافيائي ۽ ثقافتي لحاظ کان يهودي ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ ورهايل آهن:
* اشڪنازي (Ashkenazi): اهي جيڪي وچين ۽ مشرقي يورپ ۾ آباد هئا.
* سفرادي (Sephardi): اهي جيڪي اسپين ۽ پرتگال مان لڏي آيا.
* مزرآهي (Mizrahi): وچ اوڀر ۽ اتر آفريڪا جا مقامي يهودي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
[[زمرو:يهودي]] 
[[زمرو:يهوديت]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]]
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]] 
[[زمرو:اسرائيل جي تاريخ]] 
[[زمرو:نسلي-مذهبي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:قديم قومون]]
[[زمرو:قديم ويجهو اوڀر]] 
[[زمرو:يهودي سماج]] 
[[زمرو:ليونٽ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:عبراني بائيبل ۾ ذڪر ڪيل قومون]]</text>
      <sha1>ctmnxj73857mubd8ndfh8tful843uh6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:عرب</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>93914</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377423</id>
      <parentid>367629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377423</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="235" sha1="89he4gsrefz8ukcxamnoircowbhl3s5" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:نسل]]
[[زمرو:قوم]]
[[زمرو:عربستان]]
[[زمرو:عرب ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:عربستان جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:عربستان جي ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]</text>
      <sha1>89he4gsrefz8ukcxamnoircowbhl3s5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377427</id>
      <parentid>377423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377427</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="405" sha1="5dwbf8huidcu6bpzqbvx6u7z4czk4jj" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:نسل]]
[[زمرو:قوم]]
[[زمرو:عربستان]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]]
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]] 
[[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:عرب ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:عربستان جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:عربستان جي ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]</text>
      <sha1>5dwbf8huidcu6bpzqbvx6u7z4czk4jj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>زمرو:يهودي</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>94826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377419</id>
      <parentid>371001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:32:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="601" sha1="l4lxdhxkxkc2r8sz2q09bl2praa7o3m" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:يهوديت]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]]
[[زمرو:يهوديت]]
[[زمرو:نسلي گروه]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]] 
[[زمرو:قديم قومون]] 
[[زمرو:قديم ويجهو اوڀر]] 
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]] 
[[زمرو:يهودي سماج]] 
[[زمرو:اسرائيل جي تاريخ]] 
[[زمرو:نسلي-مذهبي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:ليونٽ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:عبراني بائيبل ۾ ذڪر ڪيل قومون]]</text>
      <sha1>l4lxdhxkxkc2r8sz2q09bl2praa7o3m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377421</id>
      <parentid>377419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>377421</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="404" sha1="fbw0sq4cy6rsdp4ma9j4xm628s9792h" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:يهوديت]]
[[زمرو:سامي قومون]]  
[[زمرو:مذهبي سڃاڻپ]]  
[[زمرو:اسرائيل جي تاريخ]] 
[[زمرو:نسلي-مذهبي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:يورپ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:وچ اوڀر جا نسلي گروهه]]
[[زمرو:ليونٽ جا نسلي گروهه]] 
[[زمرو:عبراني بائيبل ۾ ذڪر ڪيل قومون]]</text>
      <sha1>fbw0sq4cy6rsdp4ma9j4xm628s9792h</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>زمرو:يهودي نسلي گروهه</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>94828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377422</id>
      <parentid>371004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T10:36:51Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
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&lt;!-- مهرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ انٽر وڪي هن صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪريو --&gt;
هي سانچو صرف وڪيپيڊيا جي مکيه نيم اسپيس ۾ سيٽ انڊيڪس مضمونن تي استعمال ٿيڻ گهرجي۔ ڪنهن به ٻئي نيم اسپيس ۾ استعمال ڪرڻ سان هيٺ ڏنل غلطي وارو پيغام ظاهر ٿيندو:

{{Nickname|ertest=yes}} 

=== استعمال ===

* '''{{tlc|Nickname|{{var|display}}}}'''
: {{var|display}} &amp;ndash; غير وضاحتي لقب (اختياري)

* لقب واري صفحي – '''Foo (nickname)''' – ۾ هڪ مختصر تعارفي پيراگراف هئڻ گهرجي جيڪو لقب جي تاريخ بيان ڪري۔ اهو هڪ جملي تي به مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو جيئن مثال [[برٽي (لقب)]] ۾ آهي۔ جيڪڏهن اهڙو تعارف موجود نه هجي ته [[وڪي لغت|وڪشنري]] وغيره مان تحقيق ڪري صفحي کي بهتر بڻايو وڃي۔

* {{tlc|Nickname}} کي لقب وارن صفحن جي هيٺان رکيو وڃي۔ هن سانچي کي انهن ابهام ختم ڪرڻ وارن صفحن تي استعمال نه ڪيو وڃي جيڪي لقب سان گڏ ٻين قسمن جون فهرستون پڻ ڏين ٿا۔ اهڙي حالت ۾ ابهام صفحي کي &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[زمرو:لقب]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; شامل ڪري زمرو ڏنو وڃي ته جيئن اهو [[:زمرو:لقب]] ۾ شامل ٿئي۔

* جيڪڏهن صفحي جو عنوان خود لقب نه هجي، يا صفحي ۾ لقب جا هڪ کان وڌيڪ روپ شامل هجن، ته لقب(ن) کي پهرئين پيراميٽر طور ڏنو وڃي۔ مثال طور، [[بالڊي (لقب)]] ۾ &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Nickname|بالڊي''', يا '''بالڊي}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; استعمال ٿئي ٿو، جنهن جو نتيجو هن ريت ٿيندو:
{{Nickname|بالڊي''', يا '''بالڊي|test=yes}}

* جيڪڏهن صفحو ماڻهن کان علاوه ٻين موضوعن لاءِ پڻ لقب ڏيکاري ٿو، ته {{para|variety}} استعمال ڪيو وڃي۔ مثال:
&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Nickname|بالڊي''', يا '''بالڊي|variety=yes}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; جو نتيجو ٿيندو:
{{Nickname|بالڊي''', يا '''بالڊي|variety=yes|test=yes}}

* {{tlx|DEFAULTSORT}} سڀني زمرن جي ترتيب کي منظم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔

* [[:زمرو:لقب]] پاڻمرادو انهن سڀني مضمونن کي شامل ڪري ٿو جن ۾ هي سانچو استعمال ٿئي ٿو۔ جيڪڏهن لقب ٻولي موجب زمرا هجن، ته اهي {{tlc|Nickname}} کان فوراً پوءِ صفحي جي هيٺان شامل ڪيا وڃن، ۽ اهي [[WP:RS|معتبر ذريعن]] مان [[WP:V|تصديق ٿيل]] هجن۔

* هڪ سنڀال وارو زمرو [[:زمرو:نڪ نيم سانچي جا اضافي پيراميٽر]] انهن حالتن لاءِ آهي جتي سانچي ۾ وڌيڪ يا پراڻا پيراميٽر استعمال ٿيا هجن (اهو عام طور خالي هجڻ گهرجي)۔

* جيڪڏهن سانچو صرف ڪنهن سيڪشن ۾ استعمال ٿئي، ته &lt;code&gt;|section=&lt;/code&gt; پيراميٽر استعمال ڪيو وڃي۔ مثال:
{{tlx|Nickname|لي|section{{=}}yes}} جو نتيجو ٿيندو:
{{Nickname|لي|section=yes|test=yes}}

=== پڻ ڏسو ===

* {{tl|Surname}} – خانداني نالن وارن صفحن يا سيڪشنن لاءِ؛ ٻنهي قسمن (ڏنل نالا ۽ خانداني نالا) لاءِ به استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿو  
* {{tl|Hndis}} – انهن ابهام ختم ڪرڻ وارن صفحن لاءِ جيڪي هڪ ئي ذاتي نالي سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن جي فهرست ڏين ٿا  
* {{tl|R from nickname}} – ريڊائريڪٽ لاءِ استعمال ڪريو  

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||&lt;!-- 
      زمرا ۽ انٽر وڪي هتي شامل ڪريو 
--&gt;[[زمرو:سيٽ انڊيڪس مضمون سانچا]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    <title>بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون</title>
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      <text bytes="9369" sha1="fzonqfm5zky7i83ulq7kqg4hn4c7dtm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون&lt;br&gt;বাংলাদেশের বিভাগ &lt;br&gt;(بنگلاديشير بيڀاگ)&lt;br&gt;Divisions of Bangladesh
|map=
|image-width=
|category=[[وحداني رياست]]
|territory={{پرچم|بنگلاديش}}
|current_number=8 ڊويزن
|population_range={{ubl|وڏو: 39,675,000 (ڍاڪا)|ننڍو: 8,331,000 (باريسال)}}
|area_range={{ubl|وڏو: {{Convert|33908.55|sqkm|abbr=on}} (چٽاگانگ)|ننڍو: {{Convert|10584.06|sqkm|abbr=on}} (ميمن سنگهه)}}
|government=ڊويزنل ڪميشن
|government1=ايڊمنسٽريٽر
|government2=ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
|subdivision=[[ضلعو]]}}
[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|thumb|بنگلاديش جو ڊويزنن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو]]
ڊويزنون [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ پهرين سطح جون [[انتظامي ورھاست]] آهن. سال 2024ع تائين، [[بنگلاديش]] جا اٺ ڊويزن آهن، هر هڪ جو نالو ان جي دائري اختيار ۾ موجود وڏي شهر جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي جيڪو ان ڊويزن جي انتظامي سيٽ طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿو. هر ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهي جيڪا وڌيڪ ذيلي ضلعن (اپازيلا)،  پوءِ يونين ڪائونسلن ۾ ورهايل آهن.

==تاريخ== 
سال 1971ع ۾ بنگلاديش جي آزادي کان پوءِ، ملڪ ۾ چار ڊويزنون هيون: چٽگانگ، ڍاڪا، کُلنا ۽ راجشاهي ڊويزن. سال 1982ع ۾ ڍاڪا ڊويزن جي انگريزي اسپيلنگ، &quot;Dacca&quot; کي (گادي واري شهر جي نالي سان گڏ) کي &quot;Dhaka&quot; ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن بنگالي تلفظ سان وڌيڪ ويجهڙائي سان ملي سگهي. 

سال 1993ع ۾، باريسال ڊويزن کي کُلنا ڊويزن کان ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ سلهٽ ڊويزن کي چٽگانگ ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 25 جنوري 2010ع تي رنگپور ڊويزن کي راجشاهي ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 14 سيپٽمبر 2015ع تي ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن کي ڍاڪا ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو ۽ اٺين ڊويزن طور شامل ڪيو ويو. سال 2015ع ۾ عمل ٻه وڌيڪ ڊويزنون: ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن، ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر 2021ع ۾، هن وقت جي وزيراعظم شيخ حسينه ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن جي جڳهن تي ٻن نئين دريائن جي نالي وارا ڊويزنن، ميگھنا ۽ پدما جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، انهن نالن کي بعد ۾ رد ڪيو ويو. 
==ڊويزنل ڪمشنر== 
ڊويزنل ڪمشنر هڪ ڊويزن جو انتظامي سربراهه هوندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي حڪومت طرفان بنگلاديش سول سروس (BCS) ايڊمنسٽريشن ڪيڊر جي هڪ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري سطح جي آفيسر مان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر جي آفيس جو ڪردار ڊويزن ۾ واقع سڀني سرڪاري آفيسن (مرڪزي سرڪاري آفيسن کانسواءِ) جي نگران سربراهه طور ڪم ڪرڻ آهي. هڪ ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڊويزن جي آمدني ۽ ترقي جي انتظاميه جي نگراني جي سڌي ذميواري ڏني وئي آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڪيترن ئي ايڊيشنل ڊويزنل ڪمشنرن، سينئر اسسٽنٽ ڪمشنر ۽ ٻين بيوروڪريٽڪ آفيسرن جي مدد حاصل هوندي آهي.  
==ڊويزنن جي فهرست==
هيٺ ڏنل جدول بنگلاديش جي اٺ ڊويزنن بابت ڪجهه اهم انگ اکر بيان ڪري ٿو. جيئن ته سال 2011ع جي بنگلاديش بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (&lt;small&gt;B.B.S.&lt;/small&gt;) پاران ڪيل آبادي ۽ هائوسنگ مردم شماري ۾ مليو.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center col5center col7right col8right col9right col10right col11right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header-multi&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ڊويزن
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |نقشو
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آء ايس او ڪوڊ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | گادي جو هنڌ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | سال 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Subdivisions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | پکيڙ (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آبادي (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population &amp; Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf#page=7.07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518052555/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |گهاٽائي (ابادي/&lt;br /&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt;
|-
!ضلعا 
!اپ-ضلعا  (تحصيلون) 
! يونين ڪائونسلون
|-
|باريسال ڊويزن 
|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-A 
| باريسال 
| 1993 
| '''ضلعا: 6'''
&lt;small&gt;بارگونا، باريشال، ڀولا، جھالوڪاٺي، پتواکالي، فيروجپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 42
| 352 
| 13,225.20 
| 9,100,102 
| 688
|-
|چٽاگانگ ڊويزن 
|[[File:Chattogram in Bangladesh.svg|101x101px]]
| BD-B 
| چٽاگانگ 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 11'''
&lt;small&gt;بندربن، برهمن باڙيه، چاندپور، چٽاگانگ، ڪوميلا، ڪاڪس بازار، فيني، کاگراڇري، لڪشمي پور، نوآکالي، رانگامتي&lt;/small&gt; 
| 104 
| 949 
| 33,908.55 
| 33,202,326 
| 979
|-
|ڍاڪا ڊويزن 
|[[File:Dhaka in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-C 
| [[ڍاڪا]]
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 13''' 
&lt;small&gt;ڍاڪا، فريد پور، غازي پور، گوپال گنج، ڪشور گنج، مداري پور، مانڪ گنج، منشي گنج، نارائن گنج، نرسنگدي، راجباري، شريعت پور، ٽنگيل.&lt;/small&gt; 
| 90 
| 885
| 20,593.74 
| 44,215,107 
| 2,147
|-
|کلنا ڊويزن 
|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-D 
| کلنا 
| 1960 
| '''ضلعا: 10''' &lt;small&gt;باگرهاٽ، چواڊنگا، جئشور، جنيداه، کلنا، ڪشتيا، ماگورا، مهرپور، نارايل، ستکيرا&lt;/small&gt;
| 59 
| 571
| 22,284.22 
| 17,416,645
| 782
|-
|ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن 
|[[File:Mymensingh in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-H 
| ميمن سنگهه 
| 2015 
| '''ضلعا: 4'''
&lt;small&gt;جمالپور، ميمن سنگهه، نيتروڪونا، شيرپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 35 
| 351 
| 10,584.06 
| 12,225,498 
| 1,155
|-
|راجشاهي ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rajshahi in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-E 
|راجشاهي 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 8'''
&lt;small&gt;بوگرا، جوئيپور هاٽ، نوگاون، نٽور، چاپائي نواب گنج، پبنا، راجشاهي، سراج گنج&lt;/small&gt;
| 67 
| 565 
| 18,153.08 
| 20,353,119 
| 1,121
|-
|رنگپور ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rangpur in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-F 
| رنگپور 
| 2010 
| '''ضلعا: 8''' 
&lt;small&gt;ديناج پور، گائيبانڌا، ڪُريگرام، لال مونير ھاٽ، نلفاماري، پنچاگڙھه، رنگپور، ٺاڪرگاون&lt;/small&gt;
| 58 
| 535 
| 16,184.99 
| 17,610,956 
| 1,088
|-
|سلھٽ ڊويزن 
|[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-G 
| سلھٽ 
| 1996 
| '''ضلعا: 4''' 
&lt;small&gt;هوبي گنج، مولوي بازار، سونام گنج، سلهٽ&lt;/small&gt;
| 40
| 338 
| 12,635.22 
| 11,034,863 
| 873
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |[[Bangladesh|بنگلاديش]]
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|103x103px]]
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | BD 
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ڍاڪا 
! style=&quot;text-align:rcenter;&quot; |1971 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 64 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 495 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 4,546 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 147,569 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 165,158,616 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 1,119
|}

==تجويز ڪيل ڊويزنون==
==بنگلاديش انتظامي ڊويزنن جو ارتقا== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* بنگلاديش ۾ سياحت
* بنگلاديش جي ثقافت 
* ISO 3166 ڪوڊ
* بنگلاديش جا ڳوٺ
* بنگلاديش ۾ شهرن ۽ قصبن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ عالمي ورثي جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ کان بنگلاديش جي علائقن جي فهرست
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]]</text>
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|name=بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون&lt;br&gt;বাংলাদেশের বিভাগ &lt;br&gt;(بنگلاديشير بيڀاگ)&lt;br&gt;Divisions of Bangladesh
|map=
|image-width=
|category=[[وحداني رياست]]
|territory={{پرچم|بنگلاديش}}
|current_number=8 ڊويزن
|population_range={{ubl|وڏو: 39,675,000 ([[ڍاڪا ڊويزن|ڍاڪا]])|ننڍو: 83,31,000 ([[باڙيشال ڊويزن| باڙيشال]])}}
|area_range={{ubl|وڏو: {{Convert|33908.55|sqkm|abbr=on}} ([[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن|چٽاگانگ]])|ننڍو: {{Convert|10584.06|sqkm|abbr=on}} ([[مئيمن سنگهه ڊويزن|مئيمن سنگهه]])}}
|government=ڊويزنل ڪميشن
|government1=ايڊمنسٽريٽر
|government2=ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
|subdivision=[[ضلعو|ضلعا]]}}
[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|thumb|بنگلاديش جو ڊويزنن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو]]
ڊويزنون [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ پهرين سطح جون [[انتظامي ورھاست]] آهن. سال 2024ع تائين، [[بنگلاديش]] جا اٺ ڊويزن آهن، هر هڪ جو نالو ان جي دائري اختيار ۾ موجود وڏي شهر جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي جيڪو ان ڊويزن جي انتظامي سيٽ طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿو. هر ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهي جيڪا وڌيڪ ذيلي ضلعن (اپازيلا)،  پوءِ يونين ڪائونسلن ۾ ورهايل آهن.

==تاريخ== 
سال 1971ع ۾ بنگلاديش جي آزادي کان پوءِ، ملڪ ۾ چار ڊويزنون هيون: چٽگانگ، ڍاڪا، کُلنا ۽ راجشاهي ڊويزن. سال 1982ع ۾ ڍاڪا ڊويزن جي انگريزي اسپيلنگ، &quot;Dacca&quot; کي (گادي واري شهر جي نالي سان گڏ) کي &quot;Dhaka&quot; ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن بنگالي تلفظ سان وڌيڪ ويجهڙائي سان ملي سگهي. 

سال 1993ع ۾، باريسال ڊويزن کي کُلنا ڊويزن کان ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ سلهٽ ڊويزن کي چٽگانگ ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 25 جنوري 2010ع تي رنگپور ڊويزن کي راجشاهي ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 14 سيپٽمبر 2015ع تي ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن کي ڍاڪا ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو ۽ اٺين ڊويزن طور شامل ڪيو ويو. سال 2015ع ۾ عمل ٻه وڌيڪ ڊويزنون: ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن، ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر 2021ع ۾، هن وقت جي وزيراعظم شيخ حسينه ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن جي جڳهن تي ٻن نئين دريائن جي نالي وارا ڊويزنن، ميگھنا ۽ پدما جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، انهن نالن کي بعد ۾ رد ڪيو ويو. 
==ڊويزنل ڪمشنر== 
ڊويزنل ڪمشنر هڪ ڊويزن جو انتظامي سربراهه هوندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي حڪومت طرفان بنگلاديش سول سروس (BCS) ايڊمنسٽريشن ڪيڊر جي هڪ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري سطح جي آفيسر مان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر جي آفيس جو ڪردار ڊويزن ۾ واقع سڀني سرڪاري آفيسن (مرڪزي سرڪاري آفيسن کانسواءِ) جي نگران سربراهه طور ڪم ڪرڻ آهي. هڪ ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڊويزن جي آمدني ۽ ترقي جي انتظاميه جي نگراني جي سڌي ذميواري ڏني وئي آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڪيترن ئي ايڊيشنل ڊويزنل ڪمشنرن، سينئر اسسٽنٽ ڪمشنر ۽ ٻين بيوروڪريٽڪ آفيسرن جي مدد حاصل هوندي آهي.  
==ڊويزنن جي فهرست==
هيٺ ڏنل جدول بنگلاديش جي اٺ ڊويزنن بابت ڪجهه اهم انگ اکر بيان ڪري ٿو. جيئن ته سال 2011ع جي بنگلاديش بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (&lt;small&gt;B.B.S.&lt;/small&gt;) پاران ڪيل آبادي ۽ هائوسنگ مردم شماري ۾ مليو.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center col5center col7right col8right col9right col10right col11right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header-multi&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ڊويزن
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |نقشو
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آء ايس او ڪوڊ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | گادي جو هنڌ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | سال 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Subdivisions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | پکيڙ (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آبادي (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population &amp; Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf#page=7.07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518052555/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |گهاٽائي (ابادي/&lt;br /&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt;
|-
!ضلعا 
!اپ-ضلعا  (تحصيلون) 
! يونين ڪائونسلون
|-
|باريسال ڊويزن 
|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-A 
| باريسال 
| 1993 
| '''ضلعا: 6'''
&lt;small&gt;بارگونا، باريشال، ڀولا، جھالوڪاٺي، پتواکالي، فيروجپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 42
| 352 
| 13,225.20 
| 9,100,102 
| 688
|-
|چٽاگانگ ڊويزن 
|[[File:Chattogram in Bangladesh.svg|101x101px]]
| BD-B 
| چٽاگانگ 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 11'''
&lt;small&gt;بندربن، برهمن باڙيه، چاندپور، چٽاگانگ، ڪوميلا، ڪاڪس بازار، فيني، کاگراڇري، لڪشمي پور، نوآکالي، رانگامتي&lt;/small&gt; 
| 104 
| 949 
| 33,908.55 
| 33,202,326 
| 979
|-
|ڍاڪا ڊويزن 
|[[File:Dhaka in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-C 
| [[ڍاڪا]]
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 13''' 
&lt;small&gt;ڍاڪا، فريد پور، غازي پور، گوپال گنج، ڪشور گنج، مداري پور، مانڪ گنج، منشي گنج، نارائن گنج، نرسنگدي، راجباري، شريعت پور، ٽنگيل.&lt;/small&gt; 
| 90 
| 885
| 20,593.74 
| 44,215,107 
| 2,147
|-
|کلنا ڊويزن 
|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-D 
| کلنا 
| 1960 
| '''ضلعا: 10''' &lt;small&gt;باگرهاٽ، چواڊنگا، جئشور، جنيداه، کلنا، ڪشتيا، ماگورا، مهرپور، نارايل، ستکيرا&lt;/small&gt;
| 59 
| 571
| 22,284.22 
| 17,416,645
| 782
|-
|ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن 
|[[File:Mymensingh in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-H 
| ميمن سنگهه 
| 2015 
| '''ضلعا: 4'''
&lt;small&gt;جمالپور، ميمن سنگهه، نيتروڪونا، شيرپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 35 
| 351 
| 10,584.06 
| 12,225,498 
| 1,155
|-
|راجشاهي ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rajshahi in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-E 
|راجشاهي 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 8'''
&lt;small&gt;بوگرا، جوئيپور هاٽ، نوگاون، نٽور، چاپائي نواب گنج، پبنا، راجشاهي، سراج گنج&lt;/small&gt;
| 67 
| 565 
| 18,153.08 
| 20,353,119 
| 1,121
|-
|رنگپور ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rangpur in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-F 
| رنگپور 
| 2010 
| '''ضلعا: 8''' 
&lt;small&gt;ديناج پور، گائيبانڌا، ڪُريگرام، لال مونير ھاٽ، نلفاماري، پنچاگڙھه، رنگپور، ٺاڪرگاون&lt;/small&gt;
| 58 
| 535 
| 16,184.99 
| 17,610,956 
| 1,088
|-
|سلھٽ ڊويزن 
|[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-G 
| سلھٽ 
| 1996 
| '''ضلعا: 4''' 
&lt;small&gt;هوبي گنج، مولوي بازار، سونام گنج، سلهٽ&lt;/small&gt;
| 40
| 338 
| 12,635.22 
| 11,034,863 
| 873
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |[[Bangladesh|بنگلاديش]]
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|103x103px]]
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | BD 
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ڍاڪا 
! style=&quot;text-align:rcenter;&quot; |1971 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 64 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 495 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 4,546 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 147,569 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 165,158,616 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 1,119
|}

==تجويز ڪيل ڊويزنون==
==بنگلاديش انتظامي ڊويزنن جو ارتقا== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* بنگلاديش ۾ سياحت
* بنگلاديش جي ثقافت 
* ISO 3166 ڪوڊ
* بنگلاديش جا ڳوٺ
* بنگلاديش ۾ شهرن ۽ قصبن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ عالمي ورثي جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ کان بنگلاديش جي علائقن جي فهرست
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]]</text>
      <sha1>iei4y5coaoxmhqnelfcy3qa609uvc09</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377312</id>
      <parentid>377311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T14:07:29Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <text bytes="9538" sha1="rqipcj8v2bbfk82vm7i3idpp1xpw5w8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون&lt;br&gt;বাংলাদেশের বিভাগ &lt;br&gt;(بنگلاديشير بيڀاگ)&lt;br&gt;Divisions of Bangladesh
|map=
|image-width=
|category=[[وحداني رياست]]
|territory={{پرچم|بنگلاديش}}
|current_number=8 ڊويزن
|population_range={{ubl|وڏو: 39,675,000 ([[ڍاڪا ڊويزن|ڍاڪا]])|ننڍو: 83,31,000 ([[باڙيشال ڊويزن| باڙيشال]])}}
|area_range={{ubl|وڏو: {{Convert|33908.55|sqkm|abbr=on}} ([[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن|چٽاگانگ]])|ننڍو: {{Convert|10584.06|sqkm|abbr=on}} ([[مئيمن سنگهه ڊويزن|مئيمن سنگهه]])}}
|government=ڊويزنل ڪميشن
|government1=ايڊمنسٽريٽر
|government2=ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
|subdivision=[[ضلعو|ضلعا]]}}
[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|thumb|بنگلاديش جو ڊويزنن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو]]
ڊويزنون [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ پهرين سطح جون [[انتظامي ورھاست]] آهن. سال 2024ع تائين، [[بنگلاديش]] جا اٺ ڊويزن آهن، هر هڪ جو نالو ان جي دائري اختيار ۾ موجود وڏي شهر جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي جيڪو ان ڊويزن جي انتظامي سيٽ طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿو. هر ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهي جيڪا وڌيڪ ذيلي ضلعن (اپازيلا)،  پوءِ يونين ڪائونسلن ۾ ورهايل آهن.

==تاريخ== 
سال 1971ع ۾ بنگلاديش جي آزادي کان پوءِ، ملڪ ۾ چار ڊويزنون هيون: چٽگانگ، ڍاڪا، کُلنا ۽ راجشاهي ڊويزن. سال 1982ع ۾ ڍاڪا ڊويزن جي انگريزي اسپيلنگ، &quot;Dacca&quot; کي (گادي واري شهر جي نالي سان گڏ) کي &quot;Dhaka&quot; ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن بنگالي تلفظ سان وڌيڪ ويجهڙائي سان ملي سگهي. 

سال 1993ع ۾، باريسال ڊويزن کي کُلنا ڊويزن کان ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ سلهٽ ڊويزن کي چٽگانگ ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 25 جنوري 2010ع تي رنگپور ڊويزن کي راجشاهي ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 14 سيپٽمبر 2015ع تي ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن کي ڍاڪا ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو ۽ اٺين ڊويزن طور شامل ڪيو ويو. سال 2015ع ۾ عمل ٻه وڌيڪ ڊويزنون: ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن، ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر 2021ع ۾، هن وقت جي وزيراعظم شيخ حسينه ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن جي جڳهن تي ٻن نئين دريائن جي نالي وارا ڊويزنن، ميگھنا ۽ پدما جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، انهن نالن کي بعد ۾ رد ڪيو ويو. 
==ڊويزنل ڪمشنر== 
ڊويزنل ڪمشنر هڪ ڊويزن جو انتظامي سربراهه هوندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي حڪومت طرفان بنگلاديش سول سروس (BCS) ايڊمنسٽريشن ڪيڊر جي هڪ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري سطح جي آفيسر مان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر جي آفيس جو ڪردار ڊويزن ۾ واقع سڀني سرڪاري آفيسن (مرڪزي سرڪاري آفيسن کانسواءِ) جي نگران سربراهه طور ڪم ڪرڻ آهي. هڪ ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڊويزن جي آمدني ۽ ترقي جي انتظاميه جي نگراني جي سڌي ذميواري ڏني وئي آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڪيترن ئي ايڊيشنل ڊويزنل ڪمشنرن، سينئر اسسٽنٽ ڪمشنر ۽ ٻين بيوروڪريٽڪ آفيسرن جي مدد حاصل هوندي آهي.  
==ڊويزنن جي فهرست==
هيٺ ڏنل جدول بنگلاديش جي اٺ ڊويزنن بابت ڪجهه اهم انگ اکر بيان ڪري ٿو. جيئن ته سال 2011ع جي بنگلاديش بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (&lt;small&gt;B.B.S.&lt;/small&gt;) پاران ڪيل آبادي ۽ هائوسنگ مردم شماري ۾ مليو.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center col5center col7right col8right col9right col10right col11right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header-multi&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ڊويزن
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |نقشو
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آء ايس او ڪوڊ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | گادي جو هنڌ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | سال 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Subdivisions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | پکيڙ (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آبادي (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population &amp; Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf#page=7.07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518052555/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |گهاٽائي (ابادي/&lt;br /&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt;
|-
!ضلعا 
!اپ-ضلعا  (تحصيلون) 
! يونين ڪائونسلون
|-
|'''[[باڙيشال ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-A 
| باريسال 
| 1993 
| '''ضلعا: 6'''
&lt;small&gt;بارگونا، باريشال، ڀولا، جھالوڪاٺي، پتواکالي، فيروجپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 42
| 352 
| 13,225.20 
| 9,100,102 
| 688
|-
|'''[[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Chattogram in Bangladesh.svg|101x101px]]
| BD-B 
| چٽاگانگ 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 11'''
&lt;small&gt;بندربن، برهمن باڙيه، چاندپور، چٽاگانگ، ڪوميلا، ڪاڪس بازار، فيني، کاگراڇري، لڪشمي پور، نوآکالي، رانگامتي&lt;/small&gt; 
| 104 
| 949 
| 33,908.55 
| 33,202,326 
| 979
|-
|'''[[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Dhaka in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-C 
| '''[[ڍاڪا]]'''
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 13''' 
&lt;small&gt;ڍاڪا، فريد پور، غازي پور، گوپال گنج، ڪشور گنج، مداري پور، مانڪ گنج، منشي گنج، نارائن گنج، نرسنگدي، راجباري، شريعت پور، ٽنگيل.&lt;/small&gt; 
| 90 
| 885
| 20,593.74 
| 44,215,107 
| 2,147
|-
|کلنا ڊويزن 
|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-D 
| کلنا 
| 1960 
| '''ضلعا: 10''' &lt;small&gt;باگرهاٽ، چواڊنگا، جئشور، جنيداه، کلنا، ڪشتيا، ماگورا، مهرپور، نارايل، ستکيرا&lt;/small&gt;
| 59 
| 571
| 22,284.22 
| 17,416,645
| 782
|-
|ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن 
|[[File:Mymensingh in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-H 
| ميمن سنگهه 
| 2015 
| '''ضلعا: 4'''
&lt;small&gt;جمالپور، ميمن سنگهه، نيتروڪونا، شيرپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 35 
| 351 
| 10,584.06 
| 12,225,498 
| 1,155
|-
|راجشاهي ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rajshahi in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-E 
|راجشاهي 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 8'''
&lt;small&gt;بوگرا، جوئيپور هاٽ، نوگاون، نٽور، چاپائي نواب گنج، پبنا، راجشاهي، سراج گنج&lt;/small&gt;
| 67 
| 565 
| 18,153.08 
| 20,353,119 
| 1,121
|-
|رنگپور ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rangpur in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-F 
| رنگپور 
| 2010 
| '''ضلعا: 8''' 
&lt;small&gt;ديناج پور، گائيبانڌا، ڪُريگرام، لال مونير ھاٽ، نلفاماري، پنچاگڙھه، رنگپور، ٺاڪرگاون&lt;/small&gt;
| 58 
| 535 
| 16,184.99 
| 17,610,956 
| 1,088
|-
|سلھٽ ڊويزن 
|[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-G 
| سلھٽ 
| 1996 
| '''ضلعا: 4''' 
&lt;small&gt;هوبي گنج، مولوي بازار، سونام گنج، سلهٽ&lt;/small&gt;
| 40
| 338 
| 12,635.22 
| 11,034,863 
| 873
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |[[Bangladesh|بنگلاديش]]
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|103x103px]]
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | BD 
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ڍاڪا 
! style=&quot;text-align:rcenter;&quot; |1971 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 64 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 495 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 4,546 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 147,569 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 165,158,616 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 1,119
|}

==تجويز ڪيل ڊويزنون==
==بنگلاديش انتظامي ڊويزنن جو ارتقا== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* بنگلاديش ۾ سياحت
* بنگلاديش جي ثقافت 
* ISO 3166 ڪوڊ
* بنگلاديش جا ڳوٺ
* بنگلاديش ۾ شهرن ۽ قصبن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ عالمي ورثي جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ کان بنگلاديش جي علائقن جي فهرست
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]]</text>
      <sha1>rqipcj8v2bbfk82vm7i3idpp1xpw5w8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377327</id>
      <parentid>377312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T16:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>377327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9636" sha1="lmzo9zahn9ekujgm0jwdxr1xxy5b8i6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون&lt;br&gt;বাংলাদেশের বিভাগ &lt;br&gt;(بنگلاديشير بيڀاگ)&lt;br&gt;Divisions of Bangladesh
|map=
|image-width=
|category=[[وحداني رياست]]
|territory={{پرچم|بنگلاديش}}
|current_number=8 ڊويزن
|population_range={{ubl|وڏو: 39,675,000 ([[ڍاڪا ڊويزن|ڍاڪا]])|ننڍو: 83,31,000 ([[باڙيشال ڊويزن| باڙيشال]])}}
|area_range={{ubl|وڏو: {{Convert|33908.55|sqkm|abbr=on}} ([[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن|چٽاگانگ]])|ننڍو: {{Convert|10584.06|sqkm|abbr=on}} ([[مئيمن سنگهه ڊويزن|مئيمن سنگهه]])}}
|government=ڊويزنل ڪميشن
|government1=ايڊمنسٽريٽر
|government2=ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
|subdivision=[[ضلعو|ضلعا]]}}
[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|thumb|بنگلاديش جو ڊويزنن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو]]
ڊويزنون [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ پهرين سطح جون [[انتظامي ورھاست]] آهن. سال 2024ع تائين، [[بنگلاديش]] جا اٺ ڊويزن آهن، هر هڪ جو نالو ان جي دائري اختيار ۾ موجود وڏي شهر جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي جيڪو ان ڊويزن جي انتظامي سيٽ طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿو. هر ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي ضلعن ۾ ورهايل آهي جيڪا وڌيڪ ذيلي ضلعن (اپازيلا)،  پوءِ يونين ڪائونسلن ۾ ورهايل آهن.

==تاريخ== 
سال 1971ع ۾ بنگلاديش جي آزادي کان پوءِ، ملڪ ۾ چار ڊويزنون هيون: چٽگانگ، ڍاڪا، کُلنا ۽ راجشاهي ڊويزن. سال 1982ع ۾ ڍاڪا ڊويزن جي انگريزي اسپيلنگ، &quot;Dacca&quot; کي (گادي واري شهر جي نالي سان گڏ) کي &quot;Dhaka&quot; ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو ته جيئن بنگالي تلفظ سان وڌيڪ ويجهڙائي سان ملي سگهي. 

سال 1993ع ۾، باريسال ڊويزن کي کُلنا ڊويزن کان ۽ سال 1995ع ۾ سلهٽ ڊويزن کي چٽگانگ ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 25 جنوري 2010ع تي رنگپور ڊويزن کي راجشاهي ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو. 14 سيپٽمبر 2015ع تي ميمن سنگهه ڊويزن کي ڍاڪا ڊويزن کان ورهايو ويو ۽ اٺين ڊويزن طور شامل ڪيو ويو. سال 2015ع ۾ عمل ٻه وڌيڪ ڊويزنون: ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن، ٺاهڻ شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر 2021ع ۾، هن وقت جي وزيراعظم شيخ حسينه ڪوميلا ۽ فريدپور ڊويزن جي جڳهن تي ٻن نئين دريائن جي نالي وارا ڊويزنن، ميگھنا ۽ پدما جي قيام جو اعلان ڪيو. بهرحال، انهن نالن کي بعد ۾ رد ڪيو ويو. 
==ڊويزنل ڪمشنر== 
ڊويزنل ڪمشنر هڪ ڊويزن جو انتظامي سربراهه هوندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي حڪومت طرفان بنگلاديش سول سروس (BCS) ايڊمنسٽريشن ڪيڊر جي هڪ ايڊيشنل سيڪريٽري سطح جي آفيسر مان مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر جي آفيس جو ڪردار ڊويزن ۾ واقع سڀني سرڪاري آفيسن (مرڪزي سرڪاري آفيسن کانسواءِ) جي نگران سربراهه طور ڪم ڪرڻ آهي. هڪ ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڊويزن جي آمدني ۽ ترقي جي انتظاميه جي نگراني جي سڌي ذميواري ڏني وئي آهي. ڊويزنل ڪمشنر کي ڪيترن ئي ايڊيشنل ڊويزنل ڪمشنرن، سينئر اسسٽنٽ ڪمشنر ۽ ٻين بيوروڪريٽڪ آفيسرن جي مدد حاصل هوندي آهي.  
==ڊويزنن جي فهرست==
هيٺ ڏنل جدول بنگلاديش جي اٺ ڊويزنن بابت ڪجهه اهم انگ اکر بيان ڪري ٿو. جيئن ته سال 2011ع جي بنگلاديش بيورو آف اسٽيٽسٽڪس (&lt;small&gt;B.B.S.&lt;/small&gt;) پاران ڪيل آبادي ۽ هائوسنگ مردم شماري ۾ مليو.  

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center col5center col7right col8right col9right col10right col11right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header-multi&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ڊويزن
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |نقشو
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آء ايس او ڪوڊ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | گادي جو هنڌ 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | سال 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Subdivisions
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | پکيڙ (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | آبادي (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population &amp; Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf#page=7.07 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518052555/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |گهاٽائي (ابادي/&lt;br /&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;bbs&quot; /&gt;
|-
!ضلعا 
!اپ-ضلعا  (تحصيلون) 
! يونين ڪائونسلون
|-
|'''[[باڙيشال ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-A 
| باريسال شهر 
| 1993 
| '''ضلعا: 6'''
&lt;small&gt;بارگونا، باريشال، ڀولا، جھالوڪاٺي، پتواکالي، فيروجپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 42
| 352 
| 13,225.20 
| 9,100,102 
| 688
|-
|'''[[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Chattogram in Bangladesh.svg|101x101px]]
| BD-B 
| چٽاگانگ شهر 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 11'''
&lt;small&gt;بندربن، برهمن باڙيه، چاندپور، چٽاگانگ، ڪوميلا، ڪاڪس بازار، فيني، کاگراڇري، لڪشمي پور، نوآکالي، رانگامتي&lt;/small&gt; 
| 104 
| 949 
| 33,908.55 
| 33,202,326 
| 979
|-
|'''[[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Dhaka in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-C 
| '''[[ڍاڪا|ڍاڪا شهر]]'''
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 13''' 
&lt;small&gt;ڍاڪا، فريد پور، غازي پور، گوپال گنج، ڪشور گنج، مداري پور، مانڪ گنج، منشي گنج، نارائن گنج، نرسنگدي، راجباري، شريعت پور، ٽنگيل.&lt;/small&gt; 
| 90 
| 885
| 20,593.74 
| 44,215,107 
| 2,147
|-
|'''[[کلنا ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-D 
| کلنا شهر 
| 1960 
| '''ضلعا: 10''' &lt;small&gt;باگرهاٽ، چواڊنگا، جئشور، جنيداه، کلنا، ڪشتيا، ماگورا، مهرپور، نارايل، ستکيرا&lt;/small&gt;
| 59 
| 571
| 22,284.22 
| 17,416,645
| 782
|-
|'''[[مئيمن سنگهه ڊويزن]]''' 
|[[File:Mymensingh in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-H 
| [[مئيمن سنگهه|'''ميمن سنگهه شهر''']] 
| 2015 
| '''ضلعا: 4'''
&lt;small&gt;جمالپور، ميمن سنگهه، نيتروڪونا، شيرپور&lt;/small&gt;
| 35 
| 351 
| 10,584.06 
| 12,225,498 
| 1,155
|-
|راجشاهي ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rajshahi in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-E 
|راجشاهي 
| 1829 
| '''ضلعا: 8'''
&lt;small&gt;بوگرا، جوئيپور هاٽ، نوگاون، نٽور، چاپائي نواب گنج، پبنا، راجشاهي، سراج گنج&lt;/small&gt;
| 67 
| 565 
| 18,153.08 
| 20,353,119 
| 1,121
|-
|رنگپور ڊويزن 
|[[File:Rangpur in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-F 
| رنگپور 
| 2010 
| '''ضلعا: 8''' 
&lt;small&gt;ديناج پور، گائيبانڌا، ڪُريگرام، لال مونير ھاٽ، نلفاماري، پنچاگڙھه، رنگپور، ٺاڪرگاون&lt;/small&gt;
| 58 
| 535 
| 16,184.99 
| 17,610,956 
| 1,088
|-
|سلھٽ ڊويزن 
|[[File:Sylhet in Bangladesh.svg|102x102px]]
| BD-G 
| سلھٽ 
| 1996 
| '''ضلعا: 4''' 
&lt;small&gt;هوبي گنج، مولوي بازار، سونام گنج، سلهٽ&lt;/small&gt;
| 40
| 338 
| 12,635.22 
| 11,034,863 
| 873
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot; 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |[[Bangladesh|بنگلاديش]]
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |[[File:Bangladesh divisions empty.png|103x103px]]
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | BD 
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ڍاڪا 
! style=&quot;text-align:rcenter;&quot; |1971 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 64 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 495 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 4,546 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 147,569 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 165,158,616 
! style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 1,119
|}

==تجويز ڪيل ڊويزنون==
==بنگلاديش انتظامي ڊويزنن جو ارتقا== 
==پڻ ڏسو== 
* بنگلاديش ۾ سياحت
* بنگلاديش جي ثقافت 
* ISO 3166 ڪوڊ
* بنگلاديش جا ڳوٺ
* بنگلاديش ۾ شهرن ۽ قصبن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ آثار قديمه جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* بنگلاديش ۾ عالمي ورثي جي ماڳن جي فهرست
* انساني ترقي جي انڊيڪس جي لحاظ کان بنگلاديش جي علائقن جي فهرست
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:فهرستون]]
[[زمرو:ملڪ جي لحاظ کان پهرين سطح جي انتظامي ورهاست]]</text>
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{{Redirect|ڊيل انڪ.|ان جي والدين ڪمپني|ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز|ٻيا استعمال|ڊيل (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Dell Inc.
| logo = Dell logo 2016.svg
| logo_class = logo-nobg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_caption = لوگو {{as of|2016|September|7|lc=y|df=mdy}}
| logo_upright = 0.65
| image = RR1- Dell Campus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ هيڊڪوارٽر
| former_name = {{Ubl
| پي سيز لميٽيڊ (1984–1987)
| ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن (1987–2003)
}}
| type = [[ذيلي ڪمپني]]
| traded_as = [[نيزڊيڪ]]: DELL (2013 تائين) [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]]: DELL (2018 کان)
| industry = {{Ubl
| [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]]
| [[سافٽويئر|ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر]]
}}
| fate = 
| founded = {{start date and age|1984|05|03}}، [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]]، آمريڪا ۾
| founder = [[مائيڪل ڊيل]]
| location_city = [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]]
| hq_location_country = آمريڪا&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url          = http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=corp
| title        = Dell Company Profile
| access-date  = July 28, 2010
| archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119113923/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/about-dell.aspx?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=corp
| archive-date = January 19, 2012
| url-status   = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_served = سڄي دنيا
| key_people = {{ubl|مائيڪل ڊيل ([[چيئرپرسن|چيئرمين]] ۽ [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر|سي اي او]])|جيف ڪلارڪ ([[چيئرپرسن|وائيس چيئر]] ۽ [[چيف آپريٽنگ آفيسر|سي او او]])}}
| products = {{unbulleted list
 | [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]]
 | [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرور]]
 | [[پرديهي اوزار]]
}}
| parent = [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] (2016–هاڻوڪو)
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{US$|88.4 بلين}} (2024)
| operating_income = {{decrease}} US$5.21 بلين (2024)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$3.21 بلين (2024)
| assets = {{decrease}} US$82.1 بلين (2024)
| equity = {{increasenegative}} −US$2.3 بلين (2024)
| num_employees = {{circa|120,000}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264917/number-of-employees-at-dell-since-1996/|title=Number of employees at Dell from 1996 to 2020 (in 1,000s)*|publisher=Statista|access-date=March 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website = {{official url}}
}}

'''ڊيل اِنڪارپوريٽيڊ''' (&lt;small&gt;Dell Inc&lt;/small&gt;)، اڳوڻي '''&lt;small&gt;ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن&lt;/small&gt;'''، هڪ آمريڪي [[ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپني]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪمپيوٽر|ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر]] (&lt;small&gt;PCs&lt;/small&gt;)، [[سرور (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|سرورن]] (&lt;small&gt;Servers&lt;/small&gt;)، [[ڊيٽا اسٽوريج]] ڊيوائسن، [[نيٽ ورڪ سوئچ|نيٽ ورڪ سوئچن]]، [[سافٽ ويئر|سافٽويئر]]، ڪمپيوٽر [[پيريفرل ڊوائيسز]]، جن ۾ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] ۽ [[ويب ڪيم]] پڻ شامل آهن، سميت ٻين شين ۽ خدمتن کي ترقي ڏئي ٿي، وڪرو ڪري ٿي، مرمت ڪري ٿي ۽ سهائتا فراهم ڪري ٿي۔ ڊيل جو بنياد [[ٽيڪساس|رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ آهي.

[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] طرفان 1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل، ڊيل ڪمپني [[آءِ بي ايم]] [[آءِ بي ايم پي سي هم آهنگ|ڪلون]] ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ شروع ڪئي ۽ گهٽ قيمت وارا پي سي سڌو گراهڪن کي وڪڻڻ ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Burgess |first=John |date=1991-06-03 |title=PRICE WAR SHAKES UP COMPUTER MARKET |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/06/03/price-war-shakes-up-computer-market/4f8de627-5e7a-4c2f-a5c6-25d73b9c3525/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته اها پنهنجي [[سپلاءِ چين مينيجمينٽ|سپلاءِ چين]] ۽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪامرس]] کي به منظم ڪندي رهي.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw1103&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=November 2, 2003 |title=What you don't know about Dell |url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134325/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-11-02/what-you-dont-know-about-dell |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |access-date=October 28, 2012 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dell selling former site of North Carolina manufacturing plant |url=http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925102835/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/dell-selling-former-site-of-north-carolina-manufac/nTbTJ/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |publisher=statesman.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ تيزي سان وڌي&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE RESURRECTION OF MICHAEL DELL HOW A BUNCH OF OLD GUYS GOT MICHAEL DELL TO GROW UP AND RUN HIS COMPANY LIKE THE BIG BUSINESS IT HAS BECOME. - September 18, 1995 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1995/09/18/206081/index.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=money.cnn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ سال 2001ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2001-04-20 |title=Dell becomes world's top PC maker |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1287345.stm |access-date=2024-11-20 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل سال 2009ع تائين خالص هارڊويئر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني هئي، جڏهن هن [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]] خريد ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ اها [[انفارميشن ٽيڪنالوجي|آءِ ٽي]] خدمتن جي مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي. ڪمپني اسٽوريج ۽ نيٽ ورڪنگ نظامن کي وڌايو آهي. 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾، اها صرف ڪمپيوٽر فراهم ڪرڻ کان اڳتي وڌي، ڪاروباري گراهڪن لاءِ [[ٽيڪنالاجي]] جي هڪ وسيع رينج فراهم ڪرڻ لڳي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;reut&quot;&gt;{{cite news|agency=Reuters Financial|url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&amp;symbol=DELL.O|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913131447/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&amp;symbol=DELL.O|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 13, 2008|title=Dell company profile|access-date=June 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ذيلي ڪمپني آهي، جيڪا هڪ [[عوامي ڪمپني|عوامي طور واپار ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي ۽ [[نيزڊيڪ-100]] ۽ [[S&amp;P 500]] جو حصو پڻ آهي. ڪمپني 2022ع ۾ فورچون 500 فهرست ۾ 31هين نمبر تي هئي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/fortune500/ |publisher=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; جڏهن ته 2021ع ۾ اها 76هين نمبر تي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Dell Technologies | url=https://fortune.com/company/dell-technologies/global500/ |magazine=Fortune |access-date=2022-06-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; اها ''فورچون'' رسالي موجب، ڪُل آمدني جي لحاظ کان [[ٽيڪساس]] جي ڇهين وڏي ڪمپني پڻ آهي. ڊيل ٽيڪساس جي ٻي وڏي غير تيل ڪمپني آهي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Fortune 500 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/states/TX.html |publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/states/TX.html|publisher=CNN|title=Fortune 500 2010: States: Texas Companies}}&lt;/ref&gt; بمطابق 2025ع اها، [[لينوو گروپ لميٽيڊ|لينووو]] ۽ [[ايڇ پي انڪارپوريٽيڊ|ايڇ پي]] کان پوءِ  يونٽ وڪرو جي لحاظ کان [[پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙن جو مارڪيٽ حصو|دنيا جي ٽئين وڏي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر وڪرو ڪندڙ ڪمپني]] آهي. سال 2015ع ۾، ڊيل ڪاروباري ٽيڪنالاجي فرم [[اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن]] خريد ڪئي، جنهن سان ٻئي گڏجي ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جا ڊويزن بڻيا. ڊيل لڳ ڀڳ 2020ع تائين ڊيل اي ايم سي برانڊ هيٺ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج، معلوماتي سلامتي، [[ورچوئلائيزيشن]]، اينالائيٽڪس ۽ [[ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون شيون مارڪيٽ ڪندي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dell EMC|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/dell-emc/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Adshead |first=Antony |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Dell still tops the pile as it deepens enterprise storage offer |url=https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322021917/https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Dell-still-tops-the-pile-as-it-deepens-enterprise-storage-offer |archivedate=March 22, 2025 |work=Computer Weekly |publisher=Informa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==تاريخ==
[[File:Michael Dell 2010.jpg|thumb|[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (باني)]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align     = right
| width     = 150
| image1    = Dell 1984.svg
| alt1      = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو
| caption1  = ڊيل جو پھريون لوگو، جيڪو 3 مئي 1987ع کان 1 مارچ 1992ع تائين استعمال ٿيو
| image2    = Dell logo.svg
| alt2      = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو
| caption2  = ڊيل جو اڳوڻو لوگو، جيڪو 1 مارچ 1992ع کان 23 نومبر 2010ع تائين بنيادي لوگو طور ۽ 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين ثانوي لوگو طور استعمال ٿيو
| image3    = Dell Logo.svg
| alt3      = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين
| caption3  = ڊيل جو لوگو جيڪو EMC جي حاصل ڪرڻ کان اڳ استعمال ٿيندو ھو، 23 نومبر 2010ع کان 7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تائين
}}

===بنياد ۽ شروعات===
[[File:PC's Limited Turbo PC.jpg|thumb|ڊيل پاران تيار ڪيل پھريون پي سي ماڊل (جنھن وقت ڪمپني جو نالو PC's Limited ھو)، ٽربو پي سي]]

[[مائيڪل ڊيل]] 1984ع ۾ ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن قائم ڪئي، جيڪا PC's Limited جي نالي سان ڪاروبار ڪندي ھئي۔ ڊيل [[يونيورسٽي آف ٽيڪساس اَيٽ آسٽن]] ۾ شاگرد ھو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Dell | first = Michael |author2=Catherine Fredman | title = Direct from Dell | url = https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell | url-access = registration | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | year= 1999 | page = [https://archive.org/details/directfromdellst00dell/page/13 13] | isbn = 0-88730-914-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ ھن پنھنجو ڪاروبار [[ڊوبي سينٽر]] ۾ موجود آف ڪيمپس ھاسٽل جي ڪمري مان ھلايو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324192416/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2003_05_17_msd_commencement.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-24 |url-status=live|title = Computers, Monitors &amp; Technology Solutions &amp;#124; Dell USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; ھن شروعاتي ڪمپني جو مقصد اسٽاڪ جزن مان ٺھيل [[آئي بي ايم پي سي سان موافق]] ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ھو۔ مائيڪل ڊيل اھو يقين رکندي ڪاروبار شروع ڪيو تہ گراهڪن کي سڌي طرح ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم وڪڻڻ سان PC's Limited گراهڪن جون ضرورتون بھتر نموني سمجهي سگھندي ۽ انھن ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ مؤثر ڪمپيوٽنگ خدمتون مهيا ڪري سگھندي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117203802/http://www.aajads.com/listings/dell-inspiron-n5010-15-6-laptop-pc-core-i5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |title=Dell &amp;#124; Dell |website=aajads.com |date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل ٽيڪساس يونيورسٽي ۾ پنھنجو پھريون سال مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پڙھائي ڇڏي ڏني تہ جيئن ھو پنھنجي نئين ڪاروبار تي مڪمل وقت ڌيان ڏئي سگھي، جڏھن تہ کيس پنھنجي خاندان کان لڳ ڀڳ $1,000 توسيعي سرمايي طور مليا۔&lt;ref name=&quot;delltimeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Timeline |url=https://corporate.delltechnologies.com/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/timeline.htm |website=Dell Technologies |access-date=November 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2021ع تائين، ڊيل جي خالص دولت جو اندازو 50 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ لڳايو ويو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Stupples |first=Benjamin |title=Michael Dell's Fortune Soars to $51 Billion With Spinoff |year=2021 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-15/michael-dell-s-fortune-surges-to-52-billion-with-spinoff-plan |website=Bloomberg |access-date=November 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1985ع ۾، PC's Limited پنھنجو پھريون ڪمپيوٽر &quot;ٽربو پي سي&quot; متعارف ڪرايو، جنھن جي قيمت يو ايس $795 ھئي ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=795|start_year=1985|r=0|fmt=eq}})۔&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Koehn |first=Nancy Fowler |title=Brand New: How Entrepreneurs Earned Consumers' Trust from Wedgwood to Dell |publisher=[[Harvard Business Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-57851-221-8 |page=287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j8VefeqUk4C |access-date=October 14, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٽربو پي سي ۾ Intel 8088 سان موافق پروسيسر شامل ھو، جنھن جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار 8&amp;nbsp;MHz ھئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=The Golden Age of Dell Computers |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/the-golden-age-of-dell-computers |year=2017 |website=PC Magazine |access-date=November 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان وقت PC's Limited کي ڪيترن ئي [[وائيٽ باڪس (ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر)|وائيٽ باڪس]] وڪرو ڪندڙن مان ھڪ سمجھيو ويندو ھو، جيتوڻيڪ 1986ع ۾ [[ھيوز ايئرڪرافٽ]] ھڪ ايگزيڪيوٽو جي ذاتي خريداري مان سٺي تجربي کان پوءِ ڪارپوريٽ استعمال لاءِ ان جي شين جو جائزو وٺي رھي ھئي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;welch19860127&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Welch |first=Mark J. |date=January 27, 1986 |title=Interest Grows in Generic Computers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=my8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA27 |magazine=InfoWorld |publisher=IDG Publications |pages=24–27 |via=Google Books |volume=8 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني ھنن سسٽمن جي مارڪيٽنگ قومي ڪمپيوٽر رسالن وسيلي ڪندي ھئي، جتي ھر يونٽ کي اختيارن جي ھڪ حد مطابق ترتيب ڏئي سڌو سنئون گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪيو ويندو ھو۔ ھن طريقي PC's Limited کي پرچون برانڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ مقابلي واريون قيمتون پيش ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني، ساڳئي وقت اڳواٽ اسمبل ٿيل يونٽن جي سهولت به مهيا ڪئي، جنھن ڪري اھا ڪمپني ھن ڪاروباري ماڊل جي شروعاتي ڪامياب مثالن مان ھڪ بڻجي وئي۔ ڪمپني پنھنجي پھرين سال جي آپريشن ۾ $73 ملين کان وڌيڪ آمدني حاصل ڪئي۔ 1987ع ۾ ڪمپني &quot;PC's Limited&quot; نالو ختم ڪري &quot;ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن&quot; اختيار ڪيو ۽ عالمي سطح تي واڌ ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي۔ ھن نئين نالي جي چونڊ جو سبب اھو ھو تہ اھو ڪاروباري مارڪيٽ ۾ ڪمپني جي موجودگيءَ کي وڌيڪ چڱيءَ طرح ظاھر ڪندو ھو، ۽ گڏوگڏ ڪجھ ملڪن ۾ ڪمپني نالي ۾ &quot;لميٽيڊ&quot; جي استعمال بابت مسئلن کي به حل ڪندو ھو۔&lt;ref name=&quot;ferrell198708&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/1987-08-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_087_1987_Aug#page/n15/mode/2up | title=CES And Comdex: A Tale Of Two Cities | work=Compute! | date=August 1987 | access-date=November 10, 2013 | author=Ferrell, Keith | page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني برطانيا ۾ پنھنجا پھريان بين الاقوامي آپريشن قائم ڪيا؛ ايندڙ چئن سالن دوران وڌيڪ 11 آپريشن شروع ڪيا ويا۔ جون 1988ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر جي مارڪيٽ ڪيپيٽلائيزيشن $30 ملين کان وڌي $85 ملين (${{Inflation|US-GDP|85|1988|r=1}} ملين {{Inflation/year|US}} ۾) ٿي وئي، جيڪا 22 جون تي ناسدق NASDAQ تي ڊيل ٽِڪر علامت ھيٺ 3.5 ملين شيئرن جي ابتدائي عوامي پيشڪش کان پوءِ حاصل ٿي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Wayne |title=This Day in Market History: The Dell IPO |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/day-market-history-dell-ipo-104800092.html |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Yahoo Finance |date=22 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1989ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو پھريون ليپ ٽاپ پراڊڪٽ، Dell 316LT، متعارف ڪرايو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nayak |first1=Malathi |title=Timeline: Dell since 1984, a roller-coaster ride |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/media-telecom/timeline-dell-since-1984-a-roller-coaster-ride-idUSBRE9140SU/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=5 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۽ 2000ع جي شروعاتي دور ۾ واڌ===
[[File:Dell Latitude CPx.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ CPx ليپ ٽاپ]]

1990ع ۾، ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر پنھنجون شيون گودام ڪلبن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر سپر اسٽورن ذريعي اڻسڌي طرح وڪڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر گھٽ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ ڪمپني ٻيهر پنھنجي وڌيڪ ڪامياب سڌي-گراهڪ-وڪري واري ماڊل تي ڌيان ڏنو۔ 1992ع ۾ ''[[فارچون (رسالو)|فارچون]]'' ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريشن کي دنيا جي [[فارچون گلوبل 500|500]] وڏين ڪمپنين جي فهرست ۾ شامل ڪيو، جنھن سان مائيڪل ڊيل ان وقت فارچون 500 ڪمپنيءَ جو سڀ کان نوجوان CEO بڻجي ويو۔

1993ع ۾، سينيئر نائب صدر [[جوئل ڪوچر]] ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' کي ٻڌايو تہ &quot;ھاڻي اھو ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪاروبار ناھي رهيو&quot;۔ سندس نظرئي مطابق ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر ھڪ عام جنس بڻجي چڪا ھئا، ۽ اھو خيال ڪمپني جي ٻين ماڻھن ۾ به عام ھو۔ سندن خيال ھو تہ ڊيل ٻين ڪمپنين — جھڙوڪ ٽيڪساس جي ساٿي ڪمپني ۽ سخت حريف [[ڪامپيڪ]] — کان پنھنجي تقسيمي مهارت ۽ گراهڪن جي &quot;ڊيٽابيس انجڻ&quot; سبب مختلف ھئي، جيڪا ڪوچر موجب ٽيڪنالاجي کان سواءِ ٻيون شيون به وڪڻي سگھي ٿي: &quot;اسان [[ميري ڪي ڪاسميٽڪس]] سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکون ٿا، [[جنرل موٽرز]] سان ناھي&quot;۔&lt;ref name=&quot;pope19930702&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pope |first=Kyle |date=1993-07-02 |title=Out for Blood: For Compaq and Dell, Accent Is on Personal In the Computer Wars |work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1993ع ۾، پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري چينل کي مڪمل ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل وڏي پرچون مرڪزن جهڙوڪ [[وال مارٽ]] ۾ پي سي وڪڻڻ جو منصوبو ٺاهيو، جيڪو سالياني آمدني ۾ اضافي $125 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1993|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) آڻي سگھيو پئي۔ [[بين ڪيپيٽل]] جي صلاحڪار [[ڪيون رولنز]] مائيڪل ڊيل کي انھن معاهدن مان نڪرڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ سندس خيال ۾ ڊگهي مدي ۾ اھي نقصانڪار ثابت ٿيندا۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rivlin |first=Gary |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/technology/11dell.html |title=He Naps. He Sings. And He Isn't Michael Dell. |work=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرچون مارڪيٽ ۾ منافعي جا مارجن تمام گهٽ ھئا، ۽ ڊيل 1994ع ۾ ريسيلر چينل ڇڏي ڏنو۔&lt;ref name=&quot;mhhe.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mhhe.com/business/management/updates/thompson12e/case/dell3.html |title=Dell Computer Corporation Online Case |publisher=Mhhe.com |date=January 30, 1994 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; رولنز جلد ئي ڊيل ۾ مڪمل وقت شامل ٿيو ۽ آخرڪار ڪمپني جو صدر ۽ CEO بڻيو۔

1990ع جي شروعات تائين [[ليپ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر]] مارڪيٽ مجموعي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر مارڪيٽ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ منافعي بخش ۽ تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ ھئي۔ 1993ع ۾ پنھنجي ناڪام پراڻين شين کي بند ڪرڻ ۽ ايپل جي تمام ڪامياب [[پاور بُڪ]] جي ترقيءَ جي اڳواڻي ڪندڙ جان ميڊيڪا کي ڀرتي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، ڪمپني 1994ع ۾ [[ڊيل ليٽيٽيوڊ]] ليپ ٽاپ سيريز متعارف ڪرائي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;lohr19940222&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=22 February 1994 |title=Dell's Second Stab at Portables |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/22/business/dell-s-second-stab-at-portables.html |work=The New York Times |pages=D1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

شروعاتي طور تي، ڊيل صارفين جي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻو ڌيان نه ڏنو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ انفرادي ۽ گھريلو گراهڪن کي وڪرو ڪرڻ ۾ خرچ وڌيڪ ۽ منافعو گھٽ ھو؛ پر اھو صورتحال تڏھن تبديل ٿي جڏھن 1996ع ۽ 1997ع ۾ ڪمپني جي انٽرنيٽ سائيٽ تيزيءَ سان مقبول ٿي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;delltimeline&quot; /&gt; جڏھن صنعت ۾ انفرادي گراهڪن لاءِ اوسط وڪري جي قيمت گھٽجي رھي ھئي، ڊيل جي قيمت وڌي رھي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ٻي ۽ ٽئين ڀيري ڪمپيوٽر خريد ڪندڙ، جيڪي وڌيڪ طاقتور ۽ گھڻين خاصيتن وارا ڪمپيوٽر چاھيندا ھئا ۽ گھڻي فني مدد جي ضرورت محسوس نه ڪندا ھئا، ڊيل کي چونڊي رھيا ھئا۔ ڊيل کي اھڙن پي سي ڄاڻو گراهڪن ۾ موقعو مليو، جيڪي سڌي خريداري، پنھنجي ضرورت مطابق پي سي ترتيب ڏيڻ ۽ ڪجھ ڏينھن ۾ گھر تائين پھچائڻ جي سهولت پسند ڪندا ھئا۔ 1997ع جي شروعات ۾، ڊيل گھر جي مارڪيٽ جي خدمت لاءِ ھڪ اندروني وڪري ۽ مارڪيٽنگ گروپ قائم ڪيو ۽ خاص طور تي انفرادي استعمال ڪندڙن لاءِ تيار ڪيل پراڊڪٽ لائين متعارف ڪرائي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;mhhe.com&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot;
|+1990ع واري ڏھاڪي ۾ ڊيل جي واڌ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Kraemer |first1=Kenneth L. |last2=Dedrick |first2=Jason |date=2001-06-01 |title=Dell Computer: Using E-commerce To Support the Virtual Company |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt7r55529z/qt7r55529z.pdf?t=lnq69p |website=escholarship.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!سال
!آمدني
(ملين آمريڪي ڊالر)
!ملازمن
جو تعداد
|-
|1990
|546
|2,050
|-
|1991
|889
|2,970
|-
|1992
|2,013
|4,650
|-
|1993
|2,873
|5,980
|-
|1994
|3,475
|6,400
|-
|1995
|5,296
|8,400
|-
|1996
|7,759
|10,350
|-
|1997
|12,327
|16,000
|-
|1998
|18,243
|24,400
|-
|1999
|25,256
|36,500
|}

1997ع کان 2004ع تائين، ڊيل لڳاتار وڌندي رھي ۽ صنعت ۾ سست رفتاري جي دور ۾ به حريفن کان مارڪيٽ شيئر حاصل ڪندي رھي، جنھن جي تيز ترين واڌ 2000ع جي شروعاتي سالن ۾ ٿي۔ انھيءَ عرصي دوران، حريف پي سي ڪمپنيون جهڙوڪ [[ڪامپيڪ]]، [[گيٽ وي، اِنڪ.|گيٽ وي]]، [[آئي بي ايم اپٽيوا|آئي بي ايم]]، [[پيڪارڊ بيل]] ۽ [[اي ايس ٽي ريسرچ]] مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿيون ۽ آخرڪار مارڪيٽ ڇڏي ويون يا خريد ڪيون ويون۔&lt;ref name=&quot;ZDA&quot;&gt;ZDNET Asia: [http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm Michael Dell back as CEO] February 1, 2007. Visited: April 10, 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611213001/http://www.zdnetasia.com/michael-dell-back-as-ceo-rollins-resigns-61986298.htm|date=June 11, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل 1999ع ۾ ڪامپيڪ کي پوئتي ڇڏي دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني بڻجي وئي۔&lt;ref&gt;Rivkin, Jan W., and Porter, Michael E. Matching Dell, Harvard Business School Case 9-799-158, June 6, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; 2002ع ۾ آپريٽنگ خرچ ڊيل جي $35 ارب آمدني جو رڳو 10 سيڪڙو ھئا ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=35000000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}})، جڏھن تہ Hewlett-Packard وٽ اھي 21 سيڪڙو، Gateway وٽ 25 سيڪڙو، ۽ Cisco وٽ 46 سيڪڙو ھئا۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Jones |first=Kathryn |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2003/02/01/335960/ |title=The Dell Way Michael Dell's famous business model made his company the world's premier computer maker. Now he's branching into new fields and taking on virtually every other hardware manufacturer. Can &quot;the Model&quot; stand the strain? – February 1, 2003 |publisher=CNN |date=February 1, 2003 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2002ع ۾ جڏھن ڪامپيڪ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ سان ضم ٿي وئي (جيڪا ان وقت چوٿين نمبر جي پي سي ڪمپني ھئي)، نئين گڏيل ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ٿوري وقت لاءِ پھرين نمبر تي اچي وئي، پر جلد ئي مشڪلاتن جو شڪار ٿي ۽ ڊيل ٻيهر اڳواڻي حاصل ڪري ورتي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;bw1103&quot;/&gt;

2002ع ۾، ڊيل پنھنجي پراڊڪٽ لائين کي وڌائيندي ٽيليويزن، [[ھينڊ ھيلڊ ڪمپيوٽر|ھينڊ ھيلڊز]]، ڊجيٽل آڊيو پليئرز، ۽ [[پرنٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|پرنٽر]] شامل ڪيا۔ چيئرمين ۽ CEO مائيڪل ڊيل ڪيترائي ڀيرا صدر ۽ COO ڪيون رولنز جي ان ڪوشش کي روڪيو، جنھن جو مقصد ڪمپني جي پي سيز تي ڳري انحصار کي گھٽ ڪرڻ ھو، ۽ رولنز اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن خريد ڪري اھو مسئلو حل ڪرڻ چاھيو پئي؛ اھو قدم آخرڪار 12 سالن کان پوءِ کنيو ويو۔&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNMoney-dilemma&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Benner |first=Katie |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |title=Michael Dell's dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509093526/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/06/13/michael-dells-dilemma/ |archive-date=May 9, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2003ع ۾، ڪمپني جي سالياني اجلاس ۾ شيئر ھولڊرن ڪمپني جو نالو &quot;ڊيل انڪ.&quot; ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ جي منظوري ڏني تہ جيئن ڪمپني جي ڪمپيوٽرن کان اڳتي وڌندڙ واڌ کي تسليم ڪري سگھجي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-May-2003-PRE-14A&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1992/95013403007092/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form PRE 14A, Filing Date May 5, 2003 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2004ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اھا [[ونسٽن-سالم، نارٿ ڪيرولائنا|ونسٽن-سالم]]، [[نارٿ ڪيرولائنا]] جي ويجھو ھڪ نئون اسمبلي پلانٽ تعمير ڪندي؛ شھر ۽ ضلعي ڊيل کي $37.2 ملين جي ترغيبي پيڪيجز فراهم ڪيا، جڏھن تہ رياست تقريباً $250 ملين ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=250000000|start_year=2004|r=-5|fmt=eq}}) ترغيبات ۽ ٽيڪس رعايتون ڏنيون۔ جولاءِ ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل [[چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسر]] جي عھدي تان ھٽي ويو، پر [[بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز]] جي چيئرمين طور برقرار رھيو۔&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-May-2004-DEF-14A&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1422/95013404008188/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form DEF 14A, Filing Date May 27, 2004 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪيون رولنز، جيڪو ڊيل ۾ ڪيترن ئي اعليٰ انتظامي عهدن تي ڪم ڪري چڪو ھو، نئون CEO بڻيو۔ جيتوڻيڪ مائيڪل ڊيل وٽ ھاڻي CEO جو سرڪاري لقب نه رھيو، پر ھو عملي طور رولنز سان گڏ گڏيل CEO وانگر ڪم ڪندو رھيو۔&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNMoney-dilemma&quot; /&gt;

رولنز جي قيادت دوران، ڊيل 2006ع ۾ ڪمپيوٽر ھارڊويئر ٺاهيندڙ [[ايلين ويئر]] خريد ڪئي۔ ڊيل اِنڪ. جي منصوبي موجب Alienware موجوده انتظاميا ھيٺ آزاد نموني ڪم جاري رکندي۔ Alienware کي اميد ھئي تہ اھا ڊيل جي مؤثر پيداوار واري نظام مان فائدو حاصل ڪندي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | first=Louise | last=Lee | title= Dell Goes High-end and Hip | date= March 23, 2006 | publisher=BusinessWeek | url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 24, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2000ع جي وچ واري دور جون مشڪلاتون===
[[File:DELL AIXM X51v.jpg|thumb|ڊيل ايڪسم X51v، جنھن ۾ جاپاني وڪيپيڊيا جو مکيه صفحو کليل ڏيکاريل آھي]]

2005ع ۾، جڏھن تہ آمدني ۽ وڪري ۾ واڌ جاري رھي، وڪري جي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان طور سست ٿي وئي، ۽ ان سال ڪمپني جي شيئرن جي قيمت ۾ 25 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;BW0206&quot;&gt;Bloomberg-Businessweek [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028132635/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/feb2006/tc20060223_710372.htm?chan=search Its Dell vs the Dell way], February 2006. Visited: April 10, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; جون 2006ع تائين، شيئرن جي واپار تقريباً US$25 تي ٿي رھي ھئي، جيڪا جولاءِ 2005ع جي مقابلي ۾ 40 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي، جيڪو ڊاٽ ڪام دور کان پوءِ ڪمپني جو بلند ترين مرحلو ھو۔&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2006&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Darlin |first=Damon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/technology/15dell.html |title=Falling Short of A+ |work=The New York Times |date=June 15, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

وڪري جي سست ٿيندڙ واڌ جو سبب پختي ٿيندڙ پي سي مارڪيٽ کي قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪا ڊيل جي وڪرو جو 66 سيڪڙو حصو ھئي، ۽ تجزيه نگارن جو خيال ھو تہ ڊيل کي غير پي سي شعبن جهڙوڪ اسٽوريج، خدمتن، ۽ سرورن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي ضرورت آھي۔ ڊيل جو قيمتي فائدو ان جي انتهائي سستي ڊيسڪ ٽاپ پي سي پيداوار سان لاڳاپيل ھو،&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; پر اھو فائدو گھٽ اهميت وارو بڻجي ويو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ ڪمپني جي سپلائي چين اندر وڌيڪ بچت ڳولڻ ڏکيو ٿي ويو، ۽ ھيولٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]] جھڙن حريفن پنھنجن پي سي پيداوار واري آپريشن کي وڌيڪ مؤثر بڻائي ڊيل سان مقابلو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جنھن سان ڊيل جي روايتي قيمتي برتري ڪمزور ٿي وئي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;news.cnet.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Haff |first=Gordon |date=March 29, 2010 |title=The real Dell 2.0 &amp;#124; The Pervasive Data Center – CNET News |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/the-real-dell-2-0/ |access-date=January 9, 2014 |website=CNET}}&lt;/ref&gt; پوري پي سي صنعت ۾ قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪارڪردگيءَ ۾ اضافي سبب، ڊيل وٽ پنھنجي گراهڪن کي وڌيڪ مهانگا سسٽم وڪڻڻ جا موقعا گھٽجي ويا۔ نتيجي طور، ڪمپني اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ سستا پي سي وڪڻڻ لڳي، جنھن سان منافعي جا مارجن متاثر ٿيا۔&lt;ref name=&quot;ZDA&quot;/&gt; ليپ ٽاپ شعبي پي سي مارڪيٽ جو سڀ کان تيزيءَ سان وڌندڙ حصو بڻجي چڪو ھو، پر ڊيل ٻين پي سي ٺاهيندڙن وانگر چين ۾ گھٽ قيمتي نوٽ بُڪ تيار ڪندي ھئي، جنھن سان ڊيل جا پيداوار وارا قيمتي فائدا ختم ٿي ويا، ۽ انٽرنيٽ وڪري تي انحصار سبب ڊيل وڏي پرچون اسٽورن ۾ وڌندڙ نوٽ بُڪ وڪري مان فائدو حاصل نه ڪري سگھي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2006&quot;/&gt; ''CNET'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل وڏي مقدار ۽ گھٽ منافعي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ عاميت ۾ ڦاسي پئي ھئي، جنھن سبب اھا اھي وڌيڪ دلچسپ ڊوائيسز پيش ڪرڻ کان قاصر ٿي وئي، جن جي صارفين کي طلب ھئي۔&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;

عالمي علائقن ۽ پيداوار جي ٻين حصن ۾ واڌاري جي منصوبن باوجود، ڊيل آمريڪي ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ تي گھڻي دارومدار رکندڙ ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ 2006ع جي ٽئين ٽه ماهي نتيجن موجب تجارتي ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز ڪمپني جي آمدنيءَ جو 32 سيڪڙو ھئا، ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 85 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن مان ايندو ھو، ۽ ان جي آمدنيءَ جو 64 سيڪڙو اتر ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا مان ايندو ھو. آمريڪا ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پي سيز جون موڪلون گھٽجي رھيون ھيون، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ پي سي مارڪيٽ، جيڪا اپگريڊ چڪرن ۾ پي سي خريد ڪندي ھئي، نون سسٽمن جي خريداري کان وڏي حد تائين وقفو ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪري چڪي ھئي. آخري چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2002ع ۾ شروع ٿيو ھو، يعني ان وقت کان لڳ ڀڳ ٽي سال پوءِ جڏھن ڪمپنين امڪاني [[سال 2000 وارو مسئلو|وائي ٽو ڪي]] مسئلن کان اڳ پي سي خريد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا ھئا، ۽ ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کان توقع نه ھئي تہ اھي مائڪروسافٽ جي [[ونڊوز وسٽا]]، جيڪا 2007ع جي شروعات ۾ متوقع ھئي، جي وسيع جاچ کان اڳ ٻيهر اپگريڊ ڪندا؛ ان ڪري ايندڙ اپگريڊ چڪر لڳ ڀڳ 2008ع ۾ اچڻو ھو.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-revamps-product-group%2C-adds-executives/2100-11746_3-6143163.html |title=Dell revamps product group, adds executives – CNET News |website=CNET |date=December 12, 2006 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dells-dog-days-of-summer/2100-1014_3-6097185.html |title=Dell's dog days of summer – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; پي سيز تي گھڻي دارومدار سبب، ڊيل کي وڪرو جي مقدار وڌائڻ لاءِ قيمتون گھٽائڻيون پيون، ساڳئي وقت سپلائرن کان بھ وڏي ڪٽوتين جو مطالبو ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNMoney-dilemma&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل گھڻي وقت کان پنھنجي سڌي وڪري واري ماڊل تي قائم رھي ھئي. تازن سالن ۾ صارف پي سي وڪري جا مکيه محرڪ بڻجي چڪا ھئا،&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; پر ويب يا فون ذريعي پي سي خريد ڪندڙ صارفن ۾ گھٽتائي آئي ھئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڌندڙ انگ ۾ صارف پهريان ڊوائيسز آزمائڻ لاءِ صارف اليڪٽرانڪس جي پرچون دڪانن ڏانھن وڃي رھيا ھئا. پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل جا مقابليدار، [[ايڇ پي]]، [[گيٽ وي]] ۽ [[ايسر اِنڪ.|ايسر]]، ڊگھي عرصي کان پرچون موجودگي رکندا ھئا، تنھنڪري اھي صارفن جي ھن تبديلي مان فائدو وٺڻ لاءِ بھتر حالت ۾ ھئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;director1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |title=Michael Dell &amp;#124; Dell |publisher=Director.co.uk |author=Woodward, David |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815101949/http://director.co.uk/MAGAZINE/2009/4%20April/Michael_Dell_62_9.html |archive-date=August 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; پرچون موجودگيءَ جي کوٽ ڊيل جي [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]]، جھڙوڪ فليٽ-پينل ٽي ويز ۽ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز، پيش ڪرڻ وارين ڪوششن کي روڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل ان جي جواب ۾ مال ڪائوسڪ ۽ ٽيڪساس ۽ نيويارڪ ۾ نيم-پرچون اسٽورن سان تجربا ڪيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل جي سڃاڻپ ھڪ اھڙي ڪمپني طور ھئي جيڪا جدت ڪندڙ ٿيڻ بدران سپلائي چين جي ڪارڪردگين تي ڀاڙيندي، قائم ٿيل ٽيڪنالاجيون گھٽ قيمتن تي وڪرو ڪندي ھئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNMoney-dilemma&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;director1&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;مائيڪل ڊيل جو انتظامي انداز خطري کان پاسو ڪندڙ ھو ۽ ھو کليل نموني انھن مقابليدارن جو مذاق اڏائيندو ھو جيڪي [[تحقيق ۽ ترقي|آر اينڊ ڊي]] ۽ حصولن تي خرچ ڪندا ھئا، پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين اھو شايد ڊيل جي موبائل فونن ۽ ٽيبليٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جھڙين مارڪيٽ تبديلين کان پوئتي رھڻ جو سبب بڻيو.[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124121741/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-01-24/boeings-787-dreamliner-and-the-decline-of-innovation#p2]&lt;/ref&gt; 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين ڪيترائي تجزئي نگار ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي ۾ ايندڙ واڌاري جي ذريعو طور جدت ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ڏانھن ڏسي رھيا ھئا. آمدنيءَ جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊيل جو آر اينڊ ڊي تي گھٽ خرچ، [[آئي بي ايم]]، [[ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ]] ۽ [[ايپل اِنڪ.]] جي مقابلي ۾، جيڪو ڪموڊيٽائيزڊ پي سي مارڪيٽ ۾ سٺو ڪم ڪندو ھو، ان کي وڌيڪ منافع بخش حصن، جھڙوڪ ايم پي ٿري پليئرز ۽ بعد ۾ موبائل ڊوائيسز، ۾ اڳڀرائي ڪرڻ کان روڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;BW0206&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; آر اينڊ ڊي تي خرچ وڌائڻ سان انھن آپريٽنگ مارجنز ۾ گھٽتائي اچي ھا جن تي ڪمپني زور ڏيندي ھئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw1103&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل ھڪ افقي تنظيم سان سٺو ڪم ڪيو ھو جيڪا پي سيز تي ڌيان ڏيندي ھئي، جڏھن ڪمپيوٽنگ صنعت 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ افقي ميلاپ-۽-ملائڻ وارين تہن ڏانھن منتقل ٿي؛ پر 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين صنعت آخر کان آخر تائين آءِ ٽي پيداوار ڏيڻ لاءِ عمودي طور ضم ٿيل اسٽيڪس ڏانھن منتقل ٿي وئي، ۽ ڊيل ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ ۽ اوريڪل جھڙن مقابليدارن کان ڪافي پوئتي رھي.&lt;ref name=&quot;news.cnet.com&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

2006ع ۾، ڊيل گراهڪن جي پڇا ڳاڇا جو وڌيڪ جلدي جواب ڏيڻ لاءِ ''DellConnect'' متعارف ڪرايو. جولاءِ 2006ع ۾ ڪمپني پنھنجو Direct2Dell بلاگ شروع ڪيو، ۽ پوءِ فيبروري 2007ع ۾ مائيڪل ڊيل IdeaStorm.com شروع ڪيو، جتي گراهڪن کان مشورا گھريا ويا، جن ۾ لينڪس ڪمپيوٽر وڪڻڻ ۽ پي سيز تي تشھيري &quot;bloatware&quot; گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. ھنن قدمن سان منفي بلاگ پوسٽن کي 49 سيڪڙو کان 22 سيڪڙو تائين گھٽائڻ ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، ۽ انٽرنيٽ سرچ انجڻن تي نمايان &quot;Dell Hell&quot; کي پڻ گھٽايو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes2006&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150128/http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/294370-dell-learns-to-listen?type=old_article |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |title=Dell Learns to Listen |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=October 17, 2007 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اھا تنقيد بہ ٿي تہ ڊيل پنھنجي پي سيز لاءِ خراب جزا استعمال ڪيا، خاص طور تي 11.8 ملين OptiPlex ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر جيڪي مئي 2003ع کان جولاءِ 2005ع تائين ڪاروبارن ۽ حڪومتن کي وڪرو ڪيا ويا ۽ جيڪي [[ڪيپيسيٽر پليگ|خراب ڪيپيسيٽرن]] کان متاثر ٿيا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/technology/29dell.html | work=The New York Times | first=Ashlee | last=Vance | author-link=Ashlee Vance | title=In Suit Over Faulty Computers, Window to Dell's Fall | date=June 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2006ع ۾، ڊيل ليپ ٽاپ کي باهه لڳڻ جي نتيجي ۾ بيٽري ريڪال سبب ڪمپني کي گھڻي منفي توجه ملي؛ جيتوڻيڪ بعد ۾ [[سوني]] کي بيٽرين جي تياري جو ذميوار قرار ڏنو ويو، پر سوني جي ترجمان چيو تہ مسئلو بيٽري ۽ چارجر جي گڏيل استعمال سان لاڳاپيل ھو، جيڪو ڊيل لاءِ مخصوص ھو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=August 15, 2006|title=Dell to recall 4.1 million batteries made by Sony - Technology - International Herald Tribune|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/technology/15iht-dell.2487518.html|access-date=August 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2006ع اھو پھريون سال ھو جڏھن ڊيل جي واڌاري جي رفتار مجموعي پي سي صنعت کان سست ٿي وئي. 2006ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي تائين، ڊيل سڀ کان وڏي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ جو لقب ھيوليٽ-پيڪرڊ کي وڃائي ڇڏيو، جنھن جو پرسنل سسٽمز گروپ سندن سي اي او [[مارڪ هرڊ]] پاران شروع ڪيل جوڙجڪ-نئين سر ترتيب سبب وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو ھو.&lt;ref name=&quot;BW0206&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;CRN.COM: [http://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 Rollins now out of job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802201642/https://www.crn.com/news/components-peripherals/197002312/rollins-dells-outstanding-executive-is-now-out-of-a-job.htm;jsessionid=DKITbSt2WFcQT1hL4UqHMg**.ecappj02 |date=August 2, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/markets/spotlight/spotlight_dell/index.htm | publisher=CNN | first1=Amanda | last1=Cantrell | title=All's not well with Dell | date=February 10, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====ايس اي سي جاچ====
آگسٽ 2005ع ۾، ڊيل آمريڪا جي [[يو ايس سيڪيورٽيز اينڊ ايڪسچينج ڪميشن|ايس اي سي]] جي غير رسمي جاچ جو موضوع بڻجي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Ben Ames |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9002535&amp;source=rss_news50 |title=Dell reveals SEC investigation, says Q2 profit down 51% |publisher=Computerworld.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092753/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9002535&amp;source=rss_news50 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2006ع ۾، ڪمپني انڪشاف ڪيو تہ آمريڪي اٽارني، ڏاکڻي ضلعو نيويارڪ، ڪمپني جي 2002ع کان مالياتي رپورٽنگ سان لاڳاپيل دستاويزن لاءِ سمن جاري ڪيو ھو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0115050220100401 |title=UPDATE 2-Dell says several former staff may face SEC action, Reuters Apr 1, 2010 |publisher=Reuters.com |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |first=Braden |last=Reddall}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني 2006ع جي ٽئين ۽ چوٿين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽن جي فائلنگ ۾ دير ڪئي، ۽ ڪيترائي ڪلاس-ايڪشن مقدما داخل ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasnews.com:80/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009111823/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8N1MLNO0.html|url-status=dead|title=Dallas Morning News &amp;#124; News for Dallas, Texas &amp;#124; Texas/Southwest |archivedate=October 9, 2008|website=www.dallasnews.com|accessdate=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dell Inc جي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ داخل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪامي ڪمپني کي [[ناسڊاڪ]] مان ڊي-لسٽ ٿيڻ جي خطري ۾ وجھي سگھي ٿي،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Moltzen |first=Edward F. |url=http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629043729/http://www.crn.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=193004297 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |title=NASDAQ Sends Dell, Novell Delisting Notices - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; پر ايڪسچينج ڊيل کي رعايت ڏني، جنھن سان اسٽاڪ معمولي نموني واپار ڪندو رھيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |title=Dell Buys Time From Nasdaq On Delisting - Hardware - IT Channel News by CRN and VARBusiness |publisher=Crn.com |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905025934/http://www.crn.com/sections/breakingnews/dailyarchives.jhtml?articleId=196903036 |archive-date=September 5, 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; آگسٽ 2007ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ ھڪ اندروني آڊٽ کان پوءِ، جنھن ۾ معلوم ٿيو تہ ڪجھ ملازمن ٽه ماهي مالياتي هدف پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪارپوريٽ اڪائونٽ بيلنس تبديل ڪيا ھئا، اھا مالي سال 2003ع کان 2006ع ۽ 2007ع جي پھرين ٽه ماهي جي آمدني ٻيهر بيان ڪندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ames |first1=Ben |last2=McMillan |first2=Robert |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |title=&quot;Dell to restate results after finding manipulation,&quot; Computerword, August 16, 2007 |publisher=Computerworld.com |date=August 16, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-date=October 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008193903/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9031106/Dell_to_restate_results_after_finding_manipulation |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; جولاءِ 2010ع ۾، ايس اي سي ڊيل جي ڪيترن ئي سينئر عملدارن خلاف الزام جو اعلان ڪيو، جن ۾ ڊيل جو چيئرمين ۽ سي اي او مائيڪل ڊيل، اڳوڻو سي اي او ڪيون رولنز، ۽ اڳوڻو سي ايف او جيمز شنائڊر شامل ھئا، تہ اھي &quot;سيڙپڪارن کي اھم معلومات ظاهر ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رھيا ۽ دوکيباز اڪائونٽنگ استعمال ڪئي تہ جيئن ڪوڙو تاثر پيدا ٿئي تہ ڪمپني مسلسل وال اسٽريٽ جي آمدني هدفن کي پورو ڪري رھي آھي ۽ پنھنجا آپريٽنگ خرچ گھٽائي رھي آھي.&quot; ڊيل, انڪ. تي 100 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو، ۽ مائيڪل ڊيل تي ذاتي طور 4 ملين ڊالر ڏنڊ وڌو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=SEC Charges Dell and Senior Executives with Disclosure and Accounting Fraud |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm |access-date=November 22, 2021 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120144818/https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-131.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2023|ref=SECrelease}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ڊيل 2.0 ۽ گھٽتائي===
پنج مان چار ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽون اميدن کان گھٽ اچڻ کان پوءِ، رولنز 31 جنوري 2007ع تي صدر ۽ سي اي او جي عهدي تان استعيفا ڏني، ۽ باني مائيڪل ڊيل ٻيهر سي اي او جو ڪردار سنڀاليو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-Feb-2007-8-K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020823/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2259/0000950134-07-002027.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 5, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڪمپني ھڪ ابتدائي ٽه ماهي آمدني رپورٽ جاري ڪئي، جنھن ۾ مجموعي وڪرو 14.4 ارب ڊالر ڏيکاريو ويو، جيڪو سال-بہ-سال 5 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھو، ۽ خالص آمدني 687 ملين ڊالر، يعني في شيئر 30 سينٽ، ڏيکاري وئي، جيڪا 33 سيڪڙو گھٽ ھئي. جيڪڏھن ختم ڪيل ملازم بونسز جا اثر نہ ھجن ھا، جيڪي في شيئر ڇھ سينٽ بڻيا، تہ خالص آمدني اڃا وڌيڪ گھٽجي وڃي ھا. ناسڊاڪ ڪمپني لاءِ مالياتي رپورٽون داخل ڪرڻ جي آخري تاريخ 4 مئي تائين وڌائي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Alexei Oreskovic |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014061317/http://www.thestreet.com/_yahoo/newsanalysis/techhardware/10341935.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2009 |title=Dell's Dejection |publisher=TheStreet.com |date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل &quot;ڊيل 2.0&quot; نالي ھڪ تبديلي مهم جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن ۾ ملازمن جو تعداد گھٽائڻ ۽ ڪمپني جي پيداوارن کي وڌيڪ متنوع بڻائڻ شامل ھو.&lt;ref name=&quot;director1&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1014_3-6155185.html |title=Michael Dell back as CEO; Rollins resigns – CNET News |website=CNET |date=January 31, 2007 |access-date=February 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; سي اي او جو عھدو ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ بورڊ جو چيئرمين ھجڻ دوران بہ، مائيڪل ڊيل رولنز جي سي اي او وارن سالن ۾ ڪمپني اندر اھم اثر رکندو ھو. مائيڪل ڊيل جي سي اي او طور واپسي سان، ڪمپني جي ڪارروائين ۾ تبديليون آيون، ڪيترائي سينئر نائب صدر ڪمپني ڇڏي ويا ۽ ڪمپني کان ٻاھران نوان عملدار آندا ويا.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; مائيڪل ڊيل ڪمپني جي مالي ڪارڪردگي بھتر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترين ئي شروعاتن ۽ منصوبن جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪي &quot;ڊيل 2.0&quot; شروعات جو حصو ھئا. انھن ۾ ڪجھ اختياري انعامن سان ملازمن لاءِ 2006ع جا بونس ختم ڪرڻ، مائيڪل ڊيل کي سڌو رپورٽ ڪندڙ مئنيجرن جو تعداد 20 مان گھٽائي 12 ڪرڻ، ۽ &quot;[[بيوروڪريسي]]&quot; گھٽائڻ شامل ھئا. جم شنائڊر سي ايف او طور رٽائر ٿيو ۽ سندس جاءِ [[ڊونلڊ ڪارٽي]] ورتي، جڏھن ڪمپني پنھنجي اڪائونٽنگ عملن بابت ايس اي سي جاچ ھيٺ آئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dell-CFO-stepping-down-in-January/2100-1003_3-6144950.html |title=Dell CFO stepping down in January – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

23 اپريل 2008ع تي، ڊيل [[ڪناٽا، اونٽاريو]] ۾ پنھنجي سڀ کان وڏن ڪينيڊين ڪال سينٽرن مان ھڪ بند ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان لڳ ڀڳ 1100 ملازمن جون نوڪريون ختم ٿيون؛ انھن مان 500 ملازمن جي برطرفي فوري طور اثرائتي ٿي، ۽ مرڪز جي سرڪاري بندش اونهاري لاءِ مقرر ڪئي وئي. ڪال سينٽر 2006ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، جڏھن [[اوٽاوا]] شھر ان جي ميزباني لاءِ بولي کٽي ھئي. ھڪ سال کان گھٽ عرصي بعد، ڊيل پنھنجي افرادي قوت لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ڪري 3,000 ملازمن تائين وڌائڻ ۽ ھڪ نئين عمارت شامل ڪرڻ جو منصوبو ٺاھيو. اھي منصوبا رد ڪيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ مضبوط [[ڪينيڊين ڊالر]] اوٽاوا عملي کي نسبتاً مهانگو بڻائي ڇڏيو ھو، ۽ اھو ڊيل جي واپسي واري منصوبي جو بہ حصو ھو، جنھن ۾ خرچ گھٽائڻ لاءِ ھنن ڪال سينٽر نوڪرين کي پرڏيھ منتقل ڪرڻ شامل ھو.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 | author1      = Seggewiss, Krista
 | author2      = Hill, Bert
 | title        = The Dell dream dies
 | url          = http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2
 | date         = April 24, 2008
 | work         = Ottawa Citizen
 | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090126202553/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=d399d387-df1f-4400-8274-1c45879f8ed2
 | archive-date = January 26, 2009
 | url-status   = dead
 | access-date  = May 27, 2009
 | quote        = The Ottawa centre is closing because Dell can't justify paying $18 per hour with the Canadian and American currencies at parity. The relatively high pay, benefits and training opportunities separated Dell from other call centres ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
ڪمپني [[ايڊمونٽن]]، [[البرٽا]] واري پنھنجي آفيس جي بندش جو بہ اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون. مجموعي طور، ڊيل 2007–2008ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 8,800 نوڪرين جي خاتمي جو اعلان ڪيو، جيڪو ان جي افرادي قوت جو 10 سيڪڙو ھو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author = Gollner, Phillip|title = UPDATE 1-Dell to cut nearly 900 jobs, close Canada center|work= Reuters|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN3134850320080131|date = January 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع واري ڏھاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو پيداوار وارو &quot;آرڊر موجب ترتيب ڏيڻ&quot; طريقو، يعني گراهڪن جي گهرجن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سيز آمريڪي سهولتن مان پھچائڻ، وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا مقابلي جوڳو نہ رھيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پي سيز طاقتور گھٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي ڪم ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلو مشڪل ٿي ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |title=Dell closing its last large U.S. plant |newspaper=Austin American-Statesman |date=October 8, 2009 |author=Kirk Ladendorf |access-date=November 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011102118/http://www.statesman.com/business/content/business/stories/technology/2009/10/08/1008Dell.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪٽاپ ڪمپيوٽر پيدا ڪندڙ ڪارخانا بند ڪيا، جن ۾ [[آسٽن، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ مورٽ ٽاپفر مينوفيڪچرنگ سينٽر، جيڪو اصل هنڌ ھو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kanellos |first=Michael |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |title=Inside Dell's manufacturing mecca – CNET News |website=CNET |access-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410173914/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1003_3-5428990.html |archive-date=April 10, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Silverman |first=Dwight |url=http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |title=One-time showcase for Dell closing in Austin – TechBlog |work=Houston Chronicle |date=April 1, 2008 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104105756/http://blog.chron.com/techblog/2008/04/one-time-showcase-for-dell-closing-in-austin/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ [[ليبنن، ٽينيسي]]، جيڪو 1999ع ۾ کوليو ويو ھو، ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] ۾ ڊيسڪٽاپ پيداوار واري ڪارخاني کي رياست کان [[آمريڪي ڊالر]]280 ملين جي مراعتون مليون ۽ اھو 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=280000000|start_year=2005|r=-5|fmt=eq}})، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ ان جون ڪارروائيون بند ٿي ويون. رياست سان ڊيل جي معاهدي موجب، شرطن تي پورو نہ لھڻ سبب ڪمپني کي مراعتون واپس ڪرڻيون ھيون، ۽ ھنن اتر ڪيرولائنا وارو ڪارخانو Herbalife کي وڪرو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/news/2012/12/19/herbalife-to-open-nc-plant-creating.html |title=Herbalife to open N.C. plant, creating 500 jobs – Charlotte Business Journal |work=The Business Journals |date=December 19, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theregister.co.uk&quot;&gt;The Register: [https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/08/dell_closing_north_carolina_plant/ Dell cuts North-Carolina plant despite $280m sweetener], October 8, 2009. Visited: April 10, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bizjournals.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/09/13/daily2.html | title=Dell closes N.C. manufacturing plant | date=September 13, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; گھڻو ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو ۾ ٺاهيندڙن ڏانھن، يا ڊيل جي پنھنجين ٻاھرين ڪارخانن ڏانھن منتقل ڪيو ويو.&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman1&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل آئرلينڊ جي لمرڪ واري پيداوار ڪارخاني جي بندش جو اعلان ڪيو، جنھن سان 1,900 نوڪريون ختم ٿيون ۽ پيداوار پولينڊ جي [[ووچ]] واري ڪارخاني ڏانھن منتقل ڪئي وئي.&lt;ref&gt;FinFacts Ireland [http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1025198.shtml Dell remains Ireland's biggest manufacturing exporter despite closing Limerick plant], November 16, 2012. Visited: April 23, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

===تنوع آڻڻ جون ڪوششون===
[[File:IFA 2010 Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin 57.JPG|thumb|ڊيل اسٽريڪ اسمارٽ فون]]

[[ايپل]] جي [[آئي پيڊ]] [[ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽر]] جي جاري ٿيڻ سان ڊيل ۽ ٻين وڏن پي سي ٺاهيندڙن تي منفي اثر پيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صارف ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ پي سيز کان هٽي ويا. ڊيل جو پنهنجو موبيلٽي ڊويزن به اسمارٽ فونن يا ٽيبلٽن جي ترقي ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿي سگهيو، ڀلي اهي ونڊوز هلائيندا هجن يا [[اينڊرائيڊ (آپريٽنگ سسٽم)|اينڊرائيڊ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market &amp;#124; ''The Guardian''. |work=The Guardian |access-date=April 27, 2013 |location=London |date=November 16, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;beta.fool&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Sun |first=Leo |url=http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |title=The Death of Dell – AAPL, DELL, GOOG, HPQ, MSFT – Foolish Blogging Network |publisher=Beta.fool.com |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328094746/http://beta.fool.com/leokornsun/2013/02/20/death-dell/25021/ |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ڊيل اسٽريڪ]] پراڻي آپريٽنگ سسٽم، گهڻين خرابين، ۽ گهٽ ريزوليوشن واري اسڪرين سبب تجارتي ۽ تنقيدي طور ناڪام رهيو. ''انفوورلڊ'' تجويز ڏني تہ ڊيل ۽ ٻين او اي ايم ڪمپنين ٽيبلٽن کي هڪ مختصر مدي واري، گهٽ سيڙپڪاري واري موقعي طور ڏٺو، جيڪي [[گوگل اينڊرائيڊ]] تي هلندا هئا، ۽ اهڙي طريقيڪار ۾ يوزر انٽرفيس کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو، جنهن سبب صارفين ۾ ڊگهي مدي واري مقبوليت حاصل نه ٿي سگهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gruman |first=Galen |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |title=Anatomy of failure: Mobile flops from RIM, Microsoft, and Nokia |work=MacWorld |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809193417/https://www.macworld.com/article/1159578/anatomy_of_failure_rim_microsoft_nokia.html?page=2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2012/11/15/dell-hp-earnings-expected-to-mark-death-of-pc-era/ |title=Dell, HP earnings expected to mark death of PC era &amp;#124; Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013|agency=Bloomberg News }}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل ان جو جواب اعليٰ درجي جي پي سيز کي اڳتي وڌائي ڏنو، جيئن ايڪس پي ايس سيريز جا نوٽ بڪ، جيڪي [[ايپل آئي پيڊ]] ۽ [[ڪنڊل فائر]] ٽيبلٽن سان مقابلو نه ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |title=The Dell dilemma – Fortune Tech |work=Fortune |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401080037/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/04/06/dell/ |archive-date=April 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; پي سيز جي بدران اسمارٽ فونن ۽ ٽيبلٽ ڪمپيوٽرن جي وڌندڙ مقبوليت سبب ڊيل جو صارفين وارو شعبو 2012ع جي ٽئين چوٿين ۾ آپريٽنگ نقصان ۾ هليو ويو. ڊسمبر 2012ع ۾، [[ونڊوز 8]] جي متعارف ٿيڻ باوجود، ڊيل کي پنجن سالن ۾ پهريون ڀيرو موڪلن واري موسم جي وڪرو ۾ گهٽتائي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE91D19C20130214 &quot;Dell CEO agreed to lower shares' value to push $24 billion buyout&quot;]. ''Reuters''. February 14, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

گهٽجندڙ پي سي صنعت ۾ ڊيل پنهنجي مارڪيٽ حصي وڃائيندو رهيو، ۽ 2011ع ۾ [[لينووو]] کان هيٺ اچي دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي پهچي ويو. ڊيل ۽ ان جي آمريڪي همعصر ڪمپني هيولٽ پيڪارڊ تي ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙن جهڙوڪ [[ايسس]] ۽ اييسر طرفان دٻاءُ وڌيو، ڇو⁠تہ انهن جون پيداوار جون لاڳتون گهٽ هيون ۽ اهي گهٽ منافعي تي به تيار هئا. ان کان سواءِ، جڏهن⁠تہ ايشيائي پي سي ٺاهيندڙ پنهنجو معيار ۽ ڊيزائن بهتر ڪري رهيا هئا—مثال طور لينووو جي [[ٿنڪ پيڊ]] سيريز ڪارپوريٽ گراهڪن کي ڊيل جي ليپ ٽاپن کان پري ڪري رهي هئي—تڏهن ڊيل جي گراهڪ سهولت ۽ شهرت گهٽجي رهي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/10/your-money/at-dell-a-gamble-on-a-legacy.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jeff | last=Sommer | title=At Dell, a Gamble on a Legacy | date=February 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/10/lenovo-and-asus-are-up-dell-and-hp-are-down-and-pc-sales-are-slowing/ |title=Lenovo and Asus are up, Dell and HP are down, and PC sales are slowing |website=Ars Technica |date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان باوجود ڊيل ٻيو سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعي وارو پي سي وڪرو ڪندڙ رهيو، ڇو⁠تہ 2012ع جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي دوران پي سي صنعت جي آپريٽنگ منافعن مان 13 سيڪڙو حصو ان وٽ هو، جڏهن⁠تہ ايپل جي ميڪ وٽ 45 سيڪڙو، هيولٽ پيڪارڊ وٽ ست سيڪڙو، لينووو ۽ ايسس وٽ ڇهه سيڪڙو، ۽ اييسر وٽ هڪ سيڪڙو حصو هو.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2013/04/17/apple_macs_profits/ &quot;PC floggers scavenge for crumbs as Apple hoovers up profits • The Channel&quot;]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''channelregister.co.uk''.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل پنهنجي گهٽجندڙ پي سي ڪاروبار، جيڪو اڃا تائين ان جي اڌ آمدني جو ذريعو هو ۽ مستقل نقد وهڪرو پيدا ڪندو هو،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Aaron Ricadela |url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |title=Business: Washington Post Business Page, Business News |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052217/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MGQYI21A74E901-4T7RPT9E2ET8T8I5GR6KM8ULT8 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; کي متوازن ڪرڻ لاءِ سرورز، نيٽ ورڪنگ، سافٽويئر، ۽ خدمتن ذريعي انٽرپرائز مارڪيٽ ۾ واڌ ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Schofield |first=Jack |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-love-of-mike-what-you-need-to-know-about-dells-buy-out/ |title=The love of Mike: What you need to know about Dell's buy-out |work=ZDNet |date=February 6, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; هن انهن ڪيترين ئي حصولي لکت-ڪٽي ۽ انتظامي اٿل پٿل کان پاڻ کي بچايو، جيڪي ان جي وڏي حريف هيولٽ پيڪارڊ کي متاثر ڪري رهيون هيون.&lt;ref name=&quot;beta.fool&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chron.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/business/steffy/article/Steffy-HP-Dell-fight-to-stay-relevant-4062878.php |title=HP, Dell fight to stay relevant |work=Houston Chronicle |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=January 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; هارڊويئر کان ٻاهر پنهنجي پورٽ فوليو کي متنوع بڻائڻ لاءِ 13 ارب ڊالر خرچ ڪرڻ باوجود،&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Carey |first=David |date=September 13, 2013 |title=Silver Lake Investors Said to See Dell as Mixed Blessing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-13/silver-lake-investors-said-to-see-dell-as-mixed-blessing.html |access-date=January 9, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني مارڪيٽ کي اهو يقين ڏياري نه سگهي تہ اها پي سي کانپوءِ واري دنيا ۾ ڪامياب ٿي سگهندي يا اها حقيقي تبديلي آڻي چڪي آهي،&lt;ref name=&quot;chron.com&quot;/&gt; ڇو⁠تہ ان جي آمدني ۽ شيئر قيمتن ۾ لڳاتار گهٽتائي ايندي رهي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Worthen |first=Ben |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html |title=H-P, Dell Struggle as Buyers Shun PCs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=August 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Arthur |first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/nov/16/dell-revenues-slump-pc-tablet-smartphone |title=Dell revenues slump as tablets and smartphones eat into market |work=The Guardian |date=November 16, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2013 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Burt |url=http://www.eweek.com/pc-hardware/dell-finances-continue-to-be-hit-by-struggling-pc-market/ |title=Dell Finances Continue to Be Hit by Struggling PC Market |publisher=Eweek.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;economist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|publisher=Schumpeter Business and management |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/02/dells-buy-out |title=Dell's buy-out: Heading for the exit |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 5, 2013 |access-date=April 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڪارپوريٽ شعبي ۾ ڊيل جو مارڪيٽ حصو اڳ ۾ مقابلي ڪندڙن خلاف هڪ “خندق” سمجهيو ويندو هو، پر هاڻي اهڙي حالت نه رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ وڪرو ۽ منافعو تيزي سان گهٽجي ويا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveschaefer/2013/09/12/michael-dell-finally-sews-up-buyout-now-for-the-hard-part/print/ |title=Michael Dell Finally Sews Up Buyout, Now For The Hard Part |work=Forbes |date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=January 9, 2014 |first=Steve |last=Schaefer}}&lt;/ref&gt;


===2013ع جو خريداري وارو معاملو===
ڪيترن هفتن جي افواهن کان پوءِ، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 11 جنوري 2013ع کان شروع ٿيون، ڊيل 5 فيبروري 2013ع تي اعلان ڪيو تہ هن 24.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2013|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو [[ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ]] معاهدو ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت ان جا شيئرز نيصداق ۽ هانگ ڪانگ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج مان خارج ڪيا وڃن ها ۽ ڪمپني کي نجي بڻايو وڃي ها.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2319/119312513041273/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 6, 2013 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Official Dell pressrelease on [http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx (leveraged) buyout by Michael Dell and Silverlake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210025350/http://content.dell.com/us/en/corp/d/secure/2013-02-04-michael-dell-silverlake-acquisition.aspx |date=February 10, 2013}}, February 5, 2013. Visited: February 5, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DELL&amp;ql=1 |title=DELL: Summary for Dell Inc.- Yahoo!! Finance |work=Yahoo! Finance |access-date=February 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[رائٽرز]] رپورٽ ڪيو تہ [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]] طرفان 2 ارب ڊالرن جي قرض جي مدد سان، عوامي شيئرز کي 13.65 ڊالر في شيئر جي حساب سان خريد ڪندا.&lt;ref name=&quot;buyout&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Dell to go private in landmark $24.4 billion deal|first=Ben|last=Berkowitz|author2=Edwin Chan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-idUSBRE9140NF20130205|work=Reuters|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 24.4 ارب ڊالرن واري خريداري کي [[2008ع جو مالي بحران|2008ع جي مالي بحران]] کان پوءِ پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي جي پٺڀرائي سان سڀ کان وڏي ليوريجڊ باءِ آئوٽ طور پيش ڪيو ويو ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=24400000000|start_year=2007|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;buyout2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/dells-record-breaking-buyout/ |title=Dell's Record-Breaking Buyout |first=William |last=Alden |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جو به سڀ کان وڏو باءِ آئوٽ هو، جنهن 2006ع ۾ [[فري اسڪيل سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جي 17.5 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=17500000000|start_year=2006|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) واري خريداري کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.&lt;ref name=&quot;buyout2&quot;/&gt;

فيبروري واري آڇ بابت مائيڪل ڊيل چيو تہ ”مان سمجهان ٿو تہ هي معاملو ڊيل، اسان جي گراهڪن ۽ ٽيم ميمبرن لاءِ هڪ پرجوش نئون باب کوليندو“.&lt;ref name=&quot;buyout3&quot;/&gt; ڊيل جي حريف لينووو هن باءِ آئوٽ تي جواب ڏيندي چيو تہ ”اسان جي ڪجهه روايتي مقابلي ڪندڙن جون مالي ڪارروايون اسان جي نظرئي کي بنيادي طور تبديل نه ڪنديون“.&lt;ref name=&quot;buyout3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Dell Inc. to go private in $24.4-billion deal|first=Andrea|last=Chang|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-dell-goes-private-20130205,0,7066492.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 5, 2013|access-date=February 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مارچ 2013ع ۾، [[بليڪ اسٽون گروپ]] ۽ [[ڪارل آئڪان]] ڊيل کي خريد ڪرڻ ۾ دلچسپي ظاهر ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-blackstone-dell-idUSBRE92M08520130323 |title=Blackstone, Icahn set up three-way battle to buy out Dell |last1=Roumeliotis |first1=Greg |last2=Toonkel |first2=Jessica |date=March 23, 2013 |website=Reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; اپريل 2013ع ۾، بليڪ اسٽون ڪاروبار جي خراب ٿيندڙ حالت جو حوالو ڏيندي پنهنجي آڇ واپس وٺي ڇڏي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shu|first=Catherine|title=Blackstone Reportedly Withdraws Bid For Dell, Citing &quot;Deteriorating&quot; Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-reportedly-withdraws-bid-for-dell-citing-deteriorating-business/|work=TechCrunch|date=April 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt&gt;{{cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|title=Blackstone Is Said to Drop Out of the Bidding for Dell|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/blackstone-seen-abandoning-bid-for-dell/|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ٻين پرائيويٽ ايڪويٽي فرمن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪي ڪي آر اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ ٽي پي جي ڪيپيٽل، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي غير يقيني مارڪيٽ ۽ مقابلي واري دٻاءَ جو حوالو ڏيندي ڊيل لاءِ متبادل آڇون جمع ڪرائڻ کان انڪار ڪيو، تنهنڪري ”کليل وسيع بولي جنگ“ ڪڏهن به وجود ۾ نه آئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;bloomberg.com&quot;/&gt; تجزيه نگارن چيو تہ سلور ليڪ کي درپيش سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج پنهنجي سيڙپڪاري مان منافعو حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ ”اخراج حڪمت عملي“ ڳولڻ هوندو، يعني اهو وقت جڏهن ڪمپني ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ لاءِ آءِ پي او آڻيندي؛ ۽ هڪ تجزيه نگار خبردار ڪيو تہ ”جيتوڻيڪ توهان ڊيل لاءِ 25 ارب ڊالرن جي انٽرپرائز ويليو حاصل ڪري سگهو، تڏهن به ان مان نڪرڻ ۾ سال لڳندا“.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gelles&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gelles |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/40f132ca-6fbe-11e2-8785-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Daring $24bn deal to make Dell relevant |work=Financial Times |date=February 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

مئي 2013ع ۾، مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي بورڊ سان گڏ آڇ جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ ۾ شامل ٿيو.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Tom (May 31, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20130608014003/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/dell-board-recommends-michael-dell-buyout-offer-19294725 &quot;Dell Board Recommends Michael Dell Buyout Offer&quot;]. ''Associated Press'' via ''ABC News''.&lt;/ref&gt; ان کان پوءِ آگسٽ ۾ هن بورڊ جي خاص ڪميٽي سان 13.88 ڊالر في شيئر تي معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 13.75 ڊالرن جي وڌايل قيمت، في شيئر 13 سينٽ جو خاص ڊيويڊنڊ، ۽ ووٽنگ ضابطن ۾ تبديلي شامل هئي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-buyout-vote-idUSBRE97106220130802 &quot;Michael Dell closes in on prize with sweeter $25 billion deal&quot;]. ''Reuters''.&lt;/ref&gt; 13.88 ڊالرن جي نقد آڇ، جنهن سان ٽئين مالي ٽه ماهي لاءِ في شيئر 0.08 ڊالر جو ڊيويڊنڊ پڻ شامل هو، 12 سيپٽمبر تي قبول ڪئي وئي&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/09/dell-private/?cid=social11857154 &quot;Dell Takes Itself Private With $25 Billion Buyout&quot;]. ''WIRED''. September 2013&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ 30 آڪٽوبر 2013ع تي مڪمل ٿي، جنهن سان ڊيل جو عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ ڪمپني طور 25 سالن جو دور ختم ٿي ويو.

باءِ آئوٽ کان پوءِ، نئين نجي ڊيل هڪ رضاکاراڻي علحدگي پروگرام پيش ڪيو، جنهن بابت انهن کي اميد هئي تہ اهو سندن افرادي قوت کي ست سيڪڙو تائين گهٽائيندو. پروگرام جي قبوليت اميدن کان ايتري وڌي وئي جو ڊيل کي شايد نقصان پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ نئون عملو ڀرتي ڪرڻو پوي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2014/02/12/dell_vsp/ |title=Dell staffers head for exit armed with redundo cheques |last=Kunert |first=Paul |date=February 12, 2014 |work=channelregister.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===اي ايم سي جي خريداري===
19 نومبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل [[آرم هولڊنگز]]، [[سسڪو سسٽمز]]، [[انٽيل]]، [[مائڪروسافٽ]]، ۽ [[پرنسٽن يونيورسٽي]] سان گڏجي [[اوپن فاگ ڪنسورشيم]] قائم ڪيو، جنهن جو مقصد [[فاگ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مفادن ۽ ترقي کي هٿي ڏيڻ هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2016/04/18/is-fog-computing-the-next-big-thing-in-internet-of-things/2/#1971ac3a34c9|title=Is Fog Computing the Next Big Thing in the Internet of Things|last=Janakiram|first=MSV|date=April 18, 2016|work=Forbes Magazine|access-date=April 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

12 آڪٽوبر 2015ع تي، ڊيل اِنڪ اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اي ايم سي ڪارپوريشن کي 67 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=67000000000|start_year=2015|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي نقد ۽ شيئرن واري معاهدي تحت خريد ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن کي ٽيڪنالاجي شعبي جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي خريداري قرار ڏنو ويو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Dell to Buy EMC in Deal Worth About $67 Billion|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-12/dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion-to-add-data-storage-devices|newspaper = Bloomberg|access-date = October 12, 2015|first1 = Brian|last1 = Womack|first2 = Dina|last2 = Bass| date=October 12, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-dellemc&quot; /&gt; هن خريداري جي حصي طور، ڊيل اي ايم سي جي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ورچوئلائيزيشن ڪمپني [[وي ايم ويئر]] ۾ موجود 81 سيڪڙو حصيداري سنڀالي ورتي.&lt;ref name=Dell-EMC&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gara |first1=Antonie |title=Deal Of The Century: How Michael Dell Turned His Declining PC Business Into A $40 Billion Windfall |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2021/08/03/deal-of-the-century-how-michael-dell-turned-his-declining-pc-business-into-40-billion-windfall/?sh=2f3512745c2a |website=Forbes |access-date=November 22, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان سان ڊيل جي انٽرپرائز سرور، ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ موبائل ڪاروبارن کي اي ايم سي جي انٽرپرائز اسٽوريج ڪاروبار سان گڏايو ويو، جيڪو آءِ ٽي وڏين ڪمپنين جي هڪ اهم عمودي انضمام طور ڏٺو ويو. ڊيل اي ايم سي جي هر شيئر لاءِ 24.05 ڊالر ۽ [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] جي صورت ۾ [[وي ايم ويئر]] جي هر شيئر لاءِ 9.05 ڊالر ادا ڪيا.&lt;ref name=wsj-emcdell&gt;{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy EMC for $67 Billion|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt-emcdell&gt;{{cite news|title=In Takeover of EMC, Dell Makes Ambitious Bet|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/business/dealbook/dell-to-buy-emc-for-65-billion-a-record-takeover-in-technology.html|access-date=October 12, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bbc-dellemc&gt;{{cite news|title=Dell agrees $67bn EMC takeover|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-34505553 |date=October 12, 2015 |access-date=October 12, 2015|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

هي اعلان ان کان ٻه سال پوءِ سامهون آيو، جڏهن ڊيل اِنڪ ٻيهر نجي ملڪيت ۾ واپس آئي هئي ۽ دعويٰ ڪئي هئي تہ ڪمپني کي انتهائي خراب امڪانن کي منهن ڏيڻو پئجي رهيو هو ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروبار جي بحالي لاءِ عوامي نظرن کان ٻاهر ڪيترن سالن جي ضرورت هئي.&lt;ref name=WSJ-20130329&gt;{{cite news | newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] | title = Dell Makes Case to Go Private in Grim Filing | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323501004578390692268605644 | date = March 29, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; اهو سمجهيو پئي ويو تہ ان وقت کان ڪمپني جي قدر لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي چڪي هئي.&lt;ref name=WSJ-2015-10-12&gt;{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | author = David Benoit| title = Dell's Value and the 'Falling Knife' | url = http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/12/dells-value-and-the-falling-knife/ | date = October 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; اي ايم سي تي [[ايليئٽ مينيجمينٽ ڪارپوريشن]]، جيڪا اي ايم سي جي 2.2 سيڪڙو شيئرن واري هيج فنڊ هئي، طرفان دٻاءُ وڌو پئي ويو تہ اها پنهنجي غيرمعمولي ”فيڊريشن“ ڍانچي کي ٻيهر منظم ڪري، جنهن ۾ اي ايم سي جا مختلف شعبا عملي طور آزاد ڪمپنين وانگر هلايا پئي ويا. ايليئٽ دليل ڏنو&lt;ref name=BusinessWire-2014-10-08&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141008005668/en/Elliott-Management-Sends-Letter-Board-Directors-EMC# | title = Elliott Management Sends Letter to Board of Directors of EMC Corporation |website=[[Business Wire|BusinessWire]] |date=October 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; تہ هي ڍانچو اي ايم سي جي بنيادي ”اي ايم سي II“ ڊيٽا اسٽوريج ڪاروبار جي قدر کي گهڻو گهٽ ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو، ۽ اي ايم سي II ۽ وي ايم ويئر جي شين جي وچ ۾ وڌندڙ مقابلو مارڪيٽ کي پريشان ڪري رهيو هو ۽ ٻنهي ڪمپنين جي ترقي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻجي رهيو هو. ''[[دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل]]'' اندازو لڳايو تہ 2014ع ۾ ڊيل کي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن مان 27.3 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=27300000000|start_year=2014|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي آمدني ۽ سرورن مان 8.9 ارب ڊالر حاصل ٿيا، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي کي اي ايم سي II مان 16.5 ارب ڊالر، [[آر ايس اي سيڪيورٽي]] مان 1 ارب ڊالر، وي ايم ويئر مان 6 ارب ڊالر، ۽ [[پيوٽل سافٽويئر]] مان 230 ملين ڊالر حاصل ٿيا.&lt;ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13&gt;{{cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | title = EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | date = October 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; اي ايم سي وٽ وي ايم ويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 80 سيڪڙو شيئرز هئا.&lt;ref name=FT-Lex-2015-10-12&gt;{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC: The empty shop | newspaper =[[Financial Times]] | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/3/abfd601e-7102-11e5-ad6d-f4ed76f0900a.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; تجويز ڪيل خريداري تحت وي ايم ويئر کي هڪ الڳ ڪمپني طور برقرار رکيو ويو، جنهن کي نئين [[ٽريڪنگ اسٽاڪ]] ذريعي سنڀاليو ويو، جڏهن⁠تہ اي ايم سي جا ٻيا حصا ڊيل ۾ ضم ٿي ويا.&lt;ref name=FT-2015-10-12&gt;{{cite news | title = Dell agrees $63bn acquisition of EMC | newspaper =Financial Times | date = October 12, 2015 | url = https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/170fa5f2-708a-11e5-9b9e-690fdae72044.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; خريداري مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيل ٻيهر ٽه ماهي مالي نتيجا شايع ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي هن 2013ع ۾ نجي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ بند ڪري ڇڏيا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | author = Brian Womack | date = October 21, 2015 | title = Dell CFO Reluctantly Accepts Public Disclosures With EMC Deal | access-date = February 23, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170621093312/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NWLBRI6K50YD01-7BPSHOJ09P7U1SQJVJQUC9CNAI | archive-date = June 21, 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

اميد ڪئي پئي وئي تہ گڏيل ڪاروبار [[اسڪيل آئوٽ آرڪيٽيڪچر]]، [[ڪنورجد انفراسٽرڪچر]] ۽ [[خانگي ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جي مارڪيٽن کي نشانو بڻائيندو، جتي اي ايم سي ۽ ڊيل ٻنهي جون طاقتون ڪم اينديون.&lt;ref name=WSJ-2015-10-13/&gt;&lt;ref name=Economist-2015-10-12&gt;{{cite news | magazine=[[The Economist]] | title = The merger of Dell and EMC stems from the rise of cloud computing | url = https://www.economist.com/news/business/21673523-clouded-marriage-merger-dell-and-emc-more-proof-it-industry-shifting | date = October 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; تبصرو ڪندڙن هن معاهدي تي سوال اٿاريا؛ [[ايف بي آر ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽس]] چيو تہ جيتوڻيڪ اهو ڊيل لاءِ ”تمام گهڻو معنيٰ رکندڙ“ آهي، پر اي ايم سي لاءِ اهو ”خوفناڪ منظرنامو“ هوندو جنهن ۾ حڪمت عملي واري هم آهنگي جي کوٽ هوندي.&lt;ref name=Reuters-2015-10-08&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emc-us-m-a-dell-idUSKCN0S200F20151008 | title = Dell in talks to buy data storage company EMC: source | author = Mike Stone | work=[[Reuters]] | date = October 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''فارچون'' لکيو تہ اي ايم سي جي پورٽ فوليو ۾ ڊيل لاءِ پسند ڪرڻ جهڙيون گهڻيون شيون آهن، ”پر ڇا اهو سڀ ڪجهه گڏجي سڄي پيڪيج لاءِ ڏهن اربين ڊالرن جي جواز لاءِ ڪافي آهي؟ شايد نه.“&lt;ref name=Fortune-2015-10-08&gt;{{cite news | magazine = [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | url = http://fortune.com/2015/10/08/dell-emc-merger/ | title = A Dell-EMC deal doesn't make sense. Here's why | author = Stacey Higginbotham | date = October 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[دي رجسٽر]]''، [[وليم بليئر اينڊ ڪمپني]] جي راءِ نقل ڪندي، رپورٽ ڪيو تہ هي انضمام ”موجوده آءِ ٽي شطرنج بورڊ کي اڏائي ڇڏيندو“، جنهن سبب ٻين آءِ ٽي انفراسٽرڪچر وڪرو ڪندڙن کي به پيماني ۽ عمودي انضمام حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجو ڍانچو بدلائڻو پوندو.&lt;ref name=Register-2015-10-09&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/09/dell_emc_buyout_merger_rumour_mill_overdrive/ | title = Dell hooking up with EMC and going public again? Come off it | date = October 9, 2015 | website = [[The Register]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; اعلان کان پوءِ وي ايم ويئر جي شيئرن جي قيمت 10 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وئي، جنهن سبب معاهدي جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 63–64 ارب ڊالر رهجي وئي، جڏهن⁠تہ شروعاتي طور 67 ارب ڊالر ٻڌائي وئي هئي.&lt;ref name=FT-Lex-Live-2015-10-13&gt;{{cite news | title = Dell-EMC deal: why VMware is falling | author = Tom Braithwaite | date = October 13, 2015 | url = http://blogs.ft.com/lex-live/2015/10/13/dell-emc-deal-why-vmware-is-falling/ | newspaper =Financial Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل کان علاوه هن معاهدي جي پٺڀرائي ڪندڙ اهم سيڙپڪار سنگاپور جي [[تماسڪ هولڊنگز]] ۽ [[سلور ليڪ پارٽنرز]] هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = BOOM: Dell to Acquire EMC for $67 Billion | date = October 12, 2015 | url = http://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | newspaper = [[Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute]] | archive-date = July 1, 2018 | access-date = October 25, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030608/https://www.swfinstitute.org/swf-news/boom-dell-to-acquire-emc-for-67-billion/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

7 سيپٽمبر 2016ع تي، ڊيل اي ايم سي سان انضمام مڪمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 45.9 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=45900000000|start_year=2016|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جو قرض ۽ 4.4 ارب ڊالرن ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=4400000000|start_year=2016|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) جا عام شيئر جاري ڪرڻ شامل هئا.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release
|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160907005946/en/Historic-Dell-EMC-Merger-Complete-Forms-World%E2%80%99s
|title=Historic Dell and EMC Merger Complete; Forms World's Largest Privately-Controlled Tech Company
|publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=September 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ان وقت ڪجهه تجزيه نگارن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ ڊيل طرفان اڳوڻي آئي او ميگا جي خريداري [[لينووو اي ايم سي]] شراڪتداري کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿي.&lt;ref name=IomegaPart.TheRegister&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=TheRegister (UK)
 |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/10/15/dell_emc_merger_lenovo_reselling
 |title=Dell-EMC merger could leave Lenovo out in the cold – analysts
 |author=Chris Mellor |date=October 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي حيثيت سان ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ===
جولاءِ 2018ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ٻيهر عوامي واپاري ڪمپني بڻجڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي، جنهن لاءِ هن وي ايم ويئر (VMware) ۾ پنهنجي حصيداري مان شيئر واپس خريد ڪرڻ خاطر 21.7 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21700000000|start_year=2018|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) نقد رقم ۽ اسٽاڪ جي صورت ۾ ادا ڪرڻ جو منصوبو پيش ڪيو، جنهن تحت شيئر هولڊرن کي تقريباً هر ڊالر عيوض 60 سينٽ پيش ڪيا ويا.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dell-vmware/dell-moves-to-go-public-spurns-ipo-idUSKBN1JS11X|title=Dell moves to go public, spurns IPO|last=Donnell|first=Carl|work=Reuters|access-date=July 3, 2018|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-EMC&quot; /&gt; نومبر ۾، ڪارل آئڪان (ڊيل جو 9.3٪ مالڪ) ڪمپني جي ٻيهر عوامي ٿيڻ واري منصوبي خلاف مقدمو داخل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-carl-icahn-sues-dell-over-plans-to-go-public-2/|title=Carl Icahn sues Dell over plans to go public|work=The Globe and Mail |date=November 1, 2018|accessdate=November 2, 2025|via=www.theglobeandmail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; آئڪان ۽ ٻين [[سرگرم سيڙپڪار شيئر هولڊر]]ن جي دٻاءَ جي نتيجي ۾، ڊيل هن سودي تي ٻيهر ڳالهين ڪئي، ۽ آخرڪار شيئر هولڊرن کي مارڪيٽ ويليو جو تقريباً 80٪ پيش ڪيو ويو. هن معاهدي جي حصي طور، ڊيل هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجي وئي، جڏهن تہ اصل ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪاروبار ۽ ڊيل اي ايم سي نئين قائم ڪيل پيرنٽ ڪمپني [[ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز]] جي ماتحت ڪم ڪرڻ لڳا.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-EMC&quot; /&gt;

حصول کان پوءِ، ڊيل کي نئين پيرنٽ ڪمپني ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز هيٺ ٻيهر منظم ڪيو ويو، ۽ ان کي ٽن بنيادي ڪاروباري شعبن ۾ ورهايو ويو: ڪلائنٽ سليوشنز گروپ، انفراسٽرڪچر سليوشنز گروپ، ۽ [[وي ايم ويئر]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1571996/000157199617000004/delltechnologiesfy1710k.htm|title=Dell Technologies Inc. Form 10-K|website=sec.gov|access-date=January 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-closes-60-billion-merger-with-emc-1473252540 | title=Dell Closes $60 Billion Merger with EMC | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | first=Rachael | last=King | date=September 7, 2016}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wsjemcdell&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dell-to-buy-emc-for-67-billion-1444649012 | title=EMC Takeover Marks Return of Michael Dell | first1=Don | last1=Clark | first2=Dana | last2=Cimilluca | first3=Robert | last3=McMillan | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 13, 2015}}{{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt;

جنوري 2021ع ۾، ڊيل ٻڌايو تہ 2020ع دوران ڪمپني 94 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=94000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) جي وڪرو ۽ 13 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ({{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=13000000000|start_year=2020|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) آپريٽنگ ڪيش فلو حاصل ڪيو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-EMC&quot; /&gt;

جون 2021ع تائين، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جي اسٽاڪ جي قيمت في شيئر 100 آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ جي تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي وئي، جيڪا ڪمپني جي هڪ اهڙي ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون فراهم ڪندڙ اداري ۾ ڪامياب تبديلي جي عڪاسي هئي، جيڪو گراهڪن کي ڊجيٽل تبديليءَ جي عمل ۾ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo Finance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dell Technologies Inc. (DELL) Stock Price, News, Quote &amp; History - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428220516/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/DELL/ |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1 مارچ 2024ع تي، ڊيل ٽيڪنالاجيز جو اسٽاڪ آمدني رپورٽ کان پوءِ تاريخي بلند ترين سطح تي پهچي ويو. ڪمپني جي مصنوعي ذهانت واري شعبي جي مضبوط ڪارڪردگي سبب شيئرن ۾ تقريباً 40٪ واڌ ٿي، جيڪا 2018ع ۾ ٻيهر عوامي ڪمپني بڻجڻ کان پوءِ ان جو سڀ کان وڏو روزاني اضافو هو.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Derek |first=Saul |date=1 March 2024 |title=This Old-School Tech Stock Just Hit A New All-Time High Thanks To AI |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2024/03/01/this-old-school-tech-stock-just-hit-a-new-all-time-high-thanks-to-ai/?sh=563330d15710 |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

آگسٽ 2024ع ۾، ڪمپني اعلان ڪيو تہ اها مصنوعي ذهانت جي منصوبن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ خاطر 12,500 ملازمن — جيڪي ان جي ڪُل افرادي قوت جو 10٪ هئا — کي نوڪريءَ مان فارغ ڪندي.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ford |first=Brody |date=2024-08-05 |title=Dell Cuts Workers in Sales Team Reorganization With New AI-Focused Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-08-05/dell-layoffs-hit-sales-team-with-new-unit-focused-on-ai |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊيل ۽ اي ايم ڊي ===
جڏهن ڊيل 2006ع جي شروعات ۾ ايلين ويئر حاصل ڪئي، تڏهن ڪجهه ايلين ويئر سسٽمن ۾ [[اي ايم ڊي]] جا چِپس موجود هئا۔ 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي هڪ پريس رليز&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=corp Press-release]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105074818/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2006/2006_08_17_rr_000?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=corp|date=January 5, 2009}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ۾ چيو ويو تہ سيپٽمبر کان ڊيل ڊائمنشن ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن ۾ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر شامل هوندا، ۽ بعد ۾ ساڳئي سال ڊيل اي ايم ڊي [[اوپٽيرون]] چِپس استعمال ڪندڙ ٻه-ساکٽ، چار-پروسيسر سرور جاري ڪندي، اهڙيءَ ريت ڊيل جي صرف اِنٽيل پروسيسر فراهم ڪرڻ واري روايت ختم ٿي ويندي۔

[[سي نيٽ]] جي نيوز ڊاٽ ڪام 17 آگسٽ 2006ع تي ڊيل جي سي اي او ڪيُون رولنز جو حوالو ڏيندي ٻڌايو تہ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن ڏانهن رخ ڪرڻ جو سبب گهٽ خرچ ۽ اي ايم ڊي جي ٽيڪنالاجي هئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Dented+Dell+picks+up+AMD+chips+amid+SEC+probe/2100-1014_3-6106905.html?tag=nl |title=Product reviews and prices, software downloads, and tech news - CNET |publisher=News.com.com |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; اي ايم ڊي جي ڪمرشل بزنس واري شعبي جي سينيئر نائب صدر، مارٽي سيئر، چيو: &quot;ڊيل پاران اي ايم ڊي پروسيسر تي ٻڌل پراڊڪٽس کي وڌيڪ اختيار ڪرڻ، ڊيل، صنعت، ۽ سڀ کان اهم ڊيل جي گراهڪن لاءِ هڪ ڪاميابي آهي۔&quot;

23 آڪٽوبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل نون اي ايم ڊي تي ٻڌل سرورن — پاور ايج 6950 ۽ [[پاور ايج]] ايس سي 1435 — جو اعلان ڪيو۔

1 نومبر 2006ع تي، ڊيل جي ويب سائيٽ اي ايم ڊي پروسيسرن تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ وڪرو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيا (Inspiron 1501 جنهن ۾ {{convert|15.4|in|mm|adj=on}} ڊسپلي هئي)، جن ۾ سنگل-ڪور MK-36 پروسيسر، ڊُوئل-ڪور ٽيورين X2 چِپس يا موبائل سيمپرون مان چونڊ جو اختيار موجود هو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| first       = Tom
| last        = Krazit
| title       = Dell puts AMD-powered notebooks on sale
| url         = http://news.cnet.com/Dell+puts+AMD-powered+notebooks+on+sale/2100-1006_3-6131558.html?tag=nefd.top
| work        = CNET News
| publisher   = CBS Interactive
| hq_location = 
| page        = 
| pages       = 
| doi         = 
| date        = November 1, 2006
| quote       = Dell's first notebooks with chips from Advanced Micro Devices appeared for sale on its Web site Wednesday, although the company made no formal announcement.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2017ع ۾، ڊيل ايلين ويئر 17 گيمنگ ليپ ٽاپ جاري ڪيو۔ هي ماڊل بنيادي طور اينوڊيا جيفورس GTX 1080 سسٽمن تي ٻڌل هو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| first       = Old Dell
| last        = Laptop Reviews
| title       = Alienware Unveils New Alienware 17 Gaming Notebook
| url         = https://olddelllaptopreviews.wordpress.com/2018/02/24/alienware-unveils-new-alienware-17-gaming-notebook/
| work        = Old Dell Laptop Reviews
| publisher   = 
| hq_location = 
| page        = 
| pages       = 
| doi         = 
| date        = February 24, 2018
| quote       = Dell's latest AlienWare beast takes off in the market with its amazing specs.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ڊيل ۽ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ لِنڪس ===
1998ع ۾، [[رالڦ نيڊر]] ڊيل (۽ ٻين پنج وڏن [[اصل ساز سامان ٺاهيندڙ|او اي ايم]] ڪمپنين) کان مطالبو ڪيو تہ اهي [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي بدران متبادل آپريٽنگ سسٽم پڻ فراهم ڪن، خاص طور [[لِنڪس]]، جنهن بابت &quot;واضح طور وڌندڙ دلچسپي&quot; موجود هئي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |title=Nader/CPT ask OEMs to offer OS alternatives |author=James Love |work=Information Policy Notes |date=March 8, 1998 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605052352/http://lists.essential.org/1998/info-policy-notes/msg00007.html |archive-date=June 5, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.cptech.org/ms/
|title=CPT's Microsoft Antitrust Page
|author=Consumer Project on Technology
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20021106195359/http://www.cptech.org/ms/
|archive-date = November 6, 2002
}}&lt;/ref&gt; شايد اتفاق سان، ڊيل 2000ع ۾ لِنڪس تي ٻڌل نوٽ بُڪ سسٽم وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي &quot;انهن جي ونڊوز 98 وارن متبادلن کان وڌيڪ مهانگا نه هئا&quot;،&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |title=Dell offers Linux on laptops |author=Dan Neel |date=February 3, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010164157/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/02/03/linux.laptop.idg/ |archive-date=October 10, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ۽ جلد ئي ان کي وڌايو ويو، جنهن سان ڊيل &quot;پهرين وڏي ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپني&quot; بڻجي وئي جنهن پنهنجي سموري پراڊڪٽ لائن ۾ لِنڪس پيش ڪيو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.Dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf
 |title        = Michael Dell Remarks/Putting Linux on the Fast Track/Keynote at the LinuxWorld Expo
 |author       = Michael Dell
 |date         = August 15, 2000
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522121024/http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/corporate/speeches/msd/2000_08_15_msd_linux.pdf
 |archive-date = May 22, 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; بهرحال، 2001ع جي شروعات تائين ڊيل &quot;پنهنجي لِنڪس ڪاروباري يونٽ کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو&quot;۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/03/19/microsoft_killed_dell_linux_states/
|title=Microsoft 'killed Dell Linux'&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; States
|author=Andrew Orlowski
|website=[[دي رجسٽر]]
|date= March 19, 2002
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

26 فيبروري 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ هن ڪمپيوٽرن جي هڪ رينج کي اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشنز سان وڪڻڻ ۽ ورهائڻ جو پروگرام شروع ڪيو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪروسافٽ ونڊوز]] جي متبادل طور پيش ڪيو ويندو۔ ڊيل اشارو ڏنو تہ [[نوويل]] جي [[سوزي لِنڪس]] کي سڀ کان پهرين شامل ڪيو ويندو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |title=Dell says all aboard for Linux PCs |publisher=iTWire |access-date=December 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228094201/http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/9951/53/ |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; تنهن هوندي، ايندڙ ڏينهن ڊيل وضاحت ڪئي تہ اڳوڻو اعلان دراصل هارڊويئر کي نوويل سوزي لِنڪس سان ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ تصديق ڪرڻ بابت هو، ۽ ڊيل جو ويجهي مستقبل ۾ اڳواٽ لِنڪس انسٽال ٿيل سسٽم وڪڻڻ جو ڪو ارادو نه هو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9011907 |title=Dell to Linux users: Not so fast |author=Computerworld |date=February 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092939/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&amp;articleId=9011907 |archive-date=January 16, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

28 مارچ 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ڪجهه ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ۽ ليپ ٽاپ لِنڪس اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل حالت ۾ موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي، جيتوڻيڪ هن اها وضاحت نه ڪئي تہ ڪهڙي لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن يا ڪهڙو هارڊويئر استعمال ٿيندو۔&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.Dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=gen Ideas In Action] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319105855/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/ideastorm/ideasinaction?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=gen |date=March 19, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 18 اپريل تي هڪ رپورٽ ظاهر ٿي جنهن مطابق مائيڪل ڊيل پنهنجي گهر جي هڪ سسٽم تي [[اوبنٽو]] استعمال ڪندو هو۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html
 |title        = Michael Dell's Linux choice? Ubuntu
 |author       = Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (DesktopLinux)
 |date         = April 18, 2007
 |access-date  = June 6, 2010
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622155842/http://www.desktoplinux.com/news/NS5149877302.html
 |archive-date = June 22, 2010
 |url-status   = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها اوبنٽو لِنڪس ڊسٽريبيوشن موڪلڻ شروع ڪندي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6610901.stm|title=Dell to choose Ubuntu|author=BBC|date= May 1, 2007
 | access-date=January 2, 2010 | work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

24 مئي 2007ع تي، ڊيل اوبنٽو لِنڪس 7.04 اڳواٽ انسٽال ٿيل ماڊلز وڪڻڻ شروع ڪيا: هڪ ليپ ٽاپ، هڪ گهٽ قيمت وارو ڪمپيوٽر، ۽ هڪ اعليٰ درجي جو پي سي۔&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url         = http://direct2Dell.com/one2one/archive/2007/05/24/15994.aspx
| title       = Dell Offers Three Consumer Systems With Ubuntu 7.04
| first       = Lionel
| last        = Menchaca
| date        = May 24, 2008
| work        = Direct2Dell blog
| publisher   = 
| doi         = 
| access-date = October 21, 2009
| quote       = Dell will offer U.S customers three different systems with Ubuntu 7.04 installed: the XPS 410n and Dimension E520n desktops and the Inspiron E1505n notebook.
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ڪارپوريٽ معاملا ==
=== ڪاروباري رجحان ===
ڊيل جا اهم ڪاروباري رجحان هيٺيان آهن (جنوري جي آخر يا فيبروري جي شروعات تي ختم ٿيندڙ مالي سال جي لحاظ سان):&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dell Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-02 |title=Dell Income Statement (2016-2020) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=2024-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302032820/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/DELL/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=March 2, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
!آمدني (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب)
!خالص منافعو (آمريڪي ڊالر، ارب)
!ملازم (هزار)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dell: Number of Employees 2015-2024 {{!}} DELL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DELL/dell/number-of-employees |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2016
|50.5
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;−1.1&lt;/span&gt;
|101
|-
|2017
|61.5
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;−3.6&lt;/span&gt;
|138
|-
|2018
|79.1
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;−2.8&lt;/span&gt;
|145
|-
|2019
|90.3
|&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;−2.3&lt;/span&gt;
|157
|-
|2020
|91.9
|4.6
|165
|-
|2021
|86.7
|2.2
|158
|-
|2022
|101
|4.9
|133
|-
|2023
|101
|2.4
|133
|-
|2024
|88.4
|3.2
|120
|}

=== سينيئر قيادت ===

==== چيئرمينن جي فهرست ====
# [[مائيڪل ڊيل]] (1984– )

==== چيف ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسرن جي فهرست ====
# مائيڪل ڊيل (1984–2004)
# [[ڪيون رولنز]] (2004–2007)
# مائيڪل ڊيل (2007–هاڻوڪو)؛ ٻيو دور

== ڊيل جا مارڪيٽنگ نعرا ==
* '''Be direct''' (1998–2001)
* '''Easy as Dell''' (2001–2004)
* '''Get more out of now''' (2004–2005)
* '''It's a Dell''' (2005–2006)
* '''Dell. Purely You''' (2006–2007)
* '''Yours is Here''' (2007–2011)
* '''The power to do more''' (2011–2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dell/2011/09/15/the-power-to-do-more/#747592471a39 | title=How does technology ignite your power to do more? | first=Karen | last=Quintos | work=[[فوربس ميگزين]] | date=September 15, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Welcome to Now''' (2023–هاڻوڪو)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Kyle |title=VMLY&amp;R Helps Dell Tell Story of Digital Analyzation Technology |url=https://www.adweek.com/agencyspy/vmlyr-helps-dell-tell-story-of-digital-analyzation-technology/ |access-date=21 August 2025 |publisher=AdWeek |date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== حصول ==
{{Further|ڊيل جي ملڪيت واري سرگرمين جي فهرست}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ ڊيل اِنڪ پاران حاصل ڪيل ڪمپنين جي فهرست
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| حاصل ڪيل ڪمپني
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| حصول جي تاريخ
!scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| ڪمپني بابت نوٽس
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| حوالا
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[ايلين ويئر]]
|{{Date table sorting|2006}}
| گيمنگ ڪندڙن لاءِ اعليٰ درجي جا پي سي ٺاهيندڙ || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dell to Buy Alienware, a Maker Of High-End PC's for Gamers|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A12FB3D540C708EDDAA0894DE404482|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 13, 2012|date=March 23, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;WhatIz website over [https://web.archive.org/web/20120712065127/http://apnizindagi.com/index.php/2011/11/what-iz-alienware-android-cell-phone/ WHAT IZ @ Alienware Android Cell Phone?], apnizindagi.com. November 10, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AW&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324235058/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/mar2006/tc20060323_034268.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2006|title=Dell Goes High-end and Hip |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=March 23, 2006|author=Lee, Louise}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[ايڪوال لاجڪ]]
| {{Date table sorting|January 28, 2008}}
| [[آئي ايس سي ايس آئي]] اسٽوريج مارڪيٽ ۾ جاءِ ٺاهڻ لاءِ حاصل ڪئي وئي۔ ڇو تہ ڊيل وٽ اڳ ئي ڪارآمد پيداواري عمل موجود هو، تنهنڪري ايڪوال لاجڪ جي شين کي ڪمپني ۾ شامل ڪرڻ سان پيداوار جي قيمتن ۾ گهٽتائي آئي۔ || &lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-Nov-2007-8-K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2608/95013407023369/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-Jan-2008-8-K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511021549/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2938/0001157523-08-000616.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Jan 28, 2008 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=October 29, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/desktop/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202802668|title=Dell's EqualLogic Buy Could Drive Down iSCSI Storage Prices |work=InformationWeek|publisher=United Business Media|date=November 5, 2007|author=Gonsalves, Antone}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[پيروٽ سسٽمز]]
| {{Date table sorting|2009}}
| پيروٽ سسٽمز هڪ ٽيڪنالاجي خدمتون ۽ آئوٽ سورسنگ ڪمپني هئي، جيڪا خاص طور صحت واري شعبي ۾ سرگرم هئي، ۽ ان جو بنياد اڳوڻي صدارتي اميدوار [[ايڇ. راس پيروٽ]] رکيو هو۔ حاصل ڪيل ڪاروبار ڊيل کي آمريڪا ۽ ٻين 10 ملڪن ۾ پنهنجي آپريشنز ذريعي ايپليڪيشن ڊولپمينٽ، سسٽمز انٽيگريشن، ۽ حڪمتِ عملي واري صلاحڪاري جون خدمتون فراهم ڪيون۔ ان کان علاوه، پيروٽ جي حصول سان ڪاروباري عملن جي آئوٽ سورسنگ جون مختلف خدمتون پڻ شامل ٿيون، جهڙوڪ دعوائن جي پروسيسنگ ۽ ڪال سينٽر آپريشنز۔ || &lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-Sep-2009-8-K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511015029/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2481/0000950123-09-044357.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-11 |url-status=live |title=Dell Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Sep 21, 2009 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2009-09/15005025-update-7-dell-to-buy-perot-systems-for-dollar-3-9-billion-020.htm |title=Dell to buy Perot Systems for $3.9 billion |publisher=Finanznachrichten.de |date=September 22, 2009 |access-date=November 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company/Perot_Systems_Corporation/crycki-1.html |title=Perot Systems |year=2009|publisher=[[هوورز]] |access-date=January 4, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس]]
| {{Date table sorting|February 10, 2010}}
| ڪيس نيٽ ورڪس سسٽم مينيجمينٽ ايپلائينسز ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني هئي۔ ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dell Acquires Systems Management Company KACE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/idg/2010/02/11/11idg-dell-acquires-systems-management-vendor-kace-12056.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Agam|last1=Shah|date=February 11, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| بومي
| {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2010}}
| ڪلاوڊ انٽيگريشن ۾ اڳواڻ ڪمپني ||&lt;ref name=&quot;htanna&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dell Acquires SaaS Company, Boomi|date=November 2, 2010 |url=http://siliconangle.com/blog/2010/11/02/dell-acquires-saas-company-boomi/|publisher=SiliconANGLE|access-date=November 3, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[ڪمپيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]]
| {{Date table sorting|February 2011}}
| هن حصول ڊيل جي اسٽوريج پورٽ فوليو کي وسيع ڪيو۔ ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-Mar-2011-10-K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1364/95012311025579/filing-main.htm |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 15, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[فورس 10]] نيٽ ورڪس
| {{Date table sorting|August 2011}}
| هن ڪمپني جي حصول کان پوءِ ڊيل وٽ پنهنجي نيٽ ورڪنگ پورٽ فوليو جي مڪمل [[دانشورانه ملڪيت]] اچي وئي، جيڪا ڊيل پاور ڪنيڪٽ رينج ۾ موجود نه هئي، ڇو تہ اهي پراڊڪٽس [[براڊڪام]] يا [[مارويل]] آءِ ايم جي طاقت سان هلنديون هيون۔ || &lt;ref name=&quot;reg10&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= Dell buys Force 10 Networks: Storm winds to leave Brocade out in the cold? |author= Chris Mellor |work= The Register |date=July 20, 2011 |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/07/20/dell_buying_force_10/ |access-date= August 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
!scope=&quot;row&quot;| [[ڊيل ايپ اشور|ايپ اشور]] سافٽويئر
| {{Date table sorting|February 24, 2012}}
| ڊيل، ريسٽن، ورجينيا مان بيڪ اپ ۽ آفت بحالي سافٽويئر فراهم ڪندڙ ڪمپني حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور 2011ع ۾ آمدنيءَ ۾ 194 سيڪڙو واڌ ۽ ان کان اڳ وارن ٽن سالن ۾ 3500٪ کان وڌيڪ واڌ حاصل ڪئي۔ ايپ اشور فزيڪل سرورن ۽ VMware، Hyper-V ۽ XenServer جي حمايت ڪندي هئي۔ هي معاهدو ڊيل پاران اڳوڻي CA سي اي او جان سوينسن جي اڳواڻي هيٺ سافٽويئر ڊويزن قائم ڪرڻ کان پوءِ پهريون حصول هو۔ ڊيل چيو تہ اها ايپ اشور جي 230 ملازمن کي برقرار رکندي ۽ ڪمپني ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي۔ ||&lt;ref name=&quot;Dell-Inc-May-2012-10-Q&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2772/0000826083-12-000011.pdf |title=Dell Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date May 31, 2012 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =March 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}


== ڊيل جون سهولتون ==
ڊيل جو صدر دفتر [[رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171630/http://support.dell.com/support/topics/global.aspx/support/dellcare/en/contactusaddress Contact Us – Dell Mailing Address].&quot; Dell. Retrieved February 8, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 
بمطابق 2013 ڪمپني مرڪزي ٽيڪساس ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 14,000 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي ۽ اها علائقي جي سڀ کان وڏي نجي ملازمت ڏيندڙ ڪمپني هئي،&lt;ref name=&quot;AS&quot;&gt;Austin American-Statesman: [http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ The Dell deal: what would be different if...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231012/http://www.statesman.com/news/business/the-dell-deal-what-would-be-different-if-company-g/nT2yc/ |date=March 4, 2016 }}, January 19, 2013. Visited: January 23, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; جنهن وٽ {{convert|2100000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenHQ&quot;&gt;Staff. &quot;[http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2008/03/31/daily24.html Dell headquarters now carbon-free].&quot; ''[[نيو ميڪسيڪو بزنس ويڪلي]]''. Wednesday April 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 1999ع تائين رائونڊ راڪ شهر جي جنرل فنڊ جو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ حصو ڊيل جي صدر دفتر مان پيدا ٿيندڙ سيلز ٽيڪس مان ايندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Jacobs, Janet. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Cash flow from Dell lets Round Rock boost budget] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215859/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0E9C23E34AFB39E9&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 22, 2018 }}.&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. September 9, 1999. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. &quot;Almost half the city's general fund comes from sales tax at Dell's headquarters,&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل جو صدر دفتر اڳ ۾ اتر آسٽن، ٽيڪساس جي [[آربوريٽم، آسٽن، ٽيڪساس|آربوريٽم]] ڪمپليڪس ۾ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;PopeDis&quot;&gt;Pope, Kyle. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell chief disbands project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022448/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAD8B0BE43127B9&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=November 23, 2018 }}.&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. February 25, 1990. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. &quot;Dell is headquartered at the Arboretum complex in North Austin and employs about 1200 people.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[[پي سي ميگزين]]''. Volume 12, 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4fyAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Dell+%22Austin,+TX%22 175]. &quot;Dell Computer Corp., 9505 Arboretum Blvd., Austin, TX 78759.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 1989ع ۾ ڊيل آربوريٽم ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|127000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ والاري هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Pope, Kyle. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAD893F735FE53E&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell plans expansion and move High-tech firm inks Braker Center deal].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 24, 1989. B7. Retrieved May 4, 2010. &quot;Dell occupies 127000 square feet of office space at the Arboretum.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 1990ع ۾، ڊيل جي صدر دفتر ۾ 1,200 ملازم هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;PopeDis&quot;/&gt; 1993ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ جي عملدارن کي هڪ دستاويز جمع ڪرايو، جنهن جو عنوان &quot;ڊيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪارپوريٽ هيڊڪوارٽرز, رائونڊ راڪ, ٽيڪساس, مئي 1993 اسڪيميٽڪ ڊزائين&quot; هو. انهيءَ فائيلنگ جي باوجود، ساڳئي سال ڪمپني چيو تہ اها پنهنجو صدر دفتر منتقل نه ڪندي.&lt;ref&gt;Ladendorf, Kirk and R. Michelle Breyer. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAD91C285B1FB96&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Despite document, Dell says no headquarters move planned].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 22, 1993. E1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 1994ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجن گهڻن ملازمن کي آربوريٽم مان ٻاهر منتقل ڪري رهي آهي، پر اها آربوريٽم جي مٿين منزل تي قبضو جاري رکندي ۽ ڪمپني جو سرڪاري صدر دفتر وارو پتو آربوريٽم ئي رهندو. مٿين منزل تي ڊيل جو بورڊ روم، ڊيمانسٽريشن سينٽر ۽ مهمانن لاءِ ميٽنگ روم موجود رهيا. 29 آگسٽ 1994ع کان هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ اڳ، ڊيل 1,100 ڪسٽمر سپورٽ ۽ ٽيليفون سيلز ملازمن کي رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAD95EA4EAA0C35&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to keep top floor at Arboretum offices].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. August 29, 1994. C1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; آربوريٽم ۾ ڊيل جي ليز 1994ع ۾ ختم ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Ladendorf, Kirk and Mike Todd. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EAD904A92559062&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell seeks space for expansion Firm makes proposal for tax abatements].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. November 5, 1992. B4. Retrieved May 4, 2010. &quot;The lease on the company's headquarters building at the Arboretum expires in 1994.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Dell diamond2.jpg|thumb|left|ڪمپني [[ڊيل ڊائمنڊ]] کي اسپانسر ڪري ٿي، جيڪو [[رائونڊ راڪ ايڪسپريس]] جو هوم اسٽيڊيم آهي، هي ٽيم [[ٽيڪساس رينجرز، بيس بال|ٽيڪساس رينجرز]] ميجر ليگ بيس بال ٽيم جي AAA [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي.]]

1996ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري رهي هئي.&lt;ref name=&quot;HQMoving&quot;&gt;Ladendorf, Kirk. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EA25E61F00C5BA3&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell expanding in Central Texas].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. October 1, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 1996ع تائين، اڃا به 3,500 ماڻهو موجوده ڊيل صدر دفتر ۾ ڪم ڪري رهيا هئا. رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي هڪ عمارت، رائونڊ راڪ 3، ۾ 6,400 ملازمن لاءِ جاءِ هئي ۽ اها نومبر 1996ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيڻ لاءِ مقرر هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Mahoney, Jerry. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EA213C608C5F711&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell's success is Round Rock's gain].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. January 9, 1996. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010. &quot;Dell will have room for 6400 employees when it finishes Round Rock 3 in November. The company, which still employs about 3500 people at its headquarters.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; 1998ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي رائونڊ راڪ ڪمپليڪس ۾ ٻه عمارتون وڌيڪ شامل ڪندي، جنهن سان ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|1600000|sqft|sqm}} آفيس جاءِ شامل ٿيندي.&lt;ref&gt;Mahoney, Jerry. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EA074DB8D81792F&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell to expand its office complex].&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 30, 1998. D1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2000ع ۾، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها [[لاس سيمس]] آفيس ڪمپليڪس ۾ {{convert|80000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ ليز تي وٺندي، جيڪو آسٽن ۽ [[ويسٽ ليڪ هِلز]] جي وچ ۾ [[غير شامل ٿيل علائقو|غير شامل ٿيل]] [[ٽريوس ڪائونٽي، ٽيڪساس]] ۾ واقع آهي، تہ جيئن ڪمپني جا ايگزيڪيوٽو آفيسون ۽ ڪارپوريٽ صدر دفتر اتي رکيا وڃن. 100 سينيئر ايگزيڪيوٽوز کي 2000ع جي آخر تائين انهيءَ عمارت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Pletz, John. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&amp;p_theme=aasb&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0E9B7EC401E73E0F&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D Dell moving executives closer to Austin].&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024332/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62107161.html Alternate link]) ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. May 9, 2000. A1. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; جنوري 2001ع ۾، ڪمپني لاس سيمس 2 ۾ جاءِ ليز تي ورتي، جيڪا [[لوپ 360]] سان لڳ واقع هئي. لاس سيمس 2 ۾ ڊيل جا ايگزيڪيوٽوز، سيڙپڪاري آپريشنز، ۽ ڪجهه ڪارپوريٽ ڪم رکيا ويا. ڊيل وٽ لاس سيمس 3 ۾ {{convert|138000|sqft|sqm}} جاءِ جو اختيار پڻ هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;Subleaselascimas&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/03/04/daily46.html Dell seeks to sublease Las Cimas offices].&quot; ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪاروبار ۾ سستي سبب ملازمن ۽ پيداواري صلاحيت گهٽائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، جنهن کان پوءِ ڊيل لاس سيمس آفيس ڪمپليڪس جي ٻن عمارتن ۾ پنهنجون آفيسون سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;Pletz, John. &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104024344/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-120511547.html Article: Dell Leaders to Return to Round Rock, Texas, Campus.]&quot; ''[[آسٽن آمريڪن-اسٽيٽسمن]]''. March 8, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2002ع ۾ ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها پنهنجي جاءِ ٻئي ڪرائيدار کي سب ليز تي ڏيڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿي؛ ڪمپني جو منصوبو هو تہ ڪرائيدار ملڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪيو وڃي.&lt;ref name=&quot;Subleaselascimas&quot;/&gt; 2003ع تائين، ڊيل پنهنجو صدر دفتر واپس رائونڊ راڪ منتقل ڪري ڇڏيو. 2003ع کان پوءِ لڳ ڀڳ ستن سالن جي عرصي لاءِ، ان لاس سيمس I ۽ II جي سڄي جاءِ، ڪل {{convert|312000|sqft|sqm}}، ليز تي ورتي. انهيءَ سال تائين ان جاءِ مان تقريباً {{convert|100000|sqft|sqm}} نون سب ٽيننٽس پاران استعمال ۾ اچي چڪي هئي.&lt;ref&gt;Hudgins, Matt. &quot;[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2003/05/12/story5.html Dell space taken].&quot; ''[[آسٽن بزنس جرنل]]''. Friday May 9, 2003. Retrieved May 4, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

2008ع ۾، ڊيل رائونڊ راڪ صدر دفتر جي بجلي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ذريعن ڏانهن تبديل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ڪل بجلي جو 60٪ [[ٽي ايڪس يو انرجي]] جي ونڊ فارمز مان ۽ 40٪ آسٽن ڪميونٽي لينڊفل گئس-ٽو-انرجي پلانٽ مان آيو، جيڪو [[ويسٽ مينيجمينٽ، اِنڪ.]] پاران هلائبو هو.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenHQ&quot;/&gt;

آمريڪا ۽ ڀارت ئي اهي واحد ملڪ آهن، جتي ڊيل جا سڀ ڪاروباري ڪم موجود آهن ۽ جيڪي عالمي سطح تي سهائتا فراهم ڪن ٿا: تحقيق ۽ ترقي، پيداوار، فنانس، تجزيو، ۽ ڪسٽمر ڪيئر.&lt;ref name=&quot;tech.fortune.cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | publisher=CNN | title=How Dell conquered India | date=February 10, 2011 | access-date=February 11, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212062631/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/02/10/how-dell-conquered-india/ | archive-date=February 12, 2011 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل کي ٽي آر اي جي موسٽ ڊيزائرڊ برانڊس رپورٽ 2023ع مطابق، &quot;2023ع ۾ ڀارت جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسند ڪيل برانڊ&quot; تسليم ڪيو ويو.

=== پيداوار ===
پنهنجي شروعاتي دور کان ئي، ڊيل پيداوار ۾ &quot;آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ&quot; واري طريقي جي اڳواڻ طور ڪم ڪيو — يعني گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ. ان جي ابتڙ، ان وقت اڪثر پي سي ٺاهيندڙ هر ٽه ماهي بنياد تي وچولن کي وڏا آرڊر فراهم ڪندا هئا.&lt;ref&gt;Dedrick, J. and Kraemer, K. L. (March 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://pcic.merage.uci.edu/papers/2007/MarketMaking.pdf &quot;Market Making in the PC Industry&quot;], Chapter 10, in Hamilton, Senauer and Petrovic (eds) ''The Market Makers: How Retailers are Reshaping the Global Economy''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0199655871}}&lt;/ref&gt;

خريداري ۽ ترسيل جي وچ ۾ دير گهٽ ڪرڻ لاءِ، ڊيل جي عام پاليسي اها آهي تہ پنهنجي شين جي پيداوار گراهڪن جي ويجهو ڪري. اهو پڻ [[جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم، ڪاروبار|جسٽ-اِن-ٽائيم]] (JIT) پيداوار واري طريقي تي عمل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو، جيڪو [[انوينٽري]] خرچ گهٽائي ٿو. گهٽ انوينٽري ڊيل جي ڪاروباري ماڊل جي هڪ ٻي خاص نشاني آهي — اهڙي صنعت ۾ اهو اهم خيال آهي، جتي جزا تمام تيزيءَ سان قدر وڃائيندا آهن.&lt;ref&gt;Kraemer, K. L. and Dedrick, J. (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221617/http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2002/dell.pdf &quot;Dell Computer: Organization of a Global Production Network&quot;], Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations.&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل جو پيداواري عمل اسمبلي، سافٽويئر انسٽاليشن، فنڪشنل ٽيسٽنگ (جنهن ۾ &quot;برن-اِن&quot; پڻ شامل آهي)، ۽ معيار جي ضابطي تي ٻڌل آهي. ڪمپني جي اڪثر تاريخ دوران، ڊيل ڊيسڪ ٽاپ مشينون پنهنجي اندروني سهولتن ۾ ٺاهيندي هئي ۽ بنيادي نوٽ بُڪ جي پيداوار ٻاهرين ٺيڪيدارن کان ڪرائيندي هئي، جن کي پوءِ اندروني طور ترتيب ڏنو ويندو هو.&lt;ref&gt;Company Annual Reports, various years.&lt;/ref&gt; ڪمپني جو طريقو بدلجي چڪو آهي، جيئن 2006ع جي سالياني رپورٽ ۾ لکيل آهي: &quot;اسان اصل ڊيزائن پيداوار واريون پارٽنرشپس ۽ پيداوار آئوٽ سورسنگ لاڳاپا استعمال ڪرڻ کي وڌائي رهيا آهيون.&quot; ''دي وال اسٽريٽ جرنل'' سيپٽمبر 2008ع ۾ رپورٽ ڪيو تہ &quot;ڊيل پنهنجي پلانٽن کي وڪڻڻ جي آڇن سان ٺيڪيدار ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهيندڙن سان رابطو ڪيو آهي.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Scheck, J: &quot;Dell Plans to Sell Factories in Effort to Cut Costs&quot;, ''The Wall Street Journal'', September 5, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين، ڊيل جو &quot;آرڊر مطابق ترتيب ڏيڻ&quot; وارو پيداواري طريقو — يعني آمريڪي سهولتن مان گراهڪن جي خاص ضرورتن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل انفرادي پي سي فراهم ڪرڻ — وڌيڪ ايترو ڪارائتو يا وڏي مقدار ۾ پيداوار ڪندڙ ايشيائي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن سان مقابلي لائق نه رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ پي سي طاقتور، گهٽ قيمت واريون عام شيون بڻجي ويا هئا.&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman1&quot;/&gt;

اتر آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي اڳ ۾ آسٽن، ٽيڪساس، (اصل هنڌ) ۽ [[ليبنان، ٽينيسي]]، (1999ع ۾ کوليل) ۾ ڊيل جي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندي هئي، جيڪي ترتيبوار 2008ع ۽ 2009ع جي شروعات ۾ بند ڪيا ويا. [[ونسٽن-سيلم، اتر ڪيرولائنا]] وارو پلانٽ 2005ع ۾ کوليو ويو، پر نومبر 2010ع ۾ پنهنجا آپريشن بند ڪري ڇڏيا.&lt;ref name=&quot;theregister.co.uk&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bizjournals.com&quot; /&gt; ڊيل جي آمريڪي پلانٽن ۾ ٿيندڙ اڪثر ڪم ايشيا ۽ ميڪسيڪو جي ٺيڪيدار ٺاهيندڙن ڏانهن، يا ڊيل جي پنهنجي ٻاهرين ملڪ فيڪٽرين ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. ان جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي [[مائيمي، فلوريڊا]] واري سهولت اڃا به هلندڙ آهي، جڏهن تہ ڊيل پنهنجا سرور (پنهنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ منافعو ڏيندڙ شيون) آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ پيدا ڪرڻ جاري رکي ٿو.&lt;ref name=&quot;statesman1&quot; /&gt;

ڊيل [[يورپ، وچ اوڀر ۽ آفريڪا|اي ايم اي اي]] مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڪمپيوٽرن جي اسمبلي جمهوريه آئرلينڊ جي [[ليميرڪ]] سهولت ۾ ڪندي هئي، ۽ هڪ وقت ۾ ان ملڪ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 4,500 ماڻهن کي ملازمت ڏني هئي. ڊيل 1991ع ۾ ليميرڪ ۾ پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ پوءِ آئرلينڊ جي شين جي سڀ کان وڏي برآمد ڪندڙ، ۽ ان جي ٻي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪار بڻجي وئي. 8 جنوري 2009ع تي، ڊيل اعلان ڪيو تہ اها ليميرڪ ۾ ڊيل جي سموري پيداوار جنوري 2010ع تائين پولينڊ جي شهر [[ووچ]] ۾ ڊيل جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235908/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell.html 1,900 jobs lost at Dell in Limerick]. RTÉ New Report&amp;nbsp;— January 8, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; [[يورپي يونين]] جي عملدارن چيو تہ اهي پولينڊ حڪومت پاران ڊيل کي آئرلينڊ کان پري آڻڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيل €52.7 ملين امدادي پيڪيج جي جاچ ڪندا.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235921/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/Dell1.html EU to investigate Dell aid package]. RTÉ New Report&amp;nbsp;— January 8, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; يورپي پيداوار سهولت 1 (EMF1، 1990ع ۾ کوليل) ۽ EMF3، ليميرڪ ڀرسان [[راهين انڊسٽريل اسٽيٽ]] جو حصو آهن. ڊيل اِنڪ. پيداوار کي EMF3 ۾ گڏ ڪيو آهي (EMF1 هاڻي{{When|date=January 2010}} صرف آفيسن تي مشتمل آهي).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17|title=Dell reorganises Irish operations|access-date=November 17, 2011|work=The IE Professional|issue=250|date=May 17, 2000|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070625/http://www.blythe.org/nytransfer-subs/2000ire/IEP:_The_IE_Professional_No.250_5-17 |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; پولينڊ حڪومت جون سبسڊيون ڊيل کي ڊگهي عرصي تائين اتي رکڻ ۾ مددگار رهيون.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|title=Dell to Sell Polish Plant to Taiwan's Foxconn|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=IndustryWeek|access-date=May 8, 2012|archive-date=March 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324221512/http://www.industryweek.com/articles/dell_to_sell_polish_plant_to_taiwans_foxconn_20540.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ليميرڪ پلانٽ ۾ اسمبلي ختم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڊبلن جو [[چيري ووڊ، ڊبلن|چيري ووڊ]] ٽيڪنالاجي ڪيمپس جمهوريه ۾ ڊيل جو سڀ کان وڏو دفتر هو، جتي سيلز (خاص طور برطانيا ۽ آئرلينڊ)، سپورٽ (اي ايم اي اي لاءِ انٽرپرائز سپورٽ)، ۽ ڪلاوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ لاءِ تحقيق ۽ ترقي ۾ 1200 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو ڪم ڪندا هئا، پر هاڻي پيداوار نه هئي، سواءِ&lt;ref name=&quot;ida&quot;&gt;IDA Ireland website on [http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110164148/http://www.idaireland.com/dell/ |date=January 10, 2013 }}, visited October 12, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل جي ايلين ويئر ماتحت ڪمپني جي، جيڪا آئرلينڊ جي ايٿلون پلانٽ ۾ پي سي ٺاهيندي آهي. هي سهولت آئرلينڊ ۾ رهندي يا نه، اهو يقيني نه آهي.&lt;ref&gt;RTE News: [http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0325/dell-business.html Fears for 70 jobs at Athlone's Alienware facility], March 25, 2009. Checked: October 12, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; ڊيل 2007ع جي آخر ۾ ووچ، پولينڊ ۾ EMF4 تي پيداوار شروع ڪئي.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www1.euro.Dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/emea/corporate/pressoffice/2006/uk/en/2006_09_18_brk_000?c=uk&amp;l=en&amp;s=corp |title=Dell Announces Manufacturing Facility In Poland To Serve Growing Central And Eastern European Markets |website=euro.dell.com |access-date=November 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ڊيل ڏکڻ آمريڪي مارڪيٽ لاءِ ڊيسڪ ٽاپ، نوٽ بُڪ ۽ پاور ايج سرور پيداوار کي 1999ع ۾ کوليل [[ايلڊوراڊو دو سول، برازيل|ايلڊوراڊو دو سول]] پلانٽ مان 2007ع ۾ [[هورتولانديا|هورتولانديا، برازيل]] جي نئين پلانٽ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080219213123/http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/pressoffice/en/2001/2001_02_19_pa_000?c=us&amp;l=en&amp;s=corp Dell Starts Manufacturing Servers in Brazil]. Dell, Porto Alegre, Brazil, February 19, 2001&lt;/ref&gt;

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
{{Commons category|Dell}}
&lt;!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed. --&gt;
* {{Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:ڊيل]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪي برانڊز]] 
[[زمرو:آمريڪي ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:ڪلائوڊ ڪمپيوٽنگ فراهم ڪندڙ]] 
[[زمرو:آمريڪا جون ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:ڪمپيوٽر سسٽم ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:ڪنزيومر اليڪٽرانڪس برانڊز]] 
[[زمرو:ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجي ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:ڪثير قومي ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ قائم ملٽي نيشنل ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ 1984ع جا ادارا]] 
[[زمرو:پرسنل ڪمپيوٽر هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] [[زمرو:آسٽن، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم پيداوار ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس]] 
[[زمرو:موبائل فون ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو: نيٽ بڪ ٺاهيندڙ ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:نيٽ ورڪنگ هارڊويئر ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:آمريڪا جا آن لائن پرچون فروش]]
[[زمرو:سلور ليڪ (سيڙپڪاري فرم) ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:رائونڊ راڪ، ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم ڪمپنيون]]
[[زمرو:غزا جي جنگ ۾ ملوث]] 
[[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر ڪمپنيون]] 
[[زمرو:1980ع جي ڏهاڪي جي شروعاتي عوامي آڇون]] 
[[زمرو:ڪمپنيون جيڪي اڳ ۾ ناس ڊيڪ تي درج ٿيل هيون]] 
[[زمرو:1984ع ۾ قائم ڪيل اليڪٽرانڪس ڪمپنيون]]  
[[زمرو:ٽيڪساس ۾ قائم خانگي طور تي منعقد ڪيل ڪمپنيون]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:بنگلاديش]] [[زمرو:ايشيا سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:ايشيا سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]]</text>
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    <title>باڙيشال ڊويزن</title>
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      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:ur:Special:Redirect/revision/9404573|بریشال ڈویژن]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
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 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]], [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
&lt;references /&gt;
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي:  ؛ انگريزي: Barisal Division) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]]</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:باريسال ڊويزن]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
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 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
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 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]], [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
&lt;references /&gt;
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي:  ؛ انگريزي: Barisal Division) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]]

[[زمرو:باريسال ڊويزن]]</text>
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        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
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&lt;references /&gt;
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي:  ؛ انگريزي: Barisal Division) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]]

[[زمرو:باريسال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
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 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.


==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:باريسال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T12:37:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */</comment>
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      <text bytes="4461" sha1="b5bb1h13puac09n8ebeaa0n0efxjshc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن

 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
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 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.


==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <text bytes="11422" sha1="n8ynssu06arp5psxekvj3amt6l7dh7m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن
 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.


==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Barisal Division &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ
| settlement_type    = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| other_name         = 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from the top:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Bay of Bengal]], [[Kuakata Beach]], Floating stalls at [[Nesarabad Upazila|Nesarabad]], Edges of [[Sundarbans]] in [[Barguna]], [[Collectorate Bhaban, Barishal|Barisal Collect-orate Edifice]] and [[Baitul Aman Mosque]]
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Barisal Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Barisal Division}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 1 January 1993
| seat_type          = Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}
| seat               = [[Barisal]]
| population_demonyms = [[Bangal|Barishali]], [[Bengalis|Borishailla]], [[Bengal|Bholaiya]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Districts of Bangladesh|Districts]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[Sub-Districts of Bangladesh|Sub-Districts]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[Union Councils of Bangladesh|Union Councils]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[Divisional Commissioner of Bangladesh|Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name        = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/bn/site/officer_list/RiDU-মো-সাইফুল-হাসান-বাদল Md. Rayhan Kawsar]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php | title=List of Divisional Commissioners | access-date=20 June 2022 | archive-date=18 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1      = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList Md. Monzur Morshed Alam]
| leader_title2      = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name2       = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 2286285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 6811636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = {{nobold|[[Indigenous language|Indigenous]] [[minority language]]s}}
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]
}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = Adjusted Population&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 9325820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2    = Notable cricket teams
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Fortune Barishal]], [[Barisal Division cricket team|Barisal Division]]
}}
'''Barisal Division''' ({{Langx|bn|বরিশাল বিভাগ|Borishal Bibhag}}; {{IPA|bn|boriʃal bibʱag}}) is one of the eight administrative [[divisions of Bangladesh]]. Located in the south-central part of the country, it has an area of {{convert|13,225|km2|abbr=on}}, and a population of 9,325,820 at the 2022 census. It is the least populous division in Bangladesh. It is bounded by [[Dhaka Division]] on the north, the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the south, [[Chittagong Division]] on the east and [[Khulna Division]] on the west. The administrative capital, [[Barisal]] city, lies in the [[Padma River]] delta on an offshoot of the [[Kirtankhola|Arial Khan River]]. Barisal division is criss-crossed by numerous rivers that earned it the nickname ''Dhan-Nodi-Khal, Ei tin-e Borishal'' (rice, river and canal built Barisal).

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <origin>377305</origin>
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      <text bytes="13000" sha1="68tyn9dagwn4lfqx1bzxq7tetol8m6j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن
 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.


==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = باڙيشال ڊويزن
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ (بوڙيشل بيڀاگ)
| settlement_type    = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name         =Barisal Division 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from the top:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Bay of Bengal]], [[Kuakata Beach]], Floating stalls at [[Nesarabad Upazila|Nesarabad]], Edges of [[Sundarbans]] in [[Barguna]], [[Collectorate Bhaban, Barishal|Barisal Collect-orate Edifice]] and [[Baitul Aman Mosque]]
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Barisal Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Barisal Division}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        =قائم ڪيل: 1 جنوري 1993. * راڄڌاني ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر: بارسل شهر. * حڪومت • ڊويزنل ڪمشنر: محمد ريحان ڪوثر • ڊي آءِ جي: محمد منظور مرشد عالم. • پارلياماني حلقو: جاتيه اسيمبلي (21 سيٽون). * ايريا • ڊويزن: 13,225 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,106 چورس ميل) اوچائي: 1.2 ميٽر (3.9 فوٽ). * آبادي (2022) • ڊويزن: 91,00,104 (ڳڻپيل) • کثافت: 688.10/چورس ڪلوميٽر (1,782.2/چورس ميل) • شهري: 22,86,285 • ڳوٺاڻي: 68,11,636 • ميٽرو: 4,19,472 • ترتيب ڏنل آبادي: 93,25,820. * نام: باريشالي، بوريشلا، ڀوليا * ٻوليون • سرڪاري ٻولي: بنگالي. • مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون: فهرست * ٽائيم زون UTC+6 (BST) ISO 3166 ڪوڊ BD-A HDI (2023) 0.689 وچولي قابل ذڪر ڪرڪيٽ ٽيمون فارچون بريشل، بريشل ڊويزن ضلعا 6 ذيلي ضلعا 41 يونين ڪائونسلون 352 ويب سائيٽ * 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 1 January 1993
| seat_type          = Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}
| seat               = [[Barisal]]
| population_demonyms = [[Bangal|Barishali]], [[Bengalis|Borishailla]], [[Bengal|Bholaiya]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Districts of Bangladesh|Districts]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[Sub-Districts of Bangladesh|Sub-Districts]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[Union Councils of Bangladesh|Union Councils]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[Divisional Commissioner of Bangladesh|Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name        = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/bn/site/officer_list/RiDU-মো-সাইফুল-হাসান-বাদল Md. Rayhan Kawsar]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php | title=List of Divisional Commissioners | access-date=20 June 2022 | archive-date=18 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| leader_title1      = [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList Md. Monzur Morshed Alam]
| leader_title2      = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name2       = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 2286285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 6811636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = {{nobold|[[Indigenous language|Indigenous]] [[minority language]]s}}
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]
}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = Adjusted Population&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 9325820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2    = Notable cricket teams
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Fortune Barishal]], [[Barisal Division cricket team|Barisal Division]]
}}
'''باڙيشال ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: বরিশাল বিভাগ، اچار: بوڙيشل بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺ [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|انتظامي ڊويزنن]] مان هڪ آهي. ملڪ جي ڏکڻ-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع، ان جو علائقو 13,225 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,106 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 93,25,820 هئي. اهو بنگلاديش ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ آبادي وارو ڊويزن آهي. اهو اتر ۾ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگال جي نار|بنگال جي]] [[بنگال جي نار|نار]]، اوڀر ۾ [[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[کلنا ڊويزن|کُلنا ڊويزن]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. انتظامي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[باريسال شهر]] پدما نديءَ جي ڊيلٽا ۾ آريل خان نديءَ جي هڪ شاخ تي واقع آهي. باريسال ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي دريائن سان ڀريل آهي، جنهن ڪري ان جي باري ۾ چوي ۾ اچي ٿو ته، &quot;چانور، درياهه ۽ واهه، باريشال ٺاهڻ ٿا&quot; (بنگالي: دھن-نودي-خال، اي ٽين-اي بوريشل).

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11404" sha1="dkc7e1qdok2od29aye5hpxxnrfk52ng" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن
 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.


==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = باڙيشال ڊويزن
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ (بوڙيشل بيڀاگ)
| settlement_type    = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name         =Barisal Division 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''گھڙي وار، مٿيان کان:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[بنگال جي نار]]، [[بيت الامان مسجد]]، باريسال ڪليڪٽريٽ عمارت، باراگونا ۾ [[سندربن]] جا ڪنارا، نثار آباد ۾ ترندڙ اسٽال ۽ ڪواڪاتا بيچ
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلاديش ۾ باڙيشال ڊويزن |[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باڙيشال ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = قائم ٿيو
| established_date   = 1 جنوري، 1993ع
| seat_type          = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat               = [[باريسال]]
| population_demonyms = باريشالي، بوريشلا، ڀوليا
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[ضلعو|ضلعا]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[تعلقو|اپ زيلا]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[يونين ڪائونسل|يونين ڪائونسلون]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name        = محمد ريحان ڪوثر
| leader_title1      = [[ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس|ڊي آءِ جي]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList محمد منظور مرشد عالم]
| leader_title2      = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name2       = جاتيه سنگساد (21 سيٽون)
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = 2022ع
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 22,86,285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 68,11,636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|اراڪاني ٻولي
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (ايڊجسٽيڊ) &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 93,25,820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|وچولي}}
| blank_name_sec2    = قابل ذڪر ڪرڪيٽ ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2    = فارچون بريشل، بريشل ڊويزنل ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
}}
'''باڙيشال ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: বরিশাল বিভাগ، اچار: بوڙيشل بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺ [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|انتظامي ڊويزنن]] مان هڪ آهي. ملڪ جي ڏکڻ-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع، ان جو علائقو 13,225 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,106 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 93,25,820 هئي. اهو بنگلاديش ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ آبادي وارو ڊويزن آهي. اهو اتر ۾ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگال جي نار|بنگال جي]] [[بنگال جي نار|نار]]، اوڀر ۾ [[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[کلنا ڊويزن|کُلنا ڊويزن]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. انتظامي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[باريسال شهر]] پدما نديءَ جي ڊيلٽا ۾ آريل خان نديءَ جي هڪ شاخ تي واقع آهي. باريسال ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي دريائن سان ڀريل آهي، جنهن ڪري ان جي باري ۾ چوي ۾ اچي ٿو ته، &quot;چانور، درياهه ۽ واهه، باريشال ٺاهڻ ٿا&quot; (بنگالي: دھن-نودي-خال، اي ٽين-اي بوريشل).

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7124" sha1="orlmnuwgd1mlpyxeuyhcbcdfmkswiwe" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = باڙيشال ڊويزن
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ (بوڙيشل بيڀاگ)
| settlement_type    = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name         =Barisal Division 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''گھڙي وار، مٿيان کان:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[بنگال جي نار]]، [[بيت الامان مسجد]]، باريسال ڪليڪٽريٽ عمارت، باراگونا ۾ [[سندربن]] جا ڪنارا، نثار آباد ۾ ترندڙ اسٽال ۽ ڪواڪاتا بيچ
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلاديش ۾ باڙيشال ڊويزن |[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باڙيشال ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = قائم ٿيو
| established_date   = 1 جنوري، 1993ع
| seat_type          = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat               = [[باريسال]]
| population_demonyms = باريشالي، بوريشلا، ڀوليا
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[ضلعو|ضلعا]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[تعلقو|اپ زيلا]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[يونين ڪائونسل|يونين ڪائونسلون]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name        = محمد ريحان ڪوثر
| leader_title1      = [[ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس|ڊي آءِ جي]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList محمد منظور مرشد عالم]
| leader_title2      = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name2       = جاتيه سنگساد (21 سيٽون)
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = 2022ع
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 22,86,285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 68,11,636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|اراڪاني ٻولي
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (ايڊجسٽيڊ) &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 93,25,820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|وچولي}}
| blank_name_sec2    = قابل ذڪر ڪرڪيٽ ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2    = فارچون بريشل، بريشل ڊويزنل ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
}}
'''باڙيشال ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: বরিশাল বিভাগ، اچار: بوڙيشل بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺ [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|انتظامي ڊويزنن]] مان هڪ آهي. ملڪ جي ڏکڻ-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع، ان جو علائقو 13,225 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,106 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 93,25,820 هئي. اهو بنگلاديش ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ آبادي وارو ڊويزن آهي. اهو اتر ۾ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگال جي نار|بنگال جي]] [[بنگال جي نار|نار]]، اوڀر ۾ [[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[کلنا ڊويزن|کُلنا ڊويزن]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. انتظامي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[باريسال شهر]] پدما نديءَ جي ڊيلٽا ۾ آريل خان نديءَ جي هڪ شاخ تي واقع آهي. باريسال ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي دريائن سان ڀريل آهي، جنهن ڪري ان جي باري ۾ چوي ۾ اچي ٿو ته، &quot;چانور، درياهه ۽ واهه، باريشال ٺاهڻ ٿا&quot; (بنگالي: دھن-نودي-خال، اي ٽين-اي بوريشل).

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}
==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <id>377308</id>
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      <text bytes="11418" sha1="kdkptd2rlxgxftjyephy47ga1f13bql" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = باڙيشال ڊويزن
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ (بوڙيشل بيڀاگ)
| settlement_type    = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name         =Barisal Division 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''گھڙي وار، مٿيان کان:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[بنگال جي نار]]، [[بيت الامان مسجد]]، باريسال ڪليڪٽريٽ عمارت، باراگونا ۾ [[سندربن]] جا ڪنارا، نثار آباد ۾ ترندڙ اسٽال ۽ ڪواڪاتا بيچ
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلاديش ۾ باڙيشال ڊويزن |[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باڙيشال ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = قائم ٿيو
| established_date   = 1 جنوري، 1993ع
| seat_type          = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat               = [[باريسال]]
| population_demonyms = باريشالي، بوريشلا، ڀوليا
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[ضلعو|ضلعا]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[تعلقو|اپ زيلا]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[يونين ڪائونسل|يونين ڪائونسلون]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name        = محمد ريحان ڪوثر
| leader_title1      = [[ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس|ڊي آءِ جي]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList محمد منظور مرشد عالم]
| leader_title2      = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name2       = جاتيه سنگساد (21 سيٽون)
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = 2022ع
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 22,86,285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 68,11,636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|اراڪاني ٻولي
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (ايڊجسٽيڊ) &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 93,25,820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|وچولي}}
| blank_name_sec2    = قابل ذڪر ڪرڪيٽ ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2    = فارچون بريشل، بريشل ڊويزنل ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
}}
'''باڙيشال ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: বরিশাল বিভাগ، اچار: بوڙيشل بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺ [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|انتظامي ڊويزنن]] مان هڪ آهي. ملڪ جي ڏکڻ-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع، ان جو علائقو 13,225 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,106 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 93,25,820 هئي. اهو بنگلاديش ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ آبادي وارو ڊويزن آهي. اهو اتر ۾ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگال جي نار|بنگال جي]] [[بنگال جي نار|نار]]، اوڀر ۾ [[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[کلنا ڊويزن|کُلنا ڊويزن]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. انتظامي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[باريسال شهر]] پدما نديءَ جي ڊيلٽا ۾ آريل خان نديءَ جي هڪ شاخ تي واقع آهي. باريسال ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي دريائن سان ڀريل آهي، جنهن ڪري ان جي باري ۾ چوي ۾ اچي ٿو ته، &quot;چانور، درياهه ۽ واهه، باريشال ٺاهڻ ٿا&quot; (بنگالي: دھن-نودي-خال، اي ٽين-اي بوريشل).

==گيلري==
{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن
 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11403" sha1="6rghvkisad3ztm8g98h1iqwwv1538gh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = باڙيشال ڊويزن
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ (بوڙيشل بيڀاگ)
| settlement_type    = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name         =Barisal Division 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''گھڙي وار، مٿيان کان:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[بنگال جي نار]]، [[بيت الامان مسجد]]، باريسال ڪليڪٽريٽ عمارت، باراگونا ۾ [[سندربن]] جا ڪنارا، نثار آباد ۾ ترندڙ اسٽال ۽ ڪواڪاتا بيچ
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلاديش ۾ باڙيشال ڊويزن |[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باڙيشال ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = قائم ٿيو
| established_date   = 1 جنوري، 1993ع
| seat_type          = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat               = [[باريسال]]
| population_demonyms = باريشالي، بوريشلا، ڀوليا
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[ضلعو|ضلعا]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[تعلقو|اپ زيلا]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[يونين ڪائونسل|يونين ڪائونسلون]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name        = محمد ريحان ڪوثر
| leader_title1      = [[ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس|ڊي آءِ جي]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList محمد منظور مرشد عالم]
| leader_title2      = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name2       = جاتيه سنگساد (21 سيٽون)
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = 2022ع
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 22,86,285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 68,11,636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|اراڪاني ٻولي
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (ايڊجسٽيڊ) &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 93,25,820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|وچولي}}
| blank_name_sec2    = قابل ذڪر ڪرڪيٽ ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2    = فارچون بريشل، بريشل ڊويزنل ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
}}
'''باڙيشال ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: বরিশাল বিভাগ، اچار: بوڙيشل بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺ [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|انتظامي ڊويزنن]] مان هڪ آهي. ملڪ جي ڏکڻ-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع، ان جو علائقو 13,225 چورس ڪلوميٽر (5,106 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 93,25,820 هئي. اهو بنگلاديش ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ آبادي وارو ڊويزن آهي. اهو اتر ۾ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگال جي نار|بنگال جي]] [[بنگال جي نار|نار]]، اوڀر ۾ [[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[کلنا ڊويزن|کُلنا ڊويزن]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. انتظامي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[باريسال شهر]] پدما نديءَ جي ڊيلٽا ۾ آريل خان نديءَ جي هڪ شاخ تي واقع آهي. باريسال ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي دريائن سان ڀريل آهي، جنهن ڪري ان جي باري ۾ چوي ۾ اچي ٿو ته، &quot;چانور، درياهه ۽ واهه، باريشال ٺاهڻ ٿا&quot; (بنگالي: دھن-نودي-خال، اي ٽين-اي بوريشل).

==گيلري==
{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن
 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11488" sha1="bqhx5yluv121md14xvgf1i98f8olfub" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = باڙيشال ڊويزن
| native_name        = বরিশাল বিভাগ (بوڙيشل بيڀاگ)
| settlement_type    = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name         =Barisal Division 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = কুয়াকাটা সমুদ্র সৈকত 05.jpg
 | photo2a      = Guthia Mosque (6).jpg
 | photo2b      = Kuakata beach at morning.jpg
 | photo3a      = Barisal Judge Court and Collectorate Pond.jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''گھڙي وار، مٿيان کان:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[بنگال جي نار]]، [[بيت الامان مسجد]]، باريسال ڪليڪٽريٽ عمارت، باراگونا ۾ [[سندربن]] جا ڪنارا، نثار آباد ۾ ترندڙ اسٽال ۽ ڪواڪاتا بيچ
| image_map          = {{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلاديش ۾ باڙيشال ڊويزن |[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باڙيشال ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| image_map1         = 
| map_caption1       = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| established_title  = قائم ٿيو
| established_date   = 1 جنوري، 1993ع
| seat_type          = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat               = [[باريسال]]
| population_demonyms = باريشالي، بوريشلا، ڀوليا
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[ضلعو|ضلعا]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = 6
| blank2_name_sec2   = [[تعلقو|اپ زيلا]]
| blank2_info_sec2   = 41
| blank3_name_sec2   = [[يونين ڪائونسل|يونين ڪائونسلون]]
| blank3_info_sec2   = 352
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name        = محمد ريحان ڪوثر
| leader_title1      = [[ڊپٽي انسپيڪٽر جنرل پوليس|ڊي آءِ جي]]
| leader_name1       = [https://policedig.barisaldiv.gov.bd/en/site/view/OfficerList محمد منظور مرشد عالم]
| leader_title2      = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name2       = جاتيه سنگساد (21 سيٽون)
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 13,225
| area_note          = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1.2
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total   = 9100104 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of   = 2022ع
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 22,86,285
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_rural   = 68,11,636
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_metro   = 419,472
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
|اراڪاني ٻولي
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (ايڊجسٽيڊ) &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022-nationalreport&quot; /&gt;
| population_blank1  = 93,25,820
| population_note    = 
| timezone1          = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1        = +6
| iso_code           = BD-A
| website            = [https://www.barisaldiv.gov.bd/ Barisal Division]
| footnotes          = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank_info_sec1    = 0.689&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|وچولي}}
| blank_name_sec2    = قابل ذڪر ڪرڪيٽ ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2    = فارچون بريشل، بريشل ڊويزنل ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
}}
'''باڙيشال ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: &lt;small&gt;বরিশাল বিভাগ&lt;/small&gt;، اچار: بوڙيشل بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺ [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|انتظامي ڊويزنن]] مان هڪ آهي. ملڪ جي ڏکڻ-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع، ان جو علائقو &lt;small&gt;13,225&lt;/small&gt; چورس ڪلوميٽر (&lt;small&gt;5,106&lt;/small&gt; چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال &lt;small&gt;2022&lt;/small&gt;ع جي مردم شماري تي آبادي &lt;small&gt;93,25,820&lt;/small&gt; هئي. اهو بنگلاديش ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ آبادي وارو ڊويزن آهي. اهو اتر ۾ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[بنگال جي نار|بنگال جي]] [[بنگال جي نار|نار]]، اوڀر ۾ [[چٽاگانگ ڊويزن]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[کلنا ڊويزن|کُلنا ڊويزن]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي. انتظامي گاديءَ جو هنڌ، [[باريسال شهر]] پدما نديءَ جي ڊيلٽا ۾ آريل خان نديءَ جي هڪ شاخ تي واقع آهي. باريسال ڊويزن ڪيترن ئي دريائن سان ڀريل آهي، جنهن ڪري ان جي باري ۾ چوي ۾ اچي ٿو ته، &quot;چانور، درياهه ۽ واهه، ٽي ئي باريشال ٺاهڻ ٿا&quot; (بنگالي: دھن-نودي-خال، اي ٽين-اي بوريشل).

==گيلري==
{{Infobox settlement|name=باڙيشال ڊويزن
 &lt;!-- Do not change to Barishal, see WP:COMMONNAME. --&gt;|native_name=Barisal Division ([[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]])&lt;br&gt;
বরিশাল বিভাগ ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]])|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=بکالا-چندردیپ|nickname=اوڀر جو وينيتو|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = বাইতুল আমান জামে মসজিদ, গুঠিয়া....jpg
 | photo2b      = BM College 06.jpg
 | photo2a      = Kuakata a panoramic sea beach.jpg
 | photo3a      = Kirtipasa Land lord's Home (2).jpg
 | photo3b      = Floating market ,Barisal.JPG
| photo4a      = Seabirds in Barguna Coastal area, Bangladesh (3).jpg
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 }}|image_alt=|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Baitul Aman Mosque]], [[Brojomohun College]], [[:en:Kuakata Beach]], Kirtipasha Zamindar House in [[جھالکاٹھی صدر ذیلی ضلع]], Floating Stall at [[Kirtankhola]] in [[نثار آباد ذیلی ضلع]], and Edges of [[سندربن]] in [[برگنا ضلع]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Barishal in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|بنگلہ دیش میں باریسال ڈویژن|[[File:Barisal Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|باریسل ڈویژن کے اضلاع}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|30|N|90|20|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=یکم جنوری 1993|seat_type=سرمایہ&lt;br /&gt;{{بلا لف|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=[[باریشال]]|population_demonyms=[[بنگال|باریشالی]]، باریشالی، [[بنگالی|بوریشالا]]|blank1_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اضلاع|اضلاع]]|blank1_info_sec2=6|blank2_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کے اپاضلیاں|اپاضلا]]|blank2_info_sec2=41|blank3_name_sec2=[[بنگلہ دیش کی یونین کونسلز|یونین کونسلز]]|blank3_info_sec2=352|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد شوکت علی &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]  ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Barisal Division|21 seats]])|unit_pref=میٹرک|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=13,225.20|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=1.2|population_footnotes=|population_total=9100102|population_as_of=2011 [[مردم شماری]]|population_density_km2=auto|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت|BST]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-A|website={{URL|barisaldiv.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]](2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.629&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کرکٹ ٹیمیں۔|blank_info_sec2=[[فارچیون باریسال]]، [[باریسال ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|باریسال ڈویژن]]}}
باڙيشال ڊويزن (بنگالي: বরিশাল বিভাগ، باڙيشال بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ ڊويزن آهي.
==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
[[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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    <title>زمرو:باريسال ڊويزن</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T12:36:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[زمرو:باريسال ڊويزن]] کي [[زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <text bytes="67" sha1="fw60ajrj1t1chsj8jywh20bvt4x3imy" xml:space="preserve">{{واپس منتقل زمرو|زمرو:باڙيشال ڊويزن}}</text>
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    <title>کلنا ڊويزن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96574</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T15:50:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>صفحي &quot;[[:ur:Special:Redirect/revision/8705085|کھُلنا ڈویژن]]&quot; جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو</comment>
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      <text bytes="6305" sha1="8ni1np35t7enm7pszhrafylkpa996cj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
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 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
&lt;references /&gt;
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T15:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:بنگلاديش]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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      <text bytes="6336" sha1="kjitiebugftbhqiickuu9crgj47ehtd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
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| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
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&lt;references /&gt;
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]</text>
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        <id>17680</id>
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      <comment>added [[Category:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
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 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
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| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
&lt;references /&gt;
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
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 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = Khulna Division
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division of Bangladesh]]
| other_name = 
| nickname = Gateway to the [[Sundarbans]]
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from the top:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Sixty Dome Mosque]], [[Khan Jahan Ali Bridge]], [[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]], [[Sundarbans]], [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology|KUET]] and Hiron Point within [[Sundarbans]]
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1960
| seat_type = Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}
| seat = [[Khulna]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = [[Divisional Commissioner of Bangladesh|Divisional Commissioner]]
| leader_name = MD. Nazmul Haque (Acting)
| leader_title1 = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jatiya Sangsad]] ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 17415924 (Enumerated)
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bangladeshi census|2022]]
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 4312418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 13102183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = {{nobold|[[Indigenous language|Indigenous]] [[minority language]]s}}
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]
|[[Santali language|Santali]]}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = Adjusted Population&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 17813218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = [[Bangladesh Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Notable sport teams
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Khulna Titans|Khulna Tigers]], [[Khulna Division cricket team|Khulna Division]]
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''Khulna Division''' ({{langx|bn|খুলনা বিভাগ}}) is the second largest of the eight [[divisions of Bangladesh]]. It has an area of {{cvt|22,285|km2}} and a population of 17,416,645 at the [[2022 Census of Bangladesh|2022 Bangladesh census]] (preliminary returns). Its headquarters and largest city is [[Khulna]] city in [[Khulna District]].

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
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 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
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 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from the top:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Sixty Dome Mosque]], [[Khan Jahan Ali Bridge]], [[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]], [[Sundarbans]], [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology|KUET]] and Hiron Point within [[Sundarbans]]
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34334" sha1="mcln9c0q26avnhzok6p0r5tee09mgn1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
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 | color                     = white
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 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28042" sha1="taw19a8mepn4pnp80cmvx7dcn6jskbd" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh]]

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34334" sha1="2tfs0e0s6gegi74ww6mvsjgtlck6pcb" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh]]

{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
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 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34331" sha1="8x1m6rip30gqvtfv2cruz48i3az7qu7" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[بنگلاديش پريميئر ليگ]]

{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Divisions and districts of Bangladesh}}
{{Divisions of Bangladesh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Divisions of Bangladesh]]

[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34227" sha1="j8t12hz3cx47mk7pn9qr900u6qdta8i" xml:space="preserve">==تفصيل==
{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[بنگلاديش پريميئر ليگ]]

{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:کلنا ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34212" sha1="65ilqznljdnp4l2sluqmqnfefo9z7lb" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[بنگلاديش پريميئر ليگ]]

{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:کلنا ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
      <sha1>65ilqznljdnp4l2sluqmqnfefo9z7lb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377325</id>
      <parentid>377324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T16:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[کُلنا ڊويزن]] کي [[کلنا ڊويزن]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>377324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34212" sha1="65ilqznljdnp4l2sluqmqnfefo9z7lb" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
During the British Raj era, Khulna Division was  part of the Presidential Division. Before 1947, the Presidential division included six major districts: [[Murshidabad District|Murshidabad]], [[Kolkata district|Calcutta]], [[24 Parganas]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]], [[Jessore District|undivided Jessore]], and [[Kushtia District|undivided Nadia]]. In 1947, The [[Partition of India]] divided this division into two. The district of [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and the other half of [[Jessore District]] and [[Kushtia District|Nadia]] District became part of the newly established [[East Bengal]]. And rest of the district of the presidential division became part of [[West Bengal]]. In 1948, Nadia district of East Bengal formed a new district called [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]. And the [[government of East Bengal]] added the [[Jessore District|Jessore]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] &amp; [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] district into the [[Rajshahi Division]]. In 1960, the [[government of East Pakistan]] decided that these three districts from the Rajshahi Division and one district from the [[Dhaka Division|Dacca Division]] would create a division called Khulna. In 1993, the [[Barisal Division]] was formed from the Khulna division.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[بنگلاديش پريميئر ليگ]]

{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
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 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
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| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:کلنا ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34401" sha1="kdwxokxe4mk4r3i483z6h51qpym4jb1" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Division of Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;| name = کُلنا ڊويزن
| native_name = খুলনা বিভাগ
| native_name_lang = bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;
| settlement_type = [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]
| other_name =کُلنا بيڀاگ 
| nickname = [[سندربن]] جو دروازو
| image_alt = 
| image_seal = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

 | photo1a      = ষাট-গম্বুজ-মসজিদ.jpg
 | photo2a      = Deep inside the mangrove forest.jpg
 | photo2b      = Khanjahan Ali Bridge 2.jpg
 | photo3a      = KUET Sign Mark.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Beauty of Sundarban river02.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}
| image_caption = ''''مٿي کان گھڙي وار:''''&lt;br /&gt;[[سٺ گنبذ واري مسجد]]، [[سندربن]] جي اندر هيرون پوائنٽ، کُلنا يونيورسٽي آف انجنيئرنگ اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي، [[سندربن]]، شيلائيدها ڪُٿي باڙي ۽ خان جهان علي پل
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|[[بنگلاديش]] ۾ کُلنا ڊويزن|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|کُلنا ڊويزن جا ضلعا}}
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| image_map1 = 
| map_caption1 = 
| coordinates = {{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Bangladesh }}
| established_title = قائم ٿيو
| established_date = 1960ع
| seat_type = راجڌاني&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر}}}}
| seat = [[کلنا|کُلنا شهر]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party = 
| leader_title = ڊويزنل ڪمشنر
| leader_name = محمد نظم الحق (قائم مقام)
| leader_title1 = پارلياماني تڪ
| leader_name1 = جاتيه سنگساد (36 سيٽون)
| unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 22284.22
| area_note = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| population_total = 1,74,15,924 (تخمينو)
| population_as_of = 2022ع
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2024-01-31-15-51-b53c55dd692233ae401ba013060b9cbb.pdf |title=National Report |date=November 2023 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-9844752016 |series=Population and Housing Census 2022 |volume=1 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_density_km2 = 781
| population_urban = 43,12,418
| population_urban_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_rural = 1,31,02,183
| population_rural_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_metro = 719,465
| demographics_type1 = ٻوليون
| demographics1_title1 = سرڪاري ٻولي
| demographics1_info1 = [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs]] |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demographics1_title2 = مقامي اقليتي ٻوليون
| demographics1_info2 = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| [[سنٿالي]]
|اراڪاني ٻولي&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |title=Bangladesh |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| population_metro_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1_title = آبادي (Adjusted)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
| population_blank1 = 1,78,13,218
| population_note = 
| timezone1 = بنگلاديش جو معياري وقت
| utc_offset1 = +6
| iso_code = BD-D
| website = {{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database|website=Global Data Lab|language=en|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| blank_name_sec2 = قابل ذڪر راندين جون ٽيمون
| blank_info_sec2 = کُلنا ٽائيگرز، کُلنا ڊويزن ڪرڪيٽ ٽيم
| founder = 
| footnotes = 
}}
'''کُلنا ڊويزن''' ([[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]]: খুলনা বিভাগ، کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جي اٺن [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزنن]] مان ٻيو نمبر وڏو آهي. ان جي ايراضي 22,285 چورس ڪلوميٽر (8,604 چورس ميل) آهي ۽ سال 2022ع جي بنگلاديش جي مردم شماري تي آبادي 1,74,16,645 هئي. ان جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر کُلنا ضلعي ۾ کُلنا شهر آهي.

==تاريخ==
برطانوي راڄ جي دور ۾، کُلنا ڊويزن صدارتي ڊويزن جو حصو هئي. سال &lt;small&gt;1947&lt;/small&gt;ع کان اڳ، صدارتي ڊويزن ۾ ڇهه وڏا ضلعا: مرشد آباد، [[ڪولڪتا]]، &lt;small&gt;24&lt;/small&gt; پرگنه، کُلنا، غير ورهايل جيسور ۽ غير ورهايل ناديا، شامل هئا. سال &lt;small&gt;1947&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، هندستان جو ورهاڱي هن ڊويزن کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو. کُلنا ضلعو ۽ جيسور ضلعي جو ٻيو اڌ ۽ ناديا ضلعو نئين قائم ٿيل اوڀر بنگال جو حصو بڻجي ويا ۽ صدارتي ڊويزن جو باقي ضلعو اولهه بنگال جو حصو بڻجي ويو. سال &lt;small&gt;1948&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، اوڀر بنگال جي ناديا ضلعي جو حصو هڪ نئين ضلعي، &quot;ڪشتيا&quot; طور ٺاهيو ويو ۽ اوڀر بنگال حڪومت جيسور، کُلنا ۽ ڪشتيا ضلعي کي [[راجشاهي ڊويزن]] ۾ شامل ڪيو. سال &lt;small&gt;1960&lt;/small&gt;ع ۾، اوڀر پاڪستان حڪومت فيصلو ڪيو ته راجشاهي ڊويزن جا اهي ٽي ضلعا ۽ [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]] جو هڪ ضلعو ملائي، کُلنا جي نالي سان هڪ نئون ڊويزن ٺاهيو ويندو. سال 1993ع ۾، [[باڙيشال ڊويزن]] کُلنا ڊويزن کان ڌار ڪئي ٺاهيو ويو.

==جاگرافي==
The Khulna division borders the indian state of [[West Bengal]] to the west, the [[Rajshahi Division]] to the north, the [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka division]] to the northeast and the [[Barisal Division|Barisal division]] to the southeast. It also has a coastline on the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the south. It is part of the [[Ganges River]] [[River delta|delta]] or Greater Bengal Delta. Other rivers include the [[Madhumati River]], the [[Bhairab River]] and the [[Kapotaksha River]]. The region also includes several islands in the [[Bay of Bengal]].

[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]], the world's largest mangrove forest, is in the southern part of the division.

Khulna city is in the northern part of the district, and the Mayur River is the western boundary of the metropolitan area.

==انتظامي ضلعا==
The division was formed in 1960.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna Division}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Khulna Division consists of the following ten districts (''zilas''), subdivided into 59 sub-districts (''upazilas''):&lt;ref&gt;Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{table alignment}}
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable col3center col4right col5right col6right col7right col8right col9right col10right sticky-header static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash static-row-numbers-center&quot;
!District
!class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Map
!Est.
!Area
(km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table 3.2.3: Area, Number of Household, Enumerated Population and Density with Rank by Division and Zila, 2011 |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115714/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/NRV-1Report2011.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website= |series=Population and Housing Census 2011 National Report - Volume 1 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics |pages=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Population
(2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |title=Population and Housing Census 2022: Preliminary Report |date=August 2022 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-35-2977-0 |pages=45–46 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054043/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Vhn2t_PbEzo5-NDGBeoFJq4XCoSzOVKg/view |archive-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Density
(/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;2022census-prelim&quot; /&gt;
!Seats in 
Parlament
!No. of 
Upazila &lt;ref name=&quot;Upazilla List&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upazilla List|url=http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|access-date=10 April 2021|website=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421192359/https://bangladesh.gov.bd/site/view/upazila-list/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Jessore District|Jashore]]
|[[File:BD Jashore District locator map.svg|75px|Jashore District]]
|1781
|2607
|3076144
|1200
|6
|8
|-
|[[Khulna District|Khulna]]
|[[File:BD Khulna District locator map.svg|75px|Khulna District]]
|1882
|4394
|2613385
|595
|6
|9
|-
|[[Kushtia District|Kushtia]]
|[[File:BD Kushtia District locator map.svg|75px|Kushtia District]]
|1947
|1609
|2149692
|1336
|4
|6
|-
|[[Satkhira District|Satkhira]]
|[[File:BD Satkhira District locator map.svg|75px|Satkhira District]]
|1984
|3817
|2196581
|574
|4
|7
|-
|[[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah]]
|[[File:BD Jhenaidah District locator map.svg|75px|Jhenaidah District]]
|1984
|1965
|1771304
|902
|4
|6
|-
|[[Bagerhat District|Bagerhat]]
|[[File:BD Bagerhat District locator map.svg|75px|Bagerhat District]]
|1984
|3959
|1613079
|407
|3
|9
|-
|[[Chuadanga District|Chuadanga]]
|[[File:BD Chuadanga District locator map.svg|75px|Chuadanga District]]
|1984
|1174
|1234066
|1051
|2
|4
|-
|[[Magura District|Magura]]
|[[File:BD Magura District locator map.svg|75px|Magura District]]
|1984
|1039
|1033115
|994
|2
|4
|-
|[[Narail District|Narail]]
|[[File:BD Narail District locator map.svg|75px|Narail District]]
|1984
|968
|788673
|815
|2
|3
|-
|[[Meherpur District|Meherpur]]
|[[File:BD Meherpur District locator map.svg|75px|Meherpur District]]
|1984
|742
|705356
|951
|2
|3
|-
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Total
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22,284
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |17,415,924
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |781
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |36
! align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |59
|}

==آباديات==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Khulna division (2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslims]]|green|88.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hindus]]|darkorange|11.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|0.24}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.02}}
}}
Muslims are the predominant religion with 88.21%, while Hindus are the main minority with 11.53% population. Christians and others are 0.24% and 0.02% respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2022&quot;/&gt;

==معيشت==
Majority of the largest [[mangrove forest]] in the world — the [[Sundarban]] — is spread across the three most southerly districts of [[Satkhira District|Satkhira]], [[Khulna District|Khulna]] and [[Bagerhat District|Bagherhat]]. Khulna's GDP is the third-largest GDP behind Dhaka and Chittagong. It possesses a GDP of $53 billion.

==تعليم==
The division contains educational institutions including
===يونيورسٽيون===
'''Public Universities'''
* [[Khulna University]]
* [[Khulna University of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Khulna Agricultural University]]
* [[Khulna Medical University]]
* [[Jashore University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Islamic University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Meherpur University]] 
'''Private Universities'''
* [[North Western University, Bangladesh]]
* [[Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna]]
* [[Rabindra Maitree University]], [[Kushtia]]
* [[Lalon Science and Arts University, Kushtia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:কুষ্টিয়ায় হচ্ছে লালন বিজ্ঞান ও কলা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/660701/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%9F|access-date=27 February 2021|work=Bangla Tribune|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[First Capital University of Bangladesh]], [[Chuadanga]].
* [[Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University|Khan Bahadul Ahsanullah University, Khulna]]

===ميڊيڪل ڪاليج===

'''Public'''
* [[Khulna Medical College]]
* [[Kushtia Medical College]]
* [[Jessore Medical College|Jashore Medical College]]
* [[Satkhira Medical College]]
* [[Magura Medical College]]
* [[Army Medical College, Jessore|Army Medical College, Jashore]]

'''Private'''
* [[Khulna City Medical College Hospital]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kcmch.com.bd/ |title=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |website=Khulna City Medical College Hospital |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516192404/http://kcmch.com.bd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gazi Medical College]]
* [[Ad-Din Akij Medical College hospital, Khulna]] 
* Khulna Homeopathic Medical College
* Ad-Din Sakina Medical College &amp; Hospital, Jashore
* [[Selima Medical College &amp; Hospital, Kushtia]]

===ڪاليج===
* [[Khulna Public College]]
* [[Khulna Govt. College]]
* Ahsanullah College, Khulna
* [[Kushtia Government College]]
* Khulna Collectorate Public School &amp; College
* [[Kushtia Government Central College]]  
* [[Kushtia Govt. Womens College|Kushtia Government Womens College]]  
* [[Kushtia Police Lines School and College|Police Lines School and College, Kushtia]]  
* [[Khulna Govt. Model School and college, Khulna]]
* Kushtia Islamia College,
* Kumarkhali Govt. College, Kushtia
* [[Govt. Bangabandhu College, Rupsha, Khulna]] 
* Bheramara Govt. College, Kushtia
* Bheramara Govt. Womens College, Kushtia
* [[Chuadanga Govt College|Chuadanga Govt College-Chuadanga]]
* [[Brajalal College|Government B L College]], Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Cadet College]]
* [[Govt. M.M. City College, Khulna|Majid Memorial City College, Khulna]]
* [[Cantonment College, Jessore|Cantonment College, Jashore]]
* [[Azam Khan Govt. Commerce College]], Khulna
* [[BN School &amp; College]], Khulna
* [[Govt. H.S.S College, Magura]]
* [[Michael Modhushudon College]], Jashore
* [[Govt. Pioneer Woman's College]], Khulna
* [[Khulna Govt. Girls College]]
* [[Govt. Sundarban Adarsha College, Khulna]]. 
* [[Govt. K.C. College Jhenaidah|Govt. K.C. College, Jhenaidah]]
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* Daulatpur College (Day/Night), Daulatpur, Khulna
* [[Govt. Keshabpur College]], Keshabpur, Jashore
* Khan Jahan Ali Ideal College
* Chuknagor College, Dumuria, Khulna
* Dr. Abdur Razzak Municipal College
* [[BAF Shaheen Colleges|BAF Shaheen College]], Jashore
* [[Jashore Govt. City College]]
* Dawood Public School, Jashore
* Adarsha Degree College, Magura
* Sreepur Degree College, Magura

===ٽيڪنيڪل تعليم جا ادارا===
* [[Khulna Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Jessore Polytechnic Institute|Jashore Polytechnic Institute]]
* City Polytechnic Institute, Khulna
* Mangrove Institute of Science and Technology
* North South Polytechnic Institute Khulna
* [[Jhenaidah Polytechnic Institute]]
* Khanjahan Ali college of Engineering and Technology
* BCMC College of Engineering &amp; Technology
* [[Khulna Mohila Polytechnic Institute]]
* Kushtia Polytechnic Institute
* [[Satkhira Polytechnic Institute]]
* [[Magura Polytechnic Institute]]

===اسڪول===
* [[V J Govt High School, Chuadanga]]
* [[Chuadanga Govt Girls' High School-Chuadanga]]  
* Govt. Coronation Girls' High School-khulna
* Islamabad Collegiate School
* [[Government Naldanga Bhushan Pilot Secondary School]], [[Jhenaidah]]
* Dighalia M.A. Majid Secondary School, Khulna
* [[Jessore Zilla School|Jashore Zilla School]]
* [[Khulna Zilla School]]
* [[Kushtia Zilla School]]
* Fatima Girls High School, Khulna
* Jashore Cantonment Public School
* [[Keshabpur Govt. Pilot Higher Secondary School]], Jashore
* Khulna Collegiate Girls School
* Khulna Engineering University School
* Khulna Lions Schools
* Adarsho Girls' School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* [[Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution]], Keshabpur, Jashore 
* [[Kumira High School]]
* M.M. High School
* Mangolkot M.L High School, Keshabpur, Jashore
* Rev. Paul High School
* Rosedale International School
* Rotary School, Khalishpur, Khulna
* S.B.S.N, Damoder
* St. Joseph's High School, Khulna
* St. Xavier's High School, Khulna
* Udayan Khulna Zilla Police School
* [[Manirampur Government High School]]

===ٻيا تعليمي ادارا===
Khulna has six integrated general and vocational (IGV) schools and one technical school of UCEP (Underprivileged Children's Educational Programs), which is a non-profitable organization.
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna TVET Institute, Baikali, Khulna
* UCEP Mohsin Khulna Technical School, Baikali,
* UCEP Sonadanga Technical School, Sonadanga
* UCEP M.A Majid Technical School, Fulbarigate
* UCEP Khalishpur Technical School, Khalishpur
* UCEP Johara Samad Technical School, Tootpara
* UCEP Wazed Ali Technical School, Banorgati

==اچ وڃ==
Khulna Division has a high transportation link with other areas in Bangladesh as well as with [[India]] by Road, Rail, Air and Waterways

===روڊ===
The national highway ([[N7 (Bangladesh)|N7]]) cross through Khulna Division which connects Dhaka to the [[Port of Mongla]]. The [[AH1]] and [[AH41]] also Cross through Khulna division. It also connects with [[India]] by the Landports of Benapole, Darshana, Mujibnogor, and Bhomra through various Road links.

===ريلوي===
There are several railway routes in Khulna Division which connects various cities and areas of Bangladesh. It also has 2 international routes to [[India]] which connects by train.

===فضائي خدمت===
There are two airports in Khulna Division. One of them is functional and one is under construction. The [[Jessore Airport|Jashore Airport]] is a functional airport in Khulna Division which connects to Dhaka, Chattogram  and [[Cox's Bazar]] by air and the [[Khan Jahan Ali Airport|Khan Jahan Ali International Airport]] is still under construction.

===دريائي رستا===
[[Port of Khulna]], [[Port of Kustia]], [[Port of Noapara]] are the main three river ports in Khulna division. Every day various ship are leaving from these ports to various parts of Bangladesh.

[[Port of Mongla]] is the only sea port in Khulna division.

==اخبار ۽ رسالا==
Daily and weekly newspapers are published from Khulna Division, including:
* ''Anirbhan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Janmobhumi''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Khulna News''
* ''Lok Samaj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''Probaho''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''Purbanchal''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot; /&gt;
* ''satkhiranews.com''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.satkhiranews.com/ |title=Satkhira News |access-date=8 April 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409084548/http://satkhiranews.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Daily Gramer Kagoj''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot; /&gt;
* ''The Daily Spandan''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-Jessore&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Jessore District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Tribune''&lt;ref name=&quot;Banglapedia-District&quot;&gt;{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Khulna District}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Daily Mathabhanga

==دلچسپي جا ماڳ==
'''[[Sixty Dome Mosque]]''' — Situated in the suburbs of [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila]], at the meeting-point of the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] rivers, this ancient city, formerly known as [[Khalifatabad]], was founded by the Turkish general Ulugh Khan Jahan in the 15th century. The city's infrastructure reveals considerable technical skill and an exceptional number of mosques and early Islamic monuments, many built of brick, can be seen there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321/|title=Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206133932/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/321|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''[[Sundarbans|The Sundarbans]]''' mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the [[Ganges]], [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Meghna River|Meghna]] rivers on the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is adjacent to the border of India's Sundarbans [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage site]] inscribed in 1987. The site is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant [[mangrove forest]]s, and presents an excellent example of ongoing ecological processes. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine [[crocodile]] and the [[Indian Python|Indian python]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centre&quot;/&gt;

'''[[Mobarakganj Sugar Mills Limited]]''' is a prominent sugar manufacturing company located in Mobarakganj, Jhenaidah. Established with the goal of supporting the agricultural sector and contributing to the national economy, the company produces high-quality sugar and related by-products.

'''[[Shilaidaha Kuthibadi]]''' is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in Bangladesh. The place is famous for Kuthi Bari; a country house made by Dwarkanath Tagore. Rabindranath Tagore lived a part of his life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

'''1971: Genocide-Torture Archive &amp; Museum''' - Rare pictures and paintings depicting the genocide of Bangladeshis by the Pakistan army hang on the wall. There is also a rich collection of books and audio-visual materials on the ruthless massacre against the unarmed people. The aim of the museum is to educate people, especially youths, about the genocide committed by the Pakistan army in association with their local collaborators, said Prof [[Muntassir Mamoon]], chairman of the trustee board that runs the institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|title=Welcome to the genocide museum|date=24 March 2017|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412002342/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/welcome-the-genocide-museum-1380547|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==قابل ذکر ماڻهو==
* [[Khan Jahan Ali]], saint
* Fakir [[Lalon]] Shah, [[Baul]] legend
* [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]] - Acharya and scholar of [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Michael Madhusudan Datta]], poet and dramatist
*[[Amir Hamza (poet)|Amir Hamza]], poet and fighter
*[[SM Sultan]], artist
* [[Nilima Ibrahim]], educationist, littérateur and social worker
* [[Firoz Mahmud]], contemporary visual artist and painter
* [[Mohammad Lutfur Rahman]], author
* [[Tanvir Mokammel]], filmmaker and writer
* [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]], essayist, poet, author and editor
* [[Farrukh Ahmad]], poet and editor
* [[Qazi Imdadul Haq]], writer
* [[Nur Mohammad Sheikh]], EPR member, [[Bir Sreshtho]] recipient
* [[Sheikh Abu Naser]], politician
* [[Sharif Khasruzzaman]] - politician (Narail), fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[Abdul Hyee]], politician, fighter and [[commander]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]
* [[SM Shafiuddin Ahmed]] - 17th [[Chief of Army Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Army Staff (CAS)]] of [[Bangladesh Army]]
* [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] - cricketer and member of parliament (Narail-2)
* [[Bishnu Chattopadhyay]], fighter and leader of peasant movement
* Dr. [[Jamal Nazrul Islam]], physicist
* [[Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri]], Islamic scholar and Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly
* [[Syed Ali Ahsan]], poet
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]], footballer
* [[Mahmudul Haque Liton]], footballer
* [[Mamun Joarder]], footballer
* [[Dastagir Hossain Nira]], footballer
* [[Shakib Al Hasan]], cricketer
* [[Rubel Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam Rana]], cricketer
* [[Dinesh Chandra Chattopadhyay]], writer and editor
* [[Suvra Mukherjee]], former first lady of India, wife of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
* [[Bobita]], actress
* [[Haridasa Thakur]], Vaisnava Saint, acarya of the Holy Name.
* [[Muhammad Sohrab Hossain]], government minister
* [[Soumya Sarkar]], cricketer
* [[Imrul Kayes]], cricketer
* [[Habibul Bashar]], cricketer
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)]], cricketer
* [[Manjural Islam (cricketer)|Mohammad Manjural Islam]], cricketer
* [[Sheikh Salahuddin (cricketer)|Sheikh Salahuddin]], cricketer and coach (BCB Academy)
* [[Syed Rasel]], cricketer
* [[S. I. Tutul]], singer
* [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], Muslim poet, religious leader
* [[Gangadhar Sen Roy]], Ayurveda physician
* [[Sheikh Razzak Ali]], lawyer, politician, Deputy Speaker and Speaker of [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
* [[Salma Khatun]], cricketer
* [[Jahanara Alam]], cricketer
* [[Rumana Ahmed]], cricketer
* [[Mehedi Hasan]] (Miraz), cricketer
* [[Puja Cherry Roy]], actress
* [[Afif Hossain]], cricketer
* [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan Sohan]], cricketer
* [[Shukhtara Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Tahin Tahera]], cricketer
* [[Shaila Sharmin]], cricketer
* [[Ziaur Rahman (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Ziaur Rahman]], cricketer
* [[Radhabinod Pal]], jurist, dissenting judge at the [[Tokyo Trials]]
* [[Abdul Hakeem (speaker)]], former speaker of the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman]], national hero, a sepoy in the Bangladesh Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War

==پڻ ڏسو==
{{Portal|بنگلاديش}}
* [[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]
* [[بنگلاديش پريميئر ليگ]]

{{Infobox settlement|name=کلنا ڊويزن|native_name=খুলনা বিভাগ (کلنا بيڀاگ)|native_name_lang=bn&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code --&gt;|settlement_type=[[بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون|ڊويزن]]|other_name=Khulna Division|nickname=[[سندربن]] کا داخلہ|image_alt=|image_seal=|image_skyline={{Photomontage
 | photo1a      = Sixty Dome Mosque in Bagerhat Bangladesh.JPG
 | photo3a      = Harihar River by Duke.jpeg
 | photo2b      = মুজিবনগর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ স্মৃতি কমপ্লেক্স এ বাংলাদেশের ম্যাপ -৩.jpg
 | photo2a      = Darsana Distillery at Carew &amp; Co.jpg
 | photo3b      = শিলাইদহ রবীন্দ্র কুঠিবাড়ি (13).jpg
| photo4a      = Not only is the name beautiful, the Sundarbans is truly amazing 2.jpg
 | position     =
 | spacing                   = 1
 | color_border              = white
 | color                     = white
 | size                      = 280
 }}|image_caption='''اوپر سے گھڑی کی سمت:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[ساٹھ گنبدی مسجد]], [[Carew &amp; Co (Bangladesh) Ltd|Carew &amp; Co Distillery]], [[مجیبنگر]], Harihar River at [[منیررام پور ذیلی ضلع]], [[Shilaidaha Rabindra Kuthibari]], [[شیم نگر ذیلی ضلع]] مین [[سندربن]]|image_map={{switcher|[[File:Khulna in Bangladesh.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Khulna Division in Bangladesh|[[File:Khulna Division districts map.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Districts of Khulna Division}}|map_alt=|map_caption=|image_map1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|22|55|N|89|15|E|region:BD_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}|coor_pinpoint=|coordinates_footnotes=|subdivision_type=[[ملک]]|subdivision_name={{پرچم|بنگلادیش}}|established_title=قائم کیا|established_date=1960|seat_type=Capital&lt;br /&gt;{{nowrap|{{nobold|and largest city}}}}|seat=کھولنا|government_footnotes=|leader_party=|leader_title=[[بنگلہ دیش کے ڈویژنل کمشنر|ڈویژنل کمشنر]]|leader_name=محمد ہلال محمود شریف &lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |script-title=bn:কনটেন্টটি শেয়ার করতে ক্লিক করুন |ویب گاہ=Khulna Division |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2023-02-23 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223012438/http://www.khulnadiv.gov.bd/site/officer_list/75b15e83-4121-4462-a185-0d62e0cdc16a/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%20%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |عنوان=List of Divisional Commissioners |تاریخ رسائی=2022-06-20 |آرکائیو تاریخ=2022-06-18 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618085224/http://pmis.mopa.gov.bd/pmis/Forms/divcommlist.php |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title1=[[بنگلہ دیش کی پارلیمان|پارلیمانی حلقہ]]|leader_name1=[[جاتی سنسد]]   ([[List of parliamentary constituencies of Bangladesh#Khulna Division|36 seats]])|unit_pref=[[میٹرک]] &lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=22284.22|area_note=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=|population_total=17416645|population_as_of=[[مردم شماری]] 2022|population_footnotes=|population_density_km2=auto|demographics_type1=[[زبان]]|demographics1_title1=[[قومی زبان]]|demographics1_info1=[[بنگلہ زبان|بنگالی]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |عنوان=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |تاریخ رسائی=1 February 2017 |آرکائیو تاریخ=10 November 2019 |آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|demographics1_title2={{nobold|[[دیسی زبان|دیسی]] [[اقلیتی زبان|اقلیتی زبانیں]]}}|demographics1_info2={{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;
| title = List&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |یوآرایل=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD/ |عنوان=Bangladesh |ویب گاہ=[[ایتھنولوگ]] |تاریخ رسائی=7 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[راکھین زبان|راکھین]]
 |[[سنتھالی زبان|سنتھالی]]}}|population_note=|timezone1=[[بنگلہ دیش کا معیاری وقت]]|utc_offset1=+6|iso_code=BD-D|website={{URL|https://khulna.gov.bd}}|footnotes=|blank_name_sec1=[[ہیومن ڈویلپمنٹ انڈیکس|HDI]]  (2018)|blank_info_sec1=0.641&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalDataLab&quot;&gt;{{حوالہ ویب|یوآرایل=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|عنوان=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|ویب گاہ=hdi.globaldatalab.org|زبان=en|تاریخ رسائی=2021-07-08|آرکائیو تاریخ=2021-07-09|آرکائیو یوآرایل=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185837/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/?levels=1%2B4&amp;interpolation=1&amp;extrapolation=0&amp;nearest_real=0|یوآرایل کی کیفیت=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{color|#fc0|medium}}|blank_name_sec2=قابل ذکر کھیلوں کی ٹیمیں|blank_info_sec2=[[کھلنا ٹائٹنز|کھلنا ٹائیگرز]], [[کھلنا ڈویژن کرکٹ ٹیم|کھلنا ڈویژن]]|founder=}}
'''کلنا ڊويزن''' (بنگالي: &lt;small&gt;Khulna Division،&lt;/small&gt; کلنا بيڀاگ) [[بنگلاديش]] جو هڪ انتظامي ڊويزن آهي[[بنگلاديش|.]] جن جو انتظامي مرڪز کلنا شهر آهي. کلنا ڊويزن جي ڪل آبادي ۽ پکيڙ آهي.

==حوالا==
{{حوالا}}

==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا==
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[زمرو:کلنا ڊويزن]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش]]
[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:بنگلاديش جون ڊويزنون]]</text>
      <sha1>lt8volrf5ft3wunpzbi5drkdsged6m5</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[کُلنا ڊويزن]] کي [[کلنا ڊويزن]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <text bytes="35" sha1="slzm08viw6tf36tsd7rpmtg624sdmi0" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[کلنا ڊويزن]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-13T18:38:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Memon2025</username>
        <id>21315</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: '''وائڪنگ''' (Vikings) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اهي ميڊيٽرينين، اتر آفريڪا، وچ اوڀر، گرين لينڊ ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻو...</comment>
      <origin>377334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1437" sha1="pr7j50mqn62gi2k7lm5he7z5ductq7q" xml:space="preserve">'''وائڪنگ''' (Vikings) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اهي ميڊيٽرينين، اتر آفريڪا، وچ اوڀر، گرين لينڊ ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي ڪينيڊا، اتر آمريڪا ۾ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي وائڪنگ دور جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين وطنن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي وچ تائين. وائڪنگ جو اتر ۽ اوڀر يورپ جي شروعاتي وچين دور جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ انگلينڊ (۽ انگريزي ٻولي) ۽ فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي شامل آهي. ۽ ڪيوان روس جو قيام. جيڪو بعد ۾ بيلاروس، روس ۽ يوڪرين جي رياستن جو اباڻو هو.</text>
      <sha1>pr7j50mqn62gi2k7lm5he7z5ductq7q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377381</id>
      <parentid>377334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T06:49:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[Vikings]] کي [[وائيڪنگ]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
      <origin>377334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1437" sha1="pr7j50mqn62gi2k7lm5he7z5ductq7q" xml:space="preserve">'''وائڪنگ''' (Vikings) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اهي ميڊيٽرينين، اتر آفريڪا، وچ اوڀر، گرين لينڊ ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي ڪينيڊا، اتر آمريڪا ۾ نيو فائونڊ لينڊ) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي وائڪنگ دور جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين وطنن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي وچ تائين. وائڪنگ جو اتر ۽ اوڀر يورپ جي شروعاتي وچين دور جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ انگلينڊ (۽ انگريزي ٻولي) ۽ فرانس جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي شامل آهي. ۽ ڪيوان روس جو قيام. جيڪو بعد ۾ بيلاروس، روس ۽ يوڪرين جي رياستن جو اباڻو هو.</text>
      <sha1>pr7j50mqn62gi2k7lm5he7z5ductq7q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377383</id>
      <parentid>377381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T06:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>377383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1640" sha1="9c1c2ueyb7fzc6trpq2virovxj7w05s" xml:space="preserve">'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.</text>
      <sha1>9c1c2ueyb7fzc6trpq2virovxj7w05s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377384</id>
      <parentid>377383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T06:57:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>377384</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1683" sha1="d8m2n7y58bclyyeyaukx9c3q5inb0pd" xml:space="preserve">'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]</text>
      <sha1>d8m2n7y58bclyyeyaukx9c3q5inb0pd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377385</id>
      <parentid>377384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T06:57:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:يورپ جي تاريخ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>377385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1721" sha1="rcki9po0x8x7xm7xfxkepryel761dui" xml:space="preserve">'''وائڪنگ''' (&lt;small&gt;Vikings&lt;/small&gt;) اصل ۾ [[اسڪينڊينيويا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ڊينمارڪ]]، [[ناروي]] ۽ [[سويڊن]]) جا سامونڊي ماڻهو هئا. جيڪي 8 صدي جي آخر کان 11 صدي جي آخر تائين حملو ڪندا هئا، چوري ڪندا هئا ۽ يورپ جي مختلف حصن ۾ آباد ٿيندا هئا. اها [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] [[اتر آفريڪا]]، [[وچ اوڀر]]، [[گرين لينڊ]] ۽ ون لينڊ (هاڻوڪي [[ڪينيڊا]]، [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ [[نيوفائونڊلينڊ ۽ ليبراڊور|نيو فائونڊ لينڊ]]) تائين سفر ڪندا هئا. انهن جي اصلي ملڪن ۾ (۽ ڪجهه ملڪن ۾ جن تي انهن حملو ڪيو ۽ آباد ٿيا) سرگرمي جو هي دور مشهور طور تي &quot;وائڪنگ دور&quot; جي نالي سان مشهور آهي ۽ &quot;وائڪنگ&quot; جي اصطلاح ۾ عام طور تي اسڪينڊينيوين ملڪن جا رهواسي پڻ شامل آهن. مجموعي طور تي 8هين صدي جي آخر کان 11هين صدي جي وچ تائين، وائڪنگ جو [[اتر سمنڊ|اتر]] ۽ [[اوڀر يورپ]] جي شروعاتي [[وچون دور|وچين دور]] جي تاريخ تي گهرو اثر پيو. جنهن ۾ [[انگلينڊ]] (۽ [[انگريزي ٻولي]]) ۽ [[فرانس]] جي ڪجهه حصن جي سياسي ۽ سماجي ترقي ۽ '''ڪيوان روس''' جو قيام، جيڪو پوء [[روسي سلطنت]]، يوڪرين ۽ بيلاروس رياستن جو اباڻو هو، شامل آهي.

[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:When</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>96578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377335</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:27:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{ safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= &lt;!--{{When}} begin--&gt;{{Fix | link     = Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Date_and_time | text     = when? | title    = The text near this tag might need to give a point in time. | date     = {{{date|}}} | cat      = [[Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time]] | cat-date = Category:Vague or ambiguous time }}&lt;!--{{When}} end--&gt; }}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;</comment>
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      <text bytes="437" sha1="a6t7gmo9ch5ekjmt4hwf4xl23sun9rg" xml:space="preserve">{{ safesubst:&lt;noinclude/&gt;#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B=
&lt;!--{{When}} begin--&gt;{{Fix
| link     = Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Date_and_time
| text     = when?
| title    = The text near this tag might need to give a point in time.
| date     = {{{date|}}}
| cat      = [[Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time]]
| cat-date = Category:Vague or ambiguous time
}}&lt;!--{{When}} end--&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:When/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>96579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377336</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:30:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Redirect-distinguish-text|سانچو:As of?|[[سانچو:As of]]، جيڪو اھڙن بيانن کي نشان لڳائي ٿو جيڪي مستقبل ۾ پراڻا ٿي سگھن ٿا.}} {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} &lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو. --&gt; {{Never substitute}} {{tlr|clear=right|When?|As of?}}  {{tlc|When}} اھو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي تہ وقت جو عرصو...</comment>
      <origin>377336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13312" sha1="8pxn5czps9a4d06z8fqn7xrobz8hd8k" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirect-distinguish-text|سانچو:As of?|[[سانچو:As of]]، جيڪو اھڙن بيانن کي نشان لڳائي ٿو جيڪي مستقبل ۾ پراڻا ٿي سگھن ٿا.}}
{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use}}
&lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو. --&gt;
{{Never substitute}}
{{tlr|clear=right|When?|As of?}}

{{tlc|When}} اھو ڏيکارڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي تہ وقت جو عرصو ايترو مبهم يا غير واضح آھي جو پڙھندڙ ان کي سمجهي نٿو سگھي، ۽ ان کي [[وڪيپيڊيا:مھرباني ڪري وضاحت ڪريو|وضاحت]] جي ضرورت آھي.

== استعمال ==
{{warning|header=[[وڪيپيڊيا:درستي بابت تڪرار|تڪراري مواد]] لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو:|text=جيڪڏھن سوال ھيٺ تاريخ [[وڪيپيڊيا:درستي بابت تڪرار|تڪراري]] ھجي (يعني متنازع، غير امڪاني، ناممڪن، يا صرف وضاحت کان وڌيڪ مسئلي واري)، تہ {{Tl|Citation needed}}، {{Tl|Dubious}}، {{Tl|Disputed-inline}} يا ٻيو ڪو [[:زمرو:تڪراري سانچا|تڪراري سانچو]] استعمال ڪريو.
}}

{{notice|فقط تڏھن استعمال ڪريو جڏھن [[WP:PRECISE|درستگيءَ جي کوٽ]] سبب مواد سمجھڻ ۾ ڏکيائي ٿئي ۽ وضاحت ضروري ھجي.}}

:{{tnull|When|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
:{{tnull|When|reason{{=}}''ھتي پنھنجي وضاحت لکو''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
:{{tnull|As of?|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
:{{tnull|As of?|reason{{=}}''ھتي پنھنجي وضاحت لکو''|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

وقت جي عرصي کان پوءِ &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{When}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; شامل ڪريو تہ جيئن اھو ظاهر ٿئي تہ وقت جو حوالو ايترو مبهم يا غير واضح آھي جو توھان سمجھي نٿا سگھو تہ ڇا چيو پيو وڃي. [[WP:PRECISELANG]] موجب: جتي ممڪن ھجي، &quot;ھاڻي&quot;، &quot;جلد&quot;، &quot;في الحال&quot;، &quot;تازو&quot;، يا &quot;جديد دور ۾&quot; ۽ &quot;سٺ واري ڏھاڪي&quot; جھڙا اصطلاح استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪريو (جيستائين انھن جو مطلب واضح نه ڪيو ويو ھجي). ھن مان ھڪ استثنا اھي مضمون آھن جيڪي باقاعدي طور تازه ڪاري ٿيندا رھن ٿا، جيئن [[وڪيپيڊيا:موجوده واقعن وارو صفحو ڪيئن ڪم ڪري ٿو|موجوده واقعن]] بابت مضمون.

وڪيپيڊيا عام يا اضافي وقتي وضاحتن، جيئن &quot;اڳ&quot;، &quot;پوءِ&quot;، &quot;ان کان پوءِ&quot;، &quot;ھاڻي&quot;، يا &quot;جديد دور ۾&quot; جي استعمال تي پابندي نٿي لڳائي، جيڪڏھن حوالو ايترو واضح ھجي جو پڙھندڙ سمجھي سگھي تہ ڪھڙي وقت جي ڳالھ ٿي رھي آھي. (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:اندازنامو/تاريخون ۽ انگ]]). مثال طور، ھڪ عام پڙھندڙ آسانيءَ سان سمجھي ويندو تہ جملي &quot;رومي دور ۾ گھڻا ماڻھو 25 سالن کان اڳ فوت ٿي ويندا ھئا، پر ھاڻي ترقي يافته دنيا ۾ رھندڙ ماڻھوءَ جو 70 سالن کان وڌيڪ عمر تائين جيئرو رھڻ عام آھي&quot; ۾ لفظ ''ھاڻي'' ان وقت ڏانھن اشارو ڪري ٿو جڏھن پڙھندڙ جملو پڙھي رھيو آھي (مثال طور ھي سال).

توھان ھيٺين نموني سانچي سان تاريخ شامل ڪري سگھو ٿا:
: {{Tlc|When|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
: {{Tlc|As of?|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

'''نوٽس''':
* ھن سانچي کي [[Help:Substitution|substitute]] نه ڪريو.
* {{para|reason}} پيرا ميٽر اختياري آھي، پر اڪثر مددگار ثابت ٿيندو آھي. اھو ڪجھ برائوزرن ۾ [[tooltip]] طور ڏيکاريو ويندو آھي.
* جيڪڏھن توھان تاريخ وارو پيرا ميٽر شامل نه ڪندا، تہ ھڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:بوٽ|بوٽ]] بعد ۾ مھيني ۽ سال سان توھان جي داخلا تي تاريخ لڳائيندو.
* تاريخ وارو پيرا ميٽر فقط موجوده مھيني جي نالي ۽ سال تي مشتمل ھوندو، مڪمل تاريخ تي ناھي. انگريزيءَ ۾ مھينن جا نالا وڏن اکرن سان لکيا ويندا آھن. ''ھنن ٻنھي قاعدن کان ڪنھن به قسم جي انحراف سبب “invalid date parameter” واري غلطي ظاھر ٿيندي.''

'''تڪرارن لاءِ استعمال نه ڪريو''': جيڪڏھن سوال ھيٺ تاريخ تڪراري ھجي (متنازع، غير امڪاني، ناممڪن، يا صرف وضاحت کان وڌيڪ مسئلي واري)، تہ {{Tl|Citation needed}}، {{Tl|Dubious}}، {{Tl|Disputed-inline}} يا ٻيو ڪو تڪراري سانچو استعمال ڪريو.

مضمون ۾ سانچو شامل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، اھو بھتر خيال آھي تہ ان صفحي جي بحث صفحي تي نئون '''When''' عنوان ٺاھيو وڃي، تہ جيئن غير واضح وقتي جملي بابت بحث ڪرڻ لاءِ جڳھ موجود ھجي.

== غير واضح وقتي جملن کي درست ڪرڻ جا مثال ==
ھيٺ ڪجھ غير واضح وقتي جملن جا مثال ۽ انھن کي درست ڪرڻ جا مثال ڏنا ويا آھن.

=== حال سان ڳنڍيل وقتي جملا ===
{{See also|وڪيپيڊيا:As of|وڪيپيڊيا:اندازنامو/خبردار رھڻ وارا لفظ#اضافي وقتي حوالا|وڪيپيڊيا:اندازنامو/تاريخون ۽ انگ#وقتي شيون}}

وڪيپيڊيا جا صفحا ڏھاڪن تائين موجود رھي سگھن ٿا، ۽ ڪنھن به وقتي جملي کي موجوده وقت &quot;ھاڻي&quot; سان ڳنڍڻ نه رڳو ھڪ يا ٻن سالن ۾ غلط يا گمراھ ڪندڙ ٿي سگھي ٿو، پر فوري طور تي اھو به غير واضح بڻائي ٿو تہ اصل ۾ ڪھڙي وقت جي ڳالھ ڪئي پئي وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ تہ وڪيپيڊيا پڙھندڙ آسانيءَ سان معلوم نٿا ڪري سگھن تہ ڪنھن خاص بيان کي ڪڏھن لکيو ويو ھو.

اھي لفظ جيڪي توھان کي ڏيکاريندا تہ جملو موجوده وقت سان ڳنڍيل آھي:
* &quot;في الحال&quot;، &quot;ھاڻي&quot; يا &quot;اڄ&quot; جھڙا لفظ
* &quot;ھن سال&quot;، &quot;ھن ڏھاڪي&quot; يا &quot;ھن صدي&quot; جا حوالا
* &quot;ڳالھين ۾ آھي&quot;، &quot;رٿابندي ڪري رھيو آھي&quot;، يا &quot;اڄ تائين&quot; جھڙا جملا
* اھي بيان جيڪي &quot;اڃا&quot; لفظ استعمال ڪن، جيئن: &quot;ھي مجسمو اڃا پنھنجي اصل جاءِ تي بيٺل آھي.&quot;

اڳتي يا پوئتي ڏسندڙ بيان به اڻڄاڻائيءَ ۾ موجوده وقت سان ڳنڍجي سگھن ٿا:
* مستقبل بابت ارادا (&quot;Saab حاصل ڪندو&quot;)
* [[present perfect progressive]]
* ويجھو ماضي (&quot;گذريل 10 سالن کان&quot;)
* اضافي وقتي جملا (&quot;گذريل سال&quot;، &quot;10 سال اڳ&quot;، &quot;10 سالن ۾&quot;، &quot;ھڪ ڏھاڪي اندر&quot;، وغيره)

اھڙي استعمال کي درست ڪرڻ جو ھڪ طريقو تعارفي جملو استعمال ڪرڻ آھي، جيئن &quot;اپريل 2007ع ۾&quot; يا &quot;2007ع تائين&quot; (بھتر آھي تہ {{Tlx|As of}} سانچي سان استعمال ڪيو وڃي). ٻيو طريقو اھو آھي تہ موجوده وقت واري حوالي کي مڪمل طور ختم ڪيو وڃي (مثال طور &quot;ھو گذريل 10 سالن کان اتي ڪم ڪري رھيو آھي ۽ اڄ به اتي ڪم ڪري ٿو&quot; کي &quot;ھن {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-10}} ۾ اتي ڪم شروع ڪيو&quot; سان تبديل ڪيو وڃي.)

=== غير درست وقتي وضاحتون ===
ڪجھ جملا مبهم يا غير واضح ھوندا آھن. &quot;تازو&quot;، &quot;ھاڻوڪي وقت ۾&quot;، &quot;جلد&quot; وغيره اضافي وقتي لاڳاپا آھن، ۽ تنھنڪري وڪيپيڊيا لاءِ مناسب ناھن. ڇا &quot;تازو&quot; جو مطلب گذريل ھفتو آھي، گذريل مھينو، گذريل سال يا گذريل صدي؟ ابھام ۽ غير وضاحت وڪيپيڊيا مضمونن جي افاديت گھٽائين ٿا، ۽ انھن کان نه فقط پاسو ڪرڻ گھرجي، پر انھن کي ختم ڪرڻ گھرجي.

ڪيترائي لفظ ۽ جملا وقت جي گذرڻ جو تاثر ڏين ٿا، پر اھي مبهم آھن ۽ انھن کي واضح، غير مبهم، ۽ حوالن سان ثابت ٿيل حقيقتن سان تبديل ڪرڻ گھرجي. مثال:
* &quot;تازو&quot;
* &quot;ھاڻوڪي وقت ۾&quot;
* &quot;جلد&quot;
* &quot;ڪنھن خاص وقت تي&quot;
* &quot;ڪنھن وقت&quot;
* &quot;ڪجھ وقت تائين&quot;
* &quot;ٿوري وقت لاءِ&quot;
* &quot;اڳوڻو&quot;
* &quot;اڪثر&quot;
* &quot;گهڻو ڪري&quot;
* &quot;اڳ ۾&quot;
* &quot;ڪنھن دور دوران&quot; (يا &quot;مرحلي&quot; يا &quot;فيز&quot;)

ٻيو مثال &quot;used to&quot; وارو جملو آھي، جيئن &quot;ھو روزانو اتي ويندو ھو.&quot;

=== تاريخ بابت ابھام ===
'''&lt;em&gt;mn&lt;/em&gt;/&lt;em&gt;xy&lt;/em&gt;/2009''' واري نموني ۾ لکيل تاريخ مختلف جڳھن تي مختلف معنيٰ رکي سگھي ٿي — ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ساڳئي جڳھ تي به. ڪنھن لاءِ '''1/4/2009''' جو مطلب &quot;1 اپريل 2009&quot; آھي؛ ٻين لاءِ &quot;4 جنوري 2009&quot;.

=== موسمن کي وقت بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ ڇو استعمال نه ڪرڻ گھرجي ===
{{See also|MOS:SEASON}}

موسم مختلف علائقن ۾ مختلف وقتي حدن ۾ ٿيندا آھن، تنھنڪري ڪنھن خاص وقتي حد کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ انھن جو استعمال مبهم ۽ پڙھندڙ لاءِ گمراھ ڪندڙ آھي. توھان اڪثر ھي قسم جا جملا ڏسندا:
* [ڪو واقعو ٿيو] [موسم] [سال] ۾.
* [ڪا شيءِ مڪمل ٿي] [موسم] [سال] تائين.
* [ڪا شيءِ ٿي] [ڪنھن خاص تاريخ] تي. ايندڙ [موسم]...

جڏھن سال جي وقت کي بيان ڪيو وڃي، مقامي حالتن يا ڪنھن رسمي موسمي نالي (مثال طور summer school) کان سواءِ، تہ اوتري درستگي استعمال ڪريو جيتري توھان جو ذريعو اجازت ڏئي:
* 15 سيپٽمبر – 5 نومبر 1995
* سيپٽمبر–نومبر 1995
* 1995 جي چوٿين ٽه ماهي جي پڄاڻيءَ کان اڳ
* 1995 جو آخري حصو

توھان ٻيا نظام به استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا، جيستائين اھي مضمون جي موضوع سان لاڳاپيل ھجن:
* 1995 جي تعليمي سال جا پھريان ڪجھ مھينا (جيڪو ان ضلعي ۾ سيپٽمبر ۾ شروع ٿئي ٿو)
* 1995 جي شڪار واري موسم دوران ڪنھن وقت، جيڪا ان رياست ۾ 15 سيپٽمبر کان 5 نومبر تائين ھلي ٿي.

== استثنا ==
سڌي اقتباس ۾ مبهم مواد تبديل نه ڪريو. ان جي بدران چورس قوسين ۾ مناسب وضاحت ڏيو:
: مجسمي تي لکيل آھي: &quot;1/4/2009 جي بھادر ھيروز لاءِ&quot; (1 اپريل 2009).

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* {{tl|As of}} – {{tl|When}} جو ممڪن جواب
* {{Tl|Clarify timeframe}}
* {{tl|Full citation needed}} – اھڙي حواله لاءِ جنھن ۾ تاريخ (يا ٻي اھم ڄاڻ) غائب ھجي
* {{Tl|Time-context}}
* {{tl|Year missing}} – حوالن لاءِ پڻ، جتي فقط سال گھربل ھجي
* {{Tl|Year needed}} – مخصوص سال گھري ٿو
* [[:زمرو:ممڪن طور پراڻن بيانن وارا مضمون]]
* [[:زمرو:مبهم يا غير واضح وقت]]

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ڪنھن مضمون ۾ وقت جي اھڙي بيان کان پوءِ استعمال ڪيو وڃي، جيڪو ايترو مبهم يا غير واضح ھجي جو سمجھ ۾ نه اچي تہ ڪھڙي عرصي ڏانھن اشارو ڪيو ويو آھي.&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;date&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;مھينو ۽ سال&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;اھو مھينو ۽ سال جنھن ۾ توھان ھي سانچو مضمون ۾ شامل ڪيو، مڪمل مھيني جو نالو ۽ چار عددي سال استعمال ڪريو، مثال: August 2013&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;autovalue&quot;: &quot;{{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;reason&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;سبب&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;وضاحت تہ ھي ڇو شامل ڪيو ويو.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

{{Inline tags}}&lt;includeonly&gt;

{{Sandbox other|| 
&lt;!-- زمرا ھتي شامل ڪريو، مھرباني --&gt;
[[زمرو:Inline cleanup templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[زمرو:Time and date maintenance templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[cs:Šablona:Kdy?]]
[[fr:Modèle:Quand]]
[[ja:Template:いつ]]
[[ko:틀:언제]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Quando]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Когда]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Коли]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8pxn5czps9a4d06z8fqn7xrobz8hd8k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Inline cleanup tags</title>
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      <id>377337</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:32:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Navbox | name = Inline cleanup tags | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | title = Inline cleanup tags | evenodd = off | group1 = Attribution | list1 = * {{tl|According to whom}} * {{tl|Among whom}} * {{tl|Attribution needed}} * {{tl|By what}} * {{tl|By whom}} * {{tl|For whom}} * {{tl|From whom?}} * {{tl|Like whom?}} * {{tl|To whom?}} * {{tl|Who}} * {{tl|Whose}} * {{tl|With whom}}  | group2 = Clarity | list2 = * {{tl|Ambiguous}} * {{tl|Circular definit...</comment>
      <origin>377337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6901" sha1="qdx3q12iljll5ao111isk3i0tirfmkx" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Inline cleanup tags
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = Inline cleanup tags
| evenodd = off
| group1 = Attribution
| list1 =
* {{tl|According to whom}}
* {{tl|Among whom}}
* {{tl|Attribution needed}}
* {{tl|By what}}
* {{tl|By whom}}
* {{tl|For whom}}
* {{tl|From whom?}}
* {{tl|Like whom?}}
* {{tl|To whom?}}
* {{tl|Who}}
* {{tl|Whose}}
* {{tl|With whom}}

| group2 = Clarity
| list2 =
* {{tl|Ambiguous}}
* {{tl|Circular definition}}
* {{tl|Clarify}}
* {{tl|Clarify span}}
* {{tl|Clarify timeframe}}
* {{tl|Context inline}}
* {{tl|Expand acronym}}
* {{tl|Incomprehensible inline}}
* {{tl|Incomprehensible span}}
* {{tl|Key needed}}
* {{tl|Non sequitur}}
* {{tl|Sentence fragment}}
* {{tl|Sic?}}
* {{tl|Which calendar}}
* {{tl|Which lang}}

| group3 = Miscellaneous
| list3 =
* {{tl|Chinese script needed inline}}
* {{tl|Chinese script needed inline span}}
* {{tl|Cleanup inline}}
* {{tl|Copyvio}}
* {{tl|Copyvio link}}
* {{tl|Data missing}}
* {{tl|Disambiguation needed}}
* {{tl|External links inline}}
* {{tl|Improve caption}}
* {{tl|Japanese script needed inline}}
* {{tl|MisleadingNameLink}}
* {{tl|Needs IPA}}
* {{tl|Not English inline}}
* {{tl|Not in body}}
* {{tl|Original research inline}}
* {{tl|Original research span}}
* {{tl|Pronunciation needed}}
* {{tl|Qualify evidence}}
* {{tl|Romanization needed}}
* {{tl|Script needed inline}} 
* {{tl|Spam link}}
* {{tl|Synthesis inline}}
* {{tl|Synthesis span}}
* {{tl|Typo help inline}}
* {{tl|Under discussion inline}}
* {{tl|Verify spelling}}
* {{tl|Whose translation}}

| group4 = Neutrality
| list4 =
* {{tl|Buzzword inline}}
* {{tl|Compared to?}}
* {{tl|Contentious label inline}}
* {{tl|Editorializing}}
* {{tl|Fact or opinion}}
* {{tl|Opinion}}
* {{tl|Peacock inline}}
* {{tl|POV statement}}
* {{tl|Promotion inline}}
* {{tl|Unbalanced opinion}}
* {{tl|Weasel inline}}

| group5 = Precision
| list5 =
 {{Navbox |child
 | evenodd = off
 | list1 =
* {{tl|By how much}}
* {{tl|Definition}}
* {{tl|Definition span}}
* {{tl|Definition needed}}
* {{tl|Example needed}}
* {{tl|Example needed span}}
* {{tl|Explain}}
* {{tl|Explain-wrap}}
* {{tl|From where}}
* {{tl|How}}
* {{tl|How often}}
* {{tl|Misquoted}}
* {{tl|More detail needed}}
* {{tl|Of what}}
* {{tl|Quantify}}
* {{tl|Specify}}
* {{tl|Vague}}
* {{tl|When}}
* {{tl|Where}}
* {{tl|Where-geo}}
* {{tl|Which}}
* {{tl|Who else}}
* {{tl|Why}}
* {{tl|Year needed}}

 | group2 = Excessive
 | list2 =
* {{tl|Duplication span}}
* {{tl|Globalize inline}}
* {{tl|Importance example}}
* {{tl|Importance inline}}
* {{tl|Infobox clutter}}
* {{tl|List entry too long}}
* {{tl|Long quote}}
* {{tl|Off topic paragraph}}
* {{tl|Off topic sentence}}
* {{tl|Overly detailed inline}}
* {{tl|Over-explained}}
* {{tl|Relevance inline}}
* {{tl|Undue weight inline}}
 }}

| group6 = Time-sensitivity
| list6 =
* {{tl|Anachronism inline}}
* {{tl|As of?}}
* {{tl|Clarify timeframe}}
* {{tl|Current event inline}}
* {{tl|Is this date calibrated?}}
* {{tl|Outdated statistic}}
* {{tl|Until when}}
* {{tl|Update after}}
* {{tl|Update inline}}
* {{tl|Update span}}

| group7 = Verifiability
| list7 =
 {{Navbox|child
 | evenodd = off
 | groupstyle = white-space: normal;
 | group1 = Dubious
 | list1 =
* {{tl|Contradictory inline}}
* {{tl|Discuss}}
* {{tl|Disputed inline}}
* {{tl|Dubious}}
* {{tl|Dubious span}}
* {{tl|Inconsistent}}
* {{tl|Needs independent confirmation}}
* {{tl|Speculation inline}}

 | group2 = [[WP:Bare URLs|Bare URLs]]
 | list2 =
* {{tl|Bare URL inline}}
* {{tl|Bare URL AV media}}
* {{tl|Bare URL DOC}}
* {{tl|Bare URL image}}
* {{tl|Bare URL non-HTML}}
* {{tl|Bare URL PDF}}
* {{tl|Bare URL plain text}}
* {{tl|Bare URL spreadsheet}}

 | group3 = Incomplete or broken citation
 | list3 =
* {{tl|Author incomplete}}
* {{tl|Author missing}}
* {{tl|Broken footnote}}
* {{tl|Date missing}}
* {{tl|Dead link}}
* {{tl|Dead YouTube link}}
* {{tl|Deep link needed}}
* {{tl|Edition needed}}
* {{tl|Episode needed}}
* {{tl|Full citation needed}}
* {{tl|Incomplete short citation}}
* {{tl|ISBN missing}}
* {{tl|Missing long citation}}
* {{tl|Moved resource}}
* {{tl|Page needed}}
* {{tl|Pages needed}}
* {{tl|Permanent dead link}}
* {{tl|Place missing}}
* {{tl|Publisher missing}}
* {{tl|Season needed}}
* {{tl|Time needed}}
* {{tl|Title incomplete}}
* {{tl|Title missing}}
* {{tl|Unused source}}
* {{tl|Volume needed}}
* {{tl|Year missing}}

 | group4 = Missing or problematic reference
 | list4 =
* {{tl|Additional citation needed}}
* {{tl|AI-generated inline}}
* {{tl|AI-generated source?}}
* {{tl|AI-retrieved source}}
* {{tl|Better source needed}}
* {{tl|Better source needed example}}
* {{tl|Check quotation}}
* {{tl|Chronology citation needed}}
* {{tl|Circular reference}}
* {{tl|Circular reporting}}
* {{tl|Citation needed}}
* {{tl|Citation needed span}}
* {{tl|Citation needed paragraph}}
* {{tl|Citation not found}}
* {{tl|Close paraphrasing inline}}
* {{tl|COI source}}
* {{tl|Deprecated inline}}
* {{tl|Excessive citations inline}}
* {{tl|Failed verification}}
* {{tl|Failed verification span}}
* {{tl|Image reference needed}}
* {{tl|Independent source inline}}
* {{tl|Irrelevant citation}}
* {{tl|Marketing material}}
* {{tl|Medical citation needed}}
* {{tl|Medical citation needed span}}
* {{tl|Misplaced footnote}}
* {{tl|Nonspecific}}
* {{tl|Not verified in body}}
* {{tl|Not verified in body span}}
* {{tl|Obsolete source}}
* {{tl|Page range too broad}}
* {{tl|Primary source inline}}
* {{tl|Promotional source}}
* {{tl|Quote without source}}
* {{tl|Request quotation}}
* {{tl|Request quotation span}}
* {{tl|Retracted}}
* {{tl|Scientific citation needed}}
* {{tl|Self-published inline}}
* {{tl|Self-published source}}
* {{tl|Shallow reference inline}}
* {{tl|Tertiary source inline}}
* {{tl|Text-source inline}}
* {{tl|Unreliable source?}}
* {{tl|Unreliable fringe source}}
* {{tl|Unreliable medical source}}
* {{tl|Unreliable scientific source}}
* {{tl|User-generated inline}}
* {{tl|User-generated source}}
* {{tl|Verify quote}}
* {{tl|Verify source}}
* {{tl|Whose quote}}
 }}

| group8 = Wording
| list8 =
* {{tl|Buzzword inline}}
* {{tl|Colloquialism}}
* {{tl|Copy edit inline}}
* {{tl|Idiom}}
* {{tl|Neologism inline}}
* {{tl|Technical inline}}
* {{tl|Tone inline}}

| group9 = General advice
| list9 =
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|Reliable sources]]
* [[Help:Maintenance template removal |Maintenance template removal]]
* [[Wikipedia:Citation needed|Citation needed]]
* [[Help:Find sources|Find sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Combining sources|Combining sources]]
* [[Help:Overview of referencing styles|Referencing styles]]

| belowstyle = font-weight:bold;
| below =
* {{icon|Category}} {{Category link without namespace|Inline cleanup templates}}
* {{icon link|WikiProject|Wikipedia:WikiProject Inline Templates|WikiProject Inline Templates}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qdx3q12iljll5ao111isk3i0tirfmkx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377338</id>
      <parentid>377337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:Inline tags]] کي [[سانچو:Inline cleanup tags]] ڏانھن چوريو: مناسب عنوان ڏنو ويو</comment>
      <origin>377337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6901" sha1="qdx3q12iljll5ao111isk3i0tirfmkx" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
| name = Inline cleanup tags
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| bodyclass = hlist
| title = Inline cleanup tags
| evenodd = off
| group1 = Attribution
| list1 =
* {{tl|According to whom}}
* {{tl|Among whom}}
* {{tl|Attribution needed}}
* {{tl|By what}}
* {{tl|By whom}}
* {{tl|For whom}}
* {{tl|From whom?}}
* {{tl|Like whom?}}
* {{tl|To whom?}}
* {{tl|Who}}
* {{tl|Whose}}
* {{tl|With whom}}

| group2 = Clarity
| list2 =
* {{tl|Ambiguous}}
* {{tl|Circular definition}}
* {{tl|Clarify}}
* {{tl|Clarify span}}
* {{tl|Clarify timeframe}}
* {{tl|Context inline}}
* {{tl|Expand acronym}}
* {{tl|Incomprehensible inline}}
* {{tl|Incomprehensible span}}
* {{tl|Key needed}}
* {{tl|Non sequitur}}
* {{tl|Sentence fragment}}
* {{tl|Sic?}}
* {{tl|Which calendar}}
* {{tl|Which lang}}

| group3 = Miscellaneous
| list3 =
* {{tl|Chinese script needed inline}}
* {{tl|Chinese script needed inline span}}
* {{tl|Cleanup inline}}
* {{tl|Copyvio}}
* {{tl|Copyvio link}}
* {{tl|Data missing}}
* {{tl|Disambiguation needed}}
* {{tl|External links inline}}
* {{tl|Improve caption}}
* {{tl|Japanese script needed inline}}
* {{tl|MisleadingNameLink}}
* {{tl|Needs IPA}}
* {{tl|Not English inline}}
* {{tl|Not in body}}
* {{tl|Original research inline}}
* {{tl|Original research span}}
* {{tl|Pronunciation needed}}
* {{tl|Qualify evidence}}
* {{tl|Romanization needed}}
* {{tl|Script needed inline}} 
* {{tl|Spam link}}
* {{tl|Synthesis inline}}
* {{tl|Synthesis span}}
* {{tl|Typo help inline}}
* {{tl|Under discussion inline}}
* {{tl|Verify spelling}}
* {{tl|Whose translation}}

| group4 = Neutrality
| list4 =
* {{tl|Buzzword inline}}
* {{tl|Compared to?}}
* {{tl|Contentious label inline}}
* {{tl|Editorializing}}
* {{tl|Fact or opinion}}
* {{tl|Opinion}}
* {{tl|Peacock inline}}
* {{tl|POV statement}}
* {{tl|Promotion inline}}
* {{tl|Unbalanced opinion}}
* {{tl|Weasel inline}}

| group5 = Precision
| list5 =
 {{Navbox |child
 | evenodd = off
 | list1 =
* {{tl|By how much}}
* {{tl|Definition}}
* {{tl|Definition span}}
* {{tl|Definition needed}}
* {{tl|Example needed}}
* {{tl|Example needed span}}
* {{tl|Explain}}
* {{tl|Explain-wrap}}
* {{tl|From where}}
* {{tl|How}}
* {{tl|How often}}
* {{tl|Misquoted}}
* {{tl|More detail needed}}
* {{tl|Of what}}
* {{tl|Quantify}}
* {{tl|Specify}}
* {{tl|Vague}}
* {{tl|When}}
* {{tl|Where}}
* {{tl|Where-geo}}
* {{tl|Which}}
* {{tl|Who else}}
* {{tl|Why}}
* {{tl|Year needed}}

 | group2 = Excessive
 | list2 =
* {{tl|Duplication span}}
* {{tl|Globalize inline}}
* {{tl|Importance example}}
* {{tl|Importance inline}}
* {{tl|Infobox clutter}}
* {{tl|List entry too long}}
* {{tl|Long quote}}
* {{tl|Off topic paragraph}}
* {{tl|Off topic sentence}}
* {{tl|Overly detailed inline}}
* {{tl|Over-explained}}
* {{tl|Relevance inline}}
* {{tl|Undue weight inline}}
 }}

| group6 = Time-sensitivity
| list6 =
* {{tl|Anachronism inline}}
* {{tl|As of?}}
* {{tl|Clarify timeframe}}
* {{tl|Current event inline}}
* {{tl|Is this date calibrated?}}
* {{tl|Outdated statistic}}
* {{tl|Until when}}
* {{tl|Update after}}
* {{tl|Update inline}}
* {{tl|Update span}}

| group7 = Verifiability
| list7 =
 {{Navbox|child
 | evenodd = off
 | groupstyle = white-space: normal;
 | group1 = Dubious
 | list1 =
* {{tl|Contradictory inline}}
* {{tl|Discuss}}
* {{tl|Disputed inline}}
* {{tl|Dubious}}
* {{tl|Dubious span}}
* {{tl|Inconsistent}}
* {{tl|Needs independent confirmation}}
* {{tl|Speculation inline}}

 | group2 = [[WP:Bare URLs|Bare URLs]]
 | list2 =
* {{tl|Bare URL inline}}
* {{tl|Bare URL AV media}}
* {{tl|Bare URL DOC}}
* {{tl|Bare URL image}}
* {{tl|Bare URL non-HTML}}
* {{tl|Bare URL PDF}}
* {{tl|Bare URL plain text}}
* {{tl|Bare URL spreadsheet}}

 | group3 = Incomplete or broken citation
 | list3 =
* {{tl|Author incomplete}}
* {{tl|Author missing}}
* {{tl|Broken footnote}}
* {{tl|Date missing}}
* {{tl|Dead link}}
* {{tl|Dead YouTube link}}
* {{tl|Deep link needed}}
* {{tl|Edition needed}}
* {{tl|Episode needed}}
* {{tl|Full citation needed}}
* {{tl|Incomplete short citation}}
* {{tl|ISBN missing}}
* {{tl|Missing long citation}}
* {{tl|Moved resource}}
* {{tl|Page needed}}
* {{tl|Pages needed}}
* {{tl|Permanent dead link}}
* {{tl|Place missing}}
* {{tl|Publisher missing}}
* {{tl|Season needed}}
* {{tl|Time needed}}
* {{tl|Title incomplete}}
* {{tl|Title missing}}
* {{tl|Unused source}}
* {{tl|Volume needed}}
* {{tl|Year missing}}

 | group4 = Missing or problematic reference
 | list4 =
* {{tl|Additional citation needed}}
* {{tl|AI-generated inline}}
* {{tl|AI-generated source?}}
* {{tl|AI-retrieved source}}
* {{tl|Better source needed}}
* {{tl|Better source needed example}}
* {{tl|Check quotation}}
* {{tl|Chronology citation needed}}
* {{tl|Circular reference}}
* {{tl|Circular reporting}}
* {{tl|Citation needed}}
* {{tl|Citation needed span}}
* {{tl|Citation needed paragraph}}
* {{tl|Citation not found}}
* {{tl|Close paraphrasing inline}}
* {{tl|COI source}}
* {{tl|Deprecated inline}}
* {{tl|Excessive citations inline}}
* {{tl|Failed verification}}
* {{tl|Failed verification span}}
* {{tl|Image reference needed}}
* {{tl|Independent source inline}}
* {{tl|Irrelevant citation}}
* {{tl|Marketing material}}
* {{tl|Medical citation needed}}
* {{tl|Medical citation needed span}}
* {{tl|Misplaced footnote}}
* {{tl|Nonspecific}}
* {{tl|Not verified in body}}
* {{tl|Not verified in body span}}
* {{tl|Obsolete source}}
* {{tl|Page range too broad}}
* {{tl|Primary source inline}}
* {{tl|Promotional source}}
* {{tl|Quote without source}}
* {{tl|Request quotation}}
* {{tl|Request quotation span}}
* {{tl|Retracted}}
* {{tl|Scientific citation needed}}
* {{tl|Self-published inline}}
* {{tl|Self-published source}}
* {{tl|Shallow reference inline}}
* {{tl|Tertiary source inline}}
* {{tl|Text-source inline}}
* {{tl|Unreliable source?}}
* {{tl|Unreliable fringe source}}
* {{tl|Unreliable medical source}}
* {{tl|Unreliable scientific source}}
* {{tl|User-generated inline}}
* {{tl|User-generated source}}
* {{tl|Verify quote}}
* {{tl|Verify source}}
* {{tl|Whose quote}}
 }}

| group8 = Wording
| list8 =
* {{tl|Buzzword inline}}
* {{tl|Colloquialism}}
* {{tl|Copy edit inline}}
* {{tl|Idiom}}
* {{tl|Neologism inline}}
* {{tl|Technical inline}}
* {{tl|Tone inline}}

| group9 = General advice
| list9 =
* [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|Reliable sources]]
* [[Help:Maintenance template removal |Maintenance template removal]]
* [[Wikipedia:Citation needed|Citation needed]]
* [[Help:Find sources|Find sources]]
* [[Wikipedia:Combining sources|Combining sources]]
* [[Help:Overview of referencing styles|Referencing styles]]

| belowstyle = font-weight:bold;
| below =
* {{icon|Category}} {{Category link without namespace|Inline cleanup templates}}
* {{icon link|WikiProject|Wikipedia:WikiProject Inline Templates|WikiProject Inline Templates}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qdx3q12iljll5ao111isk3i0tirfmkx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Inline tags</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>96581</id>
    <redirect title="سانچو:Inline cleanup tags" />
    <revision>
      <id>377339</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:34:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Intisar Ali صفحي [[سانچو:Inline tags]] کي [[سانچو:Inline cleanup tags]] ڏانھن چوريو: مناسب عنوان ڏنو ويو</comment>
      <origin>377339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="46" sha1="614eb7gjdwoj208m0m2z3hq2ssgmdaq" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[سانچو:Inline cleanup tags]]</text>
      <sha1>614eb7gjdwoj208m0m2z3hq2ssgmdaq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Inline cleanup tags/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>96582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377340</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:36:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{tsh|ict}} &lt;!-- زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --&gt; == استعمال == {{tlx|Inline cleanup tags}} سانچو ھڪ سھولتي نيويگيشن خانو آھي، جيڪو مختلف inline سانچن جي دستاويزي صفحن تي استعمال ٿيندو آھي ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل سانچن ڏانھن ڳنڍڻ مهيا ڪندو آ...</comment>
      <origin>377340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1265" sha1="o6xt7com0nirj3ggsqcut6kif3edmdb" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{tsh|ict}}
&lt;!-- زمرا ھيٺ ڏنل جاءِ تي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو --&gt;
== استعمال ==
{{tlx|Inline cleanup tags}} سانچو ھڪ سھولتي نيويگيشن خانو آھي، جيڪو مختلف inline سانچن جي دستاويزي صفحن تي استعمال ٿيندو آھي ۽ ٻين لاڳاپيل سانچن ڏانھن ڳنڍڻ مهيا ڪندو آھي۔
{{clear}}
{{Collapsible option}} 

==سانچائي ڊيٽا==
{{TemplateData header}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;state&quot;: {
			&quot;aliases&quot;: [
				&quot;MA&quot;
			]
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*{{tl|Citation and verifiability article maintenance templates}}
*{{tl|Copyright issue templates}}
*{{tl|Tools}}
*[[وڪيپيڊيا:Hatnote]]
*[[وڪيپيڊيا:سانچن جي فھرست/صفائي]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ زمرا؛ بين الوڪي وارا ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا تي --&gt;
[[زمرو:Documentation see also templates]]
[[زمرو:Inline templates]]
[[زمرو:وڪيپيڊيا سارسنڀال نيويگيشن سانچا]]
[[زمرو:سانچن جي فھرستن سان نيويگيشن خانا]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o6xt7com0nirj3ggsqcut6kif3edmdb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Redirect-distinguish/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>96583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377343</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{Documentation subpage}} {{High-use}} {{Template shortcut|Redir-dist}} &lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو --&gt; {{Lua|ماڊيول:Redirect-distinguish}} ھي [[وڪيپيڊيا:Hatnote|ھيٽ نوٽ]] عام طور تي تڏھن استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي، جڏھن ڪنھن مضمون جي عنوان ۾ اھڙو ابھام موجود ھجي، جيڪو لازمي طور لفظي ن...</comment>
      <origin>377343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3127" sha1="l4it6e3ydxzw4r69amzl8b7ywnv2mdk" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use}}
{{Template shortcut|Redir-dist}}
&lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو --&gt;
{{Lua|ماڊيول:Redirect-distinguish}}
ھي [[وڪيپيڊيا:Hatnote|ھيٽ نوٽ]] عام طور تي تڏھن استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي، جڏھن ڪنھن مضمون جي عنوان ۾ اھڙو ابھام موجود ھجي، جيڪو لازمي طور لفظي نه ھجي، پر ايترو ممڪن ھجي جو گھڻن پڙھندڙن کي غلط فھمي ٿي سگھي (مثال طور، ھم آواز لفظ). [[WP:TRHAT|غير ضروري استعمال]] کان بچڻ ۾ احتياط ڪريو.

* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}} &amp;rarr; {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}} &amp;rarr; {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}}

جيڪڏھن ابھام وڌيڪ لفظي نوعيت جو ھجي (مثال طور، مخففات)، تہ ان جي بدران {{tlx|Redirect-synonym}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو.

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;ريڊائريڪٽ ٿيندڙ صفحو&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;اُن صفحي جو نالو جيڪو ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 1&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو پھريون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ٻيون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ٽيون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو چوٿون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو پنجون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 6&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ڇھون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 7&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ستون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 8&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو اٺون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 9&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو نائون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;اھو ظاھر ڪري ٿو تہ ڪنھن صفحي کي ٻين صفحن سان غلط نه سمجھيو وڃي. ھي سانچو لامحدود دليلن جي مدد ڪري ٿو.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*{{tl|Redirect}}

{{Hatnote templates}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!-- زمرا ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ ھتي شامل ڪريو، مھرباني --&gt;
[[زمرو:ابهام ۽ ريڊائريڪشن ھيٽ نوٽ سانچا]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Redirect-distinguish]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l4it6e3ydxzw4r69amzl8b7ywnv2mdk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377344</id>
      <parentid>377343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>377344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3137" sha1="lz1abvasxr3xl2cxezm0lxbt0w8ccsk" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
{{High-use}}
{{Template shortcut|Redir-dist}}
&lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو --&gt;
{{Lua|ماڊيول:Redirect-distinguish}}
ھي [[وڪيپيڊيا:Hatnote|ھيٽ نوٽ]] عام طور تي تڏھن استعمال ڪيو ويندو آھي، جڏھن ڪنھن مضمون جي عنوان ۾ اھڙو ابھام موجود ھجي، جيڪو لازمي طور لفظي نه ھجي، پر ايترو ممڪن ھجي جو گھڻن پڙھندڙن کي غلط فھمي ٿي سگھي (مثال طور، ھم آواز لفظ). [[WP:TRHAT|غير ضروري استعمال]] کان بچڻ ۾ احتياط ڪريو.

* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}} &amp;rarr; {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1}}
* {{tlx|Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}} &amp;rarr; {{Redirect-distinguish|REDIRECT|PAGE1|PAGE2|PAGE3|PAGE4}}

جيڪڏھن ابھام وڌيڪ لفظي نوعيت جو ھجي (مثال طور، مخففات)، تہ ان جي بدران {{tlx|Redirect-synonym}} استعمال ڪرڻ تي غور ڪريو.

== سانچائي ڊيٽا==
{{TemplateData header}}
&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;1&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;ريڊائريڪٽ ٿيندڙ صفحو&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;اُن صفحي جو نالو جيڪو ھتي ريڊائريڪٽ ٿئي ٿو&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 1&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو پھريون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ٻيون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ٽيون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو چوٿون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو پنجون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 6&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ڇھون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 7&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو ستون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 8&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو اٺون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		},
		&quot;10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;استعمال 9&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;ٻيو نائون استعمال&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;wiki-page-name&quot;
		}
	},
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;اھو ظاھر ڪري ٿو تہ ڪنھن صفحي کي ٻين صفحن سان غلط نه سمجھيو وڃي. ھي سانچو لامحدود دليلن جي مدد ڪري ٿو.&quot;,
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;inline&quot;
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
*{{tl|Redirect}}

{{Hatnote templates}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{sandbox other||
&lt;!-- زمرا ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ ھتي شامل ڪريو، مھرباني --&gt;
[[زمرو:ابهام ۽ ريڊائريڪشن ھيٽ نوٽ سانچا]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Redirect-distinguish]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lz1abvasxr3xl2cxezm0lxbt0w8ccsk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Redirect-distinguish/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>96584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377347</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:50:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: &lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --&gt; {{lua|ماڊيول:Hatnote|ماڊيول:Hatnote list|ماڊيول:TableTools|ماڊيول:Arguments}} ھي {{tl|redirect-distinguish}} کي عمل ۾ آڻي ٿو.  == پڻ ڏسو == * [[ماڊيول:Redirect hatnote]]  &lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | | &lt;!--...</comment>
      <origin>377347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="636" sha1="anygaztzpxqkd3ptlsikzlpfomi6vlg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- مھرباني ڪري زمرا ھن صفحي جي آخر ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا تي شامل ڪريو (ڏسو [[وڪيپيڊيا:وڪي ڊيٽا]]) --&gt;
{{lua|ماڊيول:Hatnote|ماڊيول:Hatnote list|ماڊيول:TableTools|ماڊيول:Arguments}}
ھي {{tl|redirect-distinguish}} کي عمل ۾ آڻي ٿو.

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[ماڊيول:Redirect hatnote]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox | |
&lt;!-- زمرا ھن سٽ کان ھيٺ شامل ڪريو؛ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا تي --&gt;
[[زمرو:ھيٽ نوٽ ماڊيول]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>anygaztzpxqkd3ptlsikzlpfomi6vlg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ماڊيول:Redirect hatnote/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>96585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377349</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-13T21:55:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{high-use| ھزارين }} {{expensive}} {{Module rating|protected}} {{Lua|ماڊيول:Hatnote|ماڊيول:Hatnote list|ماڊيول:Arguments}} ھي ماڊيول ھڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھيٽنوٽ|ھيٽ نوٽ]] تيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو اُن صفحي جي ابهام ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي، جنھن ڏانھن ڪنھن ڏنل ريڊائريڪٽ ذريعي ڳنڍيو ويو ھجي۔ ھي {{tl|redirect}} ھيٽ نوٽ سان...</comment>
      <origin>377349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1520" sha1="bpc07ztdvyozk1ounez6irpycgemjam" xml:space="preserve">{{high-use| ھزارين }}
{{expensive}}
{{Module rating|protected}}
{{Lua|ماڊيول:Hatnote|ماڊيول:Hatnote list|ماڊيول:Arguments}}
ھي ماڊيول ھڪ [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھيٽنوٽ|ھيٽ نوٽ]] تيار ڪري ٿو، جيڪو اُن صفحي جي ابهام ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آھي، جنھن ڏانھن ڪنھن ڏنل ريڊائريڪٽ ذريعي ڳنڍيو ويو ھجي۔ ھي {{tl|redirect}} ھيٽ نوٽ سانچي کي عمل ۾ آڻي ٿو۔

== وڪي متن مان استعمال ==

ھي ماڊيول سڌو سنئون وڪي متن مان استعمال نٿو ڪري سگھجي۔ ان جي بدران {{tl|redirect}} يا {{tl|redirect2}} سانچا استعمال ڪريو۔

== لُوا مان استعمال ==

ھن ماڊيول کي لُوا مان استعمال ڪرڻ لاءِ، سڀ کان پھريان ماڊيول لوڊ ڪريو۔

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
local mRedirectHatnote = require('ماڊيول:Redirect hatnote')
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

ان کان پوءِ ماڊيول کي ھيٺين نحو سان استعمال ڪري سگھجي ٿو:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;lua&quot;&gt;
mRedirectHatnote._redirect(redirect, data, options, titleObj)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== پڻ ڏسو ==
* [[ماڊيول:Redirect-distinguish]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||
&lt;!-- زمرا ھتي شامل ڪريو ۽ بين الوڪي ڳنڍڻ وڪي ڊيٽا ۾ شامل ڪريو۔ --&gt;
[[زمرو:ھيٽ نوٽ ماڊيول]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bpc07ztdvyozk1ounez6irpycgemjam</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>سانچو:Human name disambiguation</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>96586</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377378</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T05:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Intisar Ali</username>
        <id>8681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: {{dmbox | type = disambig | text =  هي [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابهام سلجھائپ|ابهام سلجهائپ]] صفحو ساڳئي [[ذاتي نالو|ذاتي نالي]] سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن بابت آهي. جيڪڏهن [{{fullurl:Special:Whatlinkshere/{{{page-title|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|namespace=0}} صفحي جي ڳنڍڻي] توهان کي هتي آندو آهي، ته توهان شايد ان ڳنڍڻي کي بدلائي سڌو صحيح مضمون ڏ...</comment>
      <origin>377378</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="922" sha1="9khatztud12n6gw05ffp7xf0sf5nxe5" xml:space="preserve">{{dmbox
| type = disambig
| text = 
هي [[وڪيپيڊيا:ابهام سلجھائپ|ابهام سلجهائپ]] صفحو ساڳئي [[ذاتي نالو|ذاتي نالي]] سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن بابت آهي. جيڪڏهن [{{fullurl:Special:Whatlinkshere/{{{page-title|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}}|namespace=0}} صفحي جي ڳنڍڻي] توهان کي هتي آندو آهي، ته توهان شايد ان ڳنڍڻي کي بدلائي سڌو صحيح مضمون ڏانهن وٺي وڃڻ چاهيو.
}}{{main other
| [[زمرو:انساني نالن جا ابهام سلجهائپ صفحا|{{ifempty| {{{1|}}} | {{{name|}}} | {{PAGENAME}} }}]]
| &lt;!-- جڏهن مکيه (مضمون) نيم فضا ۾ نه هجي ته زمرو بندي نه ڪريو. --&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- زمرا /doc ذيلي صفحي ۾ شامل ڪريو ۽ انٽروڪيز وڪيڊيٽا ۾، هتي نه! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9khatztud12n6gw05ffp7xf0sf5nxe5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>نيويگيٽر</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>377379</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T06:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>نئون صفحو: '''سفري رهنما''' يا '''نيويگيٽر''' (&lt;small&gt;Navigator&lt;/small&gt;) اهو شخص آهي جيڪو ڪنهن [[ٻيڙي]] يا [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز]] تي سوار هوندو آهي ۽ انجي [[سفري رھنمائي|سفري رهنمائي]] جو ذميوار هوندو آهي. نيويگيٽر يا سفري رهنما جي بنيادي ذميواري هر وقت ٻيڙي يا هوائي جهاز جي پوزيشن کان واقف هجڻ...</comment>
      <origin>377379</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2020" sha1="48ov9z3hcio53ducgzuq8bmw21rie7g" xml:space="preserve">'''سفري رهنما''' يا '''نيويگيٽر''' (&lt;small&gt;Navigator&lt;/small&gt;) اهو شخص آهي جيڪو ڪنهن [[ٻيڙي]] يا [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز]] تي سوار هوندو آهي ۽ انجي [[سفري رھنمائي|سفري رهنمائي]] جو ذميوار هوندو آهي. نيويگيٽر يا سفري رهنما جي بنيادي ذميواري هر وقت ٻيڙي يا هوائي جهاز جي پوزيشن کان واقف هجڻ آهي. ذميوارين ۾ سفر جي منصوبابندي ڪرڻ، ٻيڙي جي ڪئپٽن يا هوائي جهاز جي پائليٽ کي رستي ۾ منزلن جي اندازي مطابق وقت جي صلاح ڏيڻ ۽ خطرن کان بچڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ شامل آهي. نيويگيٽر ٻيڙي يا جهاز جي ناٽيڪل چارٽس، ناٽيڪل اشاعتن ۽ نيويگيشنل سامان کي برقرار رکڻ جو انچارج آهي ۽ انهن وٽ عام طور تي موسمياتي ماپ جي سامان ۽ مواصلات جي ذميواري هوندي آهي. سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن جي آمد سان، ڪنهن جي [[جاگرافيائي جڳھ|پوزيشن]] کي صحيح طور تي طئي ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل ڪوشش، شدت جي ترتيب سان گهٽجي وئي آهي. تنهن ڪري سڄي فيلڊ هڪ انقلابي منتقلي جو تجربو ڪيو آهي. 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، روايتي نيويگيشن ڪمن، جهڙوڪ فطري آسماني جسمن کان سفري رهنمائي وٺڻ جو گهٽ استعمال ڪيو پيو وڃي. صرف غلطي جي تابع اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم تي ڀروسو ڪرڻ کانسواءِ، ڪيترن ئي آزاد پوزيشن طي ڪرن جي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سان نيويگيٽر کي غلطيون ڳولڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي. پيشه ور جهاز ران اڃا تائين روايتي پائلٽنگ ۽ قدرتي نيويگيشن ۾ ماهر آهن.</text>
      <sha1>48ov9z3hcio53ducgzuq8bmw21rie7g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>377380</id>
      <parentid>377379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-14T06:23:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibne maryam</username>
        <id>17680</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Category:سفري رهنمائي]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان</comment>
      <origin>377380</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2058" sha1="r15ld6mssa26dd2vtq01l6j60wp13bz" xml:space="preserve">'''سفري رهنما''' يا '''نيويگيٽر''' (&lt;small&gt;Navigator&lt;/small&gt;) اهو شخص آهي جيڪو ڪنهن [[ٻيڙي]] يا [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز]] تي سوار هوندو آهي ۽ انجي [[سفري رھنمائي|سفري رهنمائي]] جو ذميوار هوندو آهي. نيويگيٽر يا سفري رهنما جي بنيادي ذميواري هر وقت ٻيڙي يا هوائي جهاز جي پوزيشن کان واقف هجڻ آهي. ذميوارين ۾ سفر جي منصوبابندي ڪرڻ، ٻيڙي جي ڪئپٽن يا هوائي جهاز جي پائليٽ کي رستي ۾ منزلن جي اندازي مطابق وقت جي صلاح ڏيڻ ۽ خطرن کان بچڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ شامل آهي. نيويگيٽر ٻيڙي يا جهاز جي ناٽيڪل چارٽس، ناٽيڪل اشاعتن ۽ نيويگيشنل سامان کي برقرار رکڻ جو انچارج آهي ۽ انهن وٽ عام طور تي موسمياتي ماپ جي سامان ۽ مواصلات جي ذميواري هوندي آهي. سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن جي آمد سان، ڪنهن جي [[جاگرافيائي جڳھ|پوزيشن]] کي صحيح طور تي طئي ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل ڪوشش، شدت جي ترتيب سان گهٽجي وئي آهي. تنهن ڪري سڄي فيلڊ هڪ انقلابي منتقلي جو تجربو ڪيو آهي. 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، روايتي نيويگيشن ڪمن، جهڙوڪ فطري آسماني جسمن کان سفري رهنمائي وٺڻ جو گهٽ استعمال ڪيو پيو وڃي. صرف غلطي جي تابع اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم تي ڀروسو ڪرڻ کانسواءِ، ڪيترن ئي آزاد پوزيشن طي ڪرن جي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سان نيويگيٽر کي غلطيون ڳولڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي. پيشه ور جهاز ران اڃا تائين روايتي پائلٽنگ ۽ قدرتي نيويگيشن ۾ ماهر آهن.

[[زمرو:سفري رهنمائي]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3864" sha1="g54d1ey2ale3oe4tr1rqywnnax477ed" xml:space="preserve">'''سفري رهنما''' يا '''نيويگيٽر''' (&lt;small&gt;Navigator&lt;/small&gt;) اهو شخص آهي جيڪو ڪنهن [[ٻيڙي]] يا [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز]] تي سوار هوندو آهي ۽ انجي [[سفري رھنمائي|سفري رهنمائي]] جو ذميوار هوندو آهي. نيويگيٽر يا سفري رهنما جي بنيادي ذميواري هر وقت ٻيڙي يا هوائي جهاز جي پوزيشن کان واقف هجڻ آهي. ذميوارين ۾ سفر جي منصوبابندي ڪرڻ، ٻيڙي جي ڪئپٽن يا هوائي جهاز جي پائليٽ کي رستي ۾ منزلن جي اندازي مطابق وقت جي صلاح ڏيڻ ۽ خطرن کان بچڻ کي يقيني بڻائڻ شامل آهي. نيويگيٽر ٻيڙي يا جهاز جي ناٽيڪل چارٽس، ناٽيڪل اشاعتن ۽ نيويگيشنل سامان کي برقرار رکڻ جو انچارج آهي ۽ انهن وٽ عام طور تي موسمياتي ماپ جي سامان ۽ مواصلات جي ذميواري هوندي آهي. سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن جي آمد سان، ڪنهن جي [[جاگرافيائي جڳھ|پوزيشن]] کي صحيح طور تي طئي ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل ڪوشش، شدت جي ترتيب سان گهٽجي وئي آهي. تنهن ڪري سڄي فيلڊ هڪ انقلابي منتقلي جو تجربو ڪيو آهي. 1990ع جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، روايتي نيويگيشن ڪمن، جهڙوڪ فطري آسماني جسمن کان سفري رهنمائي وٺڻ جو گهٽ استعمال ڪيو پيو وڃي. صرف غلطي جي تابع اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم تي ڀروسو ڪرڻ کانسواءِ، ڪيترن ئي آزاد پوزيشن طي ڪرن جي طريقن کي استعمال ڪرڻ سان نيويگيٽر کي غلطيون ڳولڻ ۾ مدد ملي ٿي. پيشه ور جهاز ران اڃا تائين روايتي پائلٽنگ ۽ قدرتي نيويگيشن ۾ ماهر آهن.
{{Short description|Crew position responsible for navigation of an aircraft or vessel}}
{{Other uses|Navigator (disambiguation)}}

{{Refimprove|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Motte-Picquet-Navigation.jpg|thumb|A navigator]]
[[File:180423-N-DL434-149 (27894845758).jpg|thumb|U.S. Navy personnel practice using a sextant as part of a celestial navigation training, 2018]]

A '''navigator''' is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its [[navigation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FrancoFlyers.org-2008.10.14&quot;&gt;Grierson, Mike. [http://www.francoflyers.org/2008/10/aviation-histor.html Aviation History—Demise of the Flight Navigator], FrancoFlyers.org website, October 14, 2008.  Retrieved August 31, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; The navigator's primary responsibility is to be aware of ship or aircraft position at all times.  Responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the [[Captain (nautical)|ship's captain]] or aircraft commander of estimated timing to destinations while en route, and ensuring hazards are avoided.  The navigator is in charge of maintaining the aircraft or ship's [[nautical chart]]s, [[nautical publications]], and navigational equipment, and they generally have responsibility for meteorological equipment and communications.
With the advent of [[satellite navigation]], the effort required to accurately determine one's position has decreased by orders of magnitude, so the entire field has experienced a revolutionary transition since the 1990s with traditional navigation tasks, like performing [[celestial navigation]], being used less frequently. Using multiple independent position fix methods without solely relying on electronic systems subject to failure helps the navigator detect errors. Professional mariners are still proficient in traditional piloting and celestial navigation.


[[زمرو:سفري رهنمائي]]</text>
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      <comment>Ibne maryam صفحي [[Vikings]] کي [[وائيڪنگ]] ڏانھن چوريو</comment>
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      <text bytes="30" sha1="7f1e1weqlafnx5jn7p37porz9ceezuq" xml:space="preserve">#چوريو [[وائيڪنگ]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:نسلي گروہ]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]] [[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا جي تاريخ]]
[[زمرو:وچين دور جا يورپي ماڻهو]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:يورپي ماڻهو]]
[[زمرو:ماڻهو بلحاظ دور]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو:  [[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:اسڪينڊينيويا]]
[[زمرو:يورپ جي تاريخ]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="48" sha1="j1thmypga8o715384xaxa8c0m9xi6hi" xml:space="preserve">[[زمرو:ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سنڌي ذاتيون]] [[زمرو:سنڌي ثقافت]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:سنڌي ثقافت]]
[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]</text>
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      <comment>نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:پنجاب، پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]</comment>
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[[زمرو:پاڪستان ۾ نسلي گروهه]]</text>
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